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Forest Fungi: Biodiversity, Conservation, Mycoforestry and Biotechnology explores sustainable option aspects of forest fungal research, from the selection of hosting plants, isolation, identification, fermentation, identification of secondary metabolites, omics-tools for better understanding the plant–fungus Interactions. Forests are the world's greatest repository of terrestrial biomass, soil carbon and biodiversity. They provide a variety of provisioning, supporting, regulatory and cultural ecosystem services, which are crucial for the survival of human beings. Fungi play key roles in forest ecosystems as mutualists, saprobes and pathogens. - Focuses on the biodiversity of forest fungi and their potential biotechnological application for sustainable development - Includes high quality illustrations and figures for enhanced ease of understanding the process mechanism

The enormous health and social burdens associated with mental disorders have global reach and persist in the setting of unmet needs. To address these, the pipeline of global mental health trainees must be expanded and nurtured as the next generation of practitioners, investigators, and educators advance innovation in mental health prevention, promotion, and health delivery. This book offers a much-needed introduction to the rapidly evolving field of global mental health. The editors bring their extensive expertise and experience in global mental health research, practice, and training, which includes working in academic and non-profit settings, building collaborations, and teaching hundreds of students and trainees. The volume's 12 chapters - authored by over 60 contributors from multiple disciplines - offer a breadth of content that comprises an introductory framework.This volume is an essential read for learners and educators who seek to explore or deepen their interest in the field of global mental health. Its orientation to fundamentals of practice and training and contextualization with social science perspectives will also be invaluable to health professionals, social scientists, policymakers, and other professionals who are invested in training the next generation of global mental health practitioners.

Esta obra gestada desde de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia lleva varios años en construcción hasta lograr su concreción en 2021. El libro integra conocimientos y experiencias adquiridos por profesionales del área de la salud, que han dedicado su vida profesional e investigativa al estudio de la tuberculosis. A lo largo de nueve capítulos se abordan tópicos relevantes sobre una de las enfermedades infecciosas más antiguas de la humanidad y que prevalece en el actual escenario epidemiológico mundial y nacional. El objetivo de esta publicación es consolidar las bases necesarias para el control integral de la tuberculosis en Colombia, en razón a que es una prioridad de investigación e intervención en el Plan Decenal de Salud Pública del país y a que forma parte del desarrollo de la Estrategia Fin de la Tuberculosis de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Desde la academia se considera esencial apoyar la formación de talento humano calificado para la atención de pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis. Gracias a los resultados obtenidos por nuestros grupos de investigación se han identificado vacíos en los conocimientos de los trabajadores de la salud, en relación con el diagnóstico, control y tratamiento de la tuberculosis en adultos y niños. Finalmente, en este documento también se destaca la importancia de la temática de las generalidades de las medidas de control de infecciones en tuberculosis para instituciones de salud e incluye un capítulo sobre tuberculosis infantil, constituyéndose así en una herramienta fundamental para todos los profesionales de la salud, ya que aborda la tuberculosis como un problema importante de salud pública.

This book introduces and explains all existing dry processing methods, drawing from larges studies about these techniques in both the academia and industrial sectors. Potentially, water insufficiency is one of the critical issues that could be the major cause of international conflicts. Thus, reducing water consumption and pollution in all industrial sectors is an essential issue for all countries. As a main part of the mining industry, ore processing plants are highly dependent on water, and water scarcity poses significant risk to the industry. Thus, water consumption is a strategic issue for mineral processing plants, particularly in dry climate countries. To select dry or wet processing, the differences between these conditions should be taken into consideration, which needs an in-depth understanding of the various possible methods. This book will be of interest to professionals and researchers.

Desde la publicación de las primeras directrices de la OMS sobre el tamizaje sistemático de la tuberculosis (TB) en el 2013, se han realizado numerosos estudios que evalúan los impactos reales o posibles de las intervenciones de tamizaje sobre los resultados relacionados con la TB tanto a nivel individual como comunitario. También se han realizado numerosas encuestas de prevalencia, que han demostrado que la carga de TB es mayor de lo que se pensaba. Esta actualización permitirá que los encargados de formular las políticas en los ministerios de salud elijan la mejor estrategia para planificar y ejecutar las actividades de tamizaje y búsqueda activa de casos, en función del contexto. También aportará una base sólida para elaborar o actualizar las directrices nacionales de tamizaje de la TB, con base en las características epidemiológicas de la TB y el sistema de prestación de atención de salud en el país.

