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This study is motivated through the paradox on the well-being of self-employed that self-employment is associated with greater satisfaction across various domains despite the lower income levels of such entrepreneurs. Since not all self-employed gain higher returns to income, there is a need to question to what extent income contributes to well-being as well as the most critical factors such as education or the reason that the entrepreneur starts a new business could play a role in this relationship between income and well-being. Using GEM’s data on entrepreneurs from a wide set of countries all over the world, the effect of income on entrepreneurial well-being is tested treating education as the moderator across necessity and opportunity entrepreneurs. While necessity entrepreneurs with relatively lower education levels gain higher returns to income, opportunity entrepreneurs gain higher returns to income when their education levels are higher. The results shed light on how the effect of income on entrepreneurial well-being changes adversely with the increasing education levels for different entrepreneurial motivations.

WOS: 000416343400001, PubMed: 29180614, Objective: Rare disease Background: Total spondylolisthesis, or dislocation of 1 cervical vertebrae, is only caused by high-energy trauma and is usually fatal. Cervical spine fractures and dislocations often cause 3-column structural damage to the cervical spine, injury to the spinal cord, and precipitating alignment of the cervical vertebrae, as well as cervical instability, which are detrimental, show poor prognosis, and are associated with high rates of mortality rate and disability. Case Report: We report an extremely rare case of isolated C5 dislocation caused by falling out of a tree, with sudden tetraplegia. Conclusions: Total spondylolisthesis or dislocation of 1 cervical vertebrae can be surgically treated with anterior approach because it is possible to completely remove the vertebra body, intervertebral disc, and bone fragments, to directly decompress the spinal cord with stabilization.

New kind of adsorbent was produced from grapefruit peel by use of microwave implemented-low temperature hydrothermal carbonization technique. The obtained carbonaceous material that called as ‘hydrochar’ was activated with KOH at room temperature and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer equipped with an attenuated total reflection accessory (FTIR-ATR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. Batch adsorption studies were carried out and it was seen that applied activation process promoted the adsorption capacity (qe, mg g-1) of hydrochar from 9.90 mg g-1 to 15.08 mg g-1 at 100 mL adsorbate solution with 20 mg L-1 Cu2+ concentration and 1.0 g L-1 adsorbent dosage. Increasing of pH (from 4.0 to 6.3), temperature (from 298 to 318 K), and initial Cu2+ ion concentration (from 5 to 60 mg L-1) caused the increment of adsorption capacity. The highest capacity was attained as 48.22 mg g-1 at 60 mg L-1 Cu2+ ions with 0.5 g L-1 activated hydrochar dose at pH 6.3 and 318 K. Logistic and Freundlich models were found as the best models to describe the kinetic behavior and equilibrium isotherm of adsorption process, respectively. Thermodynamic studies demonstrated that adsorption process was spontaneous with Gibb's free energy (?Go) values ranged between -22.46 and -24.96 kJ mol-1 and endothermic with enthalpy (?H°) value of 14.81 kJ mol-1, and controlled by physico-chemical mechanisms. Produced hydrochar with an economic, fast and eco-friendly technique was shown to have a good potential for the adsorption of Cu2+ ions. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd National Council for Scientific Research Gaziantep Üniversitesi Authors thank to Scientific Research Projects Executive Council of Gaziantep University.

Single cell analysis is an active research area with the hope that cellular process can be deciphered from a single living cell other than a cell population. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been increasingly investigated for single cell analysis with its ability to provide information about real-time dynamics of molecular processes taking place in living cells, especially upon external stimulation, in a contactless, noninvasive, and nondestructive way. In this perspective, the fundamental concepts of single cell-SERS analysis including origin of spectral bands and experimental parameters for spectral reproducibility are summarized along with the recent developments. © 2017 American Chemical Society. 113Z554 The authors acknowledge the financial support of The Scientific and Technological Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project No. 113Z554) and Yeditepe University.

A novel series of new eleven benzocaine hydrazide derivatives, N-(4-{[2-(nonsubstituted/ substitutedfuryl/ phenyl/ pyridinyl/ thienyl/ pyrrole) methylidene]hydrazinyl] carbonyl} phenyl) benzamides [3a-k] have been synthesized in this study. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectral (FT-IR and H-1-NMR) methods and their purity was proven by elemental analysis and thin layer chromatography. These compounds were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity by using micro-well dilution method against Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Escherichia coli ATCC 15442, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 13883.

Static liquefaction is a challenging problem of geotechnical engineering as its consequences are generally catastrophic when they occur on site. Previous laboratory studies focused on various factors that could influence the static liquefaction potential of silty sands. Most popular of those investigated factors are stress conditions, deposition method and fines content. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the other possible factors, of which very little is known, mainly focusing on the silt characteristics including grain size distribution, relative size, and shape effects of the silt grain matrix within the sand. Undrained monotonic triaxial compression tests were conducted on thirty sands with varying fines contents, which were prepared by mixing three base sands (Sile Sands 20/30, 50/55, 80/100) with same geologic origin but with different gradations and three different non-plastic silts (IZ, SI and TT silts) with different gradations and shape characteristics. The experimental results revealed that each of the mentioned factors had their own influence on static liquefaction behavior of sands. The static liquefaction potential of all the three sands in this study was observed to increase with decreasing coefficient of uniformities of the silt grain matrix (CUsilt) in sands. For a particular base sand, static liquefaction potential was observed to increase with decreasing mean grain diameter ratio (D50-sand/d50-silt) due to change of silt gradation. However, shape characteristics of the silt grains are also found to be another important factor, in certain cases observed to have a greater influence than mean grain diameter ratio criterion. As an example, it was shown that at the same FC, base sand, depositional energy and consolidation stress, angular nature of TT silt potentially caused more meta-stable contacts (weaker grain contacts that promote excess pore pressure generation during shearing) within the specimens than sub-rounded SI silt, which caused specimens with TT silt to be more liquefiable than their counterparts with SI silt. Moreover, it was found that there is a coupled relationship between the fines content and investigated silt characteristics (gradation, mean size, shape effects) on the static liquefaction behavior of sands. The unexpected trend regarding the last finding is that the mentioned influence of silt characteristics (i.e. gradation, size and shape) on static liquefaction of sands becomes more considerable with decreasing fines content at loose states. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Seventh Framework Programme: 303974 Experimental Programme of this study was supported by European Union's 7th Research Framework Programme (FP7) under project number 303974. Grateful appreciation is expressed for this support. Authors also want to thank to Prof. Dr. Mustafa ?ulha, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Dilek Telci, and Ms. Zehra Y?lmaz from Nanobiotechnology Center of Yeditepe University for their help in providing the Optical Microscope and SEM images.

The aim of the paper is to present a new performance measurement concept and a relevant methodology for entrepreneurial universities which serves the ideal of transforming into an innovative one and contributing to the economic development and societal benefits. The current Entrepreneurial and Innovative Universities index which is in place in Turkey is evaluated according to the available perspectives in excellence of Higher Education Institutions and domains for advancement are being discussed. Furthermore, standard evaluation of the universities with ranking methodology is argued proposing a conceptual framework based on non-linear dynamics of systems thinking. Consequently, further directions in research, policy and university management are delivered putting forward the view that the entrepreneurial university ecosystem requires innovative approach in all aspects. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.

