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201. Clinicians’ Impact on the Quality of Substance Use Disorder Treatment

Author: Najavits, Lisa M., Crits-Christoph, Paul, Dierberger, Amy, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Ames, Genevieve M., editor, Anton, Raymond F., editor, Baraona, Enrique, editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chandler, L. Judson, editor, Cook, Robert T., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Phillipe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Dudek, Bruce D., editor, Edenberg, Howard J., editor, Eriksson, C.J. Peter, editor, Gonzales, Rueben A., editor, Goodlett, Charles R., editor, Gruol, Donna, editor, Hoek, Jan B., editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Holder, Harold D., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Mason, Barbara J., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Mezey, Esteban, editor, Miles, Michael F., editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Riley, Edward P., editor, Russell, Marcia, editor, Saltz, Robert F., editor, Saunders, John B., editor, Schenker, Steven, editor, Sullivan, Edith V., editor, Vogel-Sprott, Muriel, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, Galanter, Marc, editor, Begleiter, Henri, editor, Deitrich, Richard, editor, Gallant, Donald, editor, Gottheil, Edward, editor, Paredes, Alfonso, editor, Rothschild, Marcus, editor, Van Theil, David, editor, Lagressa, Dolly, editor, Allen, John P., editor, Fuller, Richard, editor, Litten, Raye, editor, Eckardt, Michael, editor, Mcaul, Mary, editor, and Monti, Peter, editor
Published: 2002
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202. Natural Resolution of Alcohol-Related Problems

Author: Tucker, Jalie A., Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Ames, Genevieve M., editor, Anton, Raymond F., editor, Baraona, Enrique, editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chandler, L. Judson, editor, Cook, Robert T., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Phillipe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Dudek, Bruce D., editor, Edenberg, Howard J., editor, Eriksson, C.J. Peter, editor, Gonzales, Rueben A., editor, Goodlett, Charles R., editor, Gruol, Donna, editor, Hoek, Jan B., editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Holder, Harold D., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Mason, Barbara J., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Mezey, Esteban, editor, Miles, Michael F., editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Riley, Edward P., editor, Russell, Marcia, editor, Saltz, Robert F., editor, Saunders, John B., editor, Schenker, Steven, editor, Sullivan, Edith V., editor, Vogel-Sprott, Muriel, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, Galanter, Marc, editor, Begleiter, Henri, editor, Deitrich, Richard, editor, Gallant, Donald, editor, Gottheil, Edward, editor, Paredes, Alfonso, editor, Rothschild, Marcus, editor, Van Theil, David, editor, Lagressa, Dolly, editor, Allen, John P., editor, Fuller, Richard, editor, Litten, Raye, editor, Eckardt, Michael, editor, Mcaul, Mary, editor, and Monti, Peter, editor
Published: 2002
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203. Assessment of Alcoholic Patients Advances and Future Challenges

Author: Allen, John P., Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Ames, Genevieve M., editor, Anton, Raymond F., editor, Baraona, Enrique, editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chandler, L. Judson, editor, Cook, Robert T., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Phillipe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Dudek, Bruce D., editor, Edenberg, Howard J., editor, Eriksson, C.J. Peter, editor, Gonzales, Rueben A., editor, Goodlett, Charles R., editor, Gruol, Donna, editor, Hoek, Jan B., editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Holder, Harold D., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Mason, Barbara J., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Mezey, Esteban, editor, Miles, Michael F., editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Riley, Edward P., editor, Russell, Marcia, editor, Saltz, Robert F., editor, Saunders, John B., editor, Schenker, Steven, editor, Sullivan, Edith V., editor, Vogel-Sprott, Muriel, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, Galanter, Marc, editor, Begleiter, Henri, editor, Deitrich, Richard, editor, Gallant, Donald, editor, Gottheil, Edward, editor, Paredes, Alfonso, editor, Rothschild, Marcus, editor, Van Theil, David, editor, Lagressa, Dolly, editor, Allen, John P., editor, Fuller, Richard, editor, Litten, Raye, editor, Eckardt, Michael, editor, Mcaul, Mary, editor, and Monti, Peter, editor
Published: 2002
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204. Biomarkers as Aids to Identification of Relapse in Alcoholic Patients

Author: Allen, John P., Anton, Raymond, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Ames, Genevieve M., editor, Anton, Raymond F., editor, Baraona, Enrique, editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chandler, L. Judson, editor, Cook, Robert T., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Phillipe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Dudek, Bruce D., editor, Edenberg, Howard J., editor, Eriksson, C.J. Peter, editor, Gonzales, Rueben A., editor, Goodlett, Charles R., editor, Gruol, Donna, editor, Hoek, Jan B., editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Holder, Harold D., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Mason, Barbara J., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Mezey, Esteban, editor, Miles, Michael F., editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Riley, Edward P., editor, Russell, Marcia, editor, Saltz, Robert F., editor, Saunders, John B., editor, Schenker, Steven, editor, Sullivan, Edith V., editor, Vogel-Sprott, Muriel, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, Galanter, Marc, editor, Begleiter, Henri, editor, Deitrich, Richard, editor, Gallant, Donald, editor, Gottheil, Edward, editor, Paredes, Alfonso, editor, Rothschild, Marcus, editor, Van Theil, David, editor, Lagressa, Dolly, editor, Allen, John P., editor, Fuller, Richard, editor, Litten, Raye, editor, Eckardt, Michael, editor, Mcaul, Mary, editor, and Monti, Peter, editor
Published: 2002
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205. Research on Alcoholism Treatment

