Search

ABSTRACT In this study, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone ( Gn RH) genes in spotted halibut were cloned and sequenced by isolating their c DNAs. The species expressed three molecular forms of Gn RH in the brain: chicken-type Gn RH-Ⅱ (c Gn RH-Ⅱ), seabream-type Gn RH (sb Gn RH), and salmon-type Gn RH (s Gn RH). Phylogenetic analysis divided the molecular forms of Gn RHs into three branches: c Gn RH-Ⅱ branch, s Gn RH branch, and fish-specific Gn RH branch. The spatial expression showed that they had the highest expression levels in the brain. c Gn RH-Ⅱ was exclusively detected in the brain, while sb Gn RH had a global expression pattern in all examined organs. s Gn RH was detected in the brain, pituitary, and ovary. The temporal changes of brain Gn RH m RNA expression levels were examined during ovarian maturation and postspawning, and the serum steroid hormones and gonadosomatic index ( GSI) were recorded. Amounts of sb Gn RH m RNA substantially elevated ( P < 0.05) during ovarian maturation, which concomitant with considerable elevation of GSI and serum steroids levels. On the contrary, neither s Gn RH nor c Gn RH-Ⅱ m RNA levels showed significant changes during ovarian maturation in this study. These results suggested that these three Gn RH genes are the important regulators for the differential expression of Gn RH in spotted halibut, and would help us better understand the reproductive endocrine mechanism of spotted halibut. J. Exp. Zool. 00A:1-13, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The combination of the hyphenated techniques LC–MS and LC–SPE–NMR constitutes a powerful platform for the rapid isolation and identification of minor components from natural sources. Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) is a useful tool to determine the absolute configuration of small quantities of chiral molecules. In order to search for minor constituents present in an Ormocarpum kirkii extract, these techniques were applied for the separation and structure elucidation of a series of isoflavanones, biflavanones and biscoumarins. After optimization of chromatographic conditions and subsequent isolation, MS and 1D and 2D NMR data were collected. Experimental and calculated ECD spectra were used in conjunction with NMR data to confirm the absolute configuration of these compounds. Eight compounds were identified for the first time and six have been previously reported. The present approach offers a strategy for accelerating research on natural products. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The feeding rhythm and growth characteristics of the early life stages of the tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, were studied. Larvae began to prey on rotifers about 2–3 days after hatching at 23°C. About 12 days after hatching, larvae had grown to 8–9 mm in total length and were able to prey on Artemia larvae. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity for day-6 larvae was highest at 12:00 and 18:00 hours, about 2–3 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day-16 larvae occurred between 09:00 and 18:00 hours. By day 26, when the larvae had metamorphosed, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages, feeding intensity peaked at 18:00 and 24:00 hours concurrently with feeding incidence. Thus, tongue sole were found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre- and post-metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in the daytime during the larval planktonic stage, and at night during the juvenile benthic stage. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 65%, 40% and 11% of body weight on days 6, 16 (larvae) and 26 (juveniles) respectively. Size variation increased markedly with development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved route for the preparation of highly functionalized 5,6-dihydro-pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]oxazepine 1a in multigram quantities was developed. This new methodology was highlighted by the proper methoxy disposition via a regioselective methylation of 2,4,5-trihydroxy-benzaldehyde followed by a magnesium sulfate–promoted cyclization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging group of bioactive fatty acids, monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) have sparked the interest of many researchers both domestically and internationally. In addition to documenting the importance of mmBCFAs for growth and development, there is increasing evidence that mmBCFAs are highly correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. According to previous pharmacological investigations, mmBCFAs also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects and anticancer properties. This review summarized the distribution of mmBCFAs, which are widely found in dairy products, ruminants, fish, and fermented foods. Besides, we discuss the biosynthesis pathway in different species and detection methods of mmBCFAs. With the hope to unveil their mechanisms of action, we recapitulated detailed the nutrition and health benefits of mmBCFAs. Furthermore, this study provides a thorough, critical overview of the current state of the art, upcoming difficulties, and trends in mmBCFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been reported to possess the potential to ameliorate diet‐induced obesity. However, the molecular mechanism of BAT activation in alleviating obese states remains unclear. This study investigated the physiology and BAT index of high‐fat