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Background Domestic rabbits especially New Zealand white rabbits play an important role in biological research. The disease surveillance and quality control are essential to guarantee the results of animal experiments performed on rabbits. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, rabbit rotavirus and Sendai virus are the important pathogens that needed to be eliminated. Rapid and sensitive method focus on these three viruses should be established for routine monitoring. The Luminex x-TAG assay based on multiplex PCR and fluorescent microsphere is a fast developing technology applied in high throughput detection. Specific primers modified with oligonucleotide sequence/biotin were used to amplify target fragments. The conjugation between oligonucleotide sequence of the PCR products and the MagPlex-TAG microspheres was specific without any cross-reaction, and the hybridization products could be analyzed using the Luminex 200 analyzer instrument. Recombinant plasmids were constructed to estimate the detection limit of the viruses. Furthermore, 40 clinical samples were used to evaluate the efficiency of this multiplex PCR based Luminex x-TAG assay. Results According to the results, this new method showed high specificity and good stability. Assessed by the recombinant plasmids, the detection limit of three viruses was 100copies/μl. Among 40 clinical specimens, 18 specimens were found positive, which was completely concordant with the conventional PCR method. Conclusions The new developed Luminex x-TAG assay is an accurate, high throughput method for rapid detection of three important viruses of rabbits.

Background Although patient-centered care is an expressed value of our healthcare system, no studies have examined what consumers say in online reviews about nursing homes (NHs). Insight into themes addressed in these reviews could inform improvement efforts that promote patient-centered NH care. Research Design and Methods We analyzed nursing home (NH) Yelp reviews. From a list of all NHs in California, we drew a purposeful sample of 51 NHs, selecting facilities representing a range of geographical areas and occupancy rates. Two research teams analyzed the reviews using grounded theory to identify codes and tracked how frequently each code was mentioned. Results We evaluated 264 reviews, identifying 24 codes, grouped under five categories: quality of staff care and staffing; physical facility and setting; resident safety and security; clinical care quality; and financial issues. More than half (53.41%) of Yelp reviewers posted comments related to staff attitude and caring and nearly a third (29.2%) posted comments related to staff responsiveness. Yelp reviewers also often posted about NHs' physical environment. Infrequently mentioned were the quality of health care provided and concerns about resident safety and security. Discussion and Implications Our results are consistent with those from related studies. Yelp reviewers focus on NH aspects that are not evaluated in most other NH rating systems. The federal Nursing Home Compare website, for instance, does not report measures of staff attitudes or the NH's physical setting. Rather, it reports measures of staffing levels and clinical processes and outcomes. We recommend that NH consumers consult both types of rating systems because they provide complementary information.

Table S1. The average of the MFI values with SD of specificity test by the xTAG and conventional PCR/RT-PCR assay. (DOCX 15 kb)

Table S2. Results for clinical samples examined by the xTAG multiplex RT-PCR and conventional PCR/RT-PCR assay. (DOC 17 kb)

The bimetal catalyst Pt-Cu/SiO2 was prepared by the impregnation method. Its catalytic performance was investigated by the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. Pt-Cu/SiO2 exhibited much higher selectivity (64.1%) to cinnamyl alcohol than Pt/SiO2 (3.7%), while they showed similar conversion of cinnamaldehyde. This enhancement was attributed to the increase in the amount of the Pt0 species on the Pt-Cu/SiO2 surface, which is derived from the interaction between Pt and Cu revealed by XRD and XPS.

Let $f$ be a partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism on a closed (i.e., compact and boundaryless) Riemannian manifold $M$ with a uniformly compact center foliation $\mathcal{W}^{c}$. The relationship among topological entropy $h(f)$, entropy of the restriction of $f$ on the center foliation $h(f, \mathcal{W}^{c})$ and the growth rate of periodic center leaves $p^{c}(f)$ is investigated. It is first shown that if a compact locally maximal invariant center set $\Lambda$ is center topologically mixing then $f|_{\Lambda}$ has the center specification property, i.e., any specification with a large spacing can be center shadowed by a periodic center leaf with a fine precision. Applying the center spectral decomposition and the center specification property, we show that $ h(f)\leq h(f,\mathcal{W}^{c})+p^{c}(f)$. Moreover, if the center foliation $\mathcal{W}^{c}$ is of dimension one, we obtain an equality $h(f)= p^{c}(f)$.

Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-C3N4) was synthesized and studied as a metal-free catalyst for Friedel–Crafts acylation of benzene. The synthesis was done by a template method using SiO2 as template and organic chemicals including guanidine hydrochloride (GndCl), dicyandiamide and urea as precursors. Characterizations by XRD, FT-IR, XPS, N2 physisorption and TEM indicated that the assumed mpg-C3N4 is synthesized irrespective of the precursor used. However, the surface chemistry of mpg-C3N4, evaluated from TGA and CO2-TPD, varied with the precursors and the mass ratio (r) of SiO2 to precursor. Catalytic results showed that the sample prepared using GndCl as precursor and at mass ratio of SiO2 to GndCl equals to 0.7, defined as mpg-C3N4_G(0.7), exhibits the best activity for the reactions, due to its rich surface basic sites and high surface area. Thus 89% conversion was obtained within 30 min using hexanoyl chloride as electrophile at 90 °C. Even at room temperature (27 °C), 75% conversion can be observed within 30 min. The catalyst is also reusable with ca. 80% activities recoverable after washing with ethanol. The excellent catalytic performances, as well as its low cost, straightforward synthesis and metal-free characters, make mpg-C3N4_G(0.7) a potential catalyst for Friedel–Crafts acylation of benzene in industry with a “green” route.

Catalysts made of Pt nanoparticles dispersed on graphene (X wt %Pt/G, X= 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0) were prepared and characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, BET surface area measurements, TEM, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and a 3.5 wt % Pt supported on Vulcan Carbon catalyst (3.5 wt %Pt/ VC) was included as a reference. Although the mean Pt nanoparticle size is approximately 4.4 nm for all X wt %Pt/G and 3.5 wt %Pt/VC catalysts, cinnamal alcohol was produced with high selectivity only with the graphene-supported catalysts: 92 % conversion and 88 % selectivity toward cinnamal alcohol were obtained with 3.5 wt %Pt/G. This catalyst also showed good stability in recycling tests. The good selectivity observed with the graphene-based catalysts is attributed to the higher fraction of reduced surface Pt 0 atoms seen on the surface of the Pt nanoparticles (determined by XPS). This interpretation is consistent with DFT calculations. Additional p–p interactions between cinnamaldehyde and graphene may also play a role in the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde.

One policy proposal at the center of discussions on how to address America’s aging population and the corresponding threats to the solvency of the Social Security Trust fund is a policy aimed at increasing the age of eligibility for Old Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) benefits. This change would impact older adults’ well being by reducing their lifetime OASI and disability insurance (DI) benefits and delaying their retirement decision, which would expand their private savings. In addition, social security policy change would influence aged adults’ private financial transfer such as bequest and inter vivos gifts, and their non-market productive activities including volunteer and care provided to family members. Specifically, individuals vary by health and socioeconomic status (SES) may respond differently to the policy change. Consequently the policy effects can be heterogeneous.

Metric entropies along a hierarchy of unstable foliations are investigated for \begin{document}$C^1 $\end{document} diffeomorphisms with dominated splitting. The analogues of Ruelle's inequality and Pesin's formula, which relate the metric entropy and Lyapunov exponents in each hierarchy, are given.

This study analyzes the factors affecting the tourist flow. These factors include tourism resources, traffic conditions and so on. In recent years, the grey forecasting model has achieved good prediction accuracy with limited data and has been widely used in various research fields. However, the grey forecasting model still have some potential problems that need to be improved, such as applicate range and prediction accuracy. It is found that original data and background value are main factors affecting the accuracy of the proposed model's application. To solve these problems, this study develops a optimization model for the GM(1,1) model problem which includes optimization of initial and background values. In order to reduce errors caused by back-ground values, the “new information prior using” principle is followed, and a liner function is dopted in the construe of background. Numerical examples verified that the simulation and prediction accuracy of the short-term forcasts is significantly increased. As a result, the newly improved model yields a high prediction capability.