Author: Gordis, Enoch, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Ames, Genevieve M., editor, Anton, Raymond F., editor, Baraona, Enrique, editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chandler, L. Judson, editor, Cook, Robert T., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Phillipe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Dudek, Bruce D., editor, Edenberg, Howard J., editor, Eriksson, C.J. Peter, editor, Gonzales, Rueben A., editor, Goodlett, Charles R., editor, Gruol, Donna, editor, Hoek, Jan B., editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Holder, Harold D., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Mason, Barbara J., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Mezey, Esteban, editor, Miles, Michael F., editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Riley, Edward P., editor, Russell, Marcia, editor, Saltz, Robert F., editor, Saunders, John B., editor, Schenker, Steven, editor, Sullivan, Edith V., editor, Vogel-Sprott, Muriel, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, Galanter, Marc, editor, Begleiter, Henri, editor, Deitrich, Richard, editor, Gallant, Donald, editor, Gottheil, Edward, editor, Paredes, Alfonso, editor, Rothschild, Marcus, editor, Van Theil, David, editor, Lagressa, Dolly, editor, Allen, John P., editor, Fuller, Richard, editor, Litten, Raye, editor, Eckardt, Michael, editor, Mcaul, Mary, editor, and Monti, Peter, editor
Published: 2002
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206. Cocaine Metabolism in Humans after Use of Alcohol Clinical and Research Implications

Author: Cami, Jordi, Farré, Magi, González, Maria Luisa, Segura, Jordi, de la Torre, Rafael, Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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207. Problems Associated with Hazardous and Harmful Alcohol Consumption in Mexico

Author: Campillo, Carlos, Romero, Martha, Saldivar, Gabriela, Ramos, Luciana, Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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208. Interrelationship between Alcohol Intake, Hepatitis C, Liver Cirrhosis, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Author: Yoshihara, Harumasa, Noda, Katsuhisa, Kamada, Takenobu, Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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209. Experience with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in Mexico

Author: Medina-Mora, Elena, Carreño, Silvia, De la Fuente, Juan Ramon, Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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210. Sanctification of 'the Accursed' Drinking Habits of the French Existentialists in the 1940s (A Case Study)

Author: Arppe, Tiina, Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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211. Overview Alfonso Paredes

Author: Paredes, Alfonso, Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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212. Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

Author: Harwood, Henrick J., Fountain, Douglas, Livermore, Gina, Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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213. The Cost Offsets of Alcoholism Treatment

Author: Holder, Harold D., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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214. The Effects of Price on the Consequences of Alcohol Use and Abuse

Author: Chaloupka, Frank J., Grossman, Michael, Saffer, Henry, Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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215. Drinking, Problem Drinking, and Productivity

Author: Mullahy, John, Sindelar, Jody L., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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216. Overview

Author: Gottheil, Edward, Gottheil, Ellen F., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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217. A Review of the Effects of Moderate Alcohol Intake on Psychiatric and Sleep Disorders

Author: Castaneda, Ricardo, Sussman, Norman, Levy, Robert, O’Malley, Mary, Westreich, Laurence, Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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218. Complications of Severe Mental Illness Related to Alcohol and Drug Use Disorders

Author: Drake, Robert E., Brunette, Mary F., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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219. Mechanisms of Alcohol Craving and Their Clinical Implications

Author: Singleton, Edward G., Gorelick, David A., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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220. Executive Cognitive Functioning in Alcohol Use Disorders

Author: Giancola, Peter R., Moss, Howard B., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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221. Brain Imaging Functional Consequences of Ethanol in the Central Nervous System

Author: Lyons, David, Whitlow, Christopher T., Smith, Hilary R., Porrino, Linda J., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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222. Alcohol and Lipids

Author: Baraona, Enrique, Lieber, Charles S., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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223. Alcohol and Cancer

Author: Seitz, Helmut K., Pöschl, Gudrun, Simanowski, Ulrich A., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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224. Cardiovascular Effects of Alcohol

Author: Friedman, Howard S., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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225. Alcohol and the Pancreas

Author: Sehenker, Steven, Montalvo, Ruth, Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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226. Metabolism of Ethanol and Some Associated Adverse Effects on the Liver and the Stomach

Author: Lieber, Charles S., Leo, Maria A., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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227. Overview

Author: Lieber, Charles S., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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228. Overview

Author: Eckardt, Michael J., Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Ames, Genevieve M., editor, Anton, Raymond F., editor, Baraona, Enrique, editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chandler, L. Judson, editor, Cook, Robert T., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Phillipe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Dudek, Bruce D., editor, Edenberg, Howard J., editor, Eriksson, C.J. Peter, editor, Gonzales, Rueben A., editor, Goodlett, Charles R., editor, Gruol, Donna, editor, Hoek, Jan B., editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Holder, Harold D., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Mason, Barbara J., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Mezey, Esteban, editor, Miles, Michael F., editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Riley, Edward P., editor, Russell, Marcia, editor, Saltz, Robert F., editor, Saunders, John B., editor, Schenker, Steven, editor, Sullivan, Edith V., editor, Vogel-Sprott, Muriel, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, Galanter, Marc, editor, Begleiter, Henri, editor, Deitrich, Richard, editor, Gallant, Donald, editor, Gottheil, Edward, editor, Paredes, Alfonso, editor, Rothschild, Marcus, editor, Van Theil, David, editor, Lagressa, Dolly, editor, Allen, John P., editor, Fuller, Richard, editor, Litten, Raye, editor, Eckardt, Michael, editor, Mcaul, Mary, editor, and Monti, Peter, editor
Published: 2002
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229. Overview

