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Getah Virus (GETV) is an RNA virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause disease or death in a variety of vertebrates. Its prevalence is increasingly severe in Asia. This study conducted a GETV epidemiological investigation on 1,300 bovine sera collected in the Honghe Prefecture of Yunnan Province on the China-Myanmar border from 2022 to 2023. The positive rate of GETV antibodies in bovine serum in Honghe Prefecture was determined to be 20.25% through indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA) methods. Using Real-time PCR methods to detect GETV RNA in bovine serum, the positive rate was 0.23% (3/1300), and viral nucleic acids were only detected in three bovine sera in Jianshui area in 2022. The YN2305 strain was successfully isolated from mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells and the complete gene sequence was obtained. All the above results indicate the existence of GETV infection in cattle in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Homology and genetic evolution analysis found that the isolated strain has a high homology with the JL1808 strain isolated from cattle in 2018, with a nucleotide identity of 100%, and a nucleotide identity of 99.8% with the SD17-09 strain isolated from foxes in 2017. Compared with the nucleotides of 44 virus strains published in Genbank, YN2305 has multiple nucleotide site mutations in the structural gene E2 and non-structural gene NS. The nucleotide and amino acid identity of the E2 gene are 94.2−100% and 96.4−100%, respectively. Genetic evolution analysis found that this virus strain is most closely related to the bovine origin JL1808, and it is in gene group III with HuN1, Kochi-01, SD17-09, MI-110-C1, and MI-110-C2 strains that causes significant clinical symptoms in Chinese pig, fox and horse populations, belonging to the same evolutionary branch. This study determined the infection rate, genotype, and main prevalence areas of GETV in bovine sera in the China-Myanmar border area. Therefore, the epidemiological investigation of GETV infection in multiple animal hosts should be further expanded, and research on its pathogenicity and vectors should be carried out.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a primary cause of end-stage renal disease. Proteinuria is a clinical indicator of the different stages of DKD, and podocyte injury is a major cause of proteinuria. Podocyte-specific proteins (PSPs) play important roles in the normal filtration of podocytes. Studies have shown that natural active compounds (NACs) can ameliorate proteinuria; however, the mechanism related to PSPs needs to be explored. In this study, the five stages of DKD related to proteinuria and the functions of PSPs are displayed separately. Mechanisms for ameliorating proteinuria and improving the PSPs of the 15 NACs are summarized. The in vitro and in vivo mechanistic research showed that five compounds, astragaloside IV, ligustrazine, berberine, emodin and resveratrol, exerted renal protective effects via AMPK signaling, icariin and berberine via TLR4 signaling, hirudin and baicalin via MAPK signaling, curcumin and baicalin via NF-κB signaling, and emodin via protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase signaling. The 13 PSPs were divided into five categories: actin cytoskeleton, basal domain, apical domain, slit diaphragm, and others. In conclusion, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-oxidative stress, and enhanced autophagy are the main mechanisms underlying the ameliorative effects of NACs. Podocyte apoptosis is mainly related to nephrin and podocin, which are the most studied slit diaphragm PSPs.

ABSTRACTThe re-emerging mpox (formerly monkeypox) virus (MPXV), a member of Orthopoxvirus genus together with variola virus (VARV) and vaccinia virus (VACV), has led to public health emergency of international concern since July 2022. Inspired by the unprecedent success of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines, the development of a safe and effective mRNA vaccine against MPXV is of high priority. Based on our established lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA vaccine platform, we rationally constructed and prepared a panel of multicomponent MPXV vaccine candidates encoding different combinations of viral antigens including M1R, E8L, A29L, A35R, and B6R. In vitro and in vivo characterization demonstrated that two immunizations of all mRNA vaccine candidates elicit a robust antibody response as well as antigen-specific Th1-biased cellular response in mice. Importantly, the penta- and tetra-component vaccine candidates AR-MPXV5 and AR-MPXV4a showed superior capability of inducing neutralizing antibodies as well as of protecting from VACV challenge in mice. Our study provides critical insights to understand the protection mechanism of MPXV infection and direct evidence supporting further clinical development of these multicomponent mRNA vaccine candidates.