Bulk, supported, and porous perovskite LaCoO3 were prepared and their catalytic performances for CO oxidation were investigated. XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, and N2 physisorption measurements were performed to identify their structure, and temperature-programmed desorption of oxygen, temperature-programmed reduction by hydrogen, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were conducted to study their physicochemical properties. With the change from bulk to nanoparticles and further to a porous structure, the series of LaCoO3 samples showed increased oxygen vacancies and improved oxidizing ability, which led to enhanced catalytic performances for CO oxidation. The correlation of the CO oxidation activity with the amount of exposed metal sites indicated that the Co ions should be the active site of the reaction. Comparison of the activation energy supported the changes observed in the activities.

In this paper, a definition of entropy for ℤ+k(k ≥ 2)-actions due to Friedland is studied. Unlike the traditional definition, it may take a nonzero value for actions whose generators have finite (even zero) entropy as single transformations. Some basic properties are investigated and its value for the ℤ+k-actions on circles generated by expanding endomorphisms is given. Moreover, an upper bound of this entropy for the ℤ+k-actions on tori generated by expanding endomorphisms is obtained via the preimage entropies, which are entropy-like invariants depending on the “inverse orbits” structure of the system.

A series of cobalt-doped SBA-16 (Co-SBA-16) mesoporous molecular sieves with different Co/Si ratio have been directly synthesized by the evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) method. Characterizations with XRF, XRD, TEM and N 2 adsorption–desorption measurements demonstrate that the resultant materials remain a relative ordered cubic cage-like ( Im3m ) mesostructure wherein a certain amount of cobalt is introduced. Not only the mesostructure of SBA-16, but also the nature and distribution of Co species are strongly affected by the Co/Si ratio in the synthesis of Co-SBA-16. The results of XRD, FT-IR, 29 Si MAS NMR, XPS, H 2 -TPR and DRUV–vis spectra suggest that the introduced cobalt species in Co-SBA-16 mainly exist as isolated Co(II) species in tetrahedral coordination. Most of them are incorporated into silica wall as single framework Co 2+ site while other isolated Co(II) species locate on the surface of SBA-16 silica. The excellent catalytic activity has been obtained for the hydroxylation of benzene to phenol due to the presence of these isolated Co(II) species. The highest phenol yield of 28.8% and selectivity of 96.6% with the TON of 51.8 are obtained over Co-SBA-16 catalyst (CS-0.12) using acetic acid as solvent. The reuse and the leaching behavior of cobalt of CS-0.12 catalyst are also investigated.

The structure sensitivity of the catalytic hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde was studied by carrying out comparative studies with Pt/SiO2 catalysts of various metal loadings, between 0.5 and 5.0 Pt wt%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization was complemented with carbon monoxide adsorption experiments using infrared absorption spectroscopy and with kinetic studies under high (10 bar) pressures of H2. Specific total turnover frequencies, normalized by the number of exposed Pt atoms, were found to correlate with both the average diameter of the metal nanoparticles and the average number of CO molecules adsorbed on flat terraces. It was concluded that cinnamaldehyde conversion is likely to take place on close-packed (111) planes. The selectivity between the hydrogenation of CC versus CO bonds, on the other hand, appears to be independent of either the particle size or the extent of the conversion, at least within the Pt particle size range explored in this study.

In this paper, Friedland’s entropy for Z + k -actions on tori is investigated. For a Z + k -action on torus generated by pairwise different, commuting non-singular integer matrices, a formula of Friedland’s entropy is obtained via the relative variational principle for the related skew product transformation and topological pressure.