diet‐induced and normal chow mice after 3 weeks of mild cold treatment. Body weights and lipid accumulations in BAT and white adipose tissue were significantly decreased by cold treatment. Lipidomics analysis showed that chronic cold treatment caused the remodeling of major lipid classes in BAT, especially species and phospholipid content, plus the mitochondrial morphology. Evidence indicated mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis, and all the effects caused by BAT activation were more pronounced in obese mice. Taken together, our study revealed that phospholipid metabolism is the fundamental requirement in the anti‐obesity effect of BAT. Practical Applications: Chronic mild cold treatment induced a significant alteration of lipid species and content in BAT and improvement in overall lipid metabolism. Apart from biogenesis and thermogenesis, the categories and morphology of mitochondria were also significantly altered. Though obese mice have inactivated BAT with impaired mitochondria, the superior effect caused by BAT activation on obese mice than control mice indicated the great potential to be evoked. This article may provide lifestyle guidelines for the population with overweight and obesity, especially in teenagers and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Integration of metabolomics and proteomics has been popular for MS based foodomics. • Modified MS data acquisition improves the identification on metabolites and proteins. • Advancing MS data processing provides more accurate and comprehensive information for food analysis. • Multiomics analysis explores food components and functions at systematic levels. Foodomics has become a popular methodology in food science studies. Mass spectrometry (MS) based metabolomics and proteomics analysis played indispensable roles in foodomics research. So far, several methodologies have been developed to detect the metabolites and proteins in diets and consumers, including sample preparation, MS data acquisition, annotation and interpretation. Moreover, multiomics analysis integrated metabolomics and proteomics have received considerable attentions in the field of food safety and nutrition, because of more comprehensive and deeply. In this context, we intended to review the emerging strategies and their applications in MS-based foodomics, as well as future challenges and trends. The principle and application of multiomics were also discussed, such as the optimization of data acquisition, development of analysis algorithm and exploration of systems biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) represent trace lipids with significant natural biological functions. While exogenous FAHFAs have been extensively studied, research on FAHFAs in milk remains limited, constraining our grasp of their nutritional roles. This study introduces a non-targeted mass spectrometry approach combined with chemical networking of spectral fragmentation patterns to uncover FAHFAs. Through meticulous sample handling and comparisons of various data acquisition and processing modes, we validate the method's superiority, identifying twice as many FAHFAs compared to alternative techniques. This validated method was then applied to different milk samples, revealing 45 chemical signals associated with known and potential FAHFAs, alongside findings of 66 ceramide/hexosylceramide (Cer/HexCer), 48 phosphatidyl ethanolamine/lyso phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE/LPE), 21 phosphatidylcholine/lysophosphatidylcholine (PC/LPC), 16 phosphatidylinositol (PI), 7 phosphatidylserine (PS), and 11 sphingomyelin (SM) compounds. This study expands our understanding of the FAHFA family in milk and provides a fast and convenient method for identifying FAHFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides has shown its extremely economic, ecological, and aquacultural significances throughout the North American and Asian continents, systematic evaluation of genetic variation and structure of wild and cultured populations of the species is yet to be documented. In this study, we investigated the genetic structure of M. salmoides from 20 wild populations and five cultured stocks across the United States and China using eight microsatellite loci, which are standard genetic markers for population genetic analysis. Our major findings are as follows: (1) the result of Fst showed largemouth bass had high genetic differentiation, and the gene flow indicated the genetic exchange among wild populations is difficult; (2) AMOVA showed that 14.05% of the variation was among populations, and 85.95% of the variation was within populations; (3) The majority of largemouth bass populations had a significant heterozygosity excess, which is likely to indicate a previous population bottleneck; (4) Allelic richness was lower among cultured populations than among wild populations; (5) Effective population size in hatcheries could promote high levels of genetic variation among individuals and minimize loss of genetic diversity; China's largemouth bass originated from northern largemouth bass of USA. The information provides valuable basis for development of appropriate conservation policies for fisheries and aquaculture genetic breeding programs in largemouth bass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adults showed more complete lipid digestion than infants and elders. • Infants preferentially released shorter-chain, saturated free fatty acids. • Elderly groups had larger particle size during lipid digestion. The