Abstract Background The study and synthesis of membrane organelles are becoming increasingly important, not only as simplified cellular models for corresponding molecular and metabolic studies but also for applications in synthetic biology of artificial cells and drug delivery vehicles. Lipid droplets (LDs) are central organelles in cellular lipid metabolism and are involved in almost all metabolic processes. Multiple studies have also demonstrated a high correlation between LDs and metabolic diseases. During these processes, LDs reveal a highly dynamic character, with their lipid fraction, protein composition and subcellular localisation constantly changing in response to metabolic demands. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these functions have not been fully understood due to the limitations of cell biology approaches. Fortunately, developments in synthetic biology have provided a huge breakthrough for metabolism research, and methods for in vitro synthesis of LDs have been successfully established, with great advances in protein binding, lipid function, membrane dynamics and enzymatic reactions. Aims and methods In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the assembly and function of endogenous LDs, from the generation of lipid molecules to how they are assembled into LDs in the endoplasmic reticulum. In particular, we highlight two major classes of synthetic LD models for fabrication techniques and their recent advances in biology and explore their roles and challenges in achieving real applications of artificial LDs in the future.

Liver cancer is a common malignant tumor, and its incidence is increasing yearly. Millions of people suffer from liver cancer annually, which has a serious impact on global public health security. Licochalcone A (Lico A), an important component of the traditional Chinese herb licorice, is a natural small molecule drug with multiple pharmacological activities. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of Lico A on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2 and Huh-7), and explored the inhibitory mechanism of Lico A on hepatocellular carcinoma. First, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of Lico A on hepatocellular carcinoma, and showed that Lico A significantly inhibited and killed HepG2 and Huh-7 cells in vivo and in vitro. Transcriptomic analysis showed that Lico A inhibited the expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), which induced ferroptosis. We confirmed through in vivo and in vitro experiments that Lico A promoted ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by downregulating SLC7A11 expression, thereby inhibiting the glutathione (GSH)-glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) pathway and inducing activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we suggest that Lico A is a potential SLC7A11 inhibitor that induces ferroptotic death in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the development of natural small molecule drugs against hepatocellular carcinoma.

IntroductionInterspecies interactions are a crucial driving force of species evolution. The genes of each coexisting species play a pivotal role in shaping the structure and function within the community, but how to identify them at the genome-wide level has always been challenging.MethodsIn this study, we embed the Lotka-Volterra ordinary differential equations in the theory of community ecology into the systems mapping model, so that this model can not only describe how the quantitative trait loci (QTL) of a species directly affects its own phenotype, but also describe the QTL of the species how to indirectly affect the phenotype of its interacting species, and how QTL from different species affects community behavior through epistatic interactions.ResultsBy designing and implementing a co-culture experiment for 100 pairs of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), we mapped 244 significant QTL combinations in the interaction process of the two bacteria using this model, including 69 QTLs from E. coli and 59 QTLs from S. aureus, respectively. Through gene annotation, we obtained 57 genes in E. coli, among which the genes with higher frequency were ypdC, nrfC, yphH, acrE, dcuS, rpnE, and ptsA, while we obtained 43 genes in S. aureus, among which the genes with higher frequency were ebh, SAOUHSC_00172, capF, gdpP, orfX, bsaA, and phnE1.DiscussionBy dividing the overall growth into independent growth and interactive growth, we could estimate how QTLs modulate interspecific competition and cooperation. Based on the quantitative genetic model, we can obtain the direct genetic effect, indirect genetic effect, and genome-genome epistatic effect related to interspecific interaction genes, and then further mine the hub genes in the QTL networks, which will be particularly useful for inferring and predicting the genetic mechanisms of community dynamics and evolution. Systems mapping can provide a tool for studying the mechanism of competition and cooperation among bacteria in co-culture, and this framework can lay the foundation for a more comprehensive and systematic study of species interactions.

