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201. [Diagnostic Value of Postmortem CT Angiography in Coronary Atherosclerosis]

Author

H, Qian, Y, Shao, Z D, Li, D H, Zou, Z Q, Qin, L, Wan, and Y J, Chen

Subjects
Computed Tomography Angiography, Predictive Value of Tests, Coronary Stenosis, Humans, Heart, Autopsy, Coronary Artery Disease, Middle Aged, Coronary Angiography, Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Abstract

To explore the application value of postmortem computed tomography （CT） angiography on diagnosis of coronary atherosclerotic stenosis degree.Based on the previous experimental results, the postmortem CT angiography device of human isolated heart was improved. Different coronary atherosclerotic stenosis degree of sudden death cases was selected. Before the cardiac anatomy, hearts were removed out completely and CT angiography was performed immediately. The CT angiography results were compared with histopathological findings. Meanwhile, the advantages and disadvantages of the angiography device before and after improvement were compared.The improved angiography device of isolated heart could get better imaging results. The postmortem CT angiography results had high consistency with the histopathological findings on diagnosis of coronary atherosclerotic stenosis degree. And the coronary artery lesions could be revealed more objectively and vividly by 3D reconstruction technology. However, CT angiography could only be used to examine the pathological changes of blood vessels, which might have some limitations on the diagnosis of cause of death.Postmortem CT angiography can be used as an additional method for the conventional autopsy in the cases of coronary atherosclerosis.

Published
2016

202. Fast-ion D

Author

Y M, Hou, C R, Wu, J, Huang, W W, Heidbrink, M G, von Hellermann, Z, Xu, Z, Jin, J F, Chang, Y B, Zhu, W, Gao, Y J, Chen, B, Lyu, R J, Hu, P F, Zhang, L, Zhang, Z W, Wu, Y, Yu, and M Y, Ye

Abstract

In toroidal magnetic fusion devices, fast-ion D-alpha diagnostic (FIDA) is a powerful method to study the fast-ion feature. The fast-ion characteristics can be inferred from the Doppler shifted spectrum of D

Published
2016

205. Smoothing Technique Based Beta FEM (βFEM) for Static and Free Vibration Analyses of Reissner–Mindlin Plates

Author

M. S. Li, Y. J. Chen, Wei Zeng, M. Hu, Lingyun Yao, and F. Wu

Subjects
business.industry, 02 engineering and technology, Structural engineering, 01 natural sciences, Stability (probability), Finite element method, 010101 applied mathematics, Vibration, Shear (sheet metal), Computational Mathematics, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, Computer Science (miscellaneous), Benchmark (computing), Smoothed finite element method, Node (circuits), 0101 mathematics, business, Smoothing, Mathematics
Abstract

Recently, the edge-based and node-based smoothed finite element method (ES-FEM and NS-FEM) has been proposed for Reissner–Mindlin plate problems. In this work, in order to utilize the numerical advantages of both ES-FEM and NS-FEM for static and vibration analysis, a hybrid smoothing technique based beta FEM ([Formula: see text]FEM) is presented for Reissner–Mindlin plate problems. A tunable parameter [Formula: see text] is introduced to tune the proportion of smoothing domains calculated by ES-FEM or NS-FEM, which controlled the accuracy of the results. Numerical illustrations in both static and free vibration analysis are conducted. The shear locking free property, converge property and dynamic stability are carefully examined via several well-known benchmark examples. Moreover, an experimental test is carefully designed and conducted for validations, in which the mode values and shape of a rectangular steel plate is tested. Numerical examples demonstrate the advantages of [Formula: see text]FEM, in comparison with the standard FEM, ES-FEM and NS-FEM using the same meshes. The numerical and experimental results are in good agreement with each other and the [Formula: see text]FEM achieves the best accuracy among all the methods for the static or free vibration analysis of plates.

Published
2019

206. Research on Adsorption of Cr(VI) in Water by Potassium Chloride Modified Peanut Shell Carbon

Author

H. Chang, Y. J. Chen, R. Pan, A. F. Ding, and C. Chen

Subjects
Adsorption, Chemistry, Potassium, Inorganic chemistry, Shell (structure), chemistry.chemical_element, Carbon
Abstract

In order to remove Cr (VI) in water effectively, peanut shell carbon was modified by potassium chloride. The results showed that the removal rate of modified peanut shell carbon was 50.3%, increasing by 17.73% compared with peanut shell carbon. The removal and adsorption effects of modified shell carbon on Cr (VI) under different adsorption conditions were investigated and which including pH, adsorbent dosage, adsorption time and the ion concentration. The results showed that the best adsorption removal efficient of Cr (VI) in water can be obtained with pH of 4, adsorption dosage of 0.3g, the adsorption time of 150 min, and the Cr (VI) concentration of 8μg/ml. The removal rate of modified peanut shell carbon reached 99.86% under the condition. The adsorption process fitted the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and conformed to the quasi-second order kinetic equation.

Published
2019

207. Current design and R&D progress of the Chinese helium cooled ceramic breeder test blanket system

Author

X. Y. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Yao, Lei Zhang, Q. X. Cao, X. F. Ye, B. P. Gong, Y. J. Feng, M. Wang, Q. Sheng, Y. J. Chen, H. B. Liao, K. H. He, Hua Zhang, Ming Xu, B. Zhou, D. L. Luo, K. M. Feng, F. C. Zhao, X. H. Wu, X. R. Duan, C. H. Pan, and Q. J. Wang

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Nuclear engineering, Iter tokamak, chemistry.chemical_element, Blanket, Condensed Matter Physics, Breeder (animal), chemistry, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Ceramic, Current (fluid), Helium
Published
2019

209. Taiwan Brownfield Redevelopment & Ecological Restoration Indicator Analysis

Author

N C Chao, Y J Chen, and S J Feng

Subjects
Sustainable development, Resource (biology), Brownfield, Urban planning, Redevelopment, Urbanization, Business, Asset (economics), Environmental planning, Restoration ecology
Abstract

Adjustments in global industrial structure accompanied with urbanization, lead in result of derelict sites and lands initiated as manufacturing and production industrial. In which underlies not only creation waste in resource and energy, contaminated soil, damaged ecosystem, urban landscape changed, but also inhibits urban persistent development. Under the extensive aegis of environmental protection, people are highly attentive on brownfield impacts from surrounded life sphere; In Taiwan spatial reutilizing planning approaches are the mainly impetus for brownfield redevelopment programs, having very little or no incorporation on ecological methodology rehabilitation into the program. In this paper, we will elaborate the possibilities of sustainable development for brownfield redevelopment utilizing ecological restoration methodology in 1. preserving the industrial asset, in the meantime restored the ecological urban environment, 2. Initiate a structure framework suitable for brownfield’s (industrial sites) ecosystem redevelopment evaluation indicator to maximize the value of brownfield in spatial & urban planning.

Published
2019

211. Abstract P6-02-13: Withdrawn

Author

S-M Sheen-Chen, Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng, C-S Huang, D-R Chen, Y-J Chen, K-J Chang, Y-C Chang, C-Y Chen, M-F Ho, H-T Yeh, G-C Hsu, H-T Chang, S-C Chen, S-T Chen, M Chao, Jc-Y Fann, D-C Yeh, and H. Chen

Subjects
Cancer Research, Oncology
Abstract

This abstract was withdrawn by the authors. Citation Format: Huang C-S, Fann JC-Y, Chen H-H, Hsu G-C, Ho M-F, Chen S-C, Chen Y-J, Chen S-T, Chen C-Y, Sheen-Chen S-M, Chang H-T, Yeh D-C, Chao M, Yeh H-T, Cheng L, Chen D-R, Chang Y-C, Chang K-J. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-02-13.

Published
2019

212. Apply Information System of Maritime Energy for Improving Performance in Taiwan’s Coast Guard

Author

Chi-Tong Lin, C. Y. J. Chen, and C. W. Chen

Subjects
Cost estimate, Operations research, Energy (esotericism), Information system, Subject (documents), Business, Government department, Discount points, Work performance, Coast guard
Abstract

Taiwan is not a member of the International Maritime Organization country, and the domestic business is also a multi-horse carriage. There is no integration and a single government department is responsible. Therefore, it is relatively difficult to check the relevant statistical inquiries, and the definition objects are also different. The information must be subject to the announcement of the International Maritime Organization. However, the data may be subject to statistical errors due to the construction of errors and omissions. The motivation of this paper is to roughly guess Coast Guard’s information system and maritime energy to discuss how to improve the work performance. Materials use and cost estimates are resolved for both developmental and implementation activities. In addition, enhanced services costs are resolved to with total and average costs of standard EAP services. These findings provide point of reference cost estimates for other EAPs that may be considering offering enhanced services.

Published
2019

213. Overview in Big Data Analysis of the Japanese Defense System: Ambiguous Adjustment to a Strategic Environment Change

Author

C. Y. J. Chen, C. W. Chen, and Chih-Wei Chen

Subjects
Safeguard, Reflection (computer programming), business.industry, Big data, International trade, business, Natural resource
Abstract

Taiwan and Japan are both maritime countries. The natural resources in the territory are quite limited. Due to this inherent limitation, both Taiwan and Japan rely on trade to safeguard their own economic interests. Therefore, defending the maritime traffic lines and ensuring maritime interests are important missions of the Taiwan and Japan defense systems. The recent increasingly harsh international situation in the Asia-Pacific region has seriously affected the security and stability of the surrounding areas. Invisible also poses many challenges to Taiwan’s maritime rights and interests, so it is a reflection on Taiwan’s future development by understanding the Japanese defense system.

Published
2019

215. Registration of vector maps based on multiple geometric features in topological aspects

Author

J. Guo, Y.-J. Chen, and Jen-Yu Han

Subjects
Digital mapping, business.industry, Coordinate system, Observable, Pattern recognition, Constraint (information theory), Consistency (database systems), Distribution (mathematics), Transformation (function), Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Vector map, Computer vision, Artificial intelligence, Computers in Earth Sciences, business, Civil and Structural Engineering, Mathematics
Abstract

Maps are one of the most intuitive tools for recording and representing geographic information. Digital maps composed of vectors are mostly used for preserving cartographic data in a compact and efficient manner. However, the registration of multiple vector maps is an essential step when geographic information from various sources is used in an integrated analysis. Typically, control points are used as observables to solve the transformation parameters of a registration model, while check points are used for quality assessment. As a consequence, poor distribution or an insufficient number of control or check points might lead to a biased registration solution. In this study, linear features and projective invariant points were both used as observables in a registration analysis between multiple vector maps. The goal was to provide an improved geometric constraint when solving the transformation parameters. Furthermore, two numerical indices, namely the absolute consistency and relative geometric s...

