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In response to increasing information arising from the scientific community, the news media reported that pharmaceuticals have been detected in the drinking water of 24 major metropolitan areas across the United States. These reports raised concerns about the potential impact of these pharmaceuticals on human health and the environment. Pharmaceuticals are a particular concern because they are designed to interact with human or animal physiology. Much is known about the therapeutic uses of pharmaceuticals, but little is known about their potential risk to human health from long-term exposure through drinking water. This book examines the research reported in the detection of pharmaceuticals in the U.S. water supply.

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Water Pollution Chapter 2 - Non-point Source Pollution Chapter 3 - Cruise Ship Pollution Chapter 4 - Marine Debris Chapter 5 - Marine Pollution Chapter 6 - Ship Pollution Chapter 7 - Wastewater Chapter 8 - Surface Runoff Chapter 9 - Stormwater Chapter 10 - Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater Chapter 11 - Industrial Wastewater Treatment Chapter 12 - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment

Introduction Chapter 1 - Mariner 9 Chapter 2 - Viking Program Chapter 3 - Mars Global Surveyor Chapter 4 - Mars Pathfinder Chapter 5 - Mars Odyssey Chapter 6 - Phoenix Chapter 7 - Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Chapter 8 - Columnar Jointing Chapter 9 - Evidence of Frozen Water

During the last few decades anthropogenic activities in the industrially advanced countries have outcompeted nature in changing the global environment. This is best illustrated for example by the polluted lakes in Scandinavia and Canada, associated with acid deposition from fossil fuel combustion. One of the major challenges mankind is confronted with in the field of energy consumption is undoubtedly to ensure sustainability - a goal that requires improved management of natural resources and a substantial reduction of the noxious emissions which are dangerous to health and the environment. The threat of global climate change due to pollutant emissions causes se­ rious concern to many nations, and reaching an international consensus is likely to take some time. Carbon dioxide emissions have slowed only marginally in industrialized countries during the last few years, but have increased significantly in most developing countries due to increases in energy demand and the increasing use of fossil fuels, which remain the most readily available energy sources today. Unfortunately, far from learning lessons from the negative experiences of developed countries, many developing countries are taking the same path to development which has turned out to result in serious environmental consequences.

Pesticides in ground, surface and drinking water are a hot topic under continuing discussion. This complete and authoritative volume draws together information on all key issues on the fate and behaviour of pesticides in water systems. The scope of the practice-oriented contributions and the eminence of contributing authors make it an important source for researchers and practitioners in the plant protection and crop science field.

This new book presents and discusses current research in the study of water supply systems, with a particular focus on the demand, distribution and contaminants found in natural water. Topics discussed include groundwater contamination and challenges in meeting increasing water demand; bottle water export potential; disinfection by-products in rural water supply systems; wastewater discharge; water pollution; nutrient mineral deficiency in drinking water and the distribution of trace metal pollutants in surface water systems.

With the continuing increase in population, more people are sharing the finite resources of the urban watershed, resulting in new and increasingly complex interactions between humans and the environment. Environmental contamination is a chronic problem-and an expensive one. In urban areas, water and soil contamination poses a threat to public healt

Management and restoration of river ecosystems are based on an understanding of the relations between physical, chemical and biological processes at varying time scales. This new book examines river ecology, disturbances of the ecology and restoration strategies. Topics discussed include the social side of river management; historical change and management of the floodplain forests of the Middle Elbe River; pollution, water quality, toxic contamination and fish health of the Volga River and the relationship between river management and economic growth in urban regions.

This report contains a variety of case studies on urban TMDLs that demonstrate acceptable modeling, acceptable pollutant allocations, and in some cases, acceptable implementation plans.

Carefully crafted to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemistry of water in the environment, Water Chemistry: Green Science and Technology of Nature's Most Renewable Resource examines water issues within the broad framework of sustainability, an issue of increasing importance as the demands of Earth's human population threaten to overwhelm t

Time-variable exposure profiles of pesticides are more often the rule than exception in the surface waters of agricultural landscapes. There is, therefore, a need to adequately address the uncertainties arising from time-variable exposure profiles in the aquatic risk assessment procedure for pesticides. Linking Aquatic Exposure and Effects: Risk As