digestion behavior of lipids plays a crucial role in their nutritional bioaccessibility, which subsequently impacts human health. This study aims to investigate potential variations in lipid digestion profiles among individuals of different ages, considering the distinct physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract in infants, aging populations, and healthy young adults. The digestion fates of high oleic peanut oil (HOPO), sunflower oil (SO), and linseed oil (LINO) were investigated using in vitro digestion models representing infants, adults, and elders. Comparatively, lipid digestion proved to be more comprehensive in adults, leading to free fatty acid (FFA) levels of 64.53%, 62.32%, and 57.90% for HOPO, SO, and LINO, respectively. Besides, infants demonstrated propensity to selectively release FFAs with shorter chain lengths and higher saturation levels during the digestion. In addition, in the gastric phase, particle sizes among the elderly were consistently larger than those observed in infants and adults, despite adults generating approximately 15% FFAs within the stomach. In summary, this study enhances our fundamental comprehension of how lipids with varying degrees of unsaturation undergo digestion in diverse age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Fasting is considered to be a food structure that can improve body health. Several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have investigated the effects of fasting in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). In this review, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the effects of fasting on patients with MS. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central updated to September 2021. The quality evaluation and heterogeneity detection of the included research literature were carried out by Revman and Stata software through a random-effects model. Results: A total of 268 subjects were included. The pooled results revealed that fasting significantly reduced body weight (WMD: −2.48 kg, 95% CI: −3.22, −1.74), BMI (WMD = −2.72 cm; 95%CI: −4.04, −1.40 cm), body fat percent (WMD: −1.57%, 95%CI: −2.47, −0.68), insulin level (WMD: −2.45 mmol/L; 95%CI: −4.40, −0.49 mmol/L) and HOMA-IR (WMD:-0.65 mmol/L; 95%CI: −0.90, −0.41 mmol/L) in patients with MS, whereas had no effect on glucose, blood pressure and lipids profile. Conclusions: Our findings provide insights into the effect of fasting on the anthropometric outcomes, insulin resistance, and gut microbiota in MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play an important role in the nutritional value of milk lipids. However, a comprehensive analysis of PUFAs and their esters in milk is still scarce. In this study, we developed a novel pseudotargeted lipidomics approach, named SpecLipIDA, for determining PUFA lipids in milk. Triglycerides (TGs) and phospholipids (PLs) were separated using NH2 cartridges, and mass spectrometry data in the information-dependent acquisition (IDA) mode were preprocessed by MS-DIAL, leading to improved identification in subsequent targeted analysis. The target matching algorithm, based on specific lipid cleavage patterns, demonstrated enhanced identification of PUFA lipids compared to the lipid annotations provided by MS-DIAL and GNPS. The approach was applied to identify PUFA lipids in various milk samples, resulting in the detection of a total of 115 PUFA lipids. The results revealed distinct differences in PUFA lipids among different samples, with 44 PUFA lipids significantly contributing to these differences. Our study indicated that SpecLipIDA is an efficient method for rapidly and specifically screening PUFA lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recently, the harmful effects of frying oil on health have been gradually realized. However, as main components of frying oils, biochemical effects of total polar compounds (TPC) on a cellular level were underestimated. Methods: The effects of total polar compounds (TPC) in the frying oil on the lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and cytotoxicity of HepG2 cells were investigated through a series of biochemical methods, such as oil red staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cell apoptosis and cell arrest. Results: Herein, we found that the survival rate of HepG2 cells treated with TPC decreased in a time and dose dependent manner, and thereby presented significant lipid deposition over the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. TPC were also found to suppress the expression levels of PPARα, CPT1 and ACOX, elevate the expression level of MTP and cause the disorder of lipid metabolism. TPC ranged from 0 to 2 mg/mL could significantly elevate the amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HepG2 cells, and simultaneously increase the malondialdehyde (MDA) content from 21.21 ± 2.62 to 65.71 ± 4.20 μmol/mg of protein (p < 0.05) at 24 h. On the contrary, antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) respectively decreased by 0.52-, 0.56- and 0.28-fold, when HepG2 cells were exposed to 2 mg/mL TPC for 24 h. In addition, TPC could at least partially induce the apoptosis of HepG2 cells, and the transition from G0/G1 to G2 phase in HepG2 cells was impeded. Conclusions: TPC could progressively cause lipid deposition, oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, providing the theoretical support for the detrimental health effects of TPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige fat have been documented to