Published
2013

216. Preparation of Small-Molecule Microarrays bytrans-Cyclooctene Tetrazine Ligation and Their Application in the High-Throughput Screening of Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors of Bromodomains

Author

Shao Q. Yao, Jingyan Ge, Chong-Jing Zhang, Grace Y. J. Chen, Chelsea Y. J. Tan, Zhenkun Na, Hongyan Sun, and Mahesh Uttamchandani

Subjects
High-throughput screening, General Chemistry, General Medicine, Microarray Analysis, Combinatorial chemistry, Small molecule, Catalysis, High-Throughput Screening Assays, Protein–protein interaction, Bromodomain, Small Molecule Libraries, Cyclooctanes, chemistry.chemical_compound, Tetrazine, chemistry, Biochemistry, Cyclooctene, DNA microarray, Bioorthogonal chemistry
Published
2013

218. Study for Dynamic Stability Behavior of I-Section Cantilever Beam under Axis Compressive Load

Author

Y. J. Chen and Q. Z. Luo

Subjects
Shear (sheet metal), Materials science, Cantilever, Critical load, Differential equation, Variational principle, business.industry, Flutter, Natural frequency, General Medicine, Structural engineering, Flange, business
Abstract

By mean of the energy functional variational principle and considering shear lag effect of flange, the dynamic governing differential equation for the I-section cantilever beam in the action of compressive loadPat the member end is obtained. The equation is solved by the separation variable method. According to the weigh residual method, the relation between natural frequency coefficient and critical load coefficient as well as the flutter critical load coefficient are made, the influence of shear lag effect on natural frequency coefficient and critical load coefficient is discussed.

Published
2013

219. Large Magnetoresistance in Magnetically Coupled SrRuO3-CoFe2O4Self-Assembled Nanostructures

Author

Hong-Ji Lin, Ying Hui Hsieh, Vu Thanh Tra, Jiunn-Yuan Lin, Y. J. Chen, Rong Huang, Chien-Te Chen, Ying-Hao Chu, Yuichi Ikuhara, Chun-Gang Duan, and Heng Jui Liu

Subjects
Nanostructure, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Magnetoresistance, Mechanical Engineering, Spinel, engineering.material, Inductive coupling, Ferromagnetism, Mechanics of Materials, engineering, General Materials Science, Electron scattering, Perovskite (structure), Nanopillar
Abstract

A new way to induce a large magnetoresistance has been achieved by self-assembled nanostructures consisting of ferromagnetic spinel CoFe₂O₄ (CFO) and metallic perovskite SrRuO₃ (SRO). The interdiffused Fe³⁺ ions in SRO have paved the way to strong magnetic couplings with CFO nanopillars, resulting in the suppression of spin-polarized electron scattering.

Published
2013

220. Reactions of Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu on Cu and Electroless Ni Substrate in Premelting Soldering Process

Author

C. Key Chung, Y. J. Chen, Tsung-Lin Yang, and C. R. Kao

Subjects
Nanostructure, Materials science, Metallurgy, Intermetallic, Nucleation, Substrate (electronics), Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Premelting, Chemical engineering, law, Transmission electron microscopy, Soldering, Materials Chemistry, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Crystallization
Abstract

Early formation of Cu6Sn5 and (Ni,Cu)6Sn5 during soldering was investigated. Sn4.0Ag0.5Cu solder on Cu and electroless Ni-Au substrate was quenched in ice water after the initial stage of melting, and the solder–substrate interface was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. At the contacting point, Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 were found at the solder–Cu substrate interface, while (Ni,Cu)6Sn5 and Ni2SnP were identified at the solder–electroless Ni interface. The contacting points were confirmed as the sites of heterogeneous nucleation. TEM analysis suggested that the nucleation of both intermetallic compounds can be attributed to diffusion-induced crystallization. Details of the early interfacial reactions are discussed.

Published
2013

221. Hydrogen sulfide removal from livestock biogas by a farm-scale bio-filter desulfurization system

Author

Jung-Jeng Su, Y.-J. Chen, K.-C. Chang, Shu-Chuan Lee, and Y.-C. Chang

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Swine, Bioreactors, Waste Management, Biogas, Bioenergy, Animals, Hydrogen Sulfide, Animal Husbandry, Water Science and Technology, Waste management, business.industry, Temperature, Humidity, Manure, Flue-gas desulfurization, Renewable energy, Wastewater, Biofuel, Biofilms, Biofuels, Biofilter, Environmental science, business, Oxidation-Reduction, Sulfur
Abstract

A farm-scale biogas desulfurization system was designed and tested for H2S removal efficiency from livestock biogas. This work assesses the H2S removal efficiency of a novel farm-scale biogas bio-desulfurization system (BBS) operated for 350 days on a 1,000-head pig farm. Experimental data demonstrated that suitable humidity and temperature can help sulfur-oxidizing bacteria to form active bio-films on the bio-carriers. The daily average removal rate increased to 879.16 from 337.75 g-H2S/d with an average inlet H2S concentration of 4,691 ± 1,532 mg/m3 in biogas. Thus, the overall (0–350 days) average H2S removal efficiency exceeded 93%. The proposed BBS overcomes limitations of H2S in biogas when utilizing pig farm biogas for power generation and other applications.

Published
2013

222. Shock synthesis of lanthanum-III-pernitride

Author

Simon M. Clark, Sheng-Nian Luo, Jason Knight, Oliver Tschauner, A. McDowell, and Y. J. Chen

Subjects
Crystallography, chemistry, Lanthanum, Single bond, chemistry.chemical_element, Condensed Matter Physics, Resonance (chemistry), Redox, Nitrogen, Decomposition, Stoichiometry, Landau theory
Abstract

Lanthanum-III-pernitride is unique amongst pernitrides because of the seemingly misfit charge balance and stoichiometry. La+3N2 has been predicted to be stabilized by resonance between two mesomeric states of bonding in the pernitride group, which include a remarkable N‒N single bond limiting state. However, successful synthesis of this compound remained extant. Here, we report synthesis of LaN2 through shock-driven decomposition of lanthanum nitrate. The result is noteworthy as a first quantitative measure of the stability of N‒N single bonds in solids formed at GPa-level pressure and with respect to a possible cross-over of redox potentials in the nitrogen- and oxygen-systems at high pressure and temperature.

Published
2013

223. Androgen modulates cardiac fibrosis contributing to gender differences on heart failure

Author

Y. J. Chen, Yu-Hsun Kao, Cheng-Chih Chung, and Yu-Ju Chen

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.drug_class, Cardiac fibrosis, Taiwan, Young Adult, Sex Factors, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Fibrosis, Internal medicine, Androgen deficiency, medicine, Humans, Testosterone, Heart Failure, business.industry, Angiotensin II, Myocardium, medicine.disease, Androgen, Oxidative Stress, Endocrinology, Heart failure, Androgens, Female, Geriatrics and Gerontology, business, Transforming growth factor
Abstract

Chronic heart failure (HF) is a major health problem throughout the world. Gender has significant effects on the pathophysiology of HF. Low levels of free testosterone are independently associated with increased chronic HF symptoms and mortality. Cardiac fibrosis plays a pivotal role in structural remodeling in HF. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, angiotensin II and oxidative stress contribute to the activity/extent of cardiac fibrosis. Androgen deficiency can up-regulate TGF-β expression under angiotensin II stimulation in vivo. In this review, we summarized the potential mechanisms accounting for the effects of androgen on cardiac fibrosis through regulating fibrocytes activity under TGF, which can explain wound healing and cardiac fibrosis in male with acute myocardial injury and chronic HF.

Published
2013

224. Broadband Microwave Measurements of Overdoped Y0.9Ca0.1Ba2Cu3O7−δ Films Using Corbino Geometry

Author

N. Bachar, Kaung-Hsiung Wu, Jenh-Yih Juang, Y. J. Chen, E. Farber, D. Lavi, and H. Castro

Subjects
Superconductivity, Materials science, business.industry, Conductivity, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Reflection (mathematics), Optics, Calibration, Thin film, Penetration depth, Spectroscopy, business, Microwave
Abstract

The surface impedance of Y0.9Ca0.1Ba2Cu3O7−δ thin films was measured using the Corbino spectroscopy method. This special geometry, in which the sample dimensions are well defined by a ring pattern, is ideal for broadband high frequency reflection measurements. Using the complex reflected signal, S 11, measured by a vector network analyzer, one can find the surface impedance of the thin film, from which the complex conductivity can be deduced. In the current work we present the three-standard approach for calibration of the Corbino method and demonstrate the benefits of this approach in measuring superconducting Y0.9Ca0.1Ba2Cu3O7−δ thin films up to 20 GHz and down to 6 K. For the data analysis the well-known generalized two-fluid model was implemented, taking into account a film thickness which is much smaller than the normal state skin depth and superconducting penetration depth.

Published
2012

225. A Finite Element Study about CAM-Out Failure of the Recess-Screwdriver Interfaces for the Cold-Welded Periarticular Fixation

Author

Y.-J. Chen, Shun-Chiu Lin, W.-C. Tsai, Yuan Ping Luh, W.-H. Chuang, and C.-Y. Chien

Subjects
Engineering drawing, Materials science, genetic structures, Applied Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Welding, Flange, musculoskeletal system, Condensed Matter Physics, eye diseases, Finite element study, law.invention, Stress (mechanics), Fixation (surgical), law, Torque, Cold welding, sense organs, Slippage, Composite material, human activities
Abstract

In clinical practice, cam-out failure at the recess-screwdriver interfaces may occur when tightening or removing a bone screw. For titanium-based periarticular fixation, the literature reports have revealed that cold welding at the plate-screw interfaces makes the screw recess especially prone to cam-out failure during screw removal. In this study, the effects of the four recess shapes (cross, hexagon, star, and crest), three torque value (0.8, 1.0, and 1.2N-m), and the three interfacial misfits (0.00, 0.05, and 0.10mm) on the cam-out failure were numerically evaluated. The free-rotation angle, torque-recess angle, slippage-resisting length, and interfacial stress distribution were defined and chosen as comparison indices for the twelve recess-misfit variations. The results revealed that the interfacial slippage, torque transfer, and stress distribution are highly related to both recess shape and interfacial misfit. The stresses of all recesses and screwdrivers consistently initiate at the contact sites. However, the recess profile significantly affects the stress propagation. The stress patterns of the recess and screwdriver are quite different between the cross-star and hexagon-crest groups. The cross-star group is superior to the hexagon-crest group in terms of the torque-recess angle and slippage-resisting length over. This makes the recess of the cross-star group less stressed than its counterpart. However, the volumes of the cross and the star screwdriver are more highly stressed than the hexagon due to the irregular shape and the thinner flange, respectively. The greater torque and misfit increase the performance difference between the four recess designs. In conclusion, the geometry of the cross and star groups provide the better performance of the screw recess in terms of torque-transferring efficiency and slippage-resisting ability. If the screwdriver material is properly strengthened and the stress-concentrating corners are modified, the cross and star groups would be the optimal designs that protects and extends the lifetime of both recess and reused screwdriver.