Las recomendaciones contenidas en este módulo son un componente de las directrices unificadas de la OMS sobre la tuberculosis (TB) y están destinadas principalmente para el uso de los programas nacionales de control de la tuberculosis, los organismos de salud pública y otros interesados clave que participan en la planificación, ejecución y seguimiento de las actividades de gestión programática de la TB farmacorresistente. El objetivo esta actualización es proporcionar información basada en la evidencia sobre determinadas áreas críticas que ayude a fundamentar el uso de nuevos esquemas totalmente orales y la posible ampliación de la ficha técnica de los nuevos medicamentos contra la TB. Los interesados directos podrán distinguir entre las recomendaciones anteriores que siguen siendo válidas, las que se han actualizado y las que se han elaborado recientemente sobre la base de estudios adicionales, teniendo en cuenta la gama de beneficios conocidos y posibles daños, los ejercicios de modelización y otros datos para fundamentar el proceso de toma de decisiones.

Despite being preventable and curable since the middle of the twentieth century, tuberculosis (TB) has long persisted as the world's deadliest infectious disease, with the communities most devastated by TB among the poorest and most vulnerable in the world. Only about half of people with TB receive successful treatment each year. As the global threat of antimicrobial resistance continues to escalate, so do cases of drug-resistant TB, or TB that is resistant to various antibiotics that constitute standard treatment regimens. In response, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats held a two-part virtual workshop on July 22 and September 14-16, 2021 titled Innovations for Tackling Tuberculosis in the Time of COVID-19. The aims of the workshop were to evaluate the current status of TB elimination, assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global fight against TB, and examine technical and strategic innovations that could be leveraged to meet the United Nations High-Level Meeting on Tuberculosis targets in 2022 and The World Health Organization's END TB Strategy targets by 2030. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.

This book includes 15 works by scientists of the Eurasian region, which reveal the various stages of the life cycle of digital transformation The creation of value propositions and their distribution chains is important for the sustainable development of society.This view of sustainable value chains on the part of public administration and business, considering modern scientific research, reveals the problems of education and science in the formation of chains sustainability and their infrastructure.Modern views on the actual problems of the digital service in the creation of value propositions with the participation of development institutions, new educational technologies, and state regulation both at the level of the world community and at the level of individual countries are revealed.The problems of digital transformation of economic actors and industries at different stages of the chain of value creation from a position of sustainable development, innovation in the infrastructure of public administration markets are considered.This book is useful to the academic community and a new generation of infrastructure creators to identify vectors to support the innovative development of value chains.

Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging offers complete coverage of this exciting and key area of biomedicine, seamlessly fusing the science behind nuclear medicine with the clinical aspects of diagnostic imaging. Beginning with sections on the physics related to nuclear medicine, radiation biology/safety, and instrumentation/quality control, it then covers radiochemistry and the development of new radionuclide therapy/tracers, and basic techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The focus then shifts to the clinical aspects, with sections on clinical/preclinical nuclear imaging (structured via organ system such as gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, etc.), as well as other in vivo molecular imaging techniques such as optical imaging, digital image analysis (radiomics), as well as the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostics. No other publication provides such a complete overview of the field, with most choosing to focus either on physics or imaging. In most cases, preclinical/experimental imaging is treated separately from clinical imaging. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging brings it all together into a complete, 4-volume, foundational resource for researchers and medical professionals specializing in this exciting area. - Provides a'one-stop'resource on all aspects of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, including both preclinical and clinical aspects, physics and applications - Presents concise, authoritative chapters expertly authored - Includes high quality, full color images and videos, as well as interactive multimedia features

Este manual operativo determina los aspectos y las etapas primordiales de la ampliación programática del tratamiento preventivo de la tuberculosis, y proporciona herramientas de ejecución e instrumentos de trabajo para la adaptación al contexto local, así como indicadores de seguimiento y evaluación de la gestión. En él se destacan los elementos clave que deben tenerse en cuenta en la atención al paciente, la planificación nacional estratégica y la movilización de recursos. Está dirigido a los responsables de formular políticas de los ministerios de salud y otras instituciones, así como a los gerentes de programas de tuberculosis y VIH, el personal de salud y de los organismos de desarrollo y técnicos, las organizaciones no gubernamentales, la sociedad civil y las organizaciones comunitarias que participan en el apoyo a los servicios de tratamiento preventivo.

