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Purpose: To determine the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness in patients having relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 30 patients with posterior segment disease and glaucoma presenting with RAPD. The control group comprised 30 patients with the aforementioned diseases without RAPD. RAPD was graded using neutral density filters placed over the unaffected eye. Peripapillary RNFL thickness and macular GCC were measured using the Cirrus HD-OCT machine. Results: There were 45 males and 15 females. There was a statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the mean of average RNFL thickness in patients having RAPD (64.73 ± 15.16 μm in the affected eyes) as compared to sick control (82.73 ± 11.33 μm in the affected eyes). It was further observed that there was a decrease in RNFL thickness with advancing grades of RAPD. There was a statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the mean of average GCC thickness in patients having RAPD (51.57 ± 14.96 μm in the affected eyes) as compared to sick control (76.36 ± 8.06 μm in the affected eyes). Conclusion: Our study suggests that there is a significant reduction in RNFL thickness and GCC thickness in RAPD patients as compared to the sick control group.

Purpose: To compare the stereoacuity in patients with anisometropia, isometropia, and emmetropia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1403 subjects (range: 5–45 years) divided into anisometropes (n = 403), isometropes (n = 500), and emmetropes (n = 500). There were 258 amblyopic eyes among anisometropes and 156 amblyopic eyes among isometropes. Stereoacuity was measured using the Titmus stereo test consisting of a combination of contour targets. Results: There were 675 males and 728 females. A significant (P < 0.001) reduction in stereoacuity was found in anisometropes as compared to isometropes and emmetropes. The stereoacuity was even worse in amblyopes as compared to non-amblyopes. Most patients with anisometropia of 3.0 D, stereoacuity deteriorated gradually. Marked reduction of stereoacuity was observed in severe degree of anisometropia (>6.0 D). Overall, an anisometropia of ≥2.12 D was associated with reduced stereoacuity. Among the anisometropes, it was found to be the poorest in myopia, followed by myopia with astigmatism, hypermetropia with astigmatism, and hypermetropia. Conclusion: The level of stereoacuity was worse in anisometropes as compared to isometropes and emmetropes. Amblyopes had a greater reduction in stereoacuity than non-amblyopes. Stereoacuity decreased as the degree of anisometropia increased. Among the anisometropes, myopes had worst stereoacuity than hypermetropes.

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), one of the invasive stored pest, is resistant to the most of synthetic insecticides used against this it. Moreover, synthetic insecticides are a major threat to human health, the environment, and the ecosystem. The development of some smart tools is needed to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals. As an alternative, nano-insecticides are on the horizon. Emulsions are expressed as sustain release of insecticidal components to achieve maximum efficacy and low residual toxicity. In this study, some essential oils (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Ocimum basilicum L., Curcuma longa L., and Trachyspermum ammi L.), diatomaceous earth (DE), and their nano-emulsions are evaluated against T. castaneum. Essential oils and DE were tested at four (60 ppm, 30 ppm, 15 ppm, 7.5 ppm) different concentrations with and without emulsions, and data was recorded after 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure respectively. The mortality observed in essential oils of C. citratus, O. basilicum, and C. longa without emulsion after 72 h of treatment at the highest concentration was 98%, 95%, and 85%, respectively. While, at the highest concentration the lowest mortalities were observed with DE and T. ammi i.e. 65%. Insecticidal activity of emulsion essential oils increased to 100%, 98%, 90%, and 68.3% for C. longa, C. citratus, O. basilicum, and T. ammi, respectively. The results support that these admixed emulsions could be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides in conventional formulations.

The unsteady boundary layer flow and thermal transportation analysis of an incompressible Oldroyd-B nanofluid driven by stretching cylinder is scrutinized with analytically approach in this study. The governing unsteady boundary layer equations (PDEs) are first established, and then these PDEs are converted into highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using appropriate similarity transformations. The obtained equations are then solved in the form of series solutions via homotopy analysis method (HAM) for the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields. Additionally, the convergence analysis of the analytic series solutions is discussed. The model under consideration predicts the features of both the relaxation and retardation times effects. The aspects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion characteristics due to nanoparticles are studied by employing Buongiorno's model. The findings demonstrated that when the curvature parameter increases, the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions near the cylinder's surface enhanced. Moreover, the velocity profile, for relaxation and the retardation times parameters, showed the opposite behavior. Also, the unsteadiness parameter enhanced the fluid velocity. The comparison of some current and old results is remarkable.

