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[1] Using energetic (9–212 keV/e) ion flux data obtained by the Geotail spacecraft, Ono et al. (2009) statistically examined changes in the energy density of H+ and O+ ions in the near-Earth plasma sheet during substorm-associated dipolarization. They found that ions are nonadiabatically accelerated by the electric field induced by the magnetic field fluctuations whose frequencies are close to their gyrofrequencies. The present paper revisits this result and finds it still holds.

This report presents the MET-MB turbocharger, the latest model high-pressure-ratio, high-efficiency turbocharger from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, developed to meet NOx TierII regulations. This report also describes the development a new type of variable nozzle turbocharger designed to improve low-speed performance in response to recent requirements for greater main engine fuel efficiency, as well as a hybrid turbocharger for greater fuel efficiency at high loads.

Phenylacetonitrile was found to be selectively methylated into α-methylphenylacetonitrile (MPAN) in the vapor phase with di-methyl carbonate or methanol by using alkali ion-exchanged zeolites as catalysts. When methanol was used as a methylating agent, a 27% yield of MPAN was obtained over CsX at 623 K. Dimethyl carbonate is far more effective as a methylating agent, and the methylation proceeds at a much lower temperature. A 72% yield of MPAN was obtained over NaY at 533 K. The effects of the reaction variables are described and the raction scheme is discussed.

Characteristics of the high-power reconnection heating were measured for the first time directly by two-dimensional measurements of ion and electron temperatures. While electrons are heated mainly inside the current sheet by the Ohmic heating power, ions are heated mainly by fast shock or viscosity damping of the reconnection outflow in the two downstream areas. The magnetic reconnection converts the energy of reconnecting magnetic field B(p) mostly to the ion thermal energy, indicating that the reconnection heating energy is proportional to B(p)(2).

The material properties of two ultra low-k organic polymers are characterized for copper interconnect integration. The k-values are 2.2-2.3 for both. Compared to OSG materials of similar k-values, these polymers have lower porosity and smaller pore size, achieved using selfassembled chemistry. Both materials demonstrate excellent resistance to plasma damage: no water uptake was detected after exposure to selected etching plasmas. This characteristic, combined with the small pore size and low porosity, results in the successful integration of the organic low-ks in 80 nm spacing with no significant increase in the integrated k-values.It is found that higher open porosity in polymer A is accompanied by higher leakage current, which is not however linked to lower dielectric breakdown lifetimes.

Betacellulin (BTC) is a novel growth factor purified from the conditioned media of mouse pancreatic beta tumor cells and has been found to be a new member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. The cDNA encoding human BTC has been cloned from a cDNA library prepared from human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7. The nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide which consists of 178 amino acid residues including a putative signal sequence, indicating that the structural organization of human BTC is similar to that of mouse BTC. The amino acid sequence of the human BTC precursor protein exhibits 79% similarity with that of the mouse precursor protein. The BTC gene was found to be expressed in several mouse tissues including kidney and liver as well as in a mouse beta tumor cell line and MCF-7 cells, suggesting that BTC might play a physiological role in normal tissues.

The remarkable feature of the induction type railgun is to enhance a plasma armature by transferring some part of a secondary arc current with an induction effect during the process of accelerating a projectile. Since the last conference we have built a new experimental system including an improved induction type railgun and a capacitor bank of a higher stored energy. This paper describes the experimental results obtained by the new experimental system. We performed the experiments both in a conventional railgun mode and an induction type railgun mode to compare their results. Not only an increase of the projectile velocity but also a reduction of the elongation of the plasma armature was observed in the induction type railgun mode. The projectile velocity increased from 2.4 km/s to 2.7 km/s, and the length of the plasma armature decreased from 26 cm to 20 cm.