This timely new textbook lays bare the ways in which disease and disaster can turn politicians into global leaders or national liabilities. It explains the impact of crises on development and human security and explores how states and societies can respond more effectively. Written primarily for the student of politics, but also drawing from public health, public policy, and environmental studies, the book investigates the threats posed by disease and disasters, and demonstrates how states can shape the ways in which these crises unfold. Case studies include: • Diseases such as Covid-19 and Ebola • Natural disasters such as Typhoon Haiyan and the 2010 Haiti earthquake • Manmade disasters such as the Yemen and Congo civil wars or famine The book delves deep into how state response to these challenges can impact political and economic stability and ends by exploring the role played by international institutions and international cooperation in addressing common challenges. This introductory textbook is perfect for undergraduate and masters courses exploring the expanding politics and human security issues surrounding disease and disasters. It will also be of interest to think tanks and policy communities looking for fresh insights to bring into professional practice.

This textbook covers the full spectrum of tuberculosis-related topics in a comprehensive yet easy-to-follow, readily accessible format. Filling a significant gap in tuberculosis literature, it addresses tuberculosis sensu latu, mirroring the content of the London Queen Mary University tuberculosis Diploma.Covering all aspects related to this condition, from prevention, diagnosis and treatment to public and global health, the book provides a broad overview of tuberculosis management. Further, it includes a wealth of case studies and exercises, making it an essential guide for all staff involved in tuberculosis management. Written by an international and interdisciplinary panel of experts, the book appeals to a broad readership including students, postdoctoral fellows, clinicians, researchers, and nurses, as well as public health officers working in tuberculosis control programs.

This edition has several new contributors; all of them are leading authorities, from various parts of the world. All the chapters have been thoroughly re-written and updated; many of them are by new but renowned contributors. Several new high quality clinical, radiographic images, gross pathology specimen photographs, and photomicrographs have been included in this edition for the readers'convenience. This edition documents the rapid advances that have occurred at a blistering pace in TB diagnosis, universal drug-susceptibility testing [DST] and treatment of dug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB, including multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB [M/XDR-TB], programmatic management of drug-resistant TB, public-private mix, the ENGAGE-TB approach, and END TB strategy, among others. The present edition includes recent classification of drugs and drug combinations including recent generation quinolones, bedaquiline and linezolid used in treating M/XDR-TB and a chapter detailing the latest developments in the field of laboratory diagnosis and management of NTM diseases.

This edited volume includes all papers presented at the 22nd International Conference on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection (MPES), Dresden, Germany, 2013. Mineral Resources are needed for almost all processes of modern life, whilst the mining industry is facing strict requirements regarding efficiency and sustainability. The research papers in this volume deal with the latest developments and research results in the fields of mining, machinery, automatization and environment protection.

Bringing together the experience, perspective and expertise of Paul Farmer, Jim Yong Kim, and Arthur Kleinman, Reimagining Global Health provides an original, compelling introduction to the field of global health. Drawn from a Harvard course developed by their student Matthew Basilico, this work provides an accessible and engaging framework for the study of global health. Insisting on an approach that is historically deep and geographically broad, the authors underline the importance of a transdisciplinary approach, and offer a highly readable distillation of several historical and ethnographic perspectives of contemporary global health problems. The case studies presented throughout Reimagining Global Health bring together ethnographic, theoretical, and historical perspectives into a wholly new and exciting investigation of global health. The interdisciplinary approach outlined in this text should prove useful not only in schools of public health, nursing, and medicine, but also in undergraduate and graduate classes in anthropology, sociology, political economy, and history, among others.

Tuberculosis (TB), causing nine million active disease cases and 1.5 million deaths every year, is a formidable public health challenge, particularly in poor and developing countries around the world. Major reasons for global burden of TB include association of active disease with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection or other underlying immunosuppressive conditions such as diabetes, and increasing incidence of drug-resistant, multidrug-resistant (MDR) (resistant at least to rifampicin and isoniazid) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) (additionally resistant to a fluoroquinolone plus kanamycin/amikacin/capreomycin) strains of M. tuberculosis. While treatment of drug-susceptible TB is effective in more than 95% of disease cases, supervised therapy for greater than 6 months is challenging. Inadequate/inappropriate therapy due to inability of poor patients to pay for drugs and non-adherence to treatment (regimen and duration), often results in much lower cure rates and evolution of drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis due to mutations occurring at a predictable rate in genes encoding drug targets. Sequential accumulation of mutations results in evolution of MDR and XDR strains of M. tuberculosis. Today, drug-resistant TB and MDR-TB have become prevalent in many parts of the world and XDR-TB strains are emerging rapidly. While MDR-TB is difficult to treat, XDR-TB is untreatable in most developing countries. Proper management of MDR-TB/XDR-TB patients relies on early diagnosis and aggressive therapy with several (5-7) expensive, toxic and less efficacious (second-line and third-line) drugs for more than 24 months, which in turn complicates adherence to treatment. Although current therapeutic agents are inadequate to meet the challenge, particularly in HIV-coinfected patients, several new drugs and new drug regimens are in late stages of clinical development to improve the outcome of MDR-TB/XDR-TB. This book provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art in molecular genetic basis of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis; conventional and molecular diagnosis of active TB, drug-resistant TB and MDR-TB/XDR-TB; new therapeutic approaches being used for treatment of MDR-TB/XDR-TB and anti-TB drug development pipeline.