Stock market forecasting is one of the most challenging problems in today's financial markets. According to the efficient market hypothesis, it is almost impossible to predict the stock market with 100% accuracy. However, Machine Learning (ML) methods can improve stock market predictions to some extent. In this paper, a novel strategy is proposed to improve the prediction efficiency of ML models for financial markets. Nine ML models are used to predict the direction of the stock market. First, these models are trained and validated using the traditional methodology on a historic data captured over a 1-day time frame. Then, the models are trained using the proposed methodology. Following the traditional methodology, Logistic Regression achieved the highest accuracy of 85.51% followed by XG Boost and Random Forest. With the proposed strategy, the Random Forest model achieved the highest accuracy of 91.27% followed by XG Boost, ADA Boost and ANN. In the later part of the paper, it is shown that only classification report is not sufficient to validate the performance of ML model for stock market prediction. A simulation model of the financial market is used in order to evaluate the risk, maximum draw down and returns associate with each ML model. The overall results demonstrated that the proposed strategy not only improves the stock market returns but also reduces the risks associated with each ML model.

Undergraduate research experiences in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields are championed for promoting students' personal and professional development. Mentorship is an integral part of undergraduate research, as effective mentorship maximizes the benefits undergraduates realize from participating in research. Yet almost no research examines instances in which mentoring is less effective or even problematic, even though prior research on mentoring in workplace settings suggests negative mentoring experiences are common. Here, we report the results of a qualitative study to define and characterize negative mentoring experiences of undergraduate life science researchers. Undergraduate researchers in our study reported seven major ways they experienced negative mentoring: absenteeism, abuse of power, interpersonal mismatch, lack of career support, lack of psychosocial support, misaligned expectations, and unequal treatment. They described some of these experiences as the result of absence of positive mentoring behavior and others as actively harmful behavior, both of which they perceive as detrimental to their psychosocial and career development. Our results are useful to mentors for reflecting on ways their behaviors might be perceived as harmful or unhelpful. These findings can also serve as a foundation for future research aimed at examining the prevalence and impact of negative mentoring experiences in undergraduate research.

Teachers' role in moulding the character of primary school students is the focus of this study, as is student behaviour in applying autonomous character ideals in the classroom. Learning and character development can only be achieved via effective teaching. When it comes to shaping pupils into citizens who can serve their country, a teacher plays a crucial role in doing just that. By conducting a survey, this study employs a quantitative descriptive method. This study was carried out in the fourth grade of elementary school. In this study, data was gathered through interviews, observation, a questionnaire, and documentation. Results of this study reveal that the teacher's role in shaping the autonomous character of fourth-grade children is as follows: the teacher is more than just a science teacher; he or she is also in charge of the students' behaviour. Through teaching and learning activities, teachers instil values and character traits in students. Motivators, the teachers' role in helping children to develop character values

The discourse on legalizing marijuana for medical purposes in Indonesia peaked when legislators discussed the draft law on the narcotics law amendment. Efforts to legalize marijuana for medical purposes have also been pursued by testing the narcotics law. However, through decision number 106/PUU-XVII/2020, the Constitutional Court prohibited medical marijuana as a medical treatment. From the Human Rights perspective, everyone has the right to life and health. Therefore, in society's logic, the prohibition of using marijuana for medical treatment is the same as forbidding sick people to stay alive. It means that the state has failed to guarantee its citizens' lives. But on the other hand, several countries legalized medical marijuana, such as Thailand, Turkey, Lebanon, Netherlands, and Spain. So, why is Indonesia still banning the use of medical marijuana? This research tries to find the legal reasoning of Indonesia's government in the medical marijuana case. These problems were then analyzed using the prescriptive method with a comparative approach to finding new concepts related to legalizing medical marijuana in Indonesia. This study indicates that medical marijuana may be legal in the future of Indonesia's regime. It demonstrates by Indonesian Ulema Council and the Ministry of Health's political wills. The research recommendations are to provide proper education about medical marijuana and the prospect of legalization in the future.

This study aims to develop a character value-based module in the sub-theme of the beauty of the unity and integrity of my country and to determine the validity of the module based on character values ​​in the sub-theme of the beauty of the unity and integrity of my country in the fourth grade of elementary school. This type of research is development research using the ADDIE model. Data analysis techniques in this study are qualitative and quantitative description analysis techniques. The methods used in data collection are interviews, validation, and documentation. The results of the study show that the percentage of validation by material experts is 89%, design experts are 91.33% and linguists are 96%. The conclusion from this study is that character value-based modules are appropriate for use in the learning process.