Basilar artery (BA) trunk aneurysms are rare and still remain a formidable surgical challenge. The purpose of this retrospective study was to report the clinical entities and results of endovascular surgery of BA trunk saccular aneurysms. Between 1995 and 2009, 14 patients with 14 BA trunk saccular aneurysms underwent endovascular surgery. Six patients presented subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), three patients had another associated aneurysm which developed SAH, one patient presented with mass effect to the brain stem, and four patients were incidentally discovered. Five ruptured and seven unruptured aneurysms were successfully treated by endovascular surgery. Another one incompletely embolized aneurysm had grown to huge size five years later and the patient underwent a Hunterian ligation with a radial artery graft between the extracranial vertebral artery and the posterior cerebral artery. In one ruptured case, we attempted neck clipping, but this was abandoned because of concern for neck tearing by clipping. The aneurysm was embolized using detachable coils later. BA trunk aneurysms showed characteristic features such as so-called lateral aneurysm (43%), multiple aneurysms (43%) and four BA fenestrations (36%). The unusual high incidence of associated various vascular anomalies suggests that focal wall weakness must be based on the mechanism of aneurysm initiation on the BA trunk. Most patients presented with SAH. Pre-treatment neurological state was predictive for clinical outcome. Endovascular surgery is an effective therapeutic alternative that is associated with low morbidity and mortality rates, and should be considered the first choice treatment.

[1] We discuss the effect of O+ ions on substorm onsets by examining the relation between the substorm onset location and the distribution of the O+/H+ number density ratio before the onset in the various regions within the plasma sheet (−8 RE > XGSM > −32 RE). We use 9–212 keV/e ion flux data observed by Geotail/Energetic Particles and Ion Composition (EPIC)/Suprathermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS) instrument and the IMAGE/Far Ultra-Violet (FUV) substorm onset list presented by Frey et al. [Frey, H. U., S. B. Mende, V. Angelopoulos, and E. F. Donovan (2004), Substorm onset observations by IMAGE-FUV, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A10304, doi:10.1029/2004JA010607]. The results are summarized as follows. Substorm onsets, which we identify by auroral initial brightenings, are likely to occur in the more dusk-(dawn-)ward region when the O+/H+ number density ratio is high in the dusk (dawn) side. This property is observed only in the near-Earth plasma sheet (at −8 RE > XGSM > −14 RE). The above-mentioned property holds in each of two groups: substorm events due to internal instability of the magnetosphere (i.e., internally triggered substorms) and events due to external changes in the solar wind or the interplanetary magnetic field (i.e., externally triggered substorms). Thus, we conclude that the substorm onset location depends on the density of O+ ions in the near-Earth plasma sheet prior to onset, whether the substorm is triggered internally or externally.

Phenylacetonitrile was found to be selectively methylated into α-methylphenylacetonitrile (MPAN) in the vapor phase with di-methyl carbonate or methanol by using alkali ion-exchanged zeolites as catalysts. When methanol was used as a methylating agent, a 27% yield of MPAN was obtained over CsX at 623 K. Dimethyl carbonate is far more effective as a methylating agent, and the methylation proceeds at a much lower temperature. A 72% yield of MPAN was obtained over NaY at 533 K. The effects of the reaction variables are described and the raction scheme is discussed.

A nodal method to solve the multi-group diffusion equation is given to treat the heterogeneity of fuel assemblies of reactors. Nodal equations of 3-point form in each coordinates are derived for the diffusion equation in one dimensional slab and x-y geometries using Green's function whose unknowns are only fluxes at the boundary surfaces of assemblies. Coefficients of the nodal equations are given by the boundary values of Green's function, which are also obtained by solving 3-point difference equations in each coordinates for the heterogeneous assembly regarding it as being isolated. In the present method, it is not necessary to use homogenized cross sections for the assembly, and the heterogeneity in the fuel assembly and interaction effect between assemblies can be taken into account.

To determine whether EBV affects phosphoinositide kinase activities of human B cells, we compared the activities between EBV- and EBV+ human B cell lymphoma lines. The two types of human B cells contained both phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4-kinase and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) kinase activities irrespective of the presence of EBV. However, both activities were increased in EBV+ cells compared to EBV- cells. The increases were associated with neither altered Km values for substrates nor altered elution profiles in DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Furthermore, expression of a latent EBV protein, EBV nuclear Ag1 (EBNA1) in BHK cells by the transfection of EBNA1 DNA was accompanied by increased PtdIns 4-kinase and PtdIns(4)P kinase activities. These increases also were not associated with altered Km values for substrates. However, phospholipase C activity was altered in neither EBV+ cells nor in EBNA1-expressing cells. These results indicate that EBV selectively increases the two phosphoinositide kinase activities in human B cells, although the viral gene product has no intrinsic phosphoinositide kinase activity. PtdIns 4-kinase and PtdIns(4)P kinase cooperatively synthesize PtdIns 4,5-bisphosphate, the major source of 1,2-diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, the two second messengers in transducing signals for cell activation. Such increase therefore may play a role in EBV-induced human B cell activation.