PurposeThis study aims to develop and validate a model predictive for the incidence of grade 4 radiation-induced lymphopenia (G4RIL), based on dosiomics features and radiomics features from the planning CT of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated by radiation therapy.MethodsThe dataset of 125 NPC patients treated with radiotherapy from August 2018 to March 2019 was randomly divided into two sets—an 85-sample training set and a 40-sample test set. Dosiomics features and radiomics features of the CT image within the skull bone and cervical vertebrae were extracted. A feature selection process of multiple steps was employed to identify the features that most accurately forecast the data and eliminate superfluous or insignificant ones. A support vector machine learning classifier with correction for imbalanced data was trained on the patient dataset for prediction of RIL (positive classifier for G4RIL, negative otherwise). The model’s predictive capability was gauged by gauging its sensitivity (the likelihood of a positive test being administered to patients with G4RIL) and specificity in the test set. The area beneath the ROC curve (AUC) was utilized to explore the association of characteristics with the occurrence of G4RIL.ResultsThree clinical features, three dosiomics features, and three radiomics features exhibited significant correlations with G4RIL. Those features were then used for model construction. The combination model, based on nine robust features, yielded the most impressive results with an ACC value of 0.88 in the test set, while the dosiomics model, with three dosiomics features, had an ACC value of 0.82, the radiomics model, with three radiomics features, had an ACC value of 0.82, and the clinical model, with its initial features, had an ACC value of 0.6 for prediction performance.ConclusionThe findings show that radiomics and dosiomics features are correlated with the G4RIL of NPC patients. The model incorporating radiomics features and dosiomics features from planning CT can predict the incidence of G4RIL in NPC patients.

In order to understand of the drivers of the ratio of deciduous broad-leaved plants (DBL) to evergreen broad-leaved plants (EBL) and the diversities of each leaf habit group in the karst forests, with 43 secondary karst forest sample plots in Puding County of Guizhou Province as study objects, we adopted statistical methods such as the generalized linear regression model, model selection and the multiple regression extension of the Mantel test, and we examined the effects of geographical distance, environment (including topography and bedrock type), and human activities on the proportion of DBL and EBL as well as their phylogenetic alpha and beta diversities. The results were as follows: (1) The DBL and EBL in puding were about equal in overall richness and abundance, but large differences existed among sample plots; the phylogenetic alpha diversity(i.e., SES.MPD) of DBL and EBL was not different, whereas the phylogenetic beta diversity(i.e., SES.betaMPD) of DBL between sample plots was smaller than EBL plants. (2) The richness ratio and relative abundance of DBL shifted with bedrock type, and displayed as the marlstone forests comprised higher richness ratio and relative abundance of DBL compared with limestone forests. In addition, the richness ratio of DBL also increased as human activities intensified. (3) The phylogenetic alpha diversity of DBL increased with the intensified human activities, whereas the phylogenetic alpha diversity of EBL was not influenced by the environmental factors and human activities, which might partly be due to the conserved resource utilization strategies of EBL that blunt their claim for the resources released by human disturbance. The phylogenetic beta diversities of DBL and EBL, however, were shaped by different sets of factors, the former increased with the change of bedrock type and the intensity of human activities, the latter increased with geographical distance. The findings imply that the ratio of DBL to EBL in the secondary karst forests of Puding are mainly driven by environment conditions and human activities, based on which the phylogenetic diversities of DBL are regulated by niche processes such as habitat filtering mediated by topography and bedrock type, whereas EBL are shaped by spatial processes such as dispersal limitation mediated by geographical distance. This study sheds light on the biodiversity maintenance mechanisms of karst forests, and provides theoretical support for the management of karst forests.