Author: Litten, Raye Z., Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Ames, Genevieve M., editor, Anton, Raymond F., editor, Baraona, Enrique, editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chandler, L. Judson, editor, Cook, Robert T., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Phillipe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Dudek, Bruce D., editor, Edenberg, Howard J., editor, Eriksson, C.J. Peter, editor, Gonzales, Rueben A., editor, Goodlett, Charles R., editor, Gruol, Donna, editor, Hoek, Jan B., editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Holder, Harold D., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Mason, Barbara J., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Mezey, Esteban, editor, Miles, Michael F., editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Riley, Edward P., editor, Russell, Marcia, editor, Saltz, Robert F., editor, Saunders, John B., editor, Schenker, Steven, editor, Sullivan, Edith V., editor, Vogel-Sprott, Muriel, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, Galanter, Marc, editor, Begleiter, Henri, editor, Deitrich, Richard, editor, Gallant, Donald, editor, Gottheil, Edward, editor, Paredes, Alfonso, editor, Rothschild, Marcus, editor, Van Theil, David, editor, Lagressa, Dolly, editor, Allen, John P., editor, Fuller, Richard, editor, Litten, Raye, editor, Eckardt, Michael, editor, Mcaul, Mary, editor, and Monti, Peter, editor
Published: 2002
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230. Overview

Author: Allen, John P., Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Ames, Genevieve M., editor, Anton, Raymond F., editor, Baraona, Enrique, editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chandler, L. Judson, editor, Cook, Robert T., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Phillipe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Dudek, Bruce D., editor, Edenberg, Howard J., editor, Eriksson, C.J. Peter, editor, Gonzales, Rueben A., editor, Goodlett, Charles R., editor, Gruol, Donna, editor, Hoek, Jan B., editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Holder, Harold D., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Mason, Barbara J., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Mezey, Esteban, editor, Miles, Michael F., editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Riley, Edward P., editor, Russell, Marcia, editor, Saltz, Robert F., editor, Saunders, John B., editor, Schenker, Steven, editor, Sullivan, Edith V., editor, Vogel-Sprott, Muriel, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, Galanter, Marc, editor, Begleiter, Henri, editor, Deitrich, Richard, editor, Gallant, Donald, editor, Gottheil, Edward, editor, Paredes, Alfonso, editor, Rothschild, Marcus, editor, Van Theil, David, editor, Lagressa, Dolly, editor, Allen, John P., editor, Fuller, Richard, editor, Litten, Raye, editor, Eckardt, Michael, editor, Mcaul, Mary, editor, and Monti, Peter, editor
Published: 2002
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231. Endoscopic Versus Microscopic Transsphenoidal Approach for Pituitary Adenomas: Comparison of Outcomes During the Transition of Methods of a Single Surgeon.

Author: Eseonu, Chikezie I., ReFaey, Karim, Rincon-Torroella, Jordina, Garcia, Oscar, Wand, Gary S., Salvatori, Roberto, and Quinones-Hinojosa, Alfredo
Subjects: *BRAIN surgery, *ENDOSCOPIC surgery, *DEMOGRAPHY, *POSTOPERATIVE period, *BRAIN physiology
Abstract: Objective The transition from microscopic to fully endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery requires a surgeon to assess how the change in technique will affect the extent of tumor resection (EOR), outcomes, and complications. We compared a single surgeon's experience transitioning from one technique to the other and examined the operative outcomes and EOR between microscopic versus endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. Methods Retrospective data analysis of adult patients who were treated surgically for a pituitary adenoma between August 2005 and May 2015 by a single neurosurgeon, who was originally trained and practiced in the microscopic transsphenoidal approach. Patient demographics, perioperative conditions, tumor characteristics, operative times, volumetric EOR, postoperative outcome, and the endoscopic learning curve were evaluated. Results One hundred and nine patients underwent microscopic transsphenoidal surgery and 275 patients underwent a fully endoscopic approach. The patient characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. Operative room time was significantly shorter in the endoscopic group than in the microscopic group (180.2 vs. 215.6 minutes; P < 0.001). The endoscopic and microscopic groups had similar volumetric EOR (85.1% vs. 82.8%; P = 0.371) as well as residual tumor volume (1.06 cm 3 vs. 1.15 cm 3 ; P = 0.765). The mean length of hospital stay was 2.4 days in the endoscopic group and 3.2 days in the microscopic group ( P = 0.03). Conclusions During the transition from the microscopic to the endoscopic approach, similar surgical outcomes and EOR were achieved in the 2 cohorts. In our experience, the endoscopic approach offers the advantage of shorter operative times and lengths of hospital stays after the surgeon has developed more experience with the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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232. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to acute psychosocial stress: Effects of biological sex and circulating sex hormones.