Published
2012

227. Mixed Parallel-Series Connection of Piezoelectric Oscillators for Wideband Energy Harvesting

Author

Yi-Chung Shu, B. Y. Li, Y. J. Chen, and Pei-Chun Wu

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Bandwidth (signal processing), Electronic engineering, Input impedance, Wideband, Series and parallel circuits, Topology, business, Capacitance, Piezoelectricity, Energy harvesting, System dynamics
Abstract

The article studies the behavior of a mixed parallel-series connection of piezoelectric oscillators attached to the standard interface for wideband energy harvesting. The estimate of power output is obtained analytically considering the formulations of balance of charge, energy and system dynamics. It can be presented based on the generalized matrix formulation of charging on capacitance in terms of equivalent load impedance. The proposed model is subsequently validated numerically through circuit simulations. Finally, a design with a careful choice of parallel-series mixed connection of oscillators is proposed for illustration. With a proper circuit layout triggering the switching of connection, the result shows that the peak power of each array configuration is roughly uniform within the frequency range of interest. Hence, the bandwidth is enlarged without the loss of peak power.Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Published
2016

228. Direct detection of mecA, bla

Author

M-Y, Wang, J-L, Geng, Y-J, Chen, Y, Song, M, Sun, H-Z, Liu, and C-J, Hu

Subjects
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacterial Proteins, Blood Culture, Equipment Contamination, Humans, Penicillin-Binding Proteins, Methicillin Resistance, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, beta-Lactamases
Abstract

Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) and ESBL(Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase)-producing bacteria are the most important resistant pathogens in sepsis. In this study, a new multiplex-touchdown PCR method (MT-PCR) was developed to detect rapidly and simultaneously the presence of mecA, blaMany studies on the development of PCR for the detection of resistance genes have already been published, including multiplex PCR methods. However, cross-amplification reactions can be a major concern in multiplex PCR methods. In this study, we developed a highly sensitive and specific multiplex-touchdown PCR assay for simultaneous detection of mecA, bla

Published
2016

229. Effect of Laser Input Energy on the Laser Joining of Polyethylene Terephthalate to Titanium

Author

Y. J. Chen, T. M. Yue, and Z. N. Guo

Subjects
XPS depth profiling, laser energy, tensile failure load, Laser direct joining, chemical bond, Ti/PET interface
Abstract

This paper reports the effects of laser energy on the characteristics of bubbles generated in the weld zone and the formation of new chemical bonds at the Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)/Ti joint interface in laser joining of PET to Ti. The samples were produced by using different laser energies ranging from 1.5 J – 6 J in steps of 1.5 J, while all other joining parameters remained unchanged. The types of chemical bonding at the joint interface were analysed by the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth-profiling method. The results show that the characteristics of the bubbles and the thickness of the chemically bonded interface, which contains the laser generated bonds of Ti–C and Ti–O, increase markedly with increasing laser energy input. The tensile failure load of the joint depends on the combined effect of the amount and distribution of the bubbles formed and the chemical bonding intensity of the joint interface., {"references":["H. L. Gower, R. R. G. M. Pieters, and I. M. Richardson, \"Pulsed laser welding of metal-polymer sandwich materials using pulse shaping,\" Laser Applications, vol. 18, 2006, pp. 35–41.","S. Katayama, and Y. Kawahito, \"Laser direct joining of metal and plastic,\" Scripta Materialia, vol. 59, 2008, pp. 1247–1250.","M. Wahba, Y. Kawahito, and S. Katayama, \"Laser direct joining of AZ91D thixomolded Mg alloy and amorphous polyethylene terephthalate,\" Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 211, 2011, pp. 1166–1174.","Y. Kawahito, Y. Niwa, and S. Katayama, \"Laser direct joining between stainless steel and polyethylene terephthalate plastic and reliability evaluation of joints,\" Welding International, vol. 28, 2004, pp. 107–113.","S. Arai, Y. Kawahito, and S. Katayama, \"Effect of surface modification on laser direct joining of cyclic olefin polymer and stainless steel,\" Materials and Design, vol. 59, 2014, pp. 448–453.","D. G. Georgiev, T. Sultana, A. Mian, G. Auner, H. Herfurth, R. Witte, and G. Newaz, \"Laser fabrication and characterization of sub-millimeter joints between polyimide and Ti-coated borosilicate glass,\" Journal of Materials Science, vol. 40, 2005, pp. 5641–5647.","G. Newaz, A. Mian, T. Sultana, T. Mahmood, D. G. Georgiev, G. Auner, R. Witte, and H. Herfurth, \"A comparison between glass/polyimide and titanium/polyimide microjoint performances in cerebrospinal fluid,\" Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol. 79A, 2006, pp. 159–165.","Mian, G. Newaz, T. Mahmood, and G. Auner, \"Mechanical characterization of glass/polyimide microjoints fabricated using cw fiber and diode lasers,\" Journal of Materials Science, vol. 42, 2007, pp. 8150–8157.","Mian, T. Sultana, G. Auner, and G. Newaz, \"Bonding mechanisms of laser-fabricated titanium/polyimide and titanium coated glass/polyimide microjoints,\" Surface and Interface Analysis, vol. 39, pp. 506–511, 2007. \n[10]\tG. L. Georgiev, R. J. Baird, E. F. McCullen, G. Newaz, G. Auner, R. Patwa, and H. Herfurth, \"Chemical bond formation during laser bonding of Teflon (R) FEP and titanium,\" Applied Surface Science, vol. 255, 2009, pp. 7078–7083. \n[11]\tG. and H. Herfurth, \"Laser bonding and characterization of Kapton FN/Ti and Teflon FEP/Ti systems,\" Journal of Materials Science, vol. 44, 2009, pp. 882–888.\n[12]\tT. Sano, S. Iwasaki, Y. Ozeki, K. Itoh, and A. Hirose, \"Femtosecond laser direct joining of copper with polyethylene terephthalate,\" Journal of Materials Transactions, vol. 54, 2013, pp. 926–930. \n[13]\tX. Wang, P. Li, and Z. K. Xu, \"Laser transmission joint between PET and titanium for biomedical application,\" Materials Processing Technology, vol. 210, 2010, pp. 1761–1771.\n[14]\tS. B. Amor, M. Jacquet, P. Fioux, and M. Nardin, \"XPS characterisation of plasma treated and zinc oxide coated PET,\" Applied Surface Science, vol. 255, 2009, pp. 5052–5061.\n[15]\tD. Gonbeau, C. Guimon, G. P. Guillouzo, A. Levasseur, G. Meunier, and R. Dormoy, \"XPS study of thin films of titanium oxysulfides,\" Surface Science, vol. 254, 1991, pp. 81–89."]}

Published
2016
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230. Soft X-ray Irradiation of Silicates: Implications on Dust Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks

Author

C.-H. Huang, Y.-J. Chen, Cesare Cecchi-Pestellini, A. Jiménez-Escobar, Angela Ciaravella, A. M. Venezia, and G. M. Muñoz Caro

Subjects
Physics, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, Synchrotron radiation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 02 engineering and technology, Grating, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Silicate, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Beamline, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, law, Impurity, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, Irradiation, 0210 nano-technology, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Stoichiometry, Monochromator
Abstract

The processing of energetic photons on bare silicate grains was simulated experimentally on silicate films submitted to soft X-rays of energies up to 1.25 keV. The silicate material was prepared by means of a microwave assisted solgel technique. Its chemical composition reflects the Mg2SiO4 stoichiometry with residual impurities due to the synthesis method. The experiments were performed using the spherical grating monochromator beamline at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center in Taiwan. We found that soft X-ray irradiation induces structural changes that can be interpreted as an amorphization of the processed silicate material. The present results may have relevant implications in the evolution of silicate materials in X-ray irradiated protoplanetary disks., 13 pages, 7 figures

Published
2016

231. [Trend and characteristics of fall in elderly adults based on data from national injury surveillance sentinel hospitals in Anhui province, 2006-2014]

Author

X Y, Xing, W, Xu, Y J, Chen, Z R, Liu, S C, Jia, J R, Xie, and Q S, Wu

Subjects
Adult, Male, Family Characteristics, Incidence, Middle Aged, Hospitals, Age Distribution, Leisure Activities, Humans, Wounds and Injuries, Accidental Falls, Female, Public Health, Sex Distribution, Sentinel Surveillance, Aged
Abstract

To understand the incidence pattern of fall among older adults in Anhui province during 2006-2014, and provide scientific basis for intervention strategies and decision-making.The incidence data of fall in elderly adults from 6 sentinel hospitals in 2 national injury surveillance areas in Anhui province between 2006 and 2014 were collected for this descriptive epidemiological analysis of the overall incidence trend, demographic characteristics, case distribution and clinical characteristics of fall cases in the elderly.The fall case number, the proportions of fall cases to injury cases and to overall fall cases in the elderly all increased from 2006 to 2014. The fall was the first cause of the elderly injury during the past 9 years. The sex ratio was 0.74 and the cases in males decreased with age. In both males and females, the cases in retirees and the jobless accounted for the highest proportions. The annual incidence peak was during August to October, and two daily incidence peaks were during 9 am-11 am and 16 pm-18 pm. The elderly falls mainly occurred at home(62.07%), and more females were affected than males(70.27% vs. 50.97%). Leisure activity and homework related falls accounted for 49.18% and 28.67% respectively, and more housework related falls occurred in females than in males. Contusion/abrasion was the first injury caused by fall in males(42.63%)and fracture was the first injury caused by fall in females(47.27%). Head was the first injury site in males(38.04%)and leg was the first injury site in females(29.29%). Most injuries caused by fall were mild(55.12%)and moderate(41.84%)in severity, but the proportions of moderate and severe cases increased gradually with age.Fall in the elderly has become a public health problem. It is necessary to take targeted prevention and control measures according to the gender and age distributions of the fall in the elderly.

Published
2016

232. [The effect of phospholipid transfer protein on cigarette smoke extract induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of rat alveolar type Ⅱ cells]

Author

F P, Wu, Y J, Chen, X Y, Yu, K, Liao, D D, Li, and H, Chen

Subjects
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Alveolar Epithelial Cells, Smoke, Tobacco, Animals, Vimentin, Phospholipid Transfer Proteins, RNA, Small Interfering, Cadherins, Cells, Cultured, Rats
Abstract

To investigate the effect of phospholipid transfer protein(PLTP) on cigarette smoke extract(CSE) induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT) in rat alveolar Type Ⅱ cells (RLE-6TN).CSE of different concentrations (0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) was co-cultured for 2 or 3 days with RLE-6TN, either pre-treated or not pre-treated with siRNA-PLTP for 6 h. Expression levels of E-cadherin mRNA and Vimentin mRNA were examined by RT-PCR, while expression levels of PLTP, E-cadherin, N-cadherin and Vimentin were examined by Western blot.Our results showed that the expression of E-cadherin mRNA decreased in CSE-treated groups: 1.01±0.05, 0.74±0.05, 0.65±0.03, 0.30±0.08 respectively at different concentrations of CSE (0 %, 0.25%, 0.5 %, and 1.0%); while the level of Vimentin mRNA increased significantly in 1% CSE treated cells(1.88±0.49), compared with control cells (1.01±0.20). Treatment with CSE at different concentrations (0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) showed that the protein levels of PLTP were 0.42±0.02, 0.89±0.25, 1.08±0.18, 1.61±0.06 respectively; those of E-cadherin were 1.61±0.04, 1.08±0.10, 0.62±0.08, 0.68±0.17, respectively; those of N-cadherin were 0.60±0.14, 0.57±0.26, 0.88±0.30, 1.94±0.54, respectively; and those of Vimentin were 0.61±0.05, 0.98±0.16, 1.07±0.14, 1.34±0.19, respectively; all P0.05 when the 1% CSE group was compared with the control group. EMT induced by CSE was significantly inhibited by siRNA-PLTP.PLTP may be involved in CSE induced EMT of rat alveolar cells.