Knowledge of which biological and functional traits have, or lack, phylogenetic signal in a particular group of organisms is important to understanding the formation and functioning of biological communities. Allometric biomass models reflecting tree growth characteristics are commonly used to predict forest biomass. However, few studies have examined whether model parameters are constrained by phylogeny. Here, we use a comprehensive database (including 276 tree species) compiled from 894 allometric biomass models published in 302 articles to examine whether parameters a and b of the model W=aDb (where W stands for aboveground biomass, D is diameter at breast height) exhibit phylogenetic signal for all tree species as a whole and for different groups of tree species. For either model parameter, we relate difference in model parameter between different tree species to phylogenetic distance and to environmental distance between pairwise sites. Our study shows that neither model parameter exhibits phylogenetic signals (Pagel's λ and Blomberg's K both approach zero). This is the case regardless of whether all tree species in our data set were analyzed as a whole or tree species in different taxonomic groups (gymnosperm and angiosperm), leaf duration groups (evergreen and deciduous), or ecological groups (tropical, temperate and boreal) were analyzed separately. Our study also shows that difference in each parameter of the allometric biomass model is not significantly related to phylogenetic and environmental distances between tree species in different sites.

China covers a vast territory harbouring a large number of aquatic plants. Although there are many studies on the β-diversity of total, herbaceous or woody plants in China and elsewhere, few studies have focused on aquatic plants. Here, we analyse a comprehensive data set of 889 aquatic angiosperm species in China, and explore the geographic patterns and climatic correlates of total taxonomic and phylogenetic β-diversity as well as their turnover and nestedness components. Our results show that geographic patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic β-diversity are highly congruent for aquatic angiosperms, and taxonomic β-diversity is consistently higher than phylogenetic β-diversity. The ratio between the nestedness component and total β-diversity is high in northwestern China and low in southeastern China. The geographic patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic β-diversity of aquatic angiosperms in China are obviously affected by geographic and climatic distances, respectively. In conclusion, the geographic patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic β-diversity of aquatic angiosperms are consistent across China. Climatic and geographic distances jointly affect the geographic patterns of β-diversity of aquatic angiosperms. Overall, our work provides insight into understanding the large-scale patterns of aquatic angiosperm β-diversity, and is a critical addition to previous studies on the macroecological patterns of terrestrial organisms.

Abstract Background Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) may destroy endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis (ER homeostasis) and leads to programmable cell death. Unfolded protein response (UPR) originally stimulated by ER stress is critical for the survival of tumor cells through trying to re-establish ER homeostasis as an adaption to harsh microenvironment. However, mechanisms involving key regulators in modulating UPR remain underexplored. Methods The expression of LINP1 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) tissues and cell lines was assessed. Subsequently, LINP1 was knocked out, knocked down or overexpressed in cSCC cells. CCK-8 assays, colony forming assays, transwell migration assays and invasiveness measurement by matrigel-coated transwell were performed to examine the role of LINP1 in cSCC development through gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments. Transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-Seq) was conducted and indicated the key downstream signaling events regulated by LINP1 including UPR and apoptosis signaling. Furthermore, the direct interaction between LINP1 and eIF2α to modulate UPR and apoptosis was confirmed by RNA pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), ChIP-qPCR and in vitro phosphorylation assays. Results In this study, LncRNA in non-homologous end joining pathway 1 (LINP1) was identified to be one of the top ten highest-expressed LncRNAs in cSCC, the second most common cancer in the world. Functional studies using in vitro and in vivo models revealed that LINP1 functions as an oncogene to promote cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasiveness while inhibiting cell apoptosis in cSCC. Transcriptomic sequencing after knockdown of LINP1 indicated LINP1 negatively regulates UPR-related pathways involving key effectors for activating UPR and the apoptosis following the prolonged UPR. Mechanistic study showed LINP1 physically interacts with eIF2α to inhibit its phosphorylation for avoiding unmitigated UPR. Loss of LINP1 followed by enhanced eIF2α phosphorylation led to overactivated UPR and induced DDIT3 expression, contributing to ER stress-induced apoptosis and suppression of cSCC development. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate a novel regulatory hierarchy of UPR by demonstrating LINP1 as a critical modulator for eIF2α phosphorylation and a suppressor of UPR-mediated apoptosis, which suggests a novel therapeutic target for cSCC treatment.