rapidly consume fatty acids (FAs) rather than deposit of lipid, and they have high capacity to dissipate energy via nonshivering thermogenesis, making BAT and beige fat potential organs to fight obesity and related chronic diseases. As the main substrate for thermogenesis and the basic constituent unit of triacylglycerol, FAs could modify BAT and remodel white adipose tissue (WAT) to beige fat. However, there are few comprehensive review covering the link between dietary FAs and thermogenic adipocyte..In this review, we described the metabolism of thermogenic adipose upon activation and comprehensively summarized publications on the dietary FAs that activate or deactivate BAT and beige fat. Specifically, eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA), α-linolenic acid (α-ALA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), oleic acid (OA), long-chain saturated fatty acid (LC-SFA) and medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA). in addition, the influences on BAT function, WAT remodeling, and lipid metabolism, as well as delineated the possible mechanisms are also reviewed. Characterizing thermogenic or obesogenic dietary FAs may offer novel insight into dietary oil and nutritional treatment. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory evaluation is a key component of food production strategy. The classical food sensory evaluation method is time-consuming, laborious, costly, and highly subjective. Since flavor (taste and smell), texture, and mouthfeel are all related to the chemical properties of food, there has been a growing interest in how they affect the senses of food. In the past decades, emerging metabolomics has received much attention in the field of sensory evaluation, because it not only offers a broad picture of chemical composition for sensory properties but also revealed their changes and functions in food proceeding. This article reviewed food chemicals regarding the flavor, smell, and texture of foods, and discussed the advantages and limitations of applying metabolomics approaches to sensory evaluation, including GC-MS, LC-MS, and NMR. Taken together, this review gives a comprehensive, critical overview of the current state, future challenges, and trends in metabolomics on food sensory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The digestion behavior of lipids plays a crucial role in their nutritional values. Currently, the complex dynamic variations of human gastrointestinal conditions are considered in simulated digestion models. The present study compared the digestion behavior of glycerol trilaurate (GTL), glycerol tripalmitate (GTP) and glycerol tristearate (GTS) in a static in vitro digestion model and a dynamic in vitro digestion model. In the dynamic digestion model, the parameters of gastric juice secretion, the rate of gastric emptying, the secretion of intestinal juice and the pH variations were estimated. RESULTS: The dynamic digestion model showed a certain extent of gastric lipase hydrolysis, while almost no lipolysis happened in the gastric phase of the static digestion model. A smoother digestive behavior was observed in the dynamic model than that in the static model. In the static model, the particle size distribution in gastric and intestinal phase changed rapidly in all triacylglycerol (TAG) groups. The change of particle size during the whole digestion period in GTL is more moderate than GTP and GTS. In addition, the final free fatty acids release degree was 58.558%, 54.36%, and 52.97% for GTL, GTP, and GTS, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study illustrated the different digestion profiles of TAGs in two digestion models and the results will contribute to a better understanding of different in vitro digestion models in lipid digestion. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Deep‐frying oil intake is considered to destroy body health. In this review, a meta‐analysis was performed to assess the effects of deep‐frying oil intake on the risk of intestinal barrier dysfunction. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central updated till April 2022 (CRD42022326306). A total of nine studies were included. The pooled results revealed that deep‐frying oil intake significantly exaggerated crypt damage of colon [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 4.55; 95% CI: 2.87, 6.24, P < 0.05], increased proinflammatory cytokine expression in plasma and colon tissue, and enhanced intestinal permeability [lipopolysaccharides content (WMD: 10.11 μg mL−1, 95% CI: 7.44, 12.79 μg mL−1, P < 0.05)]. Moreover, deep‐frying oil intake could change the gut microbiota and decrease the content of microbiota‐derived short‐chain fatty acids. In conclusion, our findings provide insights into the effect of deep‐frying oil intake on the intestinal barrier dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkylglycerols are a special class of functional ether lipids. In recent years, these functional lipids have garnered significant attention due to their unique biological functions, such as anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cardiovascular disease properties. This article summarizes the natural sources, analytical methods, digestion and absorption properties, endogenous occurrence, and nutritional effects of alkylglycerols. It intends to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the distribution and function of alkylglycerols and the problems encountered in current research. Marine organisms, especially cartilaginous