Ru is considered as an effective active species for N2O decomposition; however, there is disagreement about which ruthenium species is key for catalytic activity. In order to understand the role of Ru species in N2O decomposition, Ru/Al2O3 (Ru/Al2O3-H2, Ru/Al2O3-NaBH4, Ru/Al2O3-air) catalysts with different ratios of metallic Ru were prepared and evaluated for their catalytic activities. Various characterizations, especially in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), were applied to investigate the relationship between activity and different Ru species. The results indicate that the N2O conversion displayed a linear relationship with the amount of metallic Ru. The DRIFTS results of adsorption for N2O show that metallic Ru was the active site. The catalytic processes are put forward based on metallic Ru species. The deactivation with increasing times used is due to the decrease in the amount of metallic Ru and agglomerates of Ru particles on the surface of catalysts.

A serial of novel NimCo0.3-mTi0.7Ox (m = 0.05-0.25) mixed-oxide catalysts was synthesized by sol-gel method, and applied for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx by NH3. Influences of the Ni/Co ratio on the physico-chemical properties and SCR performance were characterized by various analytical techniques, including BET surface area, XRD, XPS, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR and in situ DRIFTS. The Ni0.1Co0.2Ti0.7Ox catalyst shows optimum NH3-SCR activity and excellent N2 selectivity with a broader activity temperature window (210–450 °C), which is associated with the much higher BET surface area, more surface acid amounts and the suitable redox ability derived from the strong interaction between Co and Ni (Co3+ + Ni2+ ↔ Ni3+ + Co2+). In situ DRIFTS results reveal that the formed monodentate nitrate and NH2 species, as main active intermediates, are favor of the NH3-SCR reaction. The existence of H2O mainly restrains Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction pathway which may be the main cause for the catalyst deactivation.

Composing of both zeolite and mesoporous structures, micro/mesoporous composites exhibit promising CO 2 capture capabilities. In this work, a full-atomic mimetic 5A-MCM-41 structure with bimodal pores has been constructed, in which the microporous structure of 5A zeolite is constructed and optimized based on zeolite A with Ca and Na cations introduced; whereas the mesoporous MCM-41 structure is produced by caving the cylindrical pores in the obtained 5A zeolite matrix. CO 2 adsorption on 5A-MCM-41 has been simulated by the grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC). The simulation results demonstrated that CO 2 is preferentially adsorbed in micropores, and the CO 2 adsorption capacity and its isosteric heat on 5A-MCM-41 are much larger than those of N 2 . The CO 2 selectivity of 5A-MCM-41 results from the electrostatic interaction of the quadrupole CO 2 molecule with Ca 2+ cations of the zeolite. Furthermore, the hierarchical micro/mesoporous composites are synthesized to verify the simulated predictions. By the hydrothermal reaction using 5A zeolite “seeds” as the silicon source and hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the mesoporous template, 5A-MCM-41 composites are obtained, the characteristic results show that typical 5A microporous structure is remained and disordered mesoporous networks are produced in the composites. Moreover, the CO 2 adsorption capacity of the 5A-MCM-41 composites can reach as high as 4.08 mmol/g at 100 kPa and 298 K. These observations have been strongly supported that micro/mesoporous composites with metal ions located would be promising adsorbents for CO 2 separation.

In this paper, $C^0$ random perturbations of a partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism are considered. It is shown that a partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism is quasi-stable under such perturbations.

Cu@C composite spheres with copper nanoparticles dispersed in the carbonaceous matter have been synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method by using different copper salts mixed with an aqueous glucose solution. The spheres have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectrocopy. The results show that Cu(NO3)2, CuSO4,and CuCl2 exhibit an accelerating effect on the size of the composite spheres, and microsized composites were obtained. However, a morphological change from irregular cubes and spheres to uniform spheres with a narrow size distribution of 340–400 nm was observed when cupric acetate [Cu(Ac)2] was used. Interestingly, Cu2O, generated in situ from Cu(ac)2, plays an important role in the size of the composite spheres. Moreover, a CuO@SiO2 core–shell structure has been synthesized by using the Cu@C composite spheres as a sacrificial template, and the CO + NO reaction was used as a probe reaction to evaluate its catalytic performance. CuO@SiO2 exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the CO + NO reaction.