Few studies have focused on the effects of injection time and hydrostatic pressure on the solute transport in porous geothermal reservoirs to date. The chloride displacement experiments were individually carried out at 35 °C at the injection time of 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h and 5 h individually through the simulated columns packed with the thermal reservoir fine sand. Column experiments were performed at 35 °C at hydrostatic pressure of 0, 6 and 9 MPa individually. By using the one-dimensional CDE model in the CXTFIT 2.1 software, the migration law of Cl− and its influencing factors in the studied matrix were examined. The results show that the Cl− breakthrough curves under different injection time and hydrostatic pressure are symmetrically distributed, and they can all be well described by the CDE model. Thus, the solute dispersion can conform to the Fick’s law in the simulated low-temperature pore geothermal water. The breakthrough curve and transport parameters of Cl− are highly correlated with the injection time due to the variations of the total amount of solute mass injected, concentration differences and molecular diffusion ability in the studied geothermal water. In addition, the value of D increases from 25.22 cm2/h at 0 MPa to 36.13 cm2/h at 9 MPa, combining with the increasing molecular diffusion coefficient, dispersion coefficient and dispersivity with hydrostatic pressure. Hence, the solute hydrodynamic dispersion in the simulated sandy column are enhanced with the increasing hydrostatic pressure. The results are of great significance to enrich the theory of solute transport in groundwater.

In order to solve the problems of large quantity of mass satellite production, short cycle, and shortage of personnel, a new type of satellite automatic test system is proposed. The hardware architecture of the system is composed of a comprehensive test server, remote-control telemetry ground inspection equipment, and an automated test terminal. The software architecture is based on the joint development by TestStand and LabVIEW. The code module edited by LabVIEW realizes the function of creating information channels with remote control and telemetering ground inspection equipment, server databases, etc. Following the operation process of the test instructions， TestStand edits the automated test sequence, realizing the highly automated processes such as remote control instruction sending, telemetry data interpretation, process monitoring, test report generation, and multi-satellite parallel testing. The test sequence of this architecture has high flexibility and strong versatility, and can meet the demands of a variety of satellite automated test conditions. It has been successfully applied in the mass production and testing process of Jilin-1 Gaofen 03 series satellites. While greatly improving the test efficiency, it saves a lot of manpower.

High performance refractive index sensors are of important significance in numerous sensing applications including chemical, air and biophotonics. Among them, the ones with high sensitivity and large quality factor are especially critical. Here, we propose a high sensitivity refractive index sensor based on a slotted silicon ring resonator, of which the inner and outer rings are made of a deformed subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguide of trapezoidal dielectric blocks and a standard SWG waveguide of rectangular ones, respectively. By optimizing the geometry of inner silicon blocks, the quality factor is improved by 3 times than traditional subwavelength slot micro-ring resonator. The sensitivity of the single trapezoidal subwavelength grating slot microring resonator (T-SWGSMRR) sensor reaches 823 nm/RIU, with the Q factor of 2.5 × 104 and the limit of detection of 7.53 × 10−5 RIU are obtained. The sensitivity is further promoted by utilizing two cascaded T-SWGSMRRs on the basis of the Vernier effect, which reaches 12151 nm/RIU. The sensors presented in this work can be fabricated with commercial CMOS process, indicating that it has potential prospects in industrial applications.

Lawsones and indenopyrazoles harbor an interesting benzo-fused cyclic ketone scaffold as an essential structural motif in diverse bioactive molecules, however, their synthesis remains challenging. Here, the authors report an efficient synthesis of lawsones and indenopyrazolones via the solvent-controlled regioselective ring-expansion of indantriones involving a 1,2-carbonyl shift.