Author: Stephens, Mary Ann C., Mahon, Pamela B., McCaul, Mary E., and Wand, Gary S.
Subjects: *HYPOTHALAMIC-pituitary-adrenal axis, *PSYCHOSOCIAL factors, *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress, *SEX hormones, *MENTAL illness risk factors, *DISEASE prevalence, *GENDER differences (Psychology)
Abstract: Dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis influences the risk for developing stress-related disorders. Sex-dependent differences in the HPA axis stress response are believed to contribute to the different prevalence rates of stress-related disorders found in men and women. However, studies examining the HPA axis stress response have shown mixed support for sex differences, and the role of endogenous sex hormones on HPA axis response has not been adequately examined in humans. This study utilized the largest sample size to date to analyze the effects of biological sex and sex hormones on HPA axis social stress responses. Healthy, 18- to 30- year-old community volunteers ( N = 282) completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a widely used and well-validated stress-induction laboratory procedure. All women ( n = 135) were tested during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle (when progesterone levels are most similar to men). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol measures were collected at multiple points throughout pre- and post-TSST. Testosterone and progesterone (in men) and progesterone and estradiol (in women) were determined pre-TSST. Following the TSST, men had greater ACTH and cortisol levels than women. Men had steeper baseline-to-peak and peak-to-end ACTH and cortisol response slopes than women; there was a trend for more cortisol responders among men than women. Testosterone negatively correlated with salivary cortisol response in men, while progesterone negatively correlated with ACTH and cortisol responses in women. These data confirm that men show more robust activation of the HPA axis response to the TSST than do women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Testosterone results suggest an inhibitory effect on HPA axis reactivity in men. Progesterone results suggest an inhibitory effect on HPA axis reactivity in women. Future work is needed to explain why men mount a greater ACTH and cortisol response to the TSST than do women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2016
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233. Job Strain and the Cortisol Diurnal Cycle in MESA: Accounting for Between- and Within-Day Variability.

Author: Rudolph, Kara E., Sánchez, Brisa N., Stuart, Elizabeth A., Greenberg, Benjamin, Fujishiro, Kaori, Wand, Gary S., Shrager, Sandi, Seeman, Teresa, Diez Roux, Ana V., and Golden, Sherita H.
Subjects: *ATHEROSCLEROSIS, *CONFIDENCE intervals, *ETHNIC groups, *HYDROCORTISONE, *HYPOTHALAMIC hormones, *JOB stress, *RESEARCH funding, *DATA analysis software, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *ODDS ratio
Abstract: Evidence of the link between job strain and cortisol levels has been inconsistent. This could be due to failure to account for cortisol variability leading to underestimated standard errors. Our objective was to model the relationship between job strain and the whole cortisol curve, accounting for sources of cortisol variability. Our functional mixed model approach incorporated all available data--18 samples over 3 days--and uncertainty in estimated relationships. We used employed participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Stress I Study and data collected between 2002 and 2006. We used propensity score matching on an extensive set of variables to control for sources of confounding. We found that job strain was associated with lower salivary cortisol levels and lower total area under the curve. We found no relationship between job strain and the cortisol awakening response. Our findings differed from those of several previous studies. It is plausible that our results were unique to middle- to older aged racially, ethnically, and occupationally diverse adults and were therefore not inconsistent with previous research among younger, mostly white samples. However, it is also plausible that previous findings were influenced by residual confounding and failure to propagate uncertainty (i.e., account for the multiple sources of variability) in estimating cortisol features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2016
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234. Overview

Author: Fuller, Richard K., Galanter, Marc, editor, Beard, James D., editor, Agarwal, Dharam P., editor, Becker, Howard C., editor, Berman, Marlene O., editor, Borg, Stefan, editor, Chamess, Michael E., editor, Collins, Allan C., editor, Crabb, David W., editor, Crabbe, John, editor, Cunningham, Chistopher L., editor, Day, Nancy, editor, De Witte, Philippe A.J., editor, Diamond, Ivan, editor, Peter Erickson, C.J., editor, Gene Erwin, V., editor, Flavin, Daniel, editor, Gordon, Adrienne S., editor, Grant, Kathleen A., editor, Hesselbrock, Victor, editor, Hoffman, Paula L., editor, Ishii, Hiromasa, editor, Jerrells, Thomas R., editor, Kalant, Harold, editor, Li, Ting-Kai, editor, Messing, Robert O., editor, Lieber, Charles S., editor, Nixon, Sara Jo, editor, Nordmann, Roger, editor, Malley, Stephanie S.O, editor, Pfefferbaum, Adolf, editor, Phillips, Tamara J., editor, Saunders, John, editor, Tabakoff, Boris, editor, Tucker, Jalie A., editor, Weinberg, Joanne, editor, Wand, Gary S., editor, and West, James R., editor
Published: 1998
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235. Relationship between the cortisol awakening response and other features of the diurnal cortisol rhythm: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Author: Golden, Sherita Hill, Sánchez, Brisa N., Wu, Meihua, Champaneri, Shivam, Diez Roux, Ana V., Seeman, Teresa, and Wand, Gary S.
Subjects: *HYDROCORTISONE, *CIRCADIAN rhythms, *ATHEROSCLEROSIS, *METABOLIC disorder diagnosis, *NEUROBEHAVIORAL disorders, *SLEEP-wake cycle, *DIAGNOSIS
Abstract: Summary: Cumulative cortisol burden is known to influence neuropsychiatric and metabolic disorders. To better understand the relationship between daily cortisol exposure and measures of the diurnal circadian cortisol rhythm, we examined the cross-sectional association of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) with wake-up cortisol, bedtime cortisol, diurnal slope, and total cortisol area under the curve (AUC). Up to 18 salivary cortisol samples were collected over 3 days from 935 White, Hispanic, and Black individuals (mean age 65±9.8 years) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Outcome measures included awakening cortisol, CAR (awakening to 30min post-awakening), early decline (30min to 2h post-awakening), late decline (2h post-awakening to bedtime), and the corresponding AUCs. Total cortisol AUC was a summary measure of cumulative cortisol exposure. Higher CAR was associated with significantly lower wake-up cortisol (β =−0.56; 95% CI: −0.59 to −0.53) and a higher early decline AUC (β =0.38; 95% CI: 0.34–0.42) but was not associated with total cortisol AUC (β =0.04; 95% CI: −0.01 to 0.09), or other diurnal cortisol curve components following multivariable adjustment. Total cortisol AUC was significantly and positively associated with wake-up cortisol (β =0.36; 95% CI: 0.32–0.40), bedtime cortisol (β =0.61; 95% CI: 0.58–0.64), and other AUC measures, following multivariable adjustment. Associations were similar by sex, race/ethnicity, and age categories. We conclude that bedtime cortisol showed the strongest correlation with total cortisol AUC, suggesting it may be a marker of daily cortisol exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2013
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236. GABRA2 markers moderate the subjective effects of alcohol.