A series of solid base catalysts of 5–20 % KF/La2O3 were prepared via an impregnation method and used in the transesterification of methanol with tributyrin to produce methyl butyrate. Under the suitable reaction conditions (catalyst amount of 30 mg; reaction temperature of 338 K; reaction time of 1.5 h; the molar ratio of methanol to tributyrin of 30), the tributyrin conversion of 99.9 % and the methyl butyrate selectivity of 98.1 % are obtained over 15 % KF/La2O3 catalyst. Furthermore, the recycling experiment was adopted to investigate the stability of the catalyst, and the surface active site of KF/La2O3 catalyst was also discussed. The X-ray diffraction, CO2-TPD and X-ray fluorescence characterization results indicated that LaOF were generated by the interaction of KF with La2O3, which was good for the transesterification of methanol with tributyrin, and the LaOF may be an effective component to reduce the loss of active site, retaining a certain stability of catalyst.

This paper summarizes the research status of intercity train operating scheme. To precisely describe the interaction between passenger flow and operating scheme, it proposes assumptions of system closure, train type division, passenger flow dynamic assignment and selecting priority during the process of establishing model. Based on these, it describes relative variables and formulates the passenger flow dynamic assignment model to reflect the conversion process of different passenger types. Then it develops a multiple objective programming model considering maximum railway department revenue, the smallest passenger total expenditure and the maximum passenger demand. It also uses the genetic algorithm to solve the established multi-objective 0-1 integer programming model. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of this algorithm of model.

Amine grafted mesoporous materials such as MCM-41, etc. have been approved as a type of good candidates for CO2 capture by many experimental results. However, the theoretical or molecular simulation studies about the effects of the grafted amine groups on the CO2 adsorption are far from sufficient to deeply understand the adsorption mechanism. The difficulty lies in the fact that it is hard to formulate a precise interaction between CO2 and amine group. In this work, CO2 adsorption in the amine grafted mesoporous material was simulated by grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method. Enhanced physical interaction was used to describe the weak chemical interaction between CO2 and amine group. The effects of the density of grafted amine groups on properties of the mesoporous materials, the adsorption quantity, as well as the adsorption selectivity were investigated. The simulation results were quite comparable to the real experimental ones.

In this work, the activity of xCuO-Ce0.9Zr0.1O2 catalysts for the reaction of NO + CO was investigated. Especially, in situ DRIFTS was applied to investigate the surface species under the adsorption of NO and/or CO and the reaction of NO and CO to understand the key intermediates species and reaction process of NO + CO. The results suggest that the copper oxide species are well dispersed on the surface of the catalysts, which can be easily reduced to form Cu+ species. The Cu+ species are proposed to be important activity species. The results of this work also suggest that N2O22− is likely an intermediate species that plays an important role in NO reduction by CO. Thus, more Cu+ and highly dispersed copper oxide species are expected to be beneficial for the reaction of CO + NO over the xCuO-Ce0.9Zr0.1O2 catalysts.

The vanadium oxide/reduced graphene oxide (VOx/RGO) composites have been prepared by a simple solvothermal method with the assistance of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The microstructure and morphology of the resultant VOx/RGO composites have been well characterized. The VOx nanoparticles are highly dispersed on the RGO sheets with a particle size of about 25 nm. When used as hydroxylation catalysts, the VOx/RGO composites are more efficient than individual RGO and vanadium oxide catalysts. The enhanced catalytic performance may be related to not only the well dispersed VOx active species, but also the hydrophobic surface and huge π-electron system of RGO for the adsorption and activation of benzene. In addition, the effects of calcination conditions on the microstructure and catalytic properties of VOx/RGO composites have also been investigated. The uniform VOx nanoparticles on the separated RGO sheets show highly efficient catalytic performance, while the formation of aggregated HxV2O5 and bulk V2O5 species along with the destruction of RGO sheets are poor for the hydroxylation of benzene. Up to 17.4% yield of phenol is achieved under the optimized catalytic reaction conditions.