Published
2016

233. Cell transfer technique for constructing cytological microarrays for immunocytochemical analysis

Author

Chien-Hui Wen, Y.-F. Kuo, C.-H. Lin, Y.-J. Chen, P.-L. Ko, and Chee-Yin Chai

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Histology, Lung Neoplasms, Microarray, Cytodiagnosis, Immunocytochemistry, Adenocarcinoma of Lung, Biology, Adenocarcinoma, Sensitivity and Specificity, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cytology, medicine, Biomarkers, Tumor, Humans, Multiplex, Nuclear Proteins, General Medicine, Molecular biology, Immunohistochemistry, Staining, Pleural Effusion, Malignant, Serous fluid, 030104 developmental biology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Immunostaining, Transcription Factors
Abstract

Objective To evaluate the utility of a proposed cell transfer technique for constructing cytological smear microarrays and its potential applications in multiplex immunocytochemical (ICC) staining. Methods Ninety-six cytology smears, including two pericardial effusions, 22 ascites and 72 pleural effusions, were transferred to a 33-plex cytological microarray. Paired staining of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and calretinin ICC was performed in duplicate slides. Results Most of the smeared cells selected for transfer could be removed from the original slides with a minimal loss of cells and with no change in morphological features or immunoreactivity. Comparison of the staining results with immunohistochemical staining results, clinical history and histopathological reports available for each patient revealed that TTF-1 was positive in 32/33 metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinomas (PACs), 1/15 non-pulmonary adenocarcinomas and 0/45 benign effusions. The ICC results for TTF-1 on a transferred cytological microarray revealed high (97%) sensitivity and high (96.7%) specificity for the detection of metastatic PAC. Conclusion Cytology microarrays can be constructed by transferring cells from serous fluid cytological smears, and cells transferred to the microarray retain their morphological integrity and immunoreactivity. Researchers can use the technique for simultaneous immunostaining of multiple specimens in studies of neoplastic or non-neoplastic diseases when available tissue samples are limited.

Published
2016

234. [Research Progress of MALDI-TOF-IMS in Biomedicine and Its Application Prospect in Forensic Sciences]

Author

G H, Ren, R H, Weng, Y, Shi, P, Huang, Z D, Li, Y, Shao, K F, Deng, N G, Liu, and Y J, Chen

Subjects
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization, Forensic Sciences, Humans, Proteins, Biomarkers
Abstract

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight imaging mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-IMS） can analysis unknown compounds in sections and obtain molecule imaging by scanning biological tissue sections, which has become a powerful tool for the research of biomarker, lipid distribution and drug metabolism, etc. This article reviews the application of this technique in protein identification, clinical application, drug discovery, lipid research and brain injury.

Published
2016

235. [Research Progress on Biomechanics of Craniocerebral Injury in Children]

Author

J W, Wang, J, Huang, Z D, Li, D H, Zou, Z, Li, J, Wang, and Y J, Chen

Subjects
Finite Element Analysis, Skull, Brain, Craniocerebral Trauma, Humans, Child, Head, Biomechanical Phenomena
Abstract

In the researches of biomechanics for child craniocerebral injury, the research progress of performance parameter detection for brain, skull, cranial suture and dura mater, and the finite element model construction for child's head were reviewed. Meanwhile, the shortcomings of the established finite element model construction of child's head were analyzed. Thus, it is necessary to strengthen the material properties parameter detection of child's head, and establish the relevant database, so as to lay the foundation for establishing an accurate finite element model of child's head.

Published
2016

236. Application of the ERK signaling pathway inhibitor PD98059 in long-term in vivo experiments

Author

Cai Huzhi, Y J Chen, H Yang, X Y Wang, Chen Xinyu, Yanping Tang, and Chen Qingyang

Subjects
Male, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Erk signaling, Antineoplastic Agents, Pharmacology, chemistry.chemical_compound, In vivo, Gene expression, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Doxorubicin, Protein phosphorylation, Phosphorylation, Molecular Biology, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 7, Model control, Flavonoids, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Chemistry, Dimethyl sulfoxide, Myocardium, Heart, General Medicine, Rabbits, medicine.drug
Abstract

The aim of this study was to explore methods by which the ERK signaling pathway inhibitor PD98059 (PD) could be used in long-term in vivo experiments. Forty healthy New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into blank control, model control, PD low-dose, PD high-dose, PD blank, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control, DMSO blank, and positive control groups. The corresponding treatments were administered to each experimental group over the course of four weeks, after which, total ERK1/2 and ERK5 protein levels, protein phosphorylation, and gene expression were measured in myocardial tissues. Treatment of rabbits with Adriamycin (doxorubicin) resulted in the significant overall differences in ERK1/2 and ERK5 phosphorylation (P0.05). Compared with the model control group, changes in phosphorylated ERK1/2 and phosphorylated ERK5 were lowest in the PD high-dose group (P0.05). No significant differences in total protein and mRNA levels of myocardial ERK1/2 and ERK5 were detected between the groups after four weeks (P0.05). Continuous intravenous injection of PD98059 significantly reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and that of ERK5. In conclusion, Adriamycin-induced myocardiopathy and abnormal ERK signaling might constitute a valuable model foruse in long-term experiments. These methods may provide a theoretical basis for related in vivo studies of long duration.