Author: Uhart, Magdalena, Weerts, Elise M., McCaul, Mary E., Guo, Xiuqing, Yan, Xiaofei, Kranzler, Henry R., Li, Ning, and Wand, Gary S.
Subjects: *INDIVIDUAL differences, *GABA receptors, *BIOMARKERS, *ALCOHOL drinking, *ALCOHOL Dependence Scale, *SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms
Abstract: ABSTRACT Individual differences in subjective responses (SRs) to alcohol are moderated by genetic variants and may be risk factors for the development of alcohol use disorders. Variation in the GABAAα2 receptor subunit gene ( GABRA2) has been associated with alcohol dependence (AD). Therefore, we examined whether individual differences in SRs, which reflect sensitivity to the effects of alcohol, are associated with variation in GABRA2. Sixty-nine healthy subjects (21-30 years) underwent a laboratory-based within-session cumulative oral alcohol dosing procedure, achieving a mean peak blood alcohol level of 100.4 mg/dl (standard error = 2.5). Subjective assessments were obtained throughout the session, including ascending and descending limbs of the alcohol curve. We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the chromosome 4 region spanning GABRA2 and analyzed the effect of genotype and haplotypes on subjective responses to alcohol. Population substructure was characterized through the use of ancestry informative markers. Individual SNP analysis demonstrated that carriers of the minor alleles for SNPs rs279858, rs279844, rs279845, rs279826, rs279828 and rs279836 had lower 'Negative' alcohol effects scores than individuals homozygous for the common allele at each SNP ( P = 0.0060, P = 0.0035, P = 0.0045, P = 0.0043, P = 0.0037 and P = 0.0061, respectively). Haplotype effects of block 1 showed concordant results with SNPs in this block ( P = 0.0492 and P = 0.0150 for haplotypes 1 and 4, respectively). The minor alleles for several of these SNPs have previously been associated with AD. Our findings provide further evidence that variation within GABRA2 is associated with attenuated negative responses to alcohol, a known risk factor for vulnerability to alcohol use disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2013
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237. Higher Levels and Blunted Diurnal Variation of Cortisol in Frail Older Women.

Author: Varadhan, Ravi, Walston, Jeremy, Cappola, Anne R., Carlson, Michelle C., Wand, Gary S., and Fried, Linda P.
Subjects: *HYDROCORTISONE, *FRAIL elderly, *OLDER women, *SALIVA, *CIRCADIAN rhythms
Abstract: Background. Frailty is an important geriatric condition with increased vulnerability to stressors (e.g., infection and injury) and for developing functional dependence and mortality. Impairments in signaling pathways, including neuroendocrine alterations, are thought to be involved in the etiology of frailty, but have not been well characterized to date. We evaluated whether higher levels and blunted diurnal variation of salivary cortisol are cross-sectionally associated with frailty burden. Methods. Two hundred fourteen community-dwelling women, 80-90 years old, from the Women's Health and Aging Study participated in this study between 2004 and 2005. Seven saliva samples were collected for cortisol measurement over a 24-hour period. Main outcomes were awakening, evening, and overall mean cortisol; diurnal amplitude; and rate of decline of cortisol level during morning hours. All cortisol concentrations were log-transformed. Frailty burden was calculated, based on a previously validated tool, as the number (0-5) of the following criteria present: weakness, exhaustion, weight loss, slowness, and inactivity. Results. Significant positive associations were found between frailty burden and evening cortisol (β= 0.11, p = .04), and between frailty burden and 24-hour mean cortisol (β = 0.07, p = .03). Increasing frailty burden was significantly associated with smaller declines in cortisol during morning hours (β = 0.04, p = .02). Frailty burden of ≥2 was associated with a smaller diurnal amplitude (β = 0.34, p = .03). Awakening cortisol was not significantly associated with frailty burden (β = 0.01, p = .8). All analyses included adjustments for several important confounders. Conclusions. Our findings provide the first epidemiological evidence that higher levels and blunted diurnal variation of cortisol may be involved in the vulnerability and clinical presentation observed in frail older women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2008
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238. Whites have a more robust hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to a psychological stressor than blacks