(1992). Thermal history simulation of mechanical properties of HAZs in gold wire bonding. Welding International: Vol. 6, No. 10, pp. 780-785.

A heuristic minimal path sets method for analyzing seismic reliability of lifeline networks is proposed. For large-scale lifeline networks reliability computation can become prohibitive or inaccurate using the current enumeration methods. Although a few studies have considered both node and link failures, none of these methods has utilized the minimal paths method. This paper proposes a minimal path algorithm to evaluate reliability of relatively large lifeline networks with unreliable nodes and links. As the primary task, the method can deduce all minimal paths of a directed/undirected network. In the algorithm, minimal paths for both nodes and links are traced performing several procedures. The terminal-pair reliability of the network is then evaluated by performing an efficient Monte Carlo simulation as an alternative to exact reliability calculation methods. In terms of computational speed, the results obtained compare well with existing algorithms. The algorithm requires minimum memory storage and minimum user-defined data to represent the topology of a network. A series of case studies illustrate that the method can be used to evaluate reliability of the large-scale lifeline systems subject to node and link failures, efficiently.

HHFW experiments on TST‐2 and UTST were performed. In the TST‐2 HHFW experiment, the pickup probe mounted on the inboard wall detected the same PDI lower sideband peak as probes on the outboard side. Since the frequency difference from the pump wave corresponds to the ion cyclotron frequency on the low field side, the lower sideband wave is believed to be generated at the plasma edge on the low field side, and propagated to the high field side. This component may be the FW. In the UTST HHFW experiment, direct measurements of the RF fields in the plasma were made successfully.

The FMR1 mutations can cause a variety of disabilities, including cognitive deficits, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, and other socioemotional problems, in individuals with the full mutation form (fragile X syndrome) and distinct difficulties, including primary ovarian insufficiency, neuropathy and the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, in some older premutation carriers. Therefore, multigenerational family involvement is commonly encountered when a proband is identified with a FMR1 mutation. Studies of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 pathway antagonists in animal models of fragile X syndrome have demonstrated benefits in reducing seizures, improving behavior, and enhancing cognition. Trials of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonists are beginning with individuals with fragile X syndrome. Targeted treatments, medical and behavioral interventions, genetic counseling, and family supports are reviewed here.

For high electron temperature plasma discharges in the S‐1 spheromak device [Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, 1984 (IAEA, Vienna, 1985), Vol. 2, p. 535], ‘‘sawtooth’’‐ like oscillations appear on signals of magnetic field, flux, q value, and electron temperature. Based on the internal magnetic field profiles measured by magnetic probe scans, the mechanisms and causes of these oscillations are revealed. The cycle of one oscillation consists of a toroidal current peaking phase and a subsequent relaxation phase. In the peaking phase, resistive current decay at the edge causes the spheromak to deviate from the initial minimum‐energy Taylor state. The deviation was revealed experimentally by the preferential decay of toroidal flux over poloidal flux. A simple calculation shows that a peaking of the electron temperature profile is the most probable cause for the preferential decay of toroidal flux over poloidal flux. During the peaking phase, q decreases so low as to make the configuration...

Three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic computer simulations have been made on the dynamic behaviour of the high temperature spheromak plasma whose conductivity profile is peaked at the magnetic axis. On the assumption of stationary spatial profiles of the plasma conductivity, these simulations examine the transient process from the current peaking to the subsequent relaxation. They reveal low-q relaxations caused by multi-helicity (current driven) kink modes. The low-q relaxations are classified into two types: the fast-type relaxation without n = 2 mode saturation and the slow-type relaxation with n = 2 mode saturation. In these simulations, resistive current loss in the outer region of the plasma causes a peaking of the current density profile, resulting in a departure from the initial Taylor state to a low-q state. As the q value at the magnetic axis, q0, decreases to

Melt-spun iron-silicon (Fe-Si) alloy filaments were obtained by a rapid solidification method using an in-rotating-water spinning apparatus. The silicon content in the alloy composition was selected to be about 6.5% by weight, which is expected to have no magnetostriction and to show the lowest coercive force in the magnetic field. Heat-treated filaments were also investigated in terms of the structure and the mechanical and magnetic properties. It was found that the cross-sectional areas and structures of as-spun filaments were affected by processing conditions, such as spinneret diameter, throughput, etc. In the case of the filaments with diameters less than about 90 μm, well-grown structures having primary dendrite arms oriented towards the direction of the filament length, can be observed in place of the polycrystalline structure. By means of high-temperature heat treatment, the filaments with the above structure were found to show single-crystalline structure without any clear boundary. The single-crystalline filaments were found to have good ductility to bending through 180 ° and excellent magnetic properties such as an almost perfect rectangular loop, low coercive force, and high saturation magnetic flux density in the d.c. magnetization curve.