High-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats provide useful animal model for type II diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play a role in the development of diabetic complications. Carnosine (CAR) has anti-oxidant and anti-glycating properties. We investigated the effects of CAR on oxidation and glycation products in HFD+STZ rats. Rats were fed with HFD (60% of total calories from fat) for 4 weeks, and then a single dose of STZ (40 mg/kg; i.p.) was applied. Rats with blood glucose levels above 200 mg/dl were fed with HFD until the end of the 12th week. CAR (250 mg/kg body weight; i.p.; five times a week) was administered to the rats for the last four weeks. CAR significantly decreased serum triglyceride (TG) (57.7%), cholesterol (35.6%) levels and hepatic marker enzyme activities of HFD+STZ rats. It significantly reduced serum reactive oxygen species (ROS) (23.7%), AGEs (13.4%) and advanced oxidized protein products (AOPP) (35.9%) and hepatic TG (59%), ROS (26%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (11.5%), protein carbonyl (PC) (19.2%) and AGE (20.2%) levels. Liver steatosis and hepatocyte ballooning were also significantly reduced. However, CAR treatment did not alter serum glucose and blood glycated haemoglobin and hepatic anti-oxidant enzyme activities/mRNA expressions in HFD+STZ rats. Our results indicate that CAR decreased accumulation of oxidation and glycation products, such as MDA, AGE, AOPP and PC in the serum and liver and ameliorated hepatic dysfunction in HFD+STZ rats. This effect may be related to its anti-oxidative, anti-glycating, and anti-lipogenic potential. © 2017 The Authors. International Journal of Experimental Pathology © 2017 International Journal of Experimental Pathology. Istanbul Üniversitesi: UDP-53865, € 43042 The authors wish to thank David F. Chapman BSc. for editing the English of the final version of the manuscript. This study was supported by the Research Fund of Istanbul University (project Number: YOP:€ 43042; UDP-53865).

Background: The unique anatomy of the orbita and the different behavior of each malignant tumor cause us to perform the various types of orbital exenteration that yields to varying defect each of which has own specific demands in terms of the reconstruction. Current classification of orbital exenteration defects seems not to be adequate to provide detailed description. This study reviews 50 exenteration defects to offer a more effective anatomical classification system. Methods: Over a 15 years period, 50 orbital exenteration defects in 47 patients were reconstructed. Defects were categorized according to the resected orbital wall, dura, and ethmoid resection. If the maxillectomy was performed, A or B was added to define the type of maxillectomy as partial (intact palate) or total maxillectomy, respectively. According to these criteria, 4 types of defect patterns were determined including Type 0 (n = 5) with intact orbital wall, Type I (n = 9) with sino-orbital fistula, Type II (n = 4) with crania-orbital fistula with intact dura, Type III (n = 6) with crania-orbital fistula associated with dura defect, and Type IV (n = 8) with cranio-nasal-orbital fistula. There were 12 partial (A) and 6 total maxillectomy (B) defects along with the orbital exenteration. Results: There was no major complication except one. The minor wound-healing problems occurred in 7 patients. Nine patients (19%) used prosthesis. Twenty-two (46.8%) patients chose a patch to cover the area. The remaining 16 patients were not able to use any type of prosthesis because of the reconstruction methods. Conclusion: The authors believe that the authors' anatomical classification system provides more precise description of the defect which eventually enhances the success rate of both reconstruction and resection. © 2017 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.

In this study, stress-controlled cyclic simple shear tests were performed on sand specimens with up to 10% silt or clay contents, and coupled effects of plasticity, fines content (FC), relative density (DR) and CSR (cyclic stress ratio) were investigated. The results demonstrated that for sands with low fines content, reasonable trends were obtained when the packing index control parameter was selected as DR. Also, clean sand specimens demonstrated highest liquefaction strength compared with that of sands with fines up to 10% FC. The effect of fines’ plasticity became apparent as the FC increases and CSR reduces in relatively denser specimens. © 2017, © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

The purpose of this paper is to study the relation between institutions and entrepreneurship from the perspective of institutional economics. In the first section, we discuss the importance, role, and interaction of the institutions and entrepreneurs in the economic and social change/development process. In this context, we point out three roles of institutions: the role of facilitating economic/social exchange, the coordination role of economic actors’ decisions, and the role of the allocation of entrepreneurs between various sectors. In the second part, we investigate the impacts of formal institutions and institutions of governance on formal and informal entrepreneurship using an unbalanced panel data set of 54 countries over the 2004–2012 period. Estimation results reveal that while both formal institutions and governance stimulate formal entrepreneurship, the former is negatively associated with informal entrepreneurship. In addition, we find that financial development increases the positive impact of institutions on formal entrepreneurship. These results also shed light on the link between institutions and entrepreneurship, as suggested by Baumol and de Soto. © 2017, Eurasia Business and Economics Society. We would like to thank the editor and two anonymous referees of the Eurasian Economic Review for helpful comments and suggestions. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Atlantic Economic Society Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, March 16–19, 2016.

Frost formation and growth is quite important physical phenomena in evaporators since frost can directly affect both capacity and fan performance. In this study, an in-house-code was programmed to determine frost ratio on evaporator surfaces via an image processing technique. Air inlet temperatures along with pressure drop across the evaporators were monitored and both temperature and pressure breaking points were identified for evaporators with flat, hydrophilic flat and corrugated fins. Evaporator capacities and pressure drops across the evaporators were experimentally measured and compared with theoretical findings. It was revealed that the evaporator with hydrophilic fin was the most suitable selection when entire measured and calculated parameters were considered altogether. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Thailand Research Fund King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Special thanks to Friterm Thermal Devices Incorporation, Dr. H?seyin Onba??o?lu and Prof. Dr. Feridun ?zg?? for financial support and assistance on this study. The fifth author acknowledges the support provided by the ?Research Chair Grant? National Science and Technology Development Agency, the Thailand Research Fund, the National Research University Project and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi through the ?KMUTT 55th Anniversary Commemorative Fund?.

Petrol üretimi, çevreye zararlı etkileri olabilecek bol miktarda yağ ile kirlenmiş su ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Aynı zamanda üretilen su petrol endüstrisinin ürettiği en büyük atık akımdır. Geçmiş yıllarda dikkat, üretilen su işlemleri üzerineyken suyu yağdan ayırma yöntemleri zamanla önemli şekilde iyileştirildi. Bu çalışma kapsamında birleşik plakalarda, plakalar arasındaki mesafenin, orifis çapının ve karışım giriş hızının ayırma verimine olan etkilerini incelemek için iki-boyutlu hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği (HAD) modeli kullanıldı. Ayrılma verimini etkiyen parametreleri belirleyebilmek için 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 mm plakalar arası mesafesi, 10, 15, 20 mm farklı enine kesit (örneğin, silindirik, dikdörtgen, elips ve üçgen) orifis çap değerleri ile 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 m/s olan dört farklı karışım giriş hızları kullanıldı. Bu inceleme plakalar arası mesafedeki artışın, karışım giriş hızındaki artışın veya kütle akış debisinin ayrılma verimi ile ters orantılı olduğunu ortaya çıkardı. Diğer taraftan en yüksek ayrılma verimi 15 mm delik çaplı silindir şeklindeki orifiste elde edildi. Üstelik ayrılma veriminin, plakalar arasındaki mesafeye ve karışım giriş hızlarına bağlı olarak %25'ten %99.25'e kadar değiştiği gözlemlenmiştir Petroleum production generates an immense amount of oily polluted water which may have harmful effects on environment. At the same time, produced water is the biggest waste stream produced in the petroleum industry. In the past decades produced water treatment was the point of attention. However, the processes of treatment to separating water and oil have been enhanced gradually. This study used a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to investigate the effect of space between coalescing plates, orifice diameter and mixture inlet velocity on separation efficiency. Spacing values of 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 mm between plates, orifice diameters of 10, 15, 20 mm with different cross sections (e.g., cylindrical, rectangular, ellipse, and triangle) along with four different mixture inlet velocities of 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 m/s were utilized to discover the effect of each parameter on the separation efficiency. The investigation revealed that the increase in the distance between plates was inversely proportional to the separation efficiency and the increase in the velocity of the mixture or mass flow rate inlet was inversely proportional to the separation efficiency. It was also found that the highest separation efficiency was obtained for the cylindrical shape with a hole diameter of 15 mm. It was also observed that the separation efficiency varied between 25% and 99.25% depending on the values of mixture inlet velocities and distance between plates