Author: Chong, Rachel Y., Uhart, Magdalena, McCaul, Mary E., Johnson, Elizabeth, and Wand, Gary S.
Subjects: *RESEARCH, *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress, *HYDROCORTISONE, *GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Abstract: Summary: Objective: Differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress may confer differences in susceptibility to a variety of diseases. We hypothesized that whites would differ from blacks in HPA axis response to a psychological stressor. Design: Healthy subjects aged 18–30 were recruited from Baltimore, Maryland. At initial assessment, they completed psychometric tests measuring anxiety, mood, and personality. Subjects then participated in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), which consisted of 10min of public speaking and mental arithmetic exercises. Subjective anxiety was measured immediately pre- and post-TSST. Race effects on cortisol, adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), and prolactin responses to the TSST were analyzed by GEE longitudinal analysis methods. The analysis controlled for gender, baseline hormone levels, socioeconomic factors, anxiety, mood, and dimensions of personality. Results: Ninety-eight subjects participated in the TSST. Whites had 36% greater relative mean cortisol response than blacks (95% CI: 10–67%, P=0.004). Whites had significantly higher mean ACTH compared to blacks at 25min after the start of the TSST (35%, 95% CI: 16–58% greater, P<0.001). There was no difference in prolactin response. Of note, whites and blacks did not differ in subjective anxiety response to the TSST. Conclusions: In sum, we found that whites have a more robust HPA axis response to the TSST compared with blacks, even after controlling for several socioeconomic and psychological factors. In contrast, we observed no difference in prolactin response. There were no differences in subjective response to the TSST to explain the difference in HPA axis response. Further study is indicated to explain this finding and to test whether it can be extrapolated to other forms of stress. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2008
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239. Impulsivity and chronic stress are associated with amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release

Author: Oswald, Lynn M., Wong, Dean F., Zhou, Yun, Kumar, Anil, Brasic, James, Alexander, Mohab, Ye, Weiguo, Kuwabara, Hiroto, Hilton, John, and Wand, Gary S.
Subjects: *SUBSTANCE abuse, *MEDICAL imaging systems, *AMPHETAMINES, *POSITRON emission tomography
Abstract: Abstract: A challenging question that continues to plague the field of addiction is why some individuals are more vulnerable for substance use disorders than others. Several important risk factors for substance abuse have been identified in clinical studies, including trait impulsivity and environmental stress. However, the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the relationships remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine associations among impulsivity, stress, and striatal dopamine (DA) responses to amphetamine (AMPH) in humans. Forty healthy M, F adults, ages 18–29 years, completed self-report measures of trait impulsivity, life events stress, and perceived stress. Subjects subsequently underwent two consecutive 90-min positron emission tomography (PET) studies with high specific activity [11C]raclopride. The first scan was preceded by an intravenous injection of saline; the second was preceded by 0.3 mg/kg AMPH. Findings showed that high impulsivity was associated with blunted right ventral striatal DA release. However, effects were modified by a significant interaction with life events stress. Dopamine release was greater in low vs. high impulsivity subjects under conditions of low or moderate stress. Under conditions of high stress, both groups had low DA release. Subjects with high impulsivity reported more pleasant effects with AMPH than subjects with low impulsivity. In contrast, stress was negatively associated with pleasant drug effects. No associations were observed between impulsivity or stress and cortisol responses to AMPH. The findings are consistent with notions that blunted DA responses represent an endophenotype for substance use disorders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2007
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240. Gender differences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity

Author: Uhart, Magdalena, Chong, Rachel Y., Oswald, Lynn, Lin, Ping-I, and Wand, Gary S.
Subjects: *HYDROCORTISONE, *PLACEBOS, *ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC hormone, SEX differences (Biology)
Abstract: Summary: The present study was designed to determine whether there are gender differences in hormonal response patterns to HPA axis activation. To this end, two methods of activating the HPA axis were employed: a standardized psychological stress test and a pharmacological challenge. Healthy subjects (mean age 23.4 years, SD 7.0 years) completed a naloxone challenge and/or the modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). For the naloxone challenge, two baseline blood samples were obtained. Placebo was then administered (0min), followed by increasing doses of intravenous naloxone (50, 100, 200 and 400μg/kg) at 30-min intervals. Post-placebo blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 180min. The TSST consisted of 5min of public speaking followed by 5min of mental arithmetic exercises. Three baseline and five post-TSST blood samples were drawn. Eighty subjects (53 male, 27 female) underwent the TSST. Following the psychological stressor, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol responses were significantly greater in male subjects compared to female subjects (z=−2.34, p=0.019 and z=−2.12, p=0.034, respectively). Seventy-two subjects (52 male, 20 female) underwent HPA axis activation induced by naloxone. In contrast to the TSST, cortisol responses to the naloxone challenge were significantly greater in female subjects compared to male subjects (z=4.11, p<0.001). Forty-one subjects (25 male, 16 female) completed both the TSST and naloxone challenge. In this subset, ACTH and cortisol responses to the TSST did not differ significantly by gender, although the effect size was moderate to large. Adrenocorticotropin and cortisol responses to the naloxone challenge were significantly greater in female subjects compared to male subjects (z=2.29, p=0.022 and z=4.34, p<0.001, respectively). In summary, male subjects had greater HPA axis responses to a psychological stressor than female subjects, and females had greater hormonal reactivity than males to pharmacological stimulation with naloxone. Such differences are of interest as potential contributors to gender differences in health risks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2006
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241. Sex Differences in Striatal Dopamine Release in Healthy Adults