Today the situation seen in the realms of morality dogmas, economy, and civilization in Muslim countries has raised the question mark is this, who is responsible now for world conflict particularly between Muslims and Non-Muslims in such scenario. In fact, the interference of Non-Muslim countries in Muslim countries just seem to build in their agenda under different covers by defacing Islam using every possible tool to weaken the Muslim countries. So the writer wants to uncover the truth in this article about how that mindset is working under different covers and the responsibilities of the Muslims.

Ascites is defined as the accumulation of intra-peritoneal fluid that can be caused by several diseases. We described a 47-year-old female presenting with low serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) and a markedly high level of serum globulin. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed an M spike in the gamma region. Other laboratory results showed a marked increase in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and predominantly conjugated hyperbilirubinemia without a sign of dilatation of bile ducts from abdominal ultrasonography examination. Furthermore, the follow-up showed a positive result for the anti-nuclear antibody test. The patient was assessed with autoimmune hepatitis, and the cause of ascites was suggested from portal hypertension although the level of SAAG was low. The ascites condition got improved after salt restriction, diuretics treatment, and abdominal paracentesis. However, the patient passed away because of the intracranial hemorrhage as a result of prolonged INR and APTT due to liver failure.

The Sustainable Development Goals prioritize maternal mortality reduction, with a global average target of < 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Current pace of reduction is far short of what is needed to achieve the global target. It is estimated that globally there are 300,000 maternal deaths, 2.4 million newborn deaths and 2 million stillbirths annually. Majority of these deaths occur in low-and-middle-income countries. Global initiatives like, Ending Preventable Maternal Mortality (EPMM) and Every Newborn Action Plan (ENAP), have outlined the broad strategies for maternal and newborn health programmes. A set of coverage targets and ten milestones were launched to support low-and-middle-income countries in accelerating progress in improving maternal, perinatal and newborn health and wellbeing. WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA, undertook a scoping review to understand how country strategies evolved in different contexts over the past two decades to improve maternal survival and wellbeing, and how countries in similar settings could accelerate progress considering the changing epidemiology and demography. Case studies were conducted to inform countries in similar settings and various global initiatives. Six countries were selected based on standard criteria—Cambodia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Georgia, Guatemala, Pakistan and Sierra Leone representing different stages of the obstetric transition. A conceptual framework, encapsulating the interrelated factors impacting maternal health outcomes, was used to organize data collection and analysis. While all six countries made remarkable progress in improving maternal and perinatal health, the pace of progress and the factors influencing the successes and challenges varied across the countries. The context, opportunities and challenges varied from country to country. Two strategic directions were identified for next steps including the need to implement and evaluate innovative service delivery models using an updated obstetric transition as an organizing framework and expanding our vision to address equity and well-being.

Introduction Facility interventions to improve quality of care around childbirth are known but need to be packaged, tested and institutionalised within health systems to impact on maternal and newborn outcomes.Methods We conducted cross-sectional assessments at baseline (2016) and after 18 months of provider-led implementation of UNICEF/WHO’s Every Mother Every Newborn Quality Improvement (EMEN-QI) standards (preceding the WHO Standards for improving quality of maternal and newborn care in health facilities). 19 hospitals and health centres (2.8M catchment population) in Bangladesh, Ghana and Tanzania were involved and 24 from adjoining districts served for ‘comparison’. We interviewed 43 facility managers and 818 providers, observed 1516 client–provider interactions, reviewed 12 020 records and exit-interviewed 1826 newly delivered women. We computed a 39-criteria institutionalisation score combining clinical, patient rights and cross-cutting domains from EMEN-QI and used routine/District Health Information System V.2 data to assess the impact on perinatal and maternal mortality.Results EMEN-QI standards institutionalisation score increased from 61% to 80% during EMEN-QI implementation, exceeding 75% target. All mortality indicators showed a downward trajectory though not all reached statistical significance. Newborn case-fatality rate fell significantly by 25% in Bangladesh (RR=0·75 (95% CI=0·59 to 0·96), p=0·017) and 85% in Tanzania (RR=0.15 (95% CI=0.08 to 0.29), p