Sinema salonları geçmişte bireylerin temel sosyalleşmealanlarından biriydi. İnsanlar oraya gitmek için özel olarak hazırlanır, çoğuzaman aile ya da arkadaşları ile gider, kendilerini izledikleri filmlerinbüyüsüne kaptırır, yıldızlarla bütünleşir, hayatın gerçeklerinden oradauzaklaşır ve film başlamadan önce ve bittikten sonraki ritüelleriyletoplumsallaşma deneyimlerini orada yaşarlardı. Bu çerçeveden bakınca özellikleyazlık hava sinemaları çok özel sinema deneyimlerinin yaşandığı mekanlardır.Geçmişte kapalı sinema mekanlarının olmadığı küçük yerleşim yerlerindebireylerin sosyalleşmesinin en önemli alanlardan biri açık hava sinemalarıdır. Açık hava sinemaları, Türkiye’de yaygın olduğu dönemlerde enönemli eğlence ve sosyalleşme alanlarından biri olarak araştırılmaya değeriletişim mekanları arasında yer alır. Bugüne kadar, bu mekanların özelliklerive buralarda bireylerin sosyalleşmeleri ile ilişkili sözlü tarih yöntemi ileyapılan çalışmalar olsa da az sayıdadır. Alandaki bu eksikliği giderebilmekadına bu çalışmada “açık hava sinemaları”, geçmişteki önemli bir eğlence vesosyalleşme mekânı olarak ele alınmış ve analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada sözlü tarih yönteminden yararlanılarak konu ileilgili tanıkların bilgi ve deneyimlerine başvurulmuştur. Eski yazlık açık havasinemalarını ve bunlarla ilgili anılarını hatırlarında tutan sinemaseverlerinardından, belki de bu etkinliği ve mekânı hatırlayan kimse kalmayacaktır. Bunedenle açık hava sinemaları ile ilgili geçmiş gözlemlerini, deneyimlerini veanılarını hafızalarında tutan kişilerin sözlü tanıklıklarındanyararlanılmıştır., Movie theaters were one of theprimary socialization areas of individuals in the past. People are speciallyprepared to go there, often going with their family or friends, captivating thefilms they watch, integrating with the stars, moving away from the realities oflife, and experiencing socialization before and after the film begins. Lookingat this framework in particular, summer air cinemas are places where veryspecial cinema experiences are experienced. One of the areas where very specialcinema memories are experienced in the small settlements where there are noclosed cinema places in the past is the summer air cinemas. Open-air cinemas are among the mostsought-after communication venues as one of the most important areas ofentertainment and socialization in times of widespread in Turkey. Until now,studies on the features of these places and the oral history method related tothe socialization of the individuals in these places are few. In order to makeup for this shortcoming, “open-air cinemas” have been considered and analyzedas an important entertainment and social space in the past. In the study, information andexperiences of witnesses related to the subject were consulted by using oralhistory method. After cinema lovers who remember the old summer open-aircinemas and memories about them, perhaps no one will remember this event andthe space. For this reason, past observations about open air cinemas, oralexperiences of those who keep their memories and memories are utilized.

Honey is a precious natural product that is marketed with a wide range of nutritional and medicinal properties. However, it is also a product subjected to frequent adulteration through mislabeling and mixing with cheaper and lower-quality honeys and various sugar syrups. In that sense, honey authentication regarding its genuine botanical and geographical origins, as well as the detection of any adulteration, is essential in order to protect consumer health and to avoid competition that could create a destabilized market. Various analytical techniques have been developed to detect adulterations in honey, including measuring the ratios of stable isotopes (mostly 13C/12C) and the use of different spectroscopic, chromatographic, and electrochemical methods. This review aims to provide a cross-section of contemporary analytical methods used for the determination of honey authenticity in order to help the scientific community engaged in the field of honey chemistry make appropriate choices and select the best applications that should lead to improvements in the detection and elimination of fraudulent practices in honey manufacturing.

Dopamine (DA) is the main modulator of the brain reward system and significantly regulates food intake. The idea that obesity is a neurobiological disease rather than a metabolic disorder, is the basis of the study. Changes in dopamine neurotransmission affect the brain reward system in a direct way. Furthermore, changes in the reward system influence the eating behavior in human. The enzymes monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) terminate the DA function by metabolizing it. In our study, the control group which included 214 individuals and 234 subjects with obesity were investigated for MAOA-u VNTR and COMT (rs4680) polymorphisms. In our study, statistical analysis has showed that in control group Val/Met COMT genotype was significantly higher compared with the patient group (p = 0.04). When the groups were compared in terms of eating behavior, the number of the subjects who ate for reward was significantly higher in patient group (p = 0.03). Our findings demonstrated that eating behavior might have an effect on obesity and dopaminergic polymorphisms could be risk factors for the development of obesity in Turkish population. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

This study analyzes transformations of historiography and identity discourses by focusing on the Memory House of Ali Rıza Efendi (the father of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk) as a “site of historical consciousness” which was reconstructed in the western part of the Republic of Macedonia. The House, referred to by the villagers as the “Memory House of Atatürk,” was opened in 2014 in a Muslim village, Kocacık, with the support of the Turkish state. Through material and textual representations of Atatürk’s life, the House speaks to the Turkishness and Turkish presence in the Balkans. The Turkishness, however, is imagined through the neo-Ottoman and Islamic prisms. The House thus becomes the locus of alternative interpretations of the past, and, consequently, narratives of Muslims’ identity and origin in the region. Moreover, as it is reconstructed at the nexus of the local and the transnational, the House is also called a symbol of the “politics of brotherhood” between Macedonia and Turkey. In this way, the institution embodies the reconstruction of the past not only at the local and national levels, but also at the international level. © 2017 Association for the Study of Nationalities.

Key message: For the first time, a comprehensive proteome analysis was conducted on Brachypodium leaves under drought stress. Gradual changes in response to drought stress were monitored. Abstract: Drought is one of the major stress factors that dramatically affect the agricultural productivity worldwide. Improving the yield under drought is an urgent challenge in agriculture. Brachypodium distachyon is a model species for monocot plants such as wheat, barley and several potential biofuel grasses. In the current study, a comprehensive proteome analysis was conducted on Brachypodium leaves under different levels of drought application. To screen gradual changes upon drought, Brachypodium leaves subjected to drought for 4, 8 and 12 days were collected for each treatment day and relative water content of the leaves was measured for each time point. Cellular responses of Brachypodium were investigated through a proteomic approach involving two dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry (MS). Among 497 distinct spots in Brachypodium protein repertoire, a total of 13 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified as responsive to drought by mass spectrometry and classified according to their functions using bioinformatics tools. The biological functions of DEPs included roles in photosynthesis, protein folding, antioxidant mechanism and metabolic processes, which responded differentially at each time point of drought treatment. To examine further transcriptional expression of the genes that code identified protein, quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed. Identified proteins will contribute to the studies involving development of drought-resistant crop species and lead to the delineation of molecular mechanisms in drought response. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 115Z087 Kocaeli Üniversitesi We would like to thank Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology for technical support and MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis. This work was supported by TUBITAK Research Funds (Project No: 115Z087). Brachypodium seeds used in this study were kindly provided by Prof. Dr. Metin Tuna, Nam?k Kemal University, Department of Field Crops, Tekirda?, Turkey.