Author: Munro, Cynthia A., McCaul, Mary E., Wong, Dean F., Oswald, Lynn M., Zhou, Yun, Brasic, James, Kuwabara, Hiroto, Kumar, Anil, Alexander, Mohab, Ye, Weiguo, and Wand, Gary S.
Subjects: *DOPAMINE, *SOMATOTROPIN, *DISEASES in women, *POSITRON emission tomography, SEX differences (Biology)
Abstract: Background: Sex differences in addictive disorders have been described. Preclinical studies have implicated the striatal dopamine system in these differences, but human studies have yet to substantiate these findings. Methods: Using positron emission tomography (PET) scans with high-specific-activity [11C] raclopride and a reference tissue approach, we compared baseline striatal dopamine binding potential (BP) and dopamine release in men and women following amphetamine and placebo challenges. Subjective drug effects and plasma cortisol and growth hormone responses were also examined. Results: Although there was no sex difference in baseline BP, men had markedly greater dopamine release than women in the ventral striatum. Secondary analyses indicated that men also had greater dopamine release in three of four additional striatal regions. Paralleling the PET findings, men’s ratings of the positive effects of amphetamine were greater than women’s. We found no sex difference in neuroendocrine hormone responses. Conclusions: We report for the first time a sex difference in dopamine release in humans. The robust dopamine release in men could account for increased vulnerability to stimulant use disorders and methamphetamine toxicity. Our findings indicate that future studies should control for sex and may have implications for the interpretation of sex differences in other illnesses involving the striatum. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2006
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242. The Role of Cultural Diversity Climate in Recruitment, Promotion, and Retention of Faculty in Academic Medicine.

Author: Price, Eboni G., Gozu, Aysegul, Kern, David E., Powe, Neil R., Wand, Gary S., Golden, Sherita, and Cooper, Lisa A.
Subjects: *ETHNICITY, *DIVERSITY in the workplace, *MULTICULTURALISM, *PERSONNEL management, *MEDICAL care, *ETHNIC relations, *OCCUPATIONAL training, *WORK environment, *MEDICAL education
Abstract: Ethnic diversity among physicians may be linked to improved access and quality of care for minorities. Academic medical institutions are challenged to increase representation of ethnic minorities among health professionals. To explore the perceptions of physician faculty regarding the following: (1) the institution's cultural diversity climate and (2) facilitators and barriers to success and professional satisfaction in academic medicine within this context. Qualitative study using focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Nontenured physicians in the tenure track at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Focus groups and interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, and reviewed for thematic content in a 3-stage independent review/adjudication process. Study participants included 29 faculty representing 9 clinical departments, 4 career tracks, and 4 ethnic groups. In defining cultural diversity, faculty noted visible (race/ethnicity, foreign-born status, gender) and invisible (religion, sexual orientation) dimensions. They believe visible dimensions provoke bias and cumulative advantages or disadvantages in the workplace. Minority and foreign-born faculty report ethnicity-based disparities in recruitment and subtle manifestations of bias in the promotion process. Minority and majority faculty agree that ethnic differences in prior educational opportunities lead to disparities in exposure to career options, and qualifications for and subsequent recruitment to training programs and faculty positions. Minority faculty also describe structural barriers (poor retention efforts, lack of mentorship) that hinder their success and professional satisfaction after recruitment. To effectively manage the diversity climate, our faculty recommended 4 strategies for improving the psychological climate and structural diversity of the institution. Soliciting input from faculty provides tangible ideas regarding interventions to improve an institution's diversity climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2005
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243. The longitudinal association of changes in diurnal cortisol features with fasting glucose: MESA.

Author: Dias, Jenny Pena, Joseph, Joshua J., Kluwe, Bjorn, Zhao, Songzhu, Shardell, Michelle, Seeman, Teresa, Needham, Belinda L., Wand, Gary S., Kline, David, Brock, Guy, Castro-Diehl, Cecilia, and Golden, Sherita Hill
Subjects: *GLUCOSE, *HYDROCORTISONE
Abstract: • Among participants with diabetes. • Annual increases in cortisol features associated with increased glucose over time. • Flattening of cortisol decline associated with increased annual % change in glucose. • This suggests a detrimental role of cortisol contributing to glycemia in diabetes. Little is known about the longitudinal association between fasting glucose (FG) and the diurnal cortisol profile among those with normal fasting glucose (NFG), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes. To assess the temporality of the relationship between cortisol and glucose, we examined the association of: A) change (Δ) in diurnal cortisol curve features with ΔFG; B) prior annual percent change in FG with diurnal cortisol curve features; and C) baseline cortisol curve features with ΔFG over 6 years among participants with NFG, IFG and diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The main outcome measures were: A) 6-year ΔFG (n = 512); B) diurnal cortisol curve features (wake-up cortisol levels, cortisol awakening response, total area under the curve, overall decline slope and bedtime cortisol) (n = 1275); and C) 6-year ΔFG (n = 700). After full multivariable adjustment among participants with diabetes, each annual percent change increase in wake-up cortisol, total area under the curve (AUC), and overall decline slope was associated with a significant increase in FG over 6 years in all models (all p < 0.05). A 1% prior annual increase in FG was associated with a 2.8 % lower (−2.8 %; 95 % CI: −5.3 % to −0.4 %) bedtime cortisol among participants with NFG at baseline. A 1 % flatter overall decline slope was associated with a 0.19 % increase in subsequent annual % change in FG over 6 years among participants with diabetes. Among participants with diabetes there was a positive association of change in wake-up cortisol, total AUC and overall decline slope with change in FG. Baseline overall decline slope was positively associated with change in FG among the baseline diabetes group. These results suggest a detrimental role of cortisol contributing to glycemia among individuals with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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244. Second attempt to withdraw cabergoline in prolactinomas: a pilot study