Published
2016

237. Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

Author

Klionsky, D.J. Abdelmohsen, K. Abe, A. Abedin, M.J. Abeliovich, H. Arozena, A.A. Adachi, H. Adams, C.M. Adams, P.D. Adeli, K. Adhihetty, P.J. Adler, S.G. Agam, G. Agarwal, R. Aghi, M.K. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguilar, P.V. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. Airoldi, E.M. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akporiaye, E.T. Al-Rubeai, M. Albaiceta, G.M. Albanese, C. Albani, D. Albert, M.L. Aldudo, J. Algül, H. Alirezaei, M. Alloza, I. Almasan, A. Almonte-Beceril, M. Alnemri, E.S. Alonso, C. Altan-Bonnet, N. Altieri, D.C. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Erviti, L. Alves, S. Amadoro, G. Amano, A. Amantini, C. Ambrosio, S. Amelio, I. Amer, A.O. Amessou, M. Amon, A. An, Z. Anania, F.A. Andersen, S.U. Andley, U.P. Andreadi, C.K. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anel, A. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Antonioli, M. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Aquila, S. Aquilano, K. Araki, K. Arama, E. Aranda, A. Araya, J. Arcaro, A. Arias, E. Arimoto, H. Ariosa, A.R. Armstrong, J.L. Arnould, T. Arsov, I. Asanuma, K. Askanas, V. Asselin, E. Atarashi, R. Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhutia, S.K. Biagosch, C. Bianchi, M.W. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Billes, V. Bincoletto, C. Bingol, B. Bird, S.W. Bitoun, M. Bjedov, I. Blackstone, C. Blanc, L. Blanco, G.A. Blomhoff, H.K. Boada-Romero, E. Böckler, S. Boes, M. Boesze-Battaglia, K. Boise, L.H. Bolino, A. Boman, A. Bonaldo, P. Bordi, M. Bosch, J. Botana, L.M. Botti, J. Bou, G. Bouché, M. Bouchecareilh, M. Boucher, M.-J. Boulton, M.E. Bouret, S.G. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N. Braga, V.M.M. Brancolini, C. Braus, G.H. Bravo-San-Pedro, J.M. Brennan, L.A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bringer, M.-A. Brini, M. Brito, G.C. Brodin, B. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brown, K. Broxmeyer, H.E. Bruhat, A. Brum, P.C. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Bryson-Richardson, R.J. Buch, S. Buchan, A.M. Budak, H. Bulavin, D.V. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Bumbasirevic, V. Burelle, Y. Burke, R.E. Burmeister, M. Bütikofer, P. Caberlotto, L. Cadwell, K. Cahova, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calatayud, S. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campbell, G.R. Campbell, M. Campello, S. Candau, R. Caniggia, I. Cantoni, L. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Caraglia, M. Cardinali, C. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carleton, L.A. Carlin, C.R. Carloni, S. Carlsson, S.R. Carmona-Gutierrez, D. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carnevali, O. Carra, S. Carrier, A. Carroll, B. Casas, C. Casas, J. Cassinelli, G. Castets, P. Castro-Obregon, S. Cavallini, G. Ceccherini, I. Cecconi, F. Cederbaum, A.I. Ceña, V. Cenci, S. Cerella, C. Cervia, D. Cetrullo, S. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chagin, A.S. Chai, C.-Y. Chakrabarti, G. Chamilos, G. Chan, E.Y.W. Chan, M.T.V. Chandra, D. Chandra, P. Chang, C.-P. Chang, R.C.-C. Chang, T.Y. Chatham, J.C. Chatterjee, S. Chauhan, S. Che, Y. Cheetham, M.E. Cheluvappa, R. Chen, C.-J. Chen, G. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G. Chen, H. Chen, J.W. Chen, J.-K. Chen, M. Chen, M. Chen, P. Chen, Q. Chen, Q. Chen, S.-D. Chen, S. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, W.-J. Chen, W.Q. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Y.-Q. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, H. Cheong, H. Cherry, S. Chesney, J. Cheung, C.H.A. Chevet, E. Chi, H.C. Chi, S.-G. Chiacchiera, F. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiariello, M. Chieppa, M. Chin, L.-S. Chiong, M. Chiu, G.N.C. Cho, D.-H. Cho, S.-G. Cho, W.C. Cho, Y.-Y. Cho, Y.-S. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, E.-J. Choi, E.-K. Choi, J. Choi, M.E. Choi, S.-I. Chou, T.-F. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chow, K.-C. Chowdhury, K. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chun, T. Chung, H. Chung, T. Chung, Y.-L. Chwae, Y.-J. Cianfanelli, V. Ciarcia, R. Ciechomska, I.A. Ciriolo, M.R. Cirone, M. Claerhout, S. Clague, M.J. Cl� ria, J. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Clementi, E. Cleyrat, C. Cnop, M. Coccia, E.M. Cocco, T. Codogno, P. Coers, J. Cohen, E.E.W. Colecchia, D. Coletto, L. Coll, N.S. Colucci-Guyon, E. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Cook, K.L. Coombs, G.H. Cooper, C.D. Cooper, J.M. Coppens, I. Corasaniti, M.T. Corazzari, M. Corbalan, R. Corcelle-Termeau, E. Cordero, M.D. Corral-Ramos, C. Corti, O. Cossarizza, A. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Cotman, S.L. Coto-Montes, A. Cottet, S. Couve, E. Covey, L.R. Cowart, L.A. Cox, J.S. Coxon, F.P. Coyne, C.B. Cragg, M.S. Craven, R.J. Crepaldi, T. Crespo, J.L. Criollo, A. Crippa, V. Cruz, M.T. Cuervo, A.M. Cuezva, J.M. Cui, T. Cutillas, P.R. Czaja, M.J. Czyzyk-Krzeska, M.F. Dagda, R.K. Dahmen, U. Dai, C. Dai, W. Dai, Y. Dalby, K.N. Valle, L.D. Dalmasso, G. D'amelio, M. Damme, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Dargemont, C. Darley-Usmar, V.M. Dasarathy, S. Dasgupta, B. Dash, S. Dass, C.R. Davey, H.M. Davids, L.M. Dávila, D. Davis, R.J. Dawson, T.M. Dawson, V.L. Daza, P. de Belleroche, J. de Figueiredo, P. de Figueiredo, R.C.B.Q. de la Fuente, J. De Martino, L. De Matteis, A. De Meyer, G.R.Y. De Milito, A. De Santi, M. de Souza, W. De Tata, V. De Zio, D. Debnath, J. Dechant, R. Decuypere, J.-P. Deegan, S. Dehay, B. Del Bello, B. Del Re, D.P. Delage-Mourroux, R. Delbridge, L.M.D. Deldicque, L. Delorme-Axford, E. Deng, Y. Dengjel, J. Denizot, M. Dent, P. Der, C.J. Deretic, V. Derrien, B. Deutsch, E. Devarenne, T.P. Devenish, R.J. Di Bartolomeo, S. Di Daniele, N. Di Domenico, F. Di Nardo, A. Di Paola, S. Di Pietro, A. Di Renzo, L. Di Antonio, A. Díaz-Araya, G. Díaz-Laviada, I. Diaz-Meco, M.T. Diaz-Nido, J. Dickey, C.A. Dickson, R.C. Diederich, M. Digard, P. Dikic, I. Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. Ding, C. Ding, W.-X. Ding, Z. Dini, L. Distler, J.H.W. Diwan, A. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. Dmytruk, K. Dobson, R.C.J. Doetsch, V. Dokladny, K. Dokudovskaya, S. Donadelli, M. Dong, X.C. Dong, X. Dong, Z. Donohue, T.M., Jr. Donohue-Jr, T.M. Doran, K.S. D'orazi, G. Dorn, G.W., II Dosenko, V. Dridi, S. Drucker, L. Du, J. Du, L.-L. Du, L. du Toit, A. Dua, P. Duan, L. Duann, P. Dubey, V.K. Duchen, M.R. Duchosal, M.A. Duez, H. Dugail, I. Dumit, V.I. Duncan, M.C. Dunlop, E.A. Dunn, W.A., Jr. Dupont, N. Dupuis, L. Durán, R.V. Durcan, T.M. Duvezin-Caubet, S. Duvvuri, U. Eapen, V. Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D. Echard, A. Eckhart, L. Edelstein, C.L. Edinger, A.L. Eichinger, L. Eisenberg, T. Eisenberg-Lerner, A. Eissa, N.T. El-Deiry, W.S. El-Khoury, V. Elazar, Z. Eldar-Finkelman, H. Elliott, C.J.H. Emanuele, E. Emmenegger, U. Engedal, N. Engelbrecht, A.-M. Engelender, S. Enserink, J.M. Erdmann, R. Erenpreisa, J. Eri, R. Eriksen, J.L. Erman, A. Escalante, R. Eskelinen, E.-L. Espert, L. Esteban-Martínez, L. Evans, T.J. Fabri, M. Fabrias, G. Fabrizi, C. Facchiano, A. Færgeman, N.J. Faggioni, A. Fairlie, W.D. Fan, C. Fan, D. Fan, J. Fang, S. Fanto, M. Fanzani, A. Farkas, T. Faure, M. Favier, F.B. Fearnhead, H. Federici, M. Fei, E. Felizardo, T.C. Feng, H. Feng, Y. Feng, Y. Ferguson, T.A. Fernández, Á.F. Fernandez-Barrena, M.G. Fernandez-Checa, J.C. Fernández-López, A. Fernandez-Zapico, M.E. Feron, O. Ferraro, E. Ferreira-Halder, C.V. Fesus, L. Feuer, R. Fiesel, F.C. Filippi-Chiela, E.C. Filomeni, G. Fimia, G.M. Fingert, J.H. Finkbeiner, S. Finkel, T. Fiorito, F. Fisher, P.B. Flajolet, M. Flamigni, F. Florey, O. Florio, S. Floto, R.A. Folini, M. Follo, C. Fon, E.A. Fornai, F. Fortunato, F. Fraldi, A. Franco, R. Francois, A. François, A. Frankel, L.B. Fraser, I.D.C. Frey, N. Freyssenet, D.G. Frezza, C. Friedman, S.L. Frigo, D.E. Fu, D. Fuentes, J.M. Fueyo, J. Fujitani, Y. Fujiwara, Y. Fujiya, M. Fukuda, M. Fulda, S. Fusco, C. Gabryel, B. Gaestel, M. Gailly, P. Gajewska, M. Galadari, S. Galili, G. Galindo, I. Galindo, M.F. Galliciotti, G. Galluzzi, L. Galluzzi, L. Galy, V. Gammoh, N. Gandy, S. Ganesan, A.K. Ganesan, S. Ganley, I.G. Gannagé, M. Gao, F.-B. Gao, F. Gao, J.-X. Nannig, L.G. Véscovi, E.G. Garcia-Macía, M. Garcia-Ruiz, C. Garg, A.D. Garg, P.K. Gargini, R. Gassen, N.C. Gatica, D. Gatti, E. Gavard, J. Gavathiotis, E. Ge, L. Ge, P. Ge, S. Gean, P.-W. Gelmetti, V. Genazzani, A.A. Geng, J. Genschik, P. Gerner, L. Gestwicki, J.E. Gewirtz, D.A. Ghavami, S. Ghigo, E. Ghosh, D. Giammarioli, A.M. Giampieri, F. Giampietri, C. Giatromanolaki, A. Gibbings, D.J. Gibellini, L. Gibson, S.B. Ginet, V. 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Hamacher-Brady, A. Hamada, K. Hamai, A. Hamann, A. Hamasaki, M. Hamer, I. Hamid, Q. Hammond, E.M. Han, F. Han, W. Handa, J.T. Hanover, J.A. Hansen, M. Harada, M. Harhaji-Trajkovic, L. Harper, J.W. Harrath, A.H. Harris, A.L. Harris, J. Hasler, U. Hasselblatt, P. Hasui, K. Hawley, R.G. Hawley, T.S. He, C. He, C.Y. He, F. He, G. He, R.-R. He, X.-H. He, Y.-W. He, Y.-Y. Heath, J.K. Hébert, M.-J. Heinzen, R.A. Helgason, G.V. Hensel, M. Henske, E.P. Her, C. Herman, P.K. Hernández, A. Hernandez, C. Hernández-Tiedra, S. Hetz, C. Hiesinger, P.R. Higaki, K. Hilfiker, S. Hill, B.G. Hill, J.A. Hill, W.D. Hino, K. Hofius, D. Hofman, P. Höglinger, G.U. Höhfeld, J. Holz, M.K. Hong, Y. Hood, D.A. Hoozemans, J.J.M. Hoppe, T. Hsu, C. Hsu, C.-Y. Hsu, L.-C. Hu, D. Hu, G. Hu, H.-M. Hu, H. Hu, M.C. Hu, Y.-C. Hu, Z.-W. Hua, F. Hua, Y. Huang, C. Huang, H.-L. Huang, K.-H. Huang, K.-Y. Huang, S. Huang, S. Huang, W.-P. Huang, Y.-R. Huang, Y. Huang, Y. Huber, T.B. Huebbe, P. Huh, W.-K. Hulmi, J.J. Hur, G.M. 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Steele, J.W. Stefanis, L. Steffan, J. Stellrecht, C.M. Stenmark, H. Stepkowski, T.M. Stern, S.T. Stevens, C. Stockwell, B.R. Stoka, V. Storchova, Z. Stork, B. Stratoulias, V. Stravopodis, D.J. Strnad, P. Strohecker, A.M. Ström, A.-L. Stromhaug, P. Stulik, J. Su, Y.-X. Su, Z. Subauste, C.S. Subramaniam, S. Sue, C.M. Suh, S.W. Sui, X. Sukseree, S. Sulzer, D. Sun, F.-L. Sun, J. Sun, J. Sun, S.-Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sundaramoorthy, V. Sung, J. Suzuki, H. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, N. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, Y.J. Swanson, M.S. Swanton, C. Swärd, K. Swarup, G. Sweeney, S.T. Sylvester, P.W. Szatmari, Z. Szegezdi, E. Szlosarek, P.W. Taegtmeyer, H. Tafani, M. Taillebourg, E. Tait, S.W.G. Takacs-Vellai, K. Takahashi, Y. Takáts, S. Takemura, G. Takigawa, N. Talbot, N.J. Tamagno, E. Tamburini, J. Tan, C.-P. Tan, L. Tan, M.L. Tan, M. Tan, Y.-J. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Tang, D. Tang, D. Tang, G. Tanida, I. Tanji, K. Tannous, B.A. Tapia, J.A. Tasset-Cuevas, I. Tatar, M. Tavassoly, I. Tavernarakis, N. 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Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, M. Zhao, W.-L. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y.G. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y.-X. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, D. Zheng, X.-L. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, G.-Z. Zhou, G. Zhou, H. Zhou, S.-F. Zhou, X.-J. Zhu, H. Zhu, H. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, W. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, Y. Zhuang, S.-M. Zhuang, X. Ziparo, E. Zois, C.E. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zughaier, S.M.

Published
2016

238. X-RAY IRRADIATION OF H2O + CO ICE MIXTURES WITH SYNCHROTRON LIGHT

Author

A. Jiménez-Escobar, C.-H. Huang, Angela Ciaravella, Giuseppina Micela, Cesare Cecchi-Pestellini, Y.-J. Chen, ITA, and TWN

Subjects
Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Synchrotron radiation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Photoelectric effect, 01 natural sciences, Synchrotron, Secondary electrons, law.invention, Beamline, Space and Planetary Science, law, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Irradiation, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Atomic physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Monochromator
Abstract

We irradiated a (4:1) mixture of water and carbon monoxide with soft X-rays of energies up to 1.2 keV. The experiments were performed using the spherical grating monochromator beamline at National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center in Taiwan. Both monochromatic (300 and 900 eV) and broader energy fluxes (250–1200 eV) were employed. During the irradiation, the H{sub 2}O + CO mixture was ionized, excited, and fragmented, producing a number of reactive species. The composition of the ice has been monitored throughout both the irradiation and warm-up phases. We identified several products, which can be related through a plausible chemical reaction scheme. Such chemistry is initiated by the injection of energetic photoelectrons that produce multiple ionization events generating a secondary electron cascade. The results have been discussed in light of a model for protoplanetary disks around young solar-type stars.