Available as an eBook only. Microbiological Contaminants in Treated Wastewater Demand for high quality drinking and recreational waters rises exponentially due to global demographic growth in the human population, reinforcing an urgent need for microbiologically safe reclaimed waters (Graczyk and Lucy, 2007). Wastewater discharges are worldwide risk factors for the introduction of human pathogens into surface waters used as drinking and recreational resources. Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, and human-virulent microsporidia, (i.e., Encephalitozoon intestinalis, E. hellem, E. cuniculi, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi) are waterborne enteropathogens inflicting considerable morbidity in healthy people and mortality (e.g., Cryptosporidium and microspora) in immunodeficient individuals (Savioli, et al., 2006; Weber and Bryan, 1994). Their transmissive stages, i.e., oocysts, cysts, and spores, respectively, are resistant to environmental stressors and are therefore long-lasting and relatively ubiquitous in the environment (Graczyk, et al., 1997; Matchis, et al., 2005; Wolfe,1992). These pathogens are category B biodefense agents on the NIH list. Microsporidian spores are on Contaminant Candidate List of the U.S. EPA (Nwachcuku and Gerba, 2004) because spore identification, removal, and inactivation in drinking water are technologically challenging. Surface water is not routinely monitored for these pathogens, despite evidence demonstrating environmental contamination derived from wastewater discharges (Graczyk and Lucy, 2007). Environmentally, all these pathogens have a broad zoonotic reservoir (Graczyk et al., 1997; Matchis et al., 2005; Savioli, et al., 2006). Constructed wetlands of either vertical or horizontal flow are increasingly used worldwide for secondary or tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater due to minimum electric requirements and low maintenance costs (Davidson et al., 2005; Reinoso et al., 2008). The wetland concept has become an attractive wastewater treatment alternative to conventional tertiary treatment processes for: a) municipal wastewater; b) on-site domestic wastewater treatment; and c) concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO) (Karpiscak et al., 2001). In wetlands, human-pathogenic microorganisms are physically removed and biodegraded by sedimentation (Dai and Boll, 2006; Karim et al., 2004), filtration and evapotranspiration-driven attachment to plant roots (Gerba et al., 1999; Dorsch and Veal, 2001; Weaver et al., 2003), natural die-off (Nokes et al., 2003), UV radiation, straining and sorption by the biofilm (Quinonez-Diaz et al., 2001), and protozoan predation (Stott et al., 2001). It is thought that performance of wetlands in removing human pathogens is superior to that of secondary wastewater treatment, i.e., conventional sewage sludge activation (Ulrich et al., 2005). Horizontal wetlands usually discharge to surface waters that are frequently used for recreation or drinking water production (Davidson et al., 2005). In general, wastewater can be injected under the wetland surface for plug flow hydraulics (Weaver et al., 2003), or be delivered to the wetland surface for free-surface flow. Because the wastewater resides in wetlands for certain time, these areas can act as endemic sites supporting both propagation and transmission of human zoonotic pathogens (Graczyk et al., 2007). Sizing reed-bed systems for a residence time of 5 days has become a standard practice (Davidson et al., 2005; Quinonez-Diaz et al., 2001; Thurston et al., 2001), leaving plenty of time for propagation and spreading of wastewater-derived pathogens in wetland habitats via a wide variety of wildlife (Graczyk and Lucy, 2007; Graczyk et al., 2007). In addition, any temporal or permanent malfunctioning caused by clogged inlet pipes can cause hydraulic shor

Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to drinking water, safety of human contact, and for health of ecosystems. The vast majority of surface water on the planet is neither potable nor toxic. This remains true even if sea water in the oceans (which is too salty to drink) isn't counted. Another general perception of water quality is that of a simple property that tells whether water is polluted or not. In fact, water quality is a very complex subject, in part because water is a complex medium intrinsically tied to the ecology of the Earth. Industrial pollution is a major cause of water pollution, as well as runoff from agricultural areas, urban stormwater runoff and discharge of treated and untreated sewage (especially in developing countries). This new book gathers the latest research from around the globe in this field.

Gain a better understanding of how these fascinating microorganisms can help ensure a safe food supply. Serves as a resource for food microbiologists, food industry professionals, government regulators.

Description based on print version record.

Rapid Chemical and Biological Techniques for Water Monitoring presents in one volume the broad spectrum of monitoring tools, both available and under development, and provides an assessment of their potential for underpinning environmental management and legislation. The book explores screening methods in the context of water policies; chemical methods; biological methods; potential use of screening methods; quality assurance and validation methods; integration of screening methods in water monitoring strategies. The text provides a timely source of information for post-graduates, researchers, and professionals involved in water management at all levels.

The purpose of this User's Guide is to provide guidance on modeling watershed-scale problems associated with decentralized wastewater-treatment systems (DWTS), with a particular focus on onsite wastewater systems (OWS). The guide focuses on modeling transport and fate of the nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) because these are the most common OWS constituents of concern, and because these pollutants are regulated in surface waters (N and P) and in ground water (N). However, limited but useful information is also provided regarding the modeling of organic wastewater contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and other household products. It provides some general information on modeling bacterial pollutants. The guide can be used by decision makers to determine whether relatively simple screening models (presented in Appendix A) are sufficient for use in the decision-making process, or if sophisticated models (presented in Appendix B) are more appropriate. The document provides guidance about the type of model that should be used for particular scenarios, and the data requirements for model implementation. The guide is also useful to modeling experts by providing guidance on important issues such as conceptual-model development, mathematical-model selection, modelsensitivity analyses, model uniqueness, and calibration. Finally, the guide provides some real-world and hypothetical case studies that can demonstrate the usefulness of using watershed-scale models, and provide templates for certain common scenarios relevant to the decentralized wastewater treatment community.