Objectives To evaluate the effects of two different polishing systems on fluoride release, surface roughness and bacterial adhesion of five restorative materials Materials and Methods The study groups were comprised of five different restorative materials, Beautifil II (B); GCP Glass Fill (G); Amalgomer CR (A); Dyract XP (D); Fuji IX GP (F) and 21 specimens were prepared from each material. Each group was divided into three subgroups according to the polishing system: Mylar (control) (C), Sof-lex (S), and Enhance-Pogo (EP). The amount of fluoride release was measured using a fluoride ion-selective electrode and surface roughness was investigated with a profilometer. Bacterial adhesion on the materials was evaluated by optical density readouts for S.mutans on a spectrophotometer. Results The highest amount of fluoride was released from specimens in the S subgroup of group G during all measurement days. Surface roughness values were significantly lower in subgroup C than the other polishing systems in all study groups except group G (P

Cell proliferation and migration are crucial in many physiological processes including development, cancer, tissue repair, and wound healing. Cell migration is regulated by several signaling molecules. Identification of genes related to cell migration is required to understand molecular mechanism of non-healing chronic wounds which is a major concern in clinics. In the current study, the role of cytoglobin (CYGB) gene in fıbroblast cell migration and proliferation was described. L929 mouse fibroblast cells were transduced with lentiviral particles for CYGB and GFP, and analyzed for cell proliferation and migration ability. Fibroblast cells overexpressing CYGB displayed decreased cell proliferation, colony formation capacity, and cell migration. Phosphorylation levels of mTOR and two downstream effectors S6 and 4E-BP1 which take part in PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling declined in CYGB-overexpressing cells. Microarray analysis indicated that CYGB overexpression leads to downregulation of cell proliferation, migration, and tumor growth associated genes in L929 cell line. This study demonstrated the role of CYGB in fibroblast cell motility and proliferation. CYGB could be a promising candidate for further studies as a potential target for diseases related to cell migration such as cancer and chronic wound treatment. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. This study was supported by Yeditepe University.

OBJECT The object of this study is to determine the roles of psychiatry nurses within the therapeutic environment of psychiatry clinics in Turkey. METHODS This study was performed in a cross-sectional and descriptive design in 195 institutes comprising psychiatry clinics in Turkey. RESULTS When the responsibilities of nurses for clinical activities were asked, the following answers were obtained: playing with patients or painting at a rate of 54,4%. It was determined that in the majority of psychiatry clinics, there were educational activities which were conducted by nurses. CONCLUSION The researchers propose that the increase in the roles and responsibilities of nurses in such activities be supported.

Objectives: Occupational lead (Pb) exposure is still an important health problem in the world. Long-term Pb exposure causes several adverse effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of inflammation markers with chronic Pb exposure by analyzing neopterin levels and kynurenine (Kyn) to tryptophan (Trp) ratio that reflects indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and to compare with healthy volunteers' parameters. Methods: Blood lead levels (BLLs) were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Urinary neopterin and serum Kyn and Trp levels were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: According to our results, mean BLL of the 29 workers was 20.4±9.6 μg/dl. Urinary neopterin levels, serum Kyn levels, and Kyn/Trp of Pb workers (188±52 μmol/mol creatinine, 2.70±0.66 μM, and 43.19±10.38 μmol/mmol, respectively) were significantly higher than controls (144±35 μmol/mol creatinine, 2.08±0.34 μM, and 32.24±7.69 μmol/mmol, respectively). Pb-exposed workers were divided into further three groups according to their BLLs: as 10-19 μg/dl (n=18), 20-29 μg/dl (n=8), and 30-49 μg/dl (n=3). Neopterin levels of the workers with BLL of 30-49 μg/dl were significantly higher than those of BLL with 10-29 μg/dl, while Trp levels decreased. Kyn/Trp of workers with BLL of 30-49 μg/dl were elevated significantly compared with the workers with BLL

Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is the ubiquitously expressed member of transglutaminase family and shown to play a critical role in the development and progression of drug resistance malignancies. We have previously showed the association of TG2 upregulation with progression and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and low disease-free survival. In the present study we further investigate the role of TG2 in cell adhesion, migration and invasion of RCC by silencing TG2 expression in Caki-2 and A-498 primary site and Caki-1 and ACHN metastatic site RCC cell lines. Downregulation of TG2 expression led up to a 60% decrease in actin stress fiber formation and adhesion to ß 1 integrin (ITGB1) substrates fibronectin, collagen type I and laminin in both primary and metastatic site RCC cell lines. In addition, treatment with siRNAs against TG2 impaired the migration capacity and cellular invasiveness of ITGB1 substrates in all 4 RCC cell lines. Lastly, the knockdown of TG2 in metastatic Caki-1 cells diminished the expression of CD44, CD73-and CD105 cancer stem cell-like markers. We conclude, for the first time, that TG2 expression is critical for cancer cell adhesion, migration, invasiveness and cancer cell-stemness during RCC progression and dissemination. Therefore, combined targeting of TG2 with drugs widely used in the treatment of RCC may be a promising therapeutic strategy for RCC. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. 289964 109S431 This work was supported in part by EU Marie Curie ITN “TRANSPATH” under Grant number 289964, and by TUB€ İTAK under Grant number 109S431.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the medial longitudinal arch mobility and static and dynamic balance. Methods: A total of 50 subjects (25 female, and 25 male; Mean age: 22.2 ± 1.3 years; BMI: 22.8 ± 3.8 kg/m2) were included in this study. The relative arch deformity (RAD) was calculated with both 10% and 90% weight bearing (WB). Static balance was evaluated with Single Leg Stance Test and dynamic balance with TechnoBody PK 200WL computerized balance device. Subjects were evaluated for goniometric measurements of lower extremity joints, leg dominance and leg-length discrepancy. Results: Bipedal dynamic balance was correlated with both feet length at 10% WB and 90% WB. There was a correlation between the dynamic balance on dominant foot and RAD value on the aspect of Medium Speed (r = −0.32, p = 0.02), Perimeter Length (r = −0.32, p = 0.02) and Anterior–Posterior Sway (r = 0.36, p = 0.01). Static balance was unaffected by RAD value when the visual system was eliminated. Conclusion: Our results suggest that decrease of arch mobility on the dominant foot is associated with posterior sway by causing knee or hip strategy and preventing ankle strategy even in small perturbations. The rate of deviation from the equilibrium point and the degree of total swaying increase when arch mobility decreases. Keywords: Relative arch deformation, Postural stability, Postural sway, Dominant foot, Physiotherapy

The toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) is a growing concern due to its increasing use in several products including sunscreens, paints, pigments and ceramics for its antibacterial, antifungal, anti-corrosive and UV filtering properties. The toxicity of ZnO NPs is mostly attributed to the Zn 2+ release causing an increase in the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. The surface modification with a biocompatible ligand or a polymer can be a good strategy to reduce dissolution based toxicity. In two previous studies, the conflicting results with EDC/NHS coupling chemistry for ZnO NPs were reported. In this study, the same surface modification strategy with an emphasis on the stability of ZnO NPs is clarified. First, the density of –OH groups on the ZnO NPs is increased with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) treatment, and then a silica coating on the ZnO NPs (Si-ZnO) surface is performed. Finally, a covalent attachment of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on three different concentrations of ZnO-Si is carried out by EDC/NHS coupling chemistry. ZnO NPs have a very high dissolution rate under acidic conditions of EDC/NHS coupling chemistry as determined from the ICP-MS analysis. In addition, the amount of ZnO NPs in coupling reaction has an important effect on the dissolution rate of Zn 2+ and dependently BSA attached on the ZnO NP surfaces. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the BSA modified Si-ZnO NPs on human lung cancer (A549) and human skin fibroblast (HSF) is evaluated. Although an increased association of BSA modified ZnO NPs with cells was observed, the modification significantly decreased their cytotoxicity. This can be explained with the decreased active surface area of ZnO NPs with the surface modification. However, an increase in the mitochondrial depolarization and ROS production was observed depending on the amount of BSA coverage. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. European Commission Seventh Framework Programme: 280713 The authors acknowledge the financial support from European Commission (FP7 Project NANOMICEX, GA no: 280713) partners involved in this project and Yeditepe University.