Published
2016

239. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Author

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Nixon, R.A. Njar, V.C.O. Noda, T. Noegel, A.A. Nolte, E.M. Norberg, E. Norga, K.K. Noureini, S.K. Notomi, S. Notterpek, L. Nowikovsky, K. Nukina, N. Nürnberger, T. O'donnell, V.B. O'donovan, T. O'dwyer, P.J. Oehme, I. Oeste, C.L. Ogawa, M. Ogretmen, B. Ogura, Y. Oh, Y.J. Ohmuraya, M. Ohshima, T. Ojha, R. Okamoto, K. Okazaki, T. Oliver, F.J. Ollinger, K. Olsson, S. Orban, D.P. Ordonez, P. Orhon, I. Orosz, L. O'rourke, E.J. Orozco, H. Ortega, A.L. Ortona, E. Osellame, L.D. Oshima, J. Oshima, S. Osiewacz, H.D. Otomo, T. Otsu, K. Ou, J.-H.J. Outeiro, T.F. Ouyang, D.-Y. Ouyang, H. Overholtzer, M. Ozbun, M.A. Ozdinler, P.H. Ozpolat, B. Pacelli, C. Paganetti, P. Page, G. Pages, G. Pagnini, U. Pajak, B. Pak, S.C. Pakos-Zebrucka, K. Pakpour, N. Palková, Z. Palladino, F. Pallauf, K. Pallet, N. Palmieri, M. Paludan, S.R. Palumbo, C. Palumbo, S. Pampliega, O. Pan, H. Pan, W. Panaretakis, T. Pandey, A. Pantazopoulou, A. Papackova, Z. Papademetrio, D.L. Papassideri, I. Papini, A. Parajuli, N. 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Pozuelo-Rubio, M. Prak, K. Prange, R. Prescott, M. Priault, M. Prince, S. Proia, R.L. Proikas-Cezanne, T. Prokisch, H. Promponas, V.J. Przyklenk, K. Puertollano, R. Pugazhenthi, S. Puglielli, L. Pujol, A. Puyal, J. Pyeon, D. Qi, X. Qian, W.-B. Qin, Z.-H. Qiu, Y. Qu, Z. Quadrilatero, J. Quinn, F. Raben, N. Rabinowich, H. Radogna, F. Ragusa, M.J. Rahmani, M. Raina, K. Ramanadham, S. Ramesh, R. Rami, A. Randall-Demllo, S. Randow, F. Rao, H. Rao, V.A. Rasmussen, B.B. Rasse, T.M. Ratovitski, E.A. Rautou, P.-E. Ray, S.K. Razani, B. Reed, B.H. Reggiori, F. Rehm, M. Reichert, A.S. Rein, T. Reiner, D.J. Reits, E. Ren, J. Ren, X. Renna, M. Reusch, J.E.B. Revuelta, J.L. Reyes, L. Rezaie, A.R. Richards, R.I. Richardson, R. Richetta, C. Riehle, M.A. Rihn, B.H. Rikihisa, Y. Riley, B.E. Rimbach, G. Rippo, M.R. Ritis, K. Rizzi, F. Rizzo, E. Roach, P.J. Robbins, J. Roberge, M. Roca, G. Roccheri, M.C. Rocha, S. Rodrigues, C.M.P. Rodríguez, C.I. de Cordoba, S.R. Rodriguez-Muela, N. Roelofs, J. Rogov, V.V. Rohn, T.T. Rohrer, B. Romanelli, D. Romani, L. Romano, P.S. Roncero, M.I.G. Rosa, J.L. Rosello, A. Rosen, K.V. Rosenstiel, P. Rost-Roszkowska, M. Roth, K.A. Roué, G. Rouis, M. Rouschop, K.M. Ruan, D.T. Ruano, D. Rubinsztein, D.C. Rucker, E.B., III Rudich, A. Rudolf, E. Rudolf, R. Ruegg, M.A. Ruiz-Roldan, C. Ruparelia, A.A. Rusmini, P. Russ, D.W. Russo, G.L. Russo, G. Russo, R. Rusten, T.E. Ryabovol, V. Ryan, K.M. Ryter, S.W. Sabatini, D.M. Sacher, M. Sachse, C. Sack, M.N. Sadoshima, J. Saftig, P. Sagi-Eisenberg, R. Sahni, S. Saikumar, P. Saito, T. Saitoh, T. Sakakura, K. Sakoh-Nakatogawa, M. Sakuraba, Y. Salazar-Roa, M. Salomoni, P. Saluja, A.K. Salvaterra, P.M. Salvioli, R. Samali, A. Sanchez, A.M.J. Sánchez-Alcázar, J.A. Sanchez-Prieto, R. Sandri, M. Sanjuan, M.A. Santaguida, S. Santambrogio, L. Santoni, G. Dos Santos, C.N. Saran, S. Sardiello, M. Sargent, G. Sarkar, P. Sarkar, S. Sarrias, M.R. Sarwal, M.M. Sasakawa, C. Sasaki, M. Sass, M. Sato, K. Sato, M. Satriano, J. Savaraj, N. Saveljeva, S. Schaefer, L. Schaible, U.E. Scharl, M. Schatzl, H.M. Schekman, R. Scheper, W. Schiavi, A. Schipper, H.M. Schmeisser, H. Schmidt, J. Schmitz, I. Schneider, B.E. Schneider, E.M. Schneider, J.L. Schon, E.A. Schönenberger, M.J. Schönthal, A.H. Schorderet, D.F. Schröder, B. Schuck, S. Schulze, R.J. Schwarten, M. Schwarz, T.L. Sciarretta, S. Scotto, K. Scovassi, A.I. Screaton, R.A. Screen, M. Seca, H. Sedej, S. Segatori, L. Segev, N. Seglen, P.O. Seguí-Simarro, J.M. Segura-Aguilar, J. Seiliez, I. Seki, E. Sell, C. Semenkovich, C.F. Semenza, G.L. Sen, U. Serra, A.L. Serrano-Puebla, A. Sesaki, H. Setoguchi, T. Settembre, C. Shacka, J.J. Shajahan-Haq, A.N. Shapiro, I.M. Sharma, S. She, H. Shen, C.-K.J. Shen, C.-C. Shen, H.-M. Shen, S. Shen, W. Sheng, R. Sheng, X. Sheng, Z.-H. Shepherd, T.G. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, Q. Shi, Y. Shibutani, S. Shibuya, K. Shidoji, Y. Shieh, J.-J. Shih, C.-M. Shimada, Y. Shimizu, S. Shin, D.W. Shinohara, M.L. Shintani, M. Shintani, T. Shioi, T. Shirabe, K. Shiri-Sverdlov, R. Shirihai, O. Shore, G.C. Shu, C.-W. Shukla, D. Sibirny, A.A. Sica, V. Sigurdson, C.J. Sigurdsson, E.M. Sijwali, P.S. Sikorska, B. Silveira, W.A. Silvente-Poirot, S. Silverman, G.A. Simak, J. Simmet, T. Simon, A.K. Simon, H.-U. Simone, C. Simons, M. Simonsen, A. Singh, R. Singh, S.V. Singh, S.K. Sinha, D. Sinha, S. Sinicrope, F.A. Sirko, A. Sirohi, K. Sishi, B.J.N. Sittler, A. Siu, P.M. Sivridis, E. Skwarska, A. Slack, R. Slaninová, I. Slavov, N. Smaili, S.S. Smalley, K.S.M. Smith, D.R. Soenen, S.J. Soleimanpour, S.A. Solhaug, A. Somasundaram, K. Son, J.H. Sonawane, A. Song, C. Song, F. Song, H.K. Song, J.-X. Song, W. Soo, K.Y. Sood, A.K. Soong, T.W. Soontornniyomkij, V. Sorice, M. Sotgia, F. Soto-Pantoja, D.R. Sotthibundhu, A. Sousa, M.J. Spaink, H.P. Span, P.N. Spang, A. Sparks, J.D. Speck, P.G. Spector, S.A. Spies, C.D. Springer, W. Clair, D.S. Stacchiotti, A. Staels, B. Stang, M.T. Starczynowski, D.T. Starokadomskyy, P. Steegborn, C. Steele, J.W. Stefanis, L. Steffan, J. Stellrecht, C.M. Stenmark, H. Stepkowski, T.M. Stern, S.T. Stevens, C. Stockwell, B.R. Stoka, V. Storchova, Z. Stork, B. Stratoulias, V. Stravopodis, D.J. Strnad, P. Strohecker, A.M. Ström, A.-L. Stromhaug, P. Stulik, J. Su, Y.-X. Su, Z. Subauste, C.S. Subramaniam, S. Sue, C.M. Suh, S.W. Sui, X. Sukseree, S. Sulzer, D. Sun, F.-L. Sun, J. Sun, J. Sun, S.-Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sundaramoorthy, V. Sung, J. Suzuki, H. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, N. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, Y.J. Swanson, M.S. Swanton, C. Swärd, K. Swarup, G. Sweeney, S.T. Sylvester, P.W. Szatmari, Z. Szegezdi, E. Szlosarek, P.W. Taegtmeyer, H. Tafani, M. Taillebourg, E. Tait, S.W.G. Takacs-Vellai, K. Takahashi, Y. Takáts, S. Takemura, G. Takigawa, N. Talbot, N.J. Tamagno, E. Tamburini, J. Tan, C.-P. Tan, L. Tan, M.L. Tan, M. Tan, Y.-J. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Tang, D. Tang, D. Tang, G. Tanida, I. Tanji, K. Tannous, B.A. Tapia, J.A. Tasset-Cuevas, I. Tatar, M. Tavassoly, I. Tavernarakis, N. Taylor, A. Taylor, G.S. Taylor, G.A. Taylor, J.P. Taylor, M.J. Tchetina, E.V. Tee, A.R. Teixeira-Clerc, F. Telang, S. Tencomnao, T. Teng, B.-B. Teng, R.-J. Terro, F. Tettamanti, G. Theiss, A.L. Theron, A.E. Thomas, K.J. Thomé, M.P. Thomes, P.G. Thorburn, A. Thorner, J. Thum, T. Thumm, M. Thurston, T.L.M. Tian, L. Till, A. Ting, J.P.-Y. Ting, J.P.Y. Titorenko, V.I. Toker, L. Toldo, S. Tooze, S.A. Topisirovic, I. Torgersen, M.L. Torosantucci, L. Torriglia, A. Torrisi, M.R. Tournier, C. Towns, R. Trajkovic, V. Travassos, L.H. Triola, G. Tripathi, D.N. Trisciuoglio, D. Troncoso, R. Trougakos, I.P. Truttmann, A.C. Tsai, K.-J. Tschan, M.P. Tseng, Y.-H. Tsukuba, T. Tsung, A. Tsvetkov, A.S. Tu, S. Tuan, H.-Y. Tucci, M. Tumbarello, D.A. Turk, B. Turk, V. Turner, R.F.B. Tveita, A.A. Tyagi, S.C. Ubukata, M. Uchiyama, Y. Udelnow, A. Ueno, T. Umekawa, M. Umemiya-Shirafuji, R. Underwood, B.R. Ungermann, C. Ureshino, R.P. Ushioda, R. Uversky, V.N. Uzcátegui, N.L. Vaccari, T. Vaccaro, M.I. Váchová, L. Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H. Valdor, R. Valente, E.M. Vallette, F. Valverde, A.M. Van den Berghe, G. Van Den Bosch, L. van den Brink, G.R. van der Goot, F.G. van der Klei, I.J. van der Laan, L.J.W. van Doorn, W.G. van Egmond, M. van Golen, K.L. Van Kaer, L. Campagne, M.L. Vandenabeele, P. Vandenberghe, W. Vanhorebeek, I. Varela-Nieto, I. Vasconcelos, M.H. Vasko, R. Vavvas, D.G. Vega-Naredo, I. Velasco, G. Velentzas, A.D. Velentzas, P.D. Vellai, T. Vellenga, E. Vendelbo, M.H. Venkatachalam, K. Ventura, N. Ventura, S. Veras, P.S.T. Verdier, M. Vertessy, B.G. Viale, A. Vidal, M. Vieira, H.L.A. Vierstra, R.D. Vigneswaran, N. Vij, N. Vila, M. Villar, M. Villar, V.H. Villarroya, J. Vindis, C. Viola, G. Viscomi, M.T. Vitale, G. Vogl, D.T. Voitsekhovskaja, O.V. von Haefen, C. von Schwarzenberg, K. Voth, D.E. Vouret-Craviari, V. Vuori, K. Vyas, J.M. Waeber, C. Walker, C.L. Walker, M.J. Walter, J. Wan, L. Wan, X. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, C.-Y. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, D. Wang, F. Wang, F. Wang, G. Wang, H.-J. Wang, H. Wang, H.-G. Wang, H. Wang, H.-D. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, M.-Q. Wang, P.-Y. Wang, P. Wang, R.C. Wang, S. Wang, T.-F. Wang, X. Wang, X.-J. Wang, X.-W. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-J. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.T. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.-N. Wappner, P. Ward, C. Ward, D.M.V. Warnes, G. Watada, H. Watanabe, Y. Watase, K. Weaver, T.E. Weekes, C.D. Wei, J. Weide, T. Weihl, C.C. Weindl, G. Weis, S.N. Wen, L. Wen, X. Wen, Y. Westermann, B. Weyand, C.M. White, A.R. White, E. Whitton, J.L. Whitworth, A.J. Wiels, J. Wild, F. Wildenberg, M.E. Wileman, T. Wilkinson, D.S. Wilkinson, S. Willbold, D. Williams, C. Williams, K. Williamson, P.R. Winklhofer, K.F. Witkin, S.S. Wohlgemuth, S.E. Wollert, T. Wolvetang, E.J. Wong, E. Wong, G.W. Wong, R.W. Wong, V.K.W. Woodcock, E.A. Wright, K.L. Wu, C. Wu, D. Wu, G.S. Wu, J. Wu, J. Wu, M. Wu, M. Wu, S. Wu, W.K.K. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Xavier, C.P.R. Xavier, R.J. Xia, G.-X. Xia, T. Xia, W. Xia, Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, J. Xiao, S. Xiao, W. Xie, C.-M. Xie, Z. Xie, Z. Xilouri, M. Xiong, Y. Xu, C. Xu, C. Xu, F. Xu, H. Xu, H. Xu, J. Xu, J. Xu, J. Xu, L. Xu, X. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Xu, Z.-X. Xu, Z. Xue, Y. Yamada, T. Yamamoto, A. Yamanaka, K. Yamashina, S. Yamashiro, S. Yan, B. Yan, B. Yan, X. Yan, Z. Yanagi, Y. Yang, D.-S. Yang, J.-M. Yang, L. Yang, M. Yang, P.-M. Yang, P. Yang, Q. Yang, W. Yang, W.Y. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yao, M.-C. Yao, P.J. Yao, X. Yao, Z. Yao, Z. Yasui, L.S. Ye, M. Yedvobnick, B. Yeganeh, B. Yeh, E.S. Yeyati, P.L. Yi, F. Yi, L. Yin, X.-M. Yip, C.K. Yoo, Y.-M. Yoo, Y.H. Yoon, S.-Y. Yoshida, K.-I. Yoshimori, T. Young, K.H. Yu, H. Yu, J.J. Yu, J.-T. Yu, J. Yu, L. Yu, W.H. Yu, X.-F. Yu, Z. Yuan, J. Yuan, Z.-M. Yue, B.Y.J.T. Yue, J. Yue, Z. Zacks, D.N. Zacksenhaus, E. Zaffaroni, N. Zaglia, T. Zakeri, Z. Zecchini, V. Zeng, J. Zeng, M. Zeng, Q. Zervos, A.S. Zhang, D.D. Zhang, F. Zhang, G. Zhang, G.-C. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, M. Zhao, W.-L. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y.G. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y.-X. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, D. Zheng, X.-L. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, G.-Z. Zhou, G. Zhou, H. Zhou, S.-F. Zhou, X.-J. Zhu, H. Zhu, H. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, W. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, Y. Zhuang, S.-M. Zhuang, X. Ziparo, E. Zois, C.E. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zughaier, S.M.