1. During hyperthermia-induced thermal panting, there was a progressive development of alkalosis, hypocapnia, hypocalcemia and plasma lactate accumulation in both mature and immature domestic fowl. 2. The results of this study further demonstrate that hypocalcemia is a general consequence of respiratory alkalosis in animals. 3. The significant (P less than 0.05) regression analysis of plasma lactate vs arterial blood pH, suggest a relationship between these two variables. 4. Plasma lactate accumulation may therefore play an important role as an extrarenal buffering component in the normal defense against severe alkalosis.

We have developed a positioning system that uses a phased array sensor to measure the distance and direction of multiple landmarks relative to the position of a mobile robot so that the robot can self-localize. The positioning system can control the strength and the width of the beam from the phased array sensor and observe the multiple landmarks at the same time. By using the distance and direction of plural landmarks, our positioning system is able to use various self-localizing methods. A main part of our work has been incorporating our various techniques for making a robot positioning error smaller into a system in which the most suitable self-localizing method is selected on the basis of sensitivity, which is defined as the ratio between localizing and sensor errors. We propose using a set of indices to evaluate the accuracy of self-localizing methods. The indices are derived from the sensitivity. We used these indices to compare the accuracy of three methods for the self-localizing of a mobile robot using landmarks, and we demonstrated a rational way to minimize a localizing error.

The involvement of chewing in brain activity in humans has been studied. In our studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral techniques, chewing resulted in a bilateral increase in blood oxygenation leveldependent (BOLD) signals in the sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area, insula, thalamus, and cerebellum. In addition, in the first three regions, chewing moderately hard gum produced stronger signals than chewing hard gum. However, in the aged group, the BOLD signal increases were smaller in the first three regions and higher in the cerebellum. Only the aged subjects showed significant increases in various association areas to which input activities in the primary sensorimotor cortex, supplementary area, or insula had positive path coefficients. Furthermore, chewing ameliorates the age-related decrease in hippocampal activities during encoding and that in retrieval memory. The findings suggest the involvement of chewing in memory processes.

Using the self-consistent combination of the generalized Born approximation and the Thomas-Fermi approximation some properties of a system of electrons and ionized impurities in a strong magnetic field at zero temperature have been investigated. Numerical results are presented for the screening length, the electronic level width, the transverse conductivity and the cyclotron resonance linewidth.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an operational concept for clarifying the unknown etiology of the syndrome characterized by the sensation of abnormally prolonged fatigue. The vast majority of patients with CFS are interrupted in their daily or social lives by prolonged fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, sleep disturbance, or brain dysfunctions. However, the pathogenesis of CFS remains unclear, and so there are still many medical doctors around the world who are skeptical about the disease.

Tensile tests and uni‐axial loading fatigue tests were performed at 4 K, 77 K and 293 K for Ti‐5%Al‐2.5%Sn extra low interstitial (ELI) forged alloy. The 0.2% proof stress and the tensile strength of this alloy increased with a decrease of temperature. However, high‐cycle fatigue strength at cryogenic temperatures was relatively low compared to that at 293 K. In the specimens fatigue‐tested at cryogenic temperatures, facets formed at the crack initiation site. On the other hand, there was not a distinct facet at the crack initiation site in the specimens tested at 293 K. The crystallographic orientation of the facet was determined by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method in scanning electron microscope (SEM) to clarify the fatigue crack initiation mechanism at cryogenic temperatures. The SEM‐EBSD analyses revealed that the facet plane was {112¯1} twin plane and the {112¯1} twins developed during high‐cycle fatigue tests at cryogenic temperatures, leading to the fatigue crack initiation at {112¯1} twin/matrix interface. Based on these results, the fatigue crack initiation related with twin deformation is supposed to degrade high‐cycle fatigue strength at cryogenic temperatures.