Through the implementation of pedestrianisation projects, it is possible to create economically competitive and liveable urban areas, while the security and attractiveness of city centres are significantly increased by the improved accessibility provided by these schemes. After pedestrianisation, likely increases in property values can be interpreted positively; on the other hand, pedestrianisation, if necessary precautions are not taken, can also produce unwelcome consequences. When a pedestrianisation scheme achieves success, property prices rise, and small businesses (if they are tenants rather than owners) may fail to keep up with the inevitable rental increases. Despite increased sales, small businesses, many of whom supply distinctive goods or services, may have to leave the area because they cannot afford these increased costs. In this context, the aim of this article is to analyse the economic effects of a pedestrianisation scheme located on the Asian side of Istanbul, in Kadıköy historic centre and retail zone, by focusing on changes in retail structure during the post-pedestrianisation period. The project began in 2004 and was completed in 2009. Research in the area was conducted in 2014, and has a tripartite structure: a before and after land-use analysis to identify changes resulting from the pedestrianisation project, a survey involving pedestrians and shopkeepers, and interviews with the Association of the Retailers of the Kadıköy Historic Centre. Our research has shown that in the case of Kadıköy historic centre, the success of the pedestrianisation scheme has created a dilemma, namely the replacement of many smaller older businesses with domestic and international chain-stores or eating/drinking facilities as a result of increased shop rents, which entail particular problems for the majority of shopkeepers, who are tenants. Consequently, this has begun to introduce homogeneity into a richly diverse mixture of shops. The current situation might become a major problem if those existing shops which maintain the image and identity of the area are substantially displaced by ‘outside’ retailers who can afford the increased rents. This development is not however an immediate consequence of pedestrianisation, but rather a side-effect of improvements in the local physical environment, and increased economic activity. Awareness of this potential outcome of the pedestrianisation process should therefore oblige planning authorities to take preventive measures to protect the diversity of small individual shops, and hence save the image (and long-term economic future) of the pedestrianised area. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd

Iron deficiency occurring in calcareous soil is a problem in various plants. It is well known that some soil bacteria can release organic acids that can decrease the pH of the soil rhizosphere. However, there have been no attempts to study the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including organic acid releasing bacteria, on the organic acid contents of the leaf and FC-R activity in the roots and leaves under calcareous soil conditions. Therefore, pear plants were inoculated with 6 bacterial strains with the aim of acquiring iron under calcareous conditions. Uniform 1-year-old pear cv. Deveci sapling grafted on BA-29 and OHF-333 rootstocks were planted in plastic pots containing 10 L of loamy soil at 29.6% CaCO3. All bacteria were applied to the roots as an inoculation before planting. The root and leaf Fe content, FC-R activity, leaf organic acids, and soil Fe content were compared in the Alcaligenes 637Ca, Agrobacterium A18, Staphylococcus MFDCa1, MFDCa2, Bacillus M3 and Pantoea FF1 strains. The study showed that the leaf organic acid content and the Fe content in the soil, root and leaf were significantly affected by the bacterial treatments in pear plants. It was determined that the total and active Fe in the leaf was higher in OHF-333 compared to BA-29 by 7% and 14%, respectively. Furthermore, the leaf FC-R activity of Deveci on OHF-333 was 8% higher than that on BA-29. In the Deveci/BA-29 plants, the 637Ca treatment had the highest root FC-R activity value (107 nmol Fe+2 gr(-1) FW h(-2)). The highest leaf FC-R activity value was obtained from the MFDCa1, MFDCa2 and FF1 treatments (58.4, 56.3 and 55.7 nmol Fe+2 gr(-1) FWh(-2), respectively). The bacterial strains used in the present study have an important potential to be used as a biofertilizer to replace the use of iron fertilizers. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Background: Ebenus boissieri Barbey is an Antalya, Turkey-endemic plant belonging to Fabaceae family. The aerial parts and the roots of E. boissieri Barbey were used in this study. Objective: In the present study, we have examined the apoptotic effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of E. boissieri Barbey in human cervical cancer cell line HeLa. Materials and Methods: To determine the cytotoxic effect, cells were treated with various concentrations of extracts for 24, 48, and 72 h incubation periods. Cytotoxic effects were examined by Cell Titer 96 aqueous nonradioactive cell proliferation assay and the results were corrected by live/dead viability/cytotoxicity assay and trypan blue exclusion assay. Apoptotic effects were studied with multicaspase kit. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release were also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: According to the results, E. boissieri Barbey extract caused significant increase in caspase levels. Thus, we suggest that the extract induces cells to undergo apoptosis. Especially, there was a sharp induction in caspase-3 activity. Levels of both TNF-α and IFN-γ in extract-treated groups were significantly and dose dependently exalted as compared to their relative controls. Conclusion: The effects of the extract on caspase-3, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels mediate the plausible mechanism of apoptosis induction in HeLa. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report indicating any pharmacological properties of E. Boissieri on HeLa cells. SUMMARY HeLa cell viability was reduced in dose-dependent manner for 72 h with an IC50 of approximate 28.03 μg/mL for aerial and 41.02 μg/mL for rootHeLa cells, exposure to the aerial extract led to 1.9, 3.8, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.45 fold induction of all caspases activities (-2, -3, -6, -8, and -9, respectively)Both 30 μg/mL of aerial and 45 μg/mL of root extracts allowed the production of anticancer cytokines (TNFalpha; IFNgamma) in HeLa cell culture supernatants. Abbreviations used: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); Interferon gamma (IFN-γ); 3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3- carboxymethoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfonyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS); Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS); Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS); para-Nitroanilin pNA; Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA); Sodium Dodesyl sulphate –Polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); Tris-Buffered Saline (TBS); Hydocloric acid (HCl); Standart Error of Mean (SEM); National Cancer Institute (NCI); half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)

Aim: Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) and hexagonal boron nitrides (hBNs) are novel nanostructures with high mechanical strengths, large surface areas and excellent biocompatibilities. Here, the potential use of BNNTs and hBNs as nanocarriers was comparatively investigated for use with cancer drugs. Materials & methods: Doxorubicin (Dox) and folate are used as model drugs and targeting agents, respectively. Results & discussion: The obtained results indicate that BNNTs have about a threefold higher Dox loading capacity than hBNs. It was also found that cellular uptake of folate-Dox-BNNTs was much higher when compared with Dox-BNNTs for HeLa cells, due to the presence of folate receptors on the cell surface, leading to increased cancer cell death. In summary, folate and Dox conjugated BNNTs are promising agents in nanomedicine and may have potential drug delivery applications. © 2017 Future Medicine Ltd.