In humans, variation of the ATP7A gene may cause cranial exostosis, which is similar to “human horn,” but the function of the ATP7A gene in sheep is still unknown. Tissue expression patterns and potential functional loci analysis of the ATP7A gene could help understand its function in sheep horn. In this study, we first identified tissue, sex, breed, and species-specific expression of the ATP7A gene in sheep based on the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data. Second, the potential functional sites of the ATP7A gene were analyzed by using the whole genome sequencing (WGS) data of 99 sheep from 10 breeds. Last, the allele-specific expression of the ATP7A gene was explored. Our result showed the ATP7A gene has significantly higher expression in the big horn than in the small horn, and the ATP7A gene has high expression in the horn and skin, suggesting that this gene may be related to the horn. The PCA results show that the region around the ATP7A can distinguish horned and hornless groups to some extent, further indicating that the ATP7A may be related to horns. When compared with other species, we find seven ruminate specific amino acid sites of the ATP7A protein, which can be important to the ruminate horn. By analyzing WGS, we found 6 SNP sites with significant differences in frequency in horned and hornless populations, and most of these variants are present in the intron. But we still find some potential functional sites, including three missenses, three synonymous mutations, and four Indels. Finally, by combining the RNA-seq and WGS functional loci results, we find three mutations that showed allele-specific expression between big and small horns. This study shows that the ATP7A gene in sheep may be related to horn size, and several potential functional sites we identified here can be useful molecular markers for sheep horn breeding.

BackgroundThe optimization of endometrial receptivity (ER) through individualized therapies has been shown to enhance the likelihood of successful gestation. However, current practice lacks comprehensive methods for evaluating the ER of patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Radiomics, an emerging AI-based technique that enables the extraction of mineable information from medical images, holds potential to offer a more objective and quantitative approach to ER assessment. This innovative tool may facilitate a deeper understanding of the endometrial environment and enable clinicians to optimize ER evaluation in RPL patients.ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify ultrasound radiomics features associated with ER, with the purpose of predicting successful ongoing pregnancies in RPL patients, and to assess the predictive accuracy of these features against regular ER parameters.MethodsThis retrospective, controlled study involved 262 patients with unexplained RPL and 273 controls with a history of uncomplicated full-term pregnancies. Radiomics features were extracted from ultrasound endometrial segmentation images to derive a radiomics score (rad-score) for each participant. Associations between rad-scores, baseline clinical variables, and sonographic data were evaluated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify potential indicators of RPL. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the rad-score and other identified indicators in discriminating RPL cases. Furthermore, the relationships between age and these identified indicators were assessed via Pearson correlation analysis.ResultsFrom the 1312 extracted radiomics features, five non-zero coefficient radiomics signatures were identified as significantly associated with RPL, forming the basis of the rad-score. Following multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, spiral artery pulsatility index (SA-PI), vascularisation index (VI), and rad-score emerged as independent correlates of RPL (all P

IntroductionSoybean breeding in southwestern China has vastly improved soybean yields with the increasing demand for nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). This study aimed to assess the impact of soybean breeding on P and N utilization efficiencies.MethodsField experiments with split-plot experimental designs were conducted at two locations [Dafang (DF) and Shiqian (SQ)] in the 2019 growing season to determine the agronomic efficiency of P fertilizer (AEp), P and N utilization efficiencies, and P and N accumulation and partitioning in different soybean organs under 0 (P0) and 35 (P35) kg ha−1 P supply.ResultsThe results showed that soybean breeding targeting high seed yield also improved AEp (p < 0.05) and P (p < 0.05) and N utilization efficiencies (p < 0.05), with the improvement in AEp associated with the high yield response to P supply. P and N accumulation significantly increased in pods (p < 0.05) and leaves (p < 0.05) but not in stems or roots with year of release, while P and N concentrations did not change in any organ with year of release. In addition, only pod dry weight significantly increased (p < 0.01) with year of release, and P and N partitioning increased to pods (p < 0.05) but decreased to stems (p < 0.05) with year of release. Correlation and PCA analyses revealed P and N utilization efficiencies positively correlated with P and N partitioning to pods but negatively correlated with P and N partitioning to stems. While P supply increased P and N accumulation, it reduced P utilization efficiency.DiscussionWe conclude that (1) soybean breeding improved AEp and P and N utilization efficiencies; (2) the increased P and N partitioning to pods but decreased partitioning to stems contributed to the high P and N utilization efficiencies in new soybean cultivars, reducing the demand for N and P; (3) P supply increased nutrient accumulation but reduced P utilization efficiency. These results highlight the significance of appropriate resource allocation among organs and efficient P management for enhancing nutrient utilization and reducing fertilizer requirements.