In this work, a series of palladium supported on the La0.8Sr0.2MnO3.15 perovskite catalysts (Pd/LSM-x) with different Pd loading were prepared by microwave irradiation processing plus incipient wetness impregnation method and characterized by XRD, TEM, H2-TPR and XPS. These catalysts were evaluated on the lean CH4 combustion. The results show that the Pd/LSM-x samples prepared by microwave irradiation processing possess relative higher surface areas than LSM catalyst. The addition of Pd to the LSM leads to the increase in the oxygen vacancy content and the enhancement in the mobility of lattice oxygen which play an important role on the methane combustion. The Pd/LSM-3 catalysts with 4.2wt% Pd loading exhibited the best performance for CH4 combustion that temperature for 10% and 90% of CH4 conversion is 315 and 520 °C.

Since the eighth curriculum reform of basic education started in 2001 in Mainland China, many changes and innovations have occurred in science education practice and research. This chapter presented the status of science education research (SER) in Mainland China. In order to provide an overview of SER, four Chinese core journals that focused on physics education, chemistry education, biology education, and geography education, respectively, were selected to review and analysis the papers in 2011 and 2012; the results showed the affiliation of researchers and research topics. Moreover, this chapter introduces SER in Mainland China from research fields such as curriculum and textbook, science teaching, science learning, teachers’ professional development, scientific inquiry, and learning progressions and students’ domain-specific cognitive development. In the research fields, the representative studies in physics, chemistry, and biology education were reviewed, because the SER in Mainland China is closely integrated with separate science subjects.

Selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) to cinnamyl alcohol (COL) is of both fundamental and industrial interest. It is of great significance to evaluate the possible differences between different supports arising from metal dispersion and electronic effects, in terms of activity and selectivity. Herein, Pt catalysts on different carbon supports including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and reduced graphene oxides (RGO) were developed by a simple wet impregnation method. The resultant catalysts were well characterized by XRD, Raman, N2physisorption, TEM, and XPS analysis. Applied in the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde, 3.5 wt% Pt/CNT shows much higher selectivity towards cinnamyl alcohol (62%) than 3.5 wt% Pt/RGO@SiO2(48%). The enhanced activity can be ascribed to the high graphitization degree of CNTs and high density of dispersed Pt electron cloud.

Gas adsorption and separation performance of COF-108 framework impregnated by C60 clusters were simulated. The adsorption properties of pure CO2, the mixtures of CO2/CH4, CO2/N2 and N2/O2 were investigated. The simulated results of the adsorption isotherms, the adsorption quantity, the density fields, the isosteric heats and the selectivity in COF-108s were obtained. It is shown that the impregnation of C60 can enhance the adsorption capacity of CO2, N2 and O2, and the selectivity of CO2/CH4, CO2/N2 and N2/O2 in COF-108. The impregnation of C60 can increase the surface area COF-108 but decrease its free volume and the pore diameter. At low adsorption pressures, the monolayer surface adsorption is dominant. With the increase in adsorption pressure, the dominant factor is changed into the free volume of COF-108 by the multilayer adsorption. The impregnation of C60 plays different roles for the polar or non-polar gases at different pressures.

In this paper, the topological entropy and measure-theoreti entropy for nonautonomous dynamical systems are studied. Some prop- erties of these entropies are given and the relation between them is dis- cussed. Moreover, the bounds of them for several particular nonau- tonomous systems, such as affine transformations on metrizable groups (especially on the torus) and smooth maps on Riemannian manifolds, are obtained.

Covalent organic framework (COF) is a porous material with low density and large BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area. They have great potential in gas adsorption and separation. In this work, the adsorption of pure CO2 and CO2/CH4 mixture on modified COF-102 was simulated by using GCMC (grand canonical Monte Carlo). Metal Li was incorporated into COF-102 through three doping methods, including charge exchange, O−-Li+ dipolar interaction and O−-Li+ chemical bonding. The influence of Li doping on the adsorption of CO2 was studied. The results showed that among the three methods, the dipole doping is the best way to improve CO2 adsorption performance. Further, the ligands of COF-102 were replaced by extended aromatic moieties, such as diphenyl and pyrene. The adsorption capacity of CO2 and CH4, and the selectivity of CO2/CH4 on the ligand-replaced COF-102 were studied. The capacity of CO2 and CH4 on the ligand-replaced COF-102 had obvious changes; hence the selectivity of CO2/CH4 can be adjusted accordingly.