An estimated 8.8 million people fell ill with tuberculosis (TB) in 2010 and 1.4 million died from the disease. Although antibiotics to treat TB were developed in the 1950s and are effective against a majority of TB cases, resistance to these antibiotics has emerged over the years, resulting in the growing spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. Due to challenges in timely and accurate diagnosis of drug-resistant TB, length and tolerability of treatment regimens, and expense of second-line anti-TB drugs, effectively controlling the disease requires complex public health interventions. The IOM Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation held three international workshops to gather information from local experts around the world on the threat of drug resistant TB and how the challenges it presents can be met. Workshops were held in South Africa and Russia in 2010. The third workshop was held April 18-19, 2011, in New Delhi, India, in collaboration with the Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Council of Medical Research. The aim of the workshop was to highlight key challenges to controlling the spread of drug-resistant strains of TB in India and to discuss strategies for advancing and integrating local and international efforts to prevent and treat drug-resistant TB. This document summarizes the workshop.

The current resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) is being sustained and fueled by the increasing incidence of resistance of M. tuberculosis strains to the most-effective (first-line) anti-TB drugs and association of active TB disease with concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or other underlying immunosuppressive conditions such as diabetes. In this book, the authors study the risk factors, drug resistance data and treatment methods for tuberculosis. Topics discussed include the global burden of TB and its public health crisis; new medicines to treat TB; rapid microcalorimetric detection of TB; meta-analysis and risk factors for tuberculosis susceptibility; Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for TB; and elucidating the action mode of the bi-substrate InhA inhibitors as anti-tuberculosis agents through molecular dynamics simulations.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem of global proportions. It is the second leading cause of death from an infectious agent, killing nearly two million people each year, mostly in developing countries. This book outlines the recent advances in the development of new multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) drugs. The emergence of resistance to antituberculosis drugs, particularly of MDR-TB and newly XDR-TB has become a major health problem. This book provides some glimpses into the current drugs including their mechanism of action, side-effects and mechanism of resistance. The desirable features of new drugs is also discussed, as well as different targets for effective TB treatment and approaches that are being made in the development of potential drugs for resistant tuberculosis. The effectiveness of levofloxacin and olfoxacin in the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis is also comparatively assessed to determine the immunological effects of certain treatment regimens. Finally, this book expands upon the spectrum of potential resistance-related mutations in MTB clinical isolates to help consolidate the framework for the development of molecular methods for delineating the drug susceptibility profiles in clinical laboratories.

Kazakhstan is colossal in size, complicated in its history, colourful in its culture and is a nation state that most outsiders know little of. Much of the existing narrative revolves around the country's first president, Nursultan Nazarbayev. But his life can only be understood in the context of the land in which he was born, raised and became a leader. For centuries the tribes of Kazakhstan had been plundered and conquered by foreign invaders. The most ruthless of these were the 20th century leaders of the Soviet Union, but after its collapse it was Nazarbayev who emerged as the new President of the nation state. Jonathan Aitken's masterly book is a riveting account of how Kazakhstan has capitalised on its natural resources (including oil) to become one of the great economic success stories of the modern era. Nazarbayev himself is widely admired as a political leader and strategist, having overcome extraordinary crises including hyperinflation, food shortages and the emigration of two million people. However, his record on human rights is less than perfect and the independence of the judiciary and the press are questionable. Corruption is also widespread in Kazakh society, making it an easy target for Ali G in his movie Borat. The obstacles faced in becoming a successful economy are described and examined honestly in this truly fascinating story.

Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of death in the world today, with 4,500 people dying from the disease every day. Many cases of TB can be cured by available antibiotics, but some TB is resistant to multiple drugs—a major and growing threat worldwide. The Institute of Medicine's Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation hosted a workshop on November 5, 2008, to address the mounting concern of drug-resistant TB. The session brought together a wide range of international experts to discuss what is known and not known about this growing threat, and to explore possible solutions.