Published
2016

240. Research on Elastic Characteristic of Interconnected Oil Gas Suspension

Author

G. H. Zheng, X. Zhang, Y. J. Chen, Y. F. Zhang, and L. Wang

Subjects
Computer Science::Robotics, Transverse plane, Engineering, Real gas, business.industry, Automobile handling, Lateral stiffness, Structural engineering, Rollover, Suspension (vehicle), business, Stability (probability), Independent suspension
Abstract

Regarding as rollover problem for multi-axis heavy vehicles when no transverse stability rod attached, lateral stiffness calculation and experiment were researched. Gas pressure, vertical stiffness formula, and lateral stiffness formula were deduced through real gas state equation. By program analysis, it was concluded that the vertical stiffness of interconnected structure was equivalent to that of independent suspension, but the lateral stiffness was multiplied when turning. Through real vehicle test, vehicle body lateral angles of two suspension forms were compared. It was verified that vehicle handling and stability performances are improved when suspension system is interconnected.

Published
2016

241. Relaxed stabilisation criterion for discrete T–S fuzzy systems by minimum-type piecewise non-quadratic Lyapunov function

Author

Hua O. Wang, Kazuo Tanaka, Wen-June Wang, Y. J. Chen, and Hiroshi Ohtake

Subjects
Lyapunov function, Control and Optimization, MathematicsofComputing_NUMERICALANALYSIS, Bilinear interpolation, Particle swarm optimization, Fuzzy control system, Computer Science Applications, Human-Computer Interaction, symbols.namesake, Matrix (mathematics), Computer Science::Systems and Control, Control and Systems Engineering, Control theory, ComputingMethodologies_SYMBOLICANDALGEBRAICMANIPULATION, symbols, Piecewise, Lyapunov equation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Lyapunov redesign, Mathematics
Abstract

Piecewise Lyapunov functions and non-quadratic Lyapunov functions have been employed to analyse Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy systems for getting relaxed results in the literature. Nevertheless, until now piecewise non-quadratic Lyapunov functions have not been used to design T–S fuzzy control systems. Motivated by the aforementioned concerns, this study utilises the minimum-type piecewise non-quadratic Lyapunov function to design the discrete T–S fuzzy control system. Based on the piecewise non-quadratic Lyapunov function, the switching non-parallel distributed compensation control law is proposed to obtain the relaxed stabilisation criterion. Owing to that some conditions of the proposed criterion are bilinear matrix inequalitiy conditions, the particle swarm optimisation algorithm is applied for finding out the solution of the criterion. An example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed criterion.

Published
2012

242. Analysis of an in-plane micro-generator with various microcoil shapes

Author

Y. J. Chen, Cheng-Tang Pan, and Z. H. Liu

Subjects
Coupling, Materials science, Fabrication, 9 mm caliber, business.industry, Microcoil, Condensed Matter Physics, Computer Science::Other, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Optics, Planar, Hardware and Architecture, Electromagnetism, visual_art, Magnet, Electronic engineering, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Ceramic, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract

This study presents an analysis of an in-plane micro-generator with various microcoil shapes and multiple aspects of coupling, and reports the fabrication of a prototype micro-generator. It is important to establish analytical solutions for the micro-generator to predict the induced voltage. These analytical solutions can be used to estimate the micro-generator power to reduce the experimental time and the cost. Understanding the physical meanings of the variables can optimize the structure of the micro-electromagnetic generator. This model considers electromagnetism, kinematics, and geometry. The proposed in-plane rotary electromagnetic micro-generator was fabricated using low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology to co-fire the silver microcoils on the ceramic substrate with different shaped coils (e.g., square-shaped, circle-shaped and sector-shaped) both with the printing linewidth and 100 μm spacing of these microcoils. A planar permanent magnet with an outer diameter of 9 mm and a thickness of 700 μm was sintered by Nd/Fe/B. Its residual induction is 1.4 T. The experimental data in this study can be compared with analytical solutions. Analytical results show that the micro-generator with a sector-shaped microcoil generates a maximum effective value of 218.127 mV induced voltage at 1395.34 rad/s. Experimental measurements show a close agreement with these analytical solutions.

Published
2012

243. Critical Concerns in Soldering Reactions Arising from Space Confinement in 3-D IC Packages

Author

C. C. Li, Tsung-Lin Yang, J. J. Yu, Y. J. Chen, M. S. Kuo, H. Y. Chuang, and C. R. Kao

Subjects
Materials science, Alloy, Metallurgy, Intermetallic, Surface finish, engineering.material, Microstructure, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Soldering, engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Electroplating, Joint (geology), Embrittlement
Abstract

Six critical issues relating to interfacial reactions arising from space confinement in 3-D integrated-circuit (3-D IC) packaging are presented in this paper. The first issue arises from the concern that intermetallics (IMCs) may occupy a large portion of the solder joint volume. It will be demonstrated that this concern is real even for Ni under bump metallurgy (UBM) or surface finish, which reacts very slowly with solders. The second issue relates to impingement and ripening of IMC grains. When IMCs occupy a large portion of a joint, the IMC grains growing from the opposite sides of a joint will eventually touch each other. The morphology evolution from this point on determines the final microstructure of a joint. Structural defects might form as a result of the impingement and ripening of IMC grains. The third issue is the rise of impurity concentration due to solder consumption. Many of the impurities in solders, such as those from electroplating, are not soluble in IMCs. As Sn reacts to form IMCs, these impurities are rejected from IMCs into the remaining solder. Consequently, the concentrations of these impurities increase with the progress of reaction. Eventually, these impurities are trapped between IMCs growing from the opposite directions. The impact of these trapped impurities on the properties of solder joints is an important issue. The fourth issue is similar to the third except that the role of impurities is replaced by inert alloy elements of solders. The most obvious element is Ag. The fifth issue arises from the fact that, as the size of a joint becomes smaller, the surface-area-to-volume ratio increases. This makes the impact of thin-film layers on UBM and surface finish become ever higher. One well-known element is Au. The so-called Au embrittlement issue may become relevant again. The last issue is the volume shrinkage from chemical reactions. Internal stress or structure defects may form because of this shrinkage. Experimental evidence will be used in this paper to illustrate these six issues, and the implications of these issues will be discussed.

Published
2012

244. Characterization study of GaN-based epitaxial layer and light-emitting diode on nature-patterned sapphire substrate

Author

Cheng Yi Liu, Y. J. Chen, C. L. Chang, X. F. Li, S. C. Hsu, H. Y. Lin, and Cheng-Huang Kuo

Subjects
Materials science, Photoluminescence, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Epitaxy, law.invention, Mechanics of Materials, Etching (microfabrication), law, Sapphire, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, Wafer, business, Layer (electronics), Diode, Light-emitting diode
Abstract

Chemical wet etching on c-plane sapphire wafers by three etching solutions (H3PO4, H2SO4, and H3PO4/H2SO4 mixing solution) was studied. Among these etching agents, the mixing H3PO4/H2SO4 solution has the fastest etching rate (1.5 μm/min). Interestingly, we found that H2SO4 does not etch the c-plane sapphire wafer in thickness; instead, a facet pyramidal pattern is formed on the c-plane sapphire wafer. GaN light-emitting diode (LED) epitaxial structure was grown on the sapphire wafer with the pyramidal pattern and the standard flat sapphire wafer. X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence measurement show that the pyramidal pattern on the sapphire wafer improved crystalline quality but augmented the compressive stress level in the GaN LED epilayer. The horizontal LED chips fabricated on the pyramidal-patterned sapphire wafer have a larger light output than the horizontal LED chips fabricated on the standard flat sapphire wafer by 20%.

Published
2012

245. The Study for the Critical Moment of Arches in the Action of Endmoment Considering Shear Lag

Author

Qi Zhi Luo and Y. J. Chen

Subjects
Physics, Critical moment, Shear (geology), Power iteration, Lag, General Engineering, Characteristic equation, Mechanics, Arch, Potential energy
Abstract

Based on six basic assumptions and deformation behaviour, the total potential energy of arches are obtained. The basic displacement functions are expressed with spline function. According to minmum potential energy principle, the characteristic equation is deducted. The characteristic value is solved by multiplication power method. An exampleof arches in the action of endmoment is calculated. The critical positive and negtive moment of out-of-plane stability in arches with single sysmetry axis section are studied.

Published
2012

246. [Analysis of Differentially Expressed Proteins Distribution in the Rat Brains with DAI by MALDI-TOF-IMS]

Author

G H, Ren, R H, Weng, Y, Shi, P, Huang, K F, Deng, N G, Liu, and Y J, Chen

Subjects
Proteomics, Proteome, Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization, Animals, Brain, Proteins, Diffuse Axonal Injury, Software, Rats
Abstract

To establish the imaging mass spectrometry for analysis of differentially expressed proteins distribution in the rat brains with diffuse axonal injury （DAI） based on matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight imaging mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-IMS）.MALDI-TOF-IMS scanning were conducted on the brains of DAI group and control group in theFive proteins with differentMALDI-TOF-IMS can be used for studying the differentially expressed proteins in rat brains with DAI and the analysis method is established for exploring the distribution of differentially expressed proteins in the rat brains with DAI using imaging mass spectrometry.