Cu-SBA-16 has been prepared by one-pot synthesis method, and Characterized by XRD, TEM, and N2 adsorption measurements. An extended study about the nature of copper species in the Cu-SBA-16 has been performed by FT-IR, UV-DRS, H2-TPR and XPS. The copper species is mainly present on the mesoporous SBA-16 in the form of isolated mononuclear Cu2+ ions and highly dispersive CuO nanoclusters. The excellent catalytic activity has been obtained for phenol hydroxylation due to the presence of high amount of highly dispersive Cu species. The conversion to phenol and selectivity to diphenol are 29.4 and 91.5%, respectively. A simple EISA strategy for direct synthesis of mesoporous Cu-SBA-16 containing isolated mononuclear Cu2+ ions and highly dispersive CuO clusters which shows an excellent catalytic performance for phenol hydroxylation.

The pathway of oxygen activation in oxidation reactions catalyzed either by transition metal or by gold catalysts has been extensively studied; however, this topic is still under discussion, and no consistent conclusion has been achieved up to date. One possible reason for this can be related to the fact that it is hard to find out whether the activated oxygen species come from the metal or the oxygen site. In an attempt to solve this problem, catalysts without oxygen (i.e. Fe–C3N4), or with controllable oxygen content (i.e. Au/AC), were tested in the oxidation of carbon monoxide in the gas phase and the oxidation of benzyl alcohol in the liquid phase. The results indicate that the metal site (i.e. Fe3+, Au) alone is not able to activate molecular oxygen and that the activity of the catalyst depends intimately on the amount of oxygen-containing species (e.g. surface groups of AC) that are used for oxygen activation. As a result, a scheme for the oxidation reaction is proposed, where the metal and oxygen sites of the catalyst are accounted for the adsorption and activation of substrate and molecular oxygen, respectively.

A series of Pd-Ni bimetallic catalysts supported on SBA-15 (0.2%Pd-x%Ni/SBA-15, x = 0.4, 0.7, and 1.2) were prepared through the impregnation method combined with the NaBH4 reduction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to characterize the prepared catalysts. All the synthesized catalysts were evaluated for the liquid-phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL). The addition of Ni obviously enhanced the CAL conversion and selectivity of C=C hydrogenation to hydrocinnamaldehyde (HALD) over the 0.2%Pd-x%Ni/SBA-15 catalysts. Meanwhile, 0.2%Pd-1.2%Ni/SBA-15 showed the best performance with 96.3% conversion and 87.8% selectivity toward HALD. This improvement was attributed to the synergistic effect between the Pd and Ni nanoparticles, enhancing the dispersion of Pd metal particles and increasing the content of surface Pd0 species. In addition, the influences of a few reaction factors including H2 pressure, reaction temperature, and reaction time were studied over 0.2%Pd-1.2%Ni/SBA-15.

La-Mn-O perovskite catalyst was successfully prepared by microwave irradiation processing using only several minutes for heat treatment, and characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, H2-TPR and O2-TPD. The catalyst by microwave irradiation processing with 6 min, mainly non-stoichiometric excess oxygen LaMnO3.15 phase, shows excellent catalytic performance. Compared with the sample prepared by conventional method, it possesses relative higher surface area, the increase in Mn4+ and oxygen vacancy content and the enhancement in the mobility of lattice oxygen which play an important part in the methane combustion.