The paper examines the discourse of UK Independence Party (UKIP) and the Front National on the EU from the point of view of political myth. It is argued that the discourse of the two Eurosceptic parties reverses the founding myth of the EU as a quasi-utopian haven of peace and prosperity following the traumatic experiences of World War 2, where values such as democracy, freedom and human rights can flourish. In contrast, the Front National and UKIP depict the EU in dystopian terms, as an undemocratic, even totalitarian empire, through comparisons to literary dystopias, Nazi Germany and the former USSR. In this context, the two parties portray themselves as ‘dystopian heroes’ who rebel against the stifling autocratic regime to lead their peoples to a freer, more prosperous and democratic future outside the EU. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Pedobarographic gait analysis is a useful tool for the determination of loading distributions and alterations on the lower extremity and their reflection on the foot sole after many orthopaedic surgical applications. To date, there have been no studies evaluating the relationship between component alignment and changes of pedobarographic gait analysis in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We aimed to investigate the effects of TKA and prosthetic alignment on the distribution of pedobarographic parameters. Quantitative gait patterns of 47 patients were prospectively evaluated by using pedobarography 1 week before surgery and at the seventh month, on average, postoperatively. Component positions were assessed, and all applications were divided into three groups according to tibial component position as varus, neutral, and valgus. Pedobarographic results were compared between pre- and postoperative values for all applications and compared among the groups. Mean postoperative tibiofemoral angle was 5.4 degrees in valgus, and preoperative knee scores were markedly improved postoperatively. The range of tibial component alignment changed between 1 and 4 degrees in the varus and valgus groups. Plantar loading parameters (force and pressure) were significantly decreased in all operated knees, especially in forefoot and midfoot. In varus tibial components, plantar loading values decreased in midfoot and hindfoot. However, in the neutral and valgus groups, similar alterations of plantar loadings were obtained, which included decreasing in forefoot and midfoot with significant increase in hindfoot. Plantar loading distribution changed statistically significantly after TKA despite good clinical and radiographic results. Tibial component alignment was also responsible for plantar loading distribution. Tibial components in varus position create different foot loading characteristics compared with neutral and valgus aligned components. Pedobarographic evaluation in TKA allows clinicians to obtain a proper understanding of abnormal gait caused by component malposition.

Objective: The main purpose of our study is to categorize starting doses of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (recFSH) based on various cutoff values of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and to determine the effectiveness of serum AMH levels in the prediction of poor ovarian response. Material and methods: Prospective data analysis was conducted at IVF center. A total of 323 patients were included. All patients were divided into four groups according to the patients’ serum AMH concentrations: Group 1 (AMH < 1 ng/ml; 450 IU/day n = 157); Group 2 (AMH 1–2 ng/ml; 375 IU/day, n = 55); Group 3 (AMH 2–3 ng/ml; 225 IU/day, n = 48); and Group 4 (AMH > 3 ng/ml; 150 IU/day, n = 63). Collected data included age, total gonadotropin dosage, duration of stimulations, the total number of oocytes retrieved, ovarian response, cancelation rate, and cPRs. Results: As serum AMH levels increased, there were significant decreases in the starting recFSH dose and total gonadotropin dosage, and a significant increase in the total number of oocytes retrieved. There was a significant trend toward increasing cycle cancelation rates and decreasing cPRs with decreasing serum AMH levels. Although there were no significant differences with regard to the proportion of cycles with hypo-response between all groups. A result of ?0.83 was considered the cutoff value of AMH to predict a hypo-response to ovarian stimulation. Conclusions: AMH is a useful marker in selecting the starting dose of recFSH and prediction of poor ovarian response. Our protocol may allow clinicians to modulate the starting dose of recFSH according to these cutoff values for serum AMH levels. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Purpose: The goal of this study was to compare diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) using high b-value (bCombining double low line3000s/mm2) to DW-MRI using standard b-value (bCombining double low line1000s/mm2) in the preoperative grading of supratentorial gliomas. Materials and methods: Fifty-three patients with glioma had brain DW-MRI at 3T using two different b-values (bCombining double low line1000s/mm2 and bCombining double low line3000s/mm2). There were 35 men and 18 women with a mean age of 40.5±17.1 years (range: 18-79 years). Mean, minimum, maximum, and range of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values for solid tumor ROIs (ADCmean, ADCmin, ADCmax, and ADCdiff), and the normalized ADC (ADCratio) were calculated. A Kruskal-Wallis statistic with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied to detect significant ADC parameter differences between tumor grades by including or excluding 19 patients with an oligodendroglioma. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to define appropriate cutoff values for grading gliomas. Results: No differences in ADC derived parameters were found between grade II and grade III gliomas. Mean ADC values using standard b-value were 1.17±0.27×10g'3mm2/s [range: 0.63-1.61], 1.05±0.22×10g'3mm2/s [range: 0.73-1.33], and 0.86±0.23×10g'3mm2/s [range: 0.52-1.46] for grades II, III and IV gliomas, respectively. Using high b-value, mean ADC values were 0.89±0.24×10g'3mm2/s [range: 0.42-1.25], 0.82±0.20×10g'3mm2/s [range: 0.56-1.10], and 0.59±0.17×10g'3mm2/s [range: 0.40-1.01] for grades II, III and IV gliomas, respectively. ADCmean, ADCratio, ADCmax, and ADCmin were different between grade II and grade IV gliomas at both standard and high b-values. Differences in ADCmean, ADCmax, and ADCdiff were found between grade III and grade IV only using high b-value. Conclusion: ADC parameters derived from DW-MRI using a high b-value allows a better differential diagnosis of gliomas, especially for differentiating grades III and IV, than those derived from DW-MRI using a standard b-value. © 2016 Éditions françaises de radiologie.

Objective The dense and complex distribution of neural structures in the brainstem makes it challenging to understand their real configuration. We used the fiber microdissection technique to show the course of the medial and lateral lemnisci within the brainstem. Although these structures seem anatomically alike, they are functionally distinct. Methods Fifteen human brainstems and 8 brain hemispheres (formalin-fixed and previously frozen) were dissected and studied under the operating microscope by applying the fiber microdissection technique. Results We delineated and described the medial and lateral lemnisci, noting their gross elaborate arrangement. These structures are intimately compact and closely related to one another in their common trajectory through the tegmenta of the pons and midbrain. However, we were not able to identify the exact origin and termination of their fibers or the accurate delimitation between the medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract, and lateral lemniscus along their course in the brainstem. Conclusions Using the fiber microdissection technique, we were able to define a general perspective of the topography and architecture of the medial and lateral lemnisci in the brainstem. This perspective should be incorporated into interpretations of magnetic resonance imaging techniques, recognizing both their benefits and limitations. It should also be applied to surgical planning and strategies to achieve a safer and more precise microsurgical procedure. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.

In this paper, we discuss the Schwarz boundary value problem for higher order linear complex differential equations in the unit polydisc of C2. After the relevant preparations, we give the solution for a model equation with homogeneous boundary conditions. Then we obtain the solutions of a linear equation involving Schwarz boundary conditions on the unit polydisc. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Analytical high-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of 1-(4-chlorobenzhydryl) piperazine benzamide derivatives was accomplished on different chiral stationary phases. The enantiomers of the compounds were resolved by normal-phase chromatography on silica-based amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (Chiralpak AD-H), cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (Chiralcel OD-H) and cellulose tris(4-methylbenzoate) (Chiralcel OJ) columns with mobile phases consisting of mixtures of n-hexane and ethanol in different proportions (90: 10, 80: 20). The mobile phase and the chiral stationary phase were varied to achieve the best resolution. The effect of the concentration of ethanol in the mobile phase was studied. The resolution obtained on the three columns was significant. © 2017, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