fish, are the main source of alkylglycerols, whereas terricolous plants remain to be further investigated for the presence of alkylglycerols. Meanwhile, microorganisms are a novel and valuable source of alkylglycerols. Besides, processing and storage treatments can also affect the molecular species of esterified alkylglycerols and plasmalogens in various foods, especially milk. GC-MS and LC-MS are the commonly used methods for the analysis of alkylglycerols in food and biological samples. Notably, the bioavailability of dietary alkylglycerols exhibits a negative correlation with the expression levels of alkylglycerol monooxygenase in intestinal epithelial cells. Dietary intake of alkylglycerols could greatly enrich endogenous ether lipid levels in various peripheral tissues (such as those of plasmalogens), which in turn could contribute to the prevention of various diseases. However, the causal relationship between decreased or increased levels of endogenous ether lipids and the development of various diseases remains unclear. In conclusion, alkylglycerols are a promising class of functional lipids, but further studies are required to elucidate the existing problems. • Alkylglycerols are a class of microscale but promising functional lipids. • Marine organisms, especially cartilaginous fish, are the main source of alkylglycerols. • Dietary intake of alkylglycerols could enrich endogenous ether lipid levels in vivo. • AGMO is a critical enzyme that regulates the endogenous levels of alkylglycerols. • Alkylglycerols have many health benefits, especially anti-obesity and anti-cardiovascular disease effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to determine the major anthocyanins of blueberry extracts from northeast China and explore their vision health improvement effects. HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS results suggested that six different anthocyanins were accurately identified, among which the Cy-3-glu (C3G) was the most abundant, ranging from 376.91 ± 7.91 to 763.70 ± 4.99 μM. The blueberry extract contained a higher purity of anthocyanins, and the anthocyanosides reached 342.98 mg/kg. The anti-oxidative stress function of C3G on HG-treated ARPE-19 cells were evaluated, and showed that the GSSG level of HG-cells pretreated with 10 μM C3G was significantly decreased, while the Nrf2 and NQO1 gene expression levels were increased. Further molecular docking (MD) results indicated that the C3G displayed favorable binding affinity towards REDD1, and only the B-ring of the C3G molecule displayed binding interactions with the CYS-140 amino acids within the REDD1 protein. It implied that the oxidative stress amelioration effects of C3G on the ARPE-19 cells were related to the REDD1 protein, which was probably via the Nrf2 pathways, although further studies are needed to provide mechanism evidence. The present study provides novel insights into understanding the roles of blueberry anthocyanins in ameliorating oxidative stress-induced BRB damage in the retina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Deep‐frying oil has been found to cause inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the molecular mechanism of the effect of deep‐frying palm oil on IBD still remains undetermined. RESULTS: In the present study, bioinformatics and cell biology were used to investigate the functions and signal pathway enrichments of differentially expressed genes. The bioinformatics analysis of three original microarray datasets (GSE73661, GSE75214 and GSE126124) in the NCBI‐Gene Expression Omnibus database showed 17 down‐regulated genes (logFC < 0) and 2 up‐regulated genes (logFC > 0) existed in the enteritis tissue. Meanwhile, pathway enrichment and protein–protein interaction network analysis suggested that IBD is relevant to cytotoxicity, inflammation and apoptosis. Furthermore, Caco‐2 cells were treated with the main oxidation products of deep‐frying oil‐total polar compounds (TPC) and its components (polymerized triglyceride, oxidized triglycerides and triglyceride degradation products) isolated from deep‐frying oil. The flow cytometry experiment revealed that TPC and its components could induce apoptosis, especially for oxidized triglyceride. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that TPC and its component could induce Caco‐2 cell apoptosis through AQP8/CXCL1/TNIP3/IL‐1. CONCLUSION: The present study provides fundamental knowledge for understanding the effects of deep‐frying oils on the cytotoxic and inflammatory of Caco‐2 cells, in addition to clarifying the molecular function mechanism of deep‐frying oil in IBD. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peanuts heat pretreatment is a crucial step for the following oil extraction, influencing both efficiency and oil quality. The present study investigated the effects of oven roasting (OR, 150 °C, 25 min), infrared ray roasting (IRR, 150 °C, 25 min), and microwave roasting (MR, 700 W, 5 min) on the quality characteristics, anti-oxidation attributes, and phenolic compound compositions of peanut oil. All pretreatment methods changed the physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of peanut oil. Notably, IRR resulted in the highest oxidation induction index (9.25 h) and enhanced free radical scavenging activity, with increases of 55 % (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)) and 121 % (2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS)) compared with the control. Furthermore, the free phenolics content (Free-P) increased