Published
2015

247. Beam Dynamics in a Long-pulse Linear Induction Accelerator

Author

Thomas Patrick Hughes, J. Harrison, E.O. Abeyta, Gerald Cook, K. Nielsen, Daniel K. Frayer, V. Smith, Y.-J. Chen, E. Jacquez, C Trainham, Robert W. Garnett, S. Falabella, J. B. Johnson, P. Aragon, Gary Guethlein, B. Trent McCuistian, N. Montoya, H. Bender, W. Broste, S. Nath, Carsten Thoma, Carl Ekdahl, Martin Schauer, M. Sanchez, R. Gallegos, K. Esquibel, James Williams, R. Anaya, George J Caporaso, Gerald J. Seitz, B.A. Raymond, R. Archuleta, R. Richardson, B. Prichard, C.Y. Tom, J.T. Weir, C. R. Rose, C. Carlson, F.W. Chambers, R. Temple, J. Watson, Martin Schulze, D. Dalmas, R. Scarpetti, Thomas C. Genoni, and David M. Oro

Subjects
Physics, Beam diameter, business.industry, General Physics and Astronomy, Particle accelerator, Pulsed power, law.invention, Pulse (physics), Optics, law, Cathode ray, Laser beam quality, Particle beam, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The second axis of the Dual Axis Radiography of Hydrodynamic Testing (DARHT) facility produces up to four radiographs within an interval of 1.6 microseconds. It accomplishes this by slicing four micro-pulses out of a long 1.8-kA, 16.5-MeV electron beam pulse and focusing them onto a bremsstrahlung converter target. The long beam pulse is created by a dispenser cathode diode and accelerated by the unique DARHT Axis-II linear induction accelerator (LIA). Beam motion in the accelerator would be a problem for radiography. High frequency motion, such as from beam breakup instability, would blur the individual spots. Low frequency motion, such as produced by pulsed power variation, would produce spot to spot differences. In this article, we describe these sources of beam motion, and the measures we have taken to minimize it.

Published
2011

248. Abstracts from the 2011 BNOS Conference, June 29 - July 1, 2011, Homerton College, Cambridge

Author

S. Ammoun, L. Zhou, M. Barczyk, D. Hilton, S. Hafizi, C. Hanemann, K. S. Lehnus, L. K. Donovan, G. J. Pilkington, Q. An, I. A. Anderson, S. Thomson, M. Bailey, E. Lekka, J. Law, C. Davis, K. Banfill, C. Loughrey, P. Hatfield, D. Bax, R. Elliott, R. Bishop, K. Taylor, L. Marshall, N. Gaspar, M. Viana-Pereira, R. Reis, J. Renshaw, A. Ashworth, C. Lord, C. Jones, C. Bellamy, L. Shaw, J. Alder, A. Shorrocks, R. Lea, S. Birks, M. Burnet, G. Pilkington, J. D. Bruch, J. Ho, C. Watts, S. J. Price, S. Camp, V. Apostolopoulos, A. Mehta, F. Roncaroli, D. Nandi, B. Clark, M. Mackinnon, N. MacLeod, W. Stewart, A. Chalmers, A. Cole, G. Hanna, K. Bailie, D. Conkey, J. Harney, C. Darlow, S. Chapman, L. Mohsen, S. Price, L. Donovan, H. Dyer, H. Lord, K. Fletcher, R. das Nair, J. MacNiven, S. Basu, P. Byrne, L. Glancz, G. Critchley, M. Grech-Sollars, D. Saunders, K. Phipps, J. Clayden, C. Clark, A. Greco, S. Acquati, S. Marino, S. Hammouche, S. P. Wilkins, T. Smith, A. Brodbelt, S. Clark, A. H. L. Wong, P. Eldridge, J. O. Farah, J. Bruch, G. Lamb, S. Smith, A. James, M. Glegg, T. Jeffcote, S. Boulos, P. Robbins, N. Knuckey, A. Banigo, A. R. Brodbelt, M. D. Jenkinson, J. N. Jeyapalan, M. A. Mumin, T. Forshew, A. R. Lawson, R. G. Tatevossian, T. S. Jacques, D. Sheer, J. Kilday, K. Wright, S. Leavy, J. Lowe, E. Schwalbe, S. Clifford, R. Gilbertson, B. Coyle, R. Grundy, P. Kinsella, M. Clynes, V. Amberger-Murphy, N. Barron, S. R. Lambert, D. Jones, D. Pearson, I. Ichimura, V. Collins, L. Steele, P. Sinha, P. Chumas, J. Tyler, D. Ogawa, E. Chiocca, M. DeLay, A. Bronisz, M. Nowicki, J. Godlewski, S. Lawler, M. K. Lee, M. Javadpour, P. Abel, T. Dawson, B. Lea, C. S.-K. Lim, P. L. Grundy, M. Pendleton, A. Williamson, A. Merve, X. Zhang, S. Miller, H. A. Rogers, P. Lyon, V. Rand, M. Adamowicz-Brice, S. C. Clifford, J. T. Hayden, S. Dyer, S. Pfister, A. Korshunov, M.-A. Brundler, R. G. Grundy, M. Nankivell, P. Mulvenna, R. Barton, P. Wilson, C. Faivre-Finn, C. Pugh, R. Langley, D. Ngoga, D. Tennant, A. Williams, P. Moss, G. Cruickshank, K. Owusu-Agyemang, S. Bell, J. St.George, S. G. Piccirillo, S. Qadri, E. Pirola, M. Jenkinson, R. Rahman, C. Rahman, D. MacArthur, F. Rose, K. Shakesheff, C. Carroll, P. Watson, M. Hawkins, H. Spoudeas, D. Walker, T. Holland, H. Ring, A. Rooney, S. McNamara, M. Fraser, R. Rampling, A. Carson, R. Grant, J. Royds, S. Al Nadaf, A. Ahn, Y.-J. Chen, A. Wiles, D. Jellinek, A. Braithwaite, B. Baguley, M. MacFarlane, N. Hung, T. Slatter, S. Rusbridge, N. Walmsley, S. Griffiths, P. Wilford, J. Rees, D. Ryan, P. Liu, S. Galavotti, M. Shaked-Rabi, E. Tulchinsky, S. Brandner, P. Salomoni, A. Schulte, H. S. Gunther, S. Zapf, S. Riethdorf, M. Westphal, K. Lamszus, S. K. Selvanathan, H. J. Salminen, S. Setua, M. E. Welland, M. Shevtsov, W. Khachatryan, A. Kim, K. Samochernych, A. Pozdnyakov, I. V. Guzhova, I. V. Romanova, B. Margulis, J. Barrow, D. Macarthur, A. Long, Z. Maherally, J. R. Smith, L. Dickson, S. Prabhu, F. Harris, T. J. Snape, M. Sussman, S. Wilne, W. Whitehouse, G. Chow, J.-F. Liu, T. Snape, A. Karakoula, F. Rowther, T. Warr, A. Zisakis, V. Varsos, A. Panteli, O. Karypidou, A. Zampethanis, A. Fotovati, S. Abu-Ali, P.-S. Wang, L. Deleyrolle, C. Lee, J. Triscott, J. Y. Chen, S. Franciosi, Y. Nakamura, Y. Sugita, T. Uchiumi, M. Kuwano, B. R. Leavitt, S. K. Singh, A. Jury, H. Wakimoto, B. A. Reynolds, C. J. Pallen, S. E. Dunn, S. Shepherd, S. Scott, D. Bowyer, L. Wallace, B. Hacking, R. Jena, J. Gillard, M. Verraeult, B. Reynolds, C. Dunham, M. Bally, J. Hukin, S. Singhal, S. Singh, and S. Dunn

Subjects
Cisplatin, Cancer Research, Cell growth, Chemistry, Ascorbic acid, Molecular biology, Abstracts, Oncology, Mechanism of action, Cell culture, medicine, Neurology (clinical), Viability assay, medicine.symptom, Cytotoxicity, IC50, medicine.drug
Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Substituted indoles and related structures have been shown to exhibit potent anticancer activity against breast cancer cell lines. Here, the effects of structurally similar substituted indoles against the human glial cancer cell lines, 1321N1 and U87MG, have been investigated by comparing the effects of these compounds to conventional anti cancer drugs. METHODS: Cell viability in the presence of the test compounds was measured using an MTS assay and corroborated by an ATP cell proliferation assay as well as a Trypan blue exclusion test. The significance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the process was determined using an Image-iT® LIVE ROS kit from Invitrogen. RESULTS: Both cell lines were treated with four commercial anticancer drugs and IC50 values were only reached at concentrations of 20 µM for cisplatin and 50 µM for gemcitabine over 48hrs on the 1321N1 cell line. However, the more malignant U87MG cell line was resistant to all the drugs, except for cisplatin where the IC50 value was reached at 300 µM after treatment for 48hrs. Similar studies were carried out with various substituted indoles and the cytotoxicity results on both cell lines showed that the IC50 value was reached within 90 minutes for the most potent compound at a concentration of 600 µM (1321N1) and 800 µM (U87MG). The idea that the mechanism of action of these compounds may work through the generation of ROS was investigated and this was confirmed over a similar time course using a suitable fluorogenic marker. Moreover, it was shown that the addition of an antioxidant (ascorbic acid) abolished the potency of the most active compound. CONCLUSION: Here, it has been demonstrated that certain substituted indoles are able to have a rapid, deleterious effect on the viability of two glioma cell lines and indicated that ROS generation may induce cell death.

Published
2011

250. Phylogenetic history of mustelid fauna in Taiwan inferred from mitochondrial genetic loci

Author

Jun J. Sato, Hitoshi Suzuki, Tetsuji Hosoda, M. Harada, Liang-Kong Lin, and Y. J. Chen

Subjects
Genetic diversity, biology, Phylogenetic tree, Cytochrome b, Zoology, biology.organism_classification, Melogale moschata, Phylogenetics, Molecular phylogenetics, Genetic variation, Animal Science and Zoology, Mustela sibirica, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Phylogenetic relationships among species of the family Mustelidae were examined using the combined nucleotide sequences of the three mitochondrial genetic loci (cytochrome b (MT-CYB; 1140 bp), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (MT-ND2; 1044 bp), and displacement loop (MT-DLOOP; 540 bp)), with special emphasis on the phylogenetic history of four Taiwanese mustelid species: Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785), Melogale moschata (Gray, 1831), Mustela nivalis L., 1766, and Mustela sibirica Pallas, 1773. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the combined sequences of the mitochondrial genetic loci produced a topology largely congruent with that of previous studies at the species level. Analyses of intraspecific genetic variations revealed two Melogale moschata individuals from Taiwan and Vietnam that showed genetic distances comparable with interspecific variations within the mustelid lineages. Furthermore, Mustela nivalis, recently discovered in Taiwan, was not as genetically differentiated from other continental conspecific individuals as a previous morphological survey suggested. Divergence time estimations for the mustelid lineages of Taiwan and the Eurasian continent by the Bayesian relaxed molecular clock approach suggested multiple colonization of Taiwan by mustelids from the continent during the Pleistocene, creating a hierarchical pattern of endemism based on the differential isolation history of the mustelid species in Taiwan.

Published
2011

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