WOS: 000390621600079 Daphne oleoides Schreb. subsp. oleoides is an evergreen shrub which is known for its folkloric usage against various ailments such as arthritic and infectious diseases. The aim of the present study was to comparatively investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory (nitric oxide inhibitory effects), antioxidant (DPPH center dot,ABTS(center dot+) and FRAP tests) and antimicrobial activities of the extract/subextracts from the aerial parts of D. oleoides Schreb. subsp. oleoides (Thymelaeaceae). The powdered aerial parts were first extracted with methanol and then partitioned into five subextracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (EtOAC), n-butanol and remaining water) by succesive solvent extractions. The chemical compositions of the extracts were compared with regard to their total phenolic, total flavonoid contents and fatty acid compositions. The CH2Cl2 and n-hexane extracts exerted the highest inhibitory effect on NO production (61.67 +/- 13.97% inhibition at 50 mu g/ml and 67.91 +/- 11.17% inhibition at 100 mu g/ml, respectively) of LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells. The EtOAC subextract showed the highest antioxidant effect evaluated by DPPH center dot (IC50: 0.35 +/- 0.12 mg/ml) and FRAP (4.54 +/- 10.01 mM FeSO4/mg extract) tests. The CH2Cl2 subextract was shown to contain the highest levels of flavonoids (0.837 +/- 10.035 mg QUE/mg extract) and was also found to be rich in phenolics (1.063 +/- 10.011 mg GAE/mg extract). Fatty acid analysis of the n-hexane extract revealed hexadecahoic acid and 9,15-octodecadienoic acids to be the major components. The n-hexane and CH2Cl2 subextracts exerted the'highest antimicrobial potential.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Topical formulations such as oily extracts or ointments prepared with the flowering aerial parts of St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum L., Hypericaceae) have been used in the management of a wide range dermatological problems including superficial wounds and burns, bruises, contusions and many others in the worldwide traditional medicines. Aim of the study This is the first case study reporting the beneficial effects of an oily extract of St. John's wort in the treatment of pressure sores in a intensive care unit (ICU) patient. Material and methods The oily extract of St. John's wort was applied to a volunteer patient at ICU daily for forty successive days for wound care and treatment. Healing status was monitored macroscopically by measuring the wound size and stages at certain intervals as well as histopathological evaluation of the tissue sections taken at the initial and final dates of treatment. Results Evaluation of the results obtained from the macroscopical and histopathological experimentation have shown that oily extract of St. John's wort provided significant efficacy for the treatment of pressure sore wounds. Conclusion St. John's wort oily extract may be suggested as a cost-effective option for the prevention or treatment of pressure sores in ICU patients.

Continuous flow left ventricular assist device (cf-LVAD) operating speed modulation techniques are proposed to achieve different purposes such as improving arterial pulsatility, aortic valve function or ventricular unloading etc. Although it is possible to improve the left ventricular unloading by modulating the operating speed of a cf-LVAD, it is still unclear what type of pump operating mode should be applied to generate a better left ventricular unloading. This study presents a comparison of different heart pump support modes including constant speed support, copulsative and counterpulsative direct cf-LVAD speed modulation and pump flow rate control to regulate the cf-LVAD operating speed. The simulations were performed using a cardiovascular system model, which consists of active left atrium and ventricle, mitral and aortic valve leaflets, circulatory loop and a cf-LVAD. The cf-LVAD was operated between 7500 rpm and 12,500 rpm with 1000 rpm intervals to simulate constant speed support. The same mean pump operating speeds over a cardiac cycle were applied in the direct operating speed modulation for the copulsative and counterpulsative direct speed modulation cf-LVAD support as in the constant speed support while the same pump-output over a cardiac cycle was applied to drive the pump in flow rate controlled copulsative and counterpulsative cf-LVAD support modes as in the constant speed support. Simulation results show that flow rate controlled counterpulsative pump support mode generates lower end-diastolic left ventricular volume and pressure–volume loop area while generating more physiological left ventricular volume signals over a cardiac cycle with respect to the other pump operating modes. © 2017 Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences

The existing literature on Turkish foreign policy (TFP) asserts that under the rule of the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP), Turkey’s foreign policy shifted from caution and uni-dimensionality to relative activism and multi-dimensionality. This study aims to test these arguments through a systematic analysis of the international agreements ratified by the Turkish Parliament between 1984 and 2015. By looking at the number, content and signatory parties of these international agreements, it aims to empirically show the change in the activism, orientation and instruments of TFP. Using this original data set is not only used to trace the change under the AKP but also across all ruling governments that came to power between 1984 and 2015. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Bu çalışmanın amacı okul öğretim programlarımızda yer alan finansal okuryazarlık öğrenme çıktılarını saptayarak öngörülen finansal okuryazarlık düzeyini ortaya koymaktır. Bu araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden yönlendirilmiş içerik analizine başvurulmuştur. Araştırma verileri ilk, orta ve lise düzeyindeki 79 ders öğretim programından doküman analiziyle elde edilmiştir. Belirlenen öğrenme çıktılarının öğretim basamaklarına ve derslere dağılımı incelenmiş, Bloom Taksonomisinin yeniden düzenlenmiş haline göre çözümlemeleri yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda ilkokulda diğer basamaklara göre daha fazla finansal okuryazarlık öğrenme çıktısı yer aldığı, sosyal bilgiler ve matematik derslerinin ön plana çıktığı görülmüştür. Öğrenme çıktılarında tasarruf, bütçe ve bilinçli tüketicilikle ilgili bilgilerin kavranmasının öngörüldüğü belirlenmiştir. Öngörülen öğrenme çıktılarının bireyin günlük gereksinimlerini karşılamaktan uzak olduğu görülmüştür The aim of this study is to explore the curriculum objectives of financial literacy in Turkey. Directed content analysis, which is a qualitative research method, has been used. Research data were obtained through document analyses. Curriculum of 79 courses examined from primary, middle and high school. Learning outcomes were analyzed according to the revised version of the Bloom Taxonomy and in this way foreseen competencies related to financial literacy and their levels were attempted to be defined at both the content and cognitive process levels. The results of this study indicated that aims related to financial literacy are dispersed into various courses such as social studies, mathematics, and electives courses. Basic information related to money, budget, and conscious consumption were handled throughout this lectures and objectives at the level of understanding predominated within the cognitive processes

Introduction The aims of this study were to determine the effects of different concentrations of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on alveolar bone density and orthodontic tooth movement. Methods Seventy-six rats were divided into 2 groups: a moderate concentration PRP injection group (n = 38) and a high concentration PRP injection group (n = 38). In each group, 5 time points were studied: 3, 7, 14, 21, and 60 days. Before orthodontic mesialization of the maxillary first molars, moderate and high concentrations of PRP were injected on the right sides of the molar buccal sulcus, and the left sides served as the controls. Tooth movements were measured on 3-dimensional digital models. Alveolar bone volume density and osteoclastic activity in the first molar intraradicular areas were evaluated by histomorphometric analysis. Results Alveolar bone density was decreased in the experimental groups compared with the control groups (P = 0.0001) at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. On day 3, osteoclastic activity of the experimental groups was higher than that of the controls (P = 0.044, P = 0.0001). On day 21, the amounts of tooth movement in the high-concentration experimental group were 1.7 times greater than in the high-concentration control group and 1.4 times greater than in the moderate-concentration experimental group (P = 0.001). On day 60, alveolar bone density increased to the original levels in all groups. Conclusions Injection of both moderate and high concentrations of PRP may accelerate orthodontic tooth movement by decreasing alveolar bone density on paradental tissues by enhancing osteoclastic activity in a transient way. © 2017 American Association of Orthodontists

