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The linear Boltzmann equation for the transport of neutral particles is investigated with the objective of generating benchmark-quality calculations for homogeneous infinite and semi-infinite media. In all cases, the problems are stationary, of one energy group, and the scattering is isotropic. In the transport problems considered, the scalar flux is generally the quantity of interest. The scalar flux will have one-, two-, or three-dimensional variation, based on the nature of the medium and source. The solutions are obtained through the use of Fourier and Laplace transform methods. For the multi-dimensional problems, the transformed transport equation is formulated in a form that can be related to a one-dimensional pseudo problem, thus providing some analytical leverage for the inversions. The numerical inversions use standard numerical techniques such as Gauss-Legendre quadrature, summation of infinite series, and Euler-Knopp acceleration. Consideration of the suite of benchmarks in infinite homogeneous media begins with the standard one-dimensional problems: an isotropic point source, an isotropic planar source, and an isotropic infinite line source. The physical and mathematical relationships between these source configurations is investigated. The progression of complexity then leads to multi-dimensional problems with sources which also emit particles isotropically: the finite line source, the disk source, and the rectangular source. It is noted that a finite isotropic disk will have a two-dimensional variation in the scalar flux and a finite rectangular source will have a three-dimensional variation in the scalar flux. Next, sources which emit particles anisotropically are considered. The most basic such source is the point-beam, or Green's function source. The Green's function source holds an interesting place in the suite of infinite medium benchmarks as it is the most fundamental of sources yet may be constructed from the isotropic point source solution. Fi

A parallel plate dielectric viscometer is provided for measuring the viscosity of a substance having differing substance dielectric properties at differing substance viscosities. Two electrodes are disposed in opposition to each other forming a variable dielectric cell having a dielectric distance between the electrodes. The viscosity of the substance is varied and force is applied to the substance to vary the dielectric distance according to the varying viscosity. The rate of change of the dielectric distance with respect to time is used to determine the viscosity of the substance. The viscosity may be varied by heating the substance and force may be applied to the substance by way of one of the electrodes such that the dielectric distance between the electrodes decreases as the substance becomes more viscous. A fixed cell may also be provided in order to correct for the effects of chemical changes in the substance., Supersedes PAT-APPL-902 138-92.

FISH & WILDLIFE REFERENCE LIBRARY FISH by Robert N. Iwamoto and John G. Williams August 1993 JUVENILE SALMONID PASSAGE AND SURVIVAL THROUGH TURBINES by Robert N. Iwamoto and John G. Williams Report of Research Funded by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Portland District Project E86920049 and Coastal Zone and Estuarine Studies Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service 2725 Montlake Boulevard E. Seattle, WA 98112-2097 August 1993 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Causes of Injury and Mortality Methods for Estimating Survival Turbine Survival Studies at Columbia and Snake River Dams . CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK Marking Techniques . Biological Considerations Other Considerations CONCLUSIONS .. RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES 7 Page 1 2 2 5 7 13 13 17 18 19 20 24 INTRODUCTION Hydroelectric dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers have substantially affected downstream-migrating juvenile salmonids. Raymond (1988) and Williams (1989) summarized the effects of dams in delaying migration and causing direct mortalities from atmospheric gas supersaturation and passage through turbines. Bell (1981) estimated turbine passage mortalities of 8 to 19% for juvenile salmonid populations based on research conducted primarily in the 1950s and 1960s. As a result of expected cumulative mortalities to juvenile migrants passing through turbines, considerable research has been directed toward developing structures to guide fish away from turbines into juvenile collection or bypass systems at all Columbia and Snake River dams. However, the effects on fish survival of changed hydraulic conditions resulting from installation of these guidance devices in turbine intakes have not been studied. Moreover, past turbine survival tests have sometimes lacked standardization and replication of test conditions and were performed under operational and pool conditions that differ from the present. Therefore, using turbine survival estimates derived from past data and applying th

FISH& WILOUPE REFERENCE LIBRARY Continued Studies to Evaluate the Juvenile Bypass Systems at Bonneville Darn- 1989 by Michael H. Gessel Dean A. Brege, Bruce H. Monk and John G. Williams April 1990 CONTINUED STUDIES TO EVALUATE THE JUVENILE BYPASS SYSTEMS AT BONNEVILLE DAM - 1989 by Michael H. Gessel Dean A. Brege Bruce H. Monk and John G. Williams Annual Report of Research Funded by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Portland District E8689095 and Coastal Zone and Estuarine Studies Division Northwest Fisheries Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2725 Montlake Boulevard East Seattle, Washington 98112 April 1990 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1 OBJECTIVE 1 - EVALUATION OF MODIFICATIONS TO IMPROVE FISH GUIDANCE EFFICIENCY AT BONNEVILLE II ....... 2 Approach .............................................. 2 Results and Discussion ................................. 7 Yearling Chinook Salmon ............................... 7 Subyearling Chinook Salmon ............................. 10 OBJECTIVE 2 - FISH GUIDANCE EFFICIENCY AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION TESTS AT BONNEVILLE I ..... 11 Approach .............................................. 11 Results and Discussion .................................... 11 Yearling Chinook Salmon ............................... 11 Subyearling Chinook Salmon ............................. 12 Coho Salmon and Steelhead .............................. 15 CONCLUSIONS ............................................. 17 Bonneville II ........................................... 17 Bonneville I ............................................ 17 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................ 18 Bonneville 11 ........................................... 18 Bonneville I ............................................ 18 LITERATURE CITED ......................................... 19 APPENDIX ................................................ 21 INTRODUCTION Research at Bonneville Dam Second Powerhouse (Bonneville 11) b