significantly, particularly with IRR, which was increased 6.00 times. Correlation analysis indicated that Free-P was the primary contributor to the anti-oxidation attributes of peanut oil. The results can provide valuable insights for optimizing peanut oil processing technologies. • Comparison study of different pretreatments on peanut oil and phenolic compounds. • Infrared ray roasting showed the highest free phenolics content than other methods. • Free phenolics contributed most to the anti-oxidation attributes of peanut oil. • Infrared ray roasting was a promising strategy for peanut oil processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the rising demand for protein and starch, polysaccharide-based microgel particles (MPs) offer a sustainable solution as Pickering emulsion gel (PEG) stabilizer. β-glucans, known for their resistance to rapid digestion, enable targeted ingredient delivery and intestinal health modulation. A novel PEG stabilizer was developed by incorporating non-gelatinous polysaccharide 1,3-α/β-D-glucan into gelatinous polysaccharide 1,3-β-D-glucan after thermally induced gelation and microgelation. Following the blending of these polysaccharides, the three-phase contact angle of the resulting composite β-glucans MPs was modified from 126.6° to 94.7°, achieving nearly neutral wettability. Moreover, the particle size was reduced from 6.64 to 2.74 μm, accompanied by a potential of −21.55 mV. These structural modifications facilitated improved adsorption properties of MPs at the oil-water interface, subsequently leading to complete coverage of the oil droplet surface. Consequently, this process resulted in the formation of small, uniformly distributed emulsion droplets. Confocal laser microscopy revealed that the β-glucans MPs either interconnected to create gel networks or coated with oil droplets. This phenomenon established a thick barrier that prevented oil droplet aggregation and conferred semi-solid physical properties of the PEG. It is worth noting that particle concentration and oil content significantly influenced droplet size, rheological properties, and the stability of PEGs. Specifically, PEGs with prolonged stability were successfully constructed at low MP concentrations (0.6–1.0 wt%) and low oil content (20–50 wt%). This research introduces an innovative approach for structuring liquid oil, with potential applications in fat replacement. [Display omitted] • Microgel particles (MPs) was developed through 1,3-β-D-glucan and 1,3-α/β-D-glucan. • A novel Pickering emulsion gel (PEGs) stabilized by composited β-glucans MPs. • 1,3-α/β-D-glucan significantly increased stability of PEGs. • MPs concentration and oil content had significant effects on PEGs. • PEGs with prolonged stability were constructed at low MPs and oil content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A pseudotargeted lipidomics method was used for identifying alkylglycerols in foods. • A new Dart package termed FFIMA was developed to facilitate data processing. • Mild acid hydrolysis was employed to assist in analyzing ether phospholipid species. • A total of 156 alkylglycerol-type ether lipids and 35 plasmalogens were identified. Alkylglycerols (1-O-alkyl- sn -glycerols) are microscale but critical lipids in foods. Conventional lipidomics analysis often loses sight of alkylglycerol analysis. In this study, we developed a high coverage pseudotargeted lipidomics method for analyzing alkylglycerols. The developed method integrated the advantages of GC–MS and LC–MS to profile alkylglycerol-type ether lipids comprehensively, with the help of a data processing Dart package termed FFIMA (Feature Fragments Information Matching Algorithm). The developed method exhibited competitive superiority to conventional lipidomics, such as wider coverage and higher accuracy. The validated method was assessed by three aquatic products and three milks. A total of 25 alkylglycerols, 107 diacylglycerol ethers, 21 monoacylglycerol ethers, 28 alkylglycerol-type ether phospholipids, and 35 plasmalogens were identified in the six foods. The results demonstrated that this method offers a comprehensive analysis of a wide spectrum of alkylglycerols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salecan, a natural β-glucan compromising nine residues connected by β-(1 → 3)/α-(1 → 3) glycosidic bonds, is one of the newly approved food ingredients. Salecan has multiple health-improving effects, yet its mechanism against Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains poorly understood. In this study, the hypoglycemic effect and underlying mechanism of Salecan intervention on STZ-induced diabetic model mice were investigated. After 8 weeks of gavage, Salecan attenuated insulin resistance and repaired pancreatic β cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Salecan supplement remodel the structure of the gut microbiota and altered the level of intestinal metabolites. Serum metabolites, especially unsaturated fatty acids, were also affected significantly. In addition, tight junction proteins in the colon and autophagy-related proteins in the pancreas were upregulated. Multiomics analysis indicated that Lactobacillus johnsonii , Muribaculaceae, and Lachnoclostridium were highly associated with fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) levels in the colon, accordingly enhancing arachidonic acid and linoleic acid in serum, and promoting GLP-1 release in the intestine and insulin secretion in the pancreas, thus relieving insulin resistance and exhibiting hypoglycemic effects. These findings provide a novel understanding of the anti-diabetic effect of Salecan in mice from a molecular perspective, paving the way for the wide use of Salecan. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adverse environmental impacts of conventional oil processing technologies have forced the development of new green technologies. The aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) destroys the oilseed through enzymatic hydrolysis and separates the oil and hydrophilic components with water, to achieve simultaneous separation of oil and protein etc. With no solvent residue, environmental pollution and safety issues, and mild processing conditions, AEE is recognized as an ideal green technology for oil extraction. This review discusses the entire process and research progress of AEE in oil extraction, from the oilseed pretreatment to the final crude oil. The two barriers to oil release (cell wall, oil body), the selection basis of enzyme, the influencing factors of AEE, and the combination of demulsification technologies to achieve efficient oil extraction were analyzed. The selection of enzymes depends on the cell wall, oil body composition and structure of the oilseed, and extraction of oil can be achieved through the use of single or mixed enzymes. In combination with ultrasound, microwave and pulsed electric field assisted techniques, the extraction efficiency can be improved. To the emulsion formed by the extraction, high oil yield was achieved by analyzing the emulsification composition and corresponding demulsification treatments. Moreover, the quality, micronutrients and oxidative stability of oil extracted by AEE are effectively improved compared with traditional technologies. The immobilization of enzymes increases the possibility of industrialization of AEE. [Display omitted] • Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) of oil was reviewed and discussed. • Two barriers (oilseed cell wall and oil body interfacial membrane) need to be overcome to extract oil by AEE. • The selection, application, and influencing factors of enzymes in AEE were discussed. • UAEE, MAEE, UMAEE, and PAEE can increase the oil yield and shorten the extraction time. • Immobilized enzymes can increase the reusability of enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Fatty acid species and locations within TAGs affect lipid digestion rate and extent. • Maximum FFA release extent upon pancreatic lipase reaction: PO > RO > LINO > SO > LO. • Apparent FFA release constants were PO > SO ≈ RO > LO ≈ LINO during in-vitro digestion. • Short-chain saturated fatty acids released faster than long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids. • Correlations were found between lipid compositions, lipid digestion and serum fatty acids profiles. Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate the influences of dietary lipid composition on the gastrointestinal digestion and postprandial serum lipid profiles, and the connections between them. The in-vitro digestion results showed that maximum free fatty acid (FFA) release level of different lipid samples was PO (Palm oil) > RO (Rapeseed oil) > LINO (Linseed oil) > SO (Sunflower oil) > LO (Lard oil), and the first-order kinetics apparent rate constant was PO > SO ≈ RO > LO ≈ LINO, this may probably be ascribed to their specific lipid fatty acid composition and TAG structure. The individual FFA released during 240 min in-vitro digestion time was measured, and it showed that the release rate of short-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g. C16:0 in PO) were higher than the long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. C18:3n-3 in LINO). Besides, the position of fatty acids within TAG molecules could also impose influences on the lipid hydrolysis process upon pancreas lipase in gastrointestinal tract using in-vitro digestion model. The postprandial serum fatty acid composition of the adult SD male rats were examined within 240 min after oral gavage administration, and the Pearson correlations between lipid fatty acid composition and the serum fatty acid profiles were analyzed. Certain correlations were summarized between lipid compositions (i.e. fatty acid composition and TAG structure), lipid digestion fates and serum fatty acid content in postprandial. The present work may provide some basic understandings of the connections among lipid compositions, lipid gastrointestinal digestion differences and the postprandial serum lipid profiles, and provide useful information about their nutritional and functional evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Oilomics provide great efficient, sensitive, and comprehensive analytical methods. • Oilomics applied in oil nutrition, processing, quality, and safety are described. • Future challenges and trends in oilomics are discussed. Oil is one of three nutritious elements. The application of omics techniques in the field of oil science and technology is attracted increasing attention. Oilomics, which emerged as an important branch of foodomics, has been widely used in various aspects of oil science and technology. However, there are currently no articles systematically reviewing the application of oilomics. This paper aims to provide a critical overview of the advantages and value of oilomics technology compared to traditional techniques in various aspects of oil science and technology, including oil nutrition, oil processing, oil quality, safety, and traceability. Moreover, this article intends to