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Purpose. To evaluate the aggressiveness of peripheral zone prostate cancer by correlating the Gleason score (GS) with the ratio of the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures. Materials and Methods. Forty-two peripheral zone prostate tumors were imaged using DTI. Regions of interest focusing on the center of tumor foci and noncancerous tissue were used to extract statistical measures of mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotroy (FA). Measure ratio was calculated by dividing tumor measure by noncancerous tissue measure. Results. Strong correlations are observable between GS and MD measures while weak correlations are present between GS and FA measures. Minimum tumor MD (MDmin) and the ratio of minimum MD (rMD(min)) show the same highest correlation with GS (both rho = -0.73). Between GS = 7 (4 + 3), differences are significant for all MD measures but for some FA measures. MD measures perform better than FA measures in discriminating GS >= 7 (4 + 3). Conclusion. Ratios of MD measures can be used in evaluation of peripheral zone prostate cancer aggressiveness; however tumor MD measures alone perform similarly., NA

Background and objectives: The size of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in children is determined by the patient's weight. However, in some instances, an alternative method may be required. This study aimed to compare sizing by the auricle with conventional ProSeal laryngeal mask airway sizing by weight in children. Methods: After approval by the institutional ethics board and written informed consent from parents, 197 children with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I–II who were scheduled for a routine genitourinary operation were included in the study. The correct ProSeal laryngeal mask airway size was determined according to the size of the auricle in children. The results were compared with the standard weight-based method recommended by the manufacturer's guidelines. The patients were classified into different groups depending on the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway sizes as determined by both methods. Agreement between both techniques was evaluated with κ coefficient statistics. Results: Insertion and adequate ventilation were achieved in 185 patients at the first attempt, and 12 patients required a second attempt. Three patients had to be intubated. Agreement between the two methods of size selection of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway was moderate using κ statistics. Conclusions: Choosing the size of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in children according to the auricle of the child is valid and practical. In particular, this is an alternative method in situations where the patient's weight is unknown, such as in emergency situations. Resumo: Justificativa e objetivos: O tamanho da máscara laríngea ProSeal (MLPS) em crianças é determinado com base no peso do paciente. No entanto, em alguns casos, pode ser necessário um método alternativo. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o tamanho da MLPS convencional pela orelha e pelo peso em crianças. Métodos: Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética institucional e receber o consentimento informado assinado pelos pais, 197 crianças com estado físico ASA I-II (de acordo com a classificação da Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologistas), programadas para uma operação geniturinária de rotina, foram incluídas no estudo. O tamanho correto da MLPS foi determinado de acordo com o tamanho da orelha em crianças. Os resultados foram comparados com os do método padrão, baseado no peso, recomendado pelas diretrizes do fabricante. Os pacientes foram classificados em diferentes grupos, dependendo dos tamanhos das MLPS conforme determinado por ambos os métodos. A concordância entre as duas técnicas foi avaliada com as estatísticas do coeficiente kappa (k). Resultados: Inserção e ventilação adequada foram obtidas em 185 pacientes na primeira tentativa, e 12 pacientes precisaram de uma segunda tentativa. Três pacientes precisaram ser intubados. A concordância entre os dois métodos de seleção do tamanho da MLPS foi moderada usando a estatística κ. Conclusões: A escolha do tamanho da MLPS em crianças de acordo com a orelha da criança é válida e prática. Em particular, esse é um método alternativo em situações nas quais o peso do paciente é desconhecido, como em situações de emergência. Keywords: Child, Ear auricle, ProSeal laryngeal mask airway, Palavras-chave: Criança, Pavilhão auricular, Máscara laríngea ProSeal

Background/aim: In Turkey, few systematic reviews have analyzed the results of studies on the isolation rates of urinary tract infection agents and their antibiotic susceptibilities. This review was done to fill this gap and enable the correct application of guideline-based medical therapy by determining the isolation rates and antibiotic susceptibilities of different Enterobacteriaceae species in Turkey. Materials and methods: Relevant studies found from various databases with the help of previously specified search strategies were examined and eliminated according to eligibility criteria. The remaining 22 studies were included in this systematic review. Results: Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated species among all agents in both in- and outpatient settings. Only the antibiotic susceptibility data of E. coli could be analyzed because among the 22 studies only E. coli had adequate antibiotic susceptibility data to be analyzed. The calculated resistance rates of the most frequently preferred antibiotics (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone) were 46%, 32%, and 19% for outpatients and 54%, 48%, and 28% for inpatients, respectively. Conclusion: The resistance profiles of commonly used antimicrobial agents are much higher than the thresholds set by international guidelines. Hence, treatment algorithms for urinary tract infections should be designed according to Turkey's antimicrobial resistance patterns.

Background: We evaluated the efficacy, toxicity, and dose responses of re-irradiation with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in patients with recurrent non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after previous irradiation. Patients and Methods: 28 patients were included. Previous median radiation doses were 54 and 66 Gy. The median interval time between previous radiotherapy and SBRT was 14 months. The median follow-up time after SBRT was 9 months (range 3-93 months). To evaluate the effectiveness of SBRT, local control, overall survival, and treatment-related toxicity were reported. Results: SBRT doses and fractionation ranged from 60 to 30 Gy and from 3 to 8, respectively, according to previous doses, location of the recurrence, and interval time. 65% of tumor recurrences overlapped with previous treatment, while 35% of tumors recurred outside of the previous treatment. 4 patients had local progression after SBRT at their first follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the 1- and 2-year actuarial overall survival were 71 and 42%, respectively. The mean survival following SBRT was 32.8 months, and the median survival was 21 months. No grade 3 or higher toxicities were observed. Conclusion: Robotic SBRT is a tolerable treatment option with manageable toxicity which can be used with radical or palliative intent in carefully selected patients with locally recurrent tumors after previous irradiation.

Statement of problem With the development of translucent zirconia, questions regarding the influence of cements on the final color of monolithic zirconia restorations have arisen. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate color changes in terms of the perceptibility and acceptability of monolithic zirconia-and-cement combinations with 2 monolithic zirconia thicknesses and 3 types of cement. The translucency parameters of these combinations were also compared. Material and methods Sixty monolithic zirconia ceramic disks were milled with 2 different thicknesses (0.6 mm and 1 mm). A conventional glass ionomer cement, a resin-modified glass ionomer cement, and a resin cement from the same manufacturer were applied to the ceramic surfaces of both thickness disks (n=10). Translucencies and color changes of the monolithic zirconia specimens after cement application were examined by using a spectrophotometer, and translucency parameters (TPs) and color changes (?Es) were calculated and statistically analyzed. Results Colors and TPs of the zirconia disks changed significantly after being cemented to 0.6- and 1-mm-thick disks (P

Objectives: To show the importance of frozen section-controlled excision to avoid the re-recurrence of recurrent basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the eyelids. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five cases who underwent eyelid tumor excision in different centers and were admitted to our clinic with recurrent eyelid tumors. Recurrent tumors were resected by excision 1-2 mm from the tumor’s visible margin and sent to pathology for frozen section examination. Eyelid reconstructions with flap and graft were performed after confirming that the surgical margins were negative. Results: Twenty-one (60%) of our patients were male and 14 (40%) were female. Median age of our group was 63.4±14.2 years. Excision and sending the excised material for frozen section control was performed once for 11 patients, twice for 12 patients, 3 times for 8 patients and 4 times for 4 patients to confirm that the surgical margins were clean. All pathology samples were reported as BCC. All patients had eyelid reconstruction with flap and graft. Recurrence was detected in 2 patients (5.7%) during 1 to 8 years (mean 4.3 years) of follow-up and those patients were reoperated; no recurrence was detected in the remaining 33 patients (94.3%). Conclusion: Frozen section control can provide low re-recurrence rate in patients with recurrent BCC of the eyelids. © 2016 by Turkish Ophthalmological Association.