Vanadium oxide supported on mesoporous SBA-16 (VO x /SBA-16) catalysts have been prepared by the impregnation method and characterized by small-angle XRD, wide-angle XRD, TEM, N 2 -physisorption, DRUV–vis, Raman spectrum and H 2 -TPR. The VO x /SBA-16 catalysts retained the cubic cage-like pore structure of SBA-16. The dispersion and the nature of the vanadium species depend strongly on the V amount. At V loading of less than 3.6 wt%, isolated tetrahedral VO 4 is the main existence species that is highly dispersed in the pores of the support SBA-16. With the increase in V loading, the aggregation of isolated tetrahedral VO 4 species occurred to form polymerized VO 4 units. When the V loading was above 5.5 wt%, nanostructured V 2 O 5 crystallites were formed besides aggregation of polymerized VO 4 units. VO x /SBA-16 with 7.3 wt% V showed excellent activity for the hydroxylation of benzene. The effect of reaction time, temperature and the amount of catalyst was investigated over VO x /SBA-16 (7.3 wt%) catalyst. The highest phenol yield and turnover number were 13.8% and 32.4, respectively, which were attributed to the formation of highly dispersed VO 4 species and polymerized VO 4 units. The TON and yield of phenol also increase in the presence of the V 2 O 5 crystallites but its selectivity decreases.

In this paper, the concept of Lyapunov exponent is generalized to random transformations that are not necessarily differentiable. For a class of random repellers and of random hyperbolic sets obtained via small perturbations of deterministic ones respectively, the new exponents are shown to coincide with the classical ones.

In this paper, Brin-Katok local entropy formula and Katok’s definition of the measure-theoretic entropy using spanning set are established for the random dynamical system over an invertible ergodic system.

In this paper, preimage pressure, which is based on the preimage structure of the system, is defined and studied for random transformations. We obtain analogs of many known results of preimage entropy and preimage pressure for deterministic cases in Cheng and Newhouse [Pre-image entropy. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.25 (2005), 1091–1113] and Zeng et al [Pre-image pressure and invariant measures. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.27 (2007), 1037–1052]. In particular, a variational principle is given and some applications of preimage pressure, such as the investigation of the invariant measures and the equilibrium states, are obtained.

In this paper, Brin–Katok's local entropy formula is established for random transformations.

CuO/SBA-16 catalysts were prepared by two different routes - the conventional impregnation method and the modified impregnation method with pH adjustment. These catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), N2 physisorption and hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR) measurements which reveal that the cubic cagelike (Im3m) pore structure of the parent SBA-16 molecule sieves was well maintained throughout the synthesis. After introduction of Cu, a different CuO dispersion exists on these catalysts. The CuO/SBA-16 prepared by modified impregnation method has a single highly dispersed CuO which is considered as a highly efficient species for hydroxylation of phenol with H2O2. CuO/SBA-16 prepared by the conventional impregnation method shows the presence of bulk CuO species which is undesirable for this reaction.

In [6], Cheng and Newhouse introduced and studied the new invariants - preimage entropies for deterministic dynamical systems. In this paper, the analogous notions, measure-theoretic preimage entropy and topological preimage entropy, are formulated for random dynamical systems. Analogues of many known results for entropies, such as the Shannon-McMillan-Breiman Theorem, the Kolmogorov-Sinai Theorem, the Abromov-Rokhlin formula and the power rule, are obtained for preimage entropies. In particular, a variational principle is given.

A series of carbon-based sulfonated solid acid (CS) catalysts can be prepared through a facile method of direct simultaneous carbonization and sulfonation of d-glucose with concentrated sulfuric acid without a hydrothermal process. Temperature is a key factor in obtaining CS catalysts with higher amounts of -SO3 H acid sites. The transesterification of tributyrin with methanol and the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymenthylfurfural (5-HMF) are investigated over the CS catalysts. The CS-150 catalyst, which is the CS catalyst prepared at 150 °C, shows much higher catalytic activity to give a tributyrin conversion of 99.4 %. The yield of methyl butyrate is 97.2 % and a remarkably high yield of 5-HMF (93 %) can be obtained efficiently; these yields result from the high acid density of -SO3 H. Good linearity is displayed between the total acid density and yield of methyl butyrate/5-HMF. The CS-150 catalyst has high stability and good recyclability for the dehydration of fructose.