review major issues in oilomics and give a comprehensive, critical overview of the current state of the art, future challenges and trends in oilomics, with a view to promoting the optimal application and development of oilomics technology in oil science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astaxanthin (AST) has outstanding antioxidant and anti-inflammation bioactivities, but the low biocompatibility and stability limit its application in foods. In this study, N-succinyl-chitosan (NSC)-coated AST polyethylene glycol (PEG)-liposomes were constructed to enhance the biocompatibility, stability, and intestinal-targeted migration of AST. The AST NSC/PEG-liposomes were uniform in size, had larger particles, greater encapsulation efficiency, and better storage, pH, and temperature stability than the AST PEG-liposomes. AST NSC/PEG-liposomes exerted stronger antibacterial and antioxidant activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus than AST PEG-liposomes. The NSC coating not only protects AST PEG-liposomes from gastric acid but also prolongs the retention and sustained release of AST NSC/PEG-liposomes depending on the intestinal pH. Moreover, caco-2 cellular uptake studies showed that AST NSC/PEG-liposomes had higher cellular uptake efficiency than AST PEG-liposomes. And AST NSC/PEG-liposomes were taken up by caco-2 cells through clathrin mediated endocytic, macrophage pathways and paracellular transport pathway. These results further proved that AST NSC/PEG-liposomes delayed the release and promoted the intestinal absorption of AST. Hence, AST PEG-liposomes coated with NSC could potentially be used as an efficient delivery system for therapeutic AST. • A novel delivery system of AST NSC/PEG-liposomes was found to possess greater environmental stability, antioxidant and antibacterial capacity compared to AST PEG-liposomes. • By using vitro digestion combined with Caco-2 cell absorption model, AST NSC/PEG-liposomes was found to be better absorbed by the intestine [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid metabolism in macrophages plays a key role in atherosclerosis development. Excessive low-density lipoprotein taken by macrophages leads to foam cell formation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of astaxanthin on foam cells, and using mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches to identified the protein expression changes of foam cells. The foam cell model was build, then treated with astaxanthin, and tested the content of TC and FC. And proteomics analysis was used in macrophage, macrophage-derived foam cells and macrophage-derived foam cells treated with AST. Then bioinformatic analyses were performed to annotate the functions and associated pathways of the differential proteins. Finally, western blot analysis further confirmed the differential expression of these proteins. Total cholesterol (TC) while free cholesterol (FC) increased in foam cells treated with astaxanthin. The proteomics data set presents a global view of the critical pathways involved in lipid metabolism included PI3K/CDC42 and PI3K/RAC1/TGF-β1 pathways. These pathways significantly increased cholesterol efflux from foam cells and further improved foam cell-induced inflammation. Significance: The present finding provide new insights into the mechanism of astaxanthin regulate lipid metabolism in macrophage foam cells. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemp protein is an important dietary source rich in cannabinoid (CBD) and comprehensive amino acids, but its application in food is limited due to its poor emulsibility and solubility. In this study, hemp seed proteins were used to produce hemp protein nanoparticles (HPNs) by anti-solvent precipitation for the first time using formic acid as solvent. During anti-solvent precipitation, the supersaturation can control the number and size of the nanoparticles produced. Three important factors, including the solvent-antisolvent ratio, the dropping rate and the stirring rate were used to adjust the supersaturation. At moderate supersaturation, such as 1:10 (v/v) solvent-antisolvent ratio, a dropping rate of 15 mL min−1 or a stirring rate of 1000 rpm, HPNs exhibited smaller particle size (∼130 nm), greater ζ-potential (∼50 mV) and stronger wettability to water compared to HPNs prepared under high or low supersaturation. HPNs prepared under moderate supersaturation exhibited more random coil (24.83%) and β-sheet (61.75%), exposing more hydrophobic amino acid residues. All O/W Pickering emulsions were able to remain stable during 3 weeks storage at 20 °C. In the presence of HPNs prepared under moderate supersaturation, the emulsions exhibited larger droplet size than HPNs prepared under low or high supersaturation, increasing from ∼300 nm to ∼450 nm. Because many HPNs were separated from the interface, Pickering emulsions prepared with these HPNs exhibited higher apparent viscosity than HPNs prepared under low or high supersaturation. This research will expand the way of hemp proteins utilization, and also broaden the preparation method and regulation means of protein-based Pickering emulsions. [Display omitted] • Formic acid helped hemp protein to form nanoparticles by anti-solvent precipitation. • Pickering emulsion was formed and tuned by hemp protein nanoparticles (HPNs). • Smaller HPNs with greater ζ-potential was prepared by optimizing supersaturation. • Anti-solvent conditions affected the structure of hemp proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]