Author: Annamaria Colao, Ratchaneewan Kwancharoen, Gayane Yenokyan, Gary S. Wand, Roberto Salvatori, Renata S. Auriemma, Kwancharoen, Ratchaneewan, Auriemma, RENATA SIMONA, Yenokyan, Gayane, Wand, Gary S, Colao, Annamaria, and Salvatori, Roberto
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Cabergoline, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, MEDLINE, Ergoline, Antineoplastic Agents, Pilot Projects, Antineoplastic Agent, Young Adult, Endocrinology, Internal medicine, Humans, Medicine, Endocrine system, Pilot Project, Prolactinoma, Prospective Studies, Ergolines, Young adult, Prospective cohort study, Aged, business.industry, fungi, food and beverages, Human physiology, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Clinical trial, Prospective Studie, Female, business, Human, medicine.drug
Abstract: According to Pituitary and Endocrine Society recommendations, cabergoline (CAB) therapy can be discontinued after 2 years in hyperprolactinemic patients who fit certain criteria. Previous studies found recurrence rates ranging between 26 and 69 %. Whether CAB therapy can be successfully discontinued after one unsuccessful withdrawal is unknown.We conducted a pilot prospective two-center study on a second attempt of CAB withdrawal. Inclusion criteria were: (1) recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after first withdrawal; (2) additional CAB therapy for at least 2 years; (3) normal serum prolactin; (4) CAB dose ≤ 1 mg/week. Prolactin level was monitored after discontinuing therapy. Median follow up for patients who are still in remission was 42 months (range = 24-60).A total of 17 patients were recruited. Mean age was 41.0 ± 17.3 years. 65 % were female. Initial tumors were microadenoma in 64.7 %, and macroadenoma in 35.3 %. The average weekly CAB dose at second withdrawal was 0.38 ± 0.20 mg (median = 0.25, range = 0.175-1). Eleven of 17 patients (64.7 %) recurred. Median time to recurrence was 6 months. The incidence of recurrence was 44 events per 100 person-years. The estimated cumulative hazard of recurrence was 40 and 82 % at 6 and 12 months respectively. The probability to be recurrence-free at 6 and 12 months was 65 and 41 %, respectively.Second attempt of CAB withdrawal after 2 additional years of therapy may be successful in some patients. A second withdrawal can be attempted with close monitoring of prolactin level. In this study, we could not identify any predictor of recurrence. Most of the recurrences occurred within the first 12 months after withdrawal.
Published: 2013
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245. Prolonged HPA axis dysregulation in postpartum depression associated with adverse early life experiences: A cross-species translational study.

Author: Niwa M, Lockhart S, Wood DJ, Yang K, Francis-Oliveira J, Kin K, Ahmed A, Wand GS, Kano SI, Payne JL, and Sawa A
Abstract: Childhood and adolescent stress increase the risk of postpartum depression (PPD), often providing an increased probability of treatment refractoriness. Nevertheless, the mechanisms linking childhood/adolescent stress to PPD remain unclear. Our study investigated the longitudinal effects of adolescent stress on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and postpartum behaviors in mice and humans. Adolescent social isolation prolonged glucocorticoid elevation, leading to long-lasting postpartum behavioral changes in female mice. These changes were unresponsive to current PPD treatments but improved with post-delivery glucocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment. Childhood/adolescent stress significantly impacted HPA axis dysregulation and PPD in human females. Repurposing glucocorticoid receptor antagonists for some cases of treatment-resistant PPD may be considered., Competing Interests: Competing Interests Statement The authors declare no competing interests.
Published: 2024
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246. Adiposity, aldosterone and plasma renin activity among African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study.

Author: Lee G, Kluwe B, Zhao S, Kline D, Nedungadi D, Brock GN, Odei JB, Kesireddy V, Pohlman N, Sims M, Effoe VS, Wu WC, Kalyani RR, Wand GS, Echouffo-Tcheugui J, Golden SH, and Joseph JJ
Abstract: Objective: To analyze associations between adiposity and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in a large African American (AA) cohort., Methods: Cross-sectional associations of adiposity (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], waist:height ratio, waist:hip ratio, leptin, adiponectin, leptin:adiponectin ratio [LAR], subcutaneous [SAT] and visceral adipose tissue [VAT], and liver attenuation [LA]) with aldosterone, plasma renin activity (renin), and aldosterone:renin ratio (ARR) were assessed in the Jackson Heart Study using adjusted linear regression models., Results: A 1-SD higher BMI was associated with a 4.8 % higher aldosterone, 9.4 % higher renin, and 5.0 % lower ARR (all p < 0.05). Log-leptin had the largest magnitude of association with renin (30.2 % higher) and ARR (9.6 % lower), while the strongest association of aldosterone existed for log-LAR (15.3 % higher) (all 1-SD, p < 0.05). SAT was only associated with renin. VAT was associated with higher aldosterone, renin, and ARR. Liver fat was associated with aldosterone and renin, but not ARR. Associations of WC, BMI, and SAT with aldosterone were greater in men while the association with VAT was greater in women (p-interactions < 0.05)., Conclusion: Multiple measures of adiposity are associated with the RAAS in AAs. Further studies should examine the role of RAAS in obesity-driven cardiometabolic diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Published: 2023
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247. Associations of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity With All-Cause and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Among Black Adults in the Jackson Heart Study.

Author: Joseph JJ, Rajwani A, Roper D, Zhao S, Kline D, Odei J, Brock G, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Kalyani RR, Bertoni AG, Effoe VS, Sims M, Wu WC, Wand GS, and Golden SH
Subjects: Adult, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Male, Cohort Studies, Multimorbidity, Longitudinal Studies, Coronary Disease epidemiology, Stroke epidemiology, Diabetes Mellitus epidemiology
Abstract: Importance: A combination of diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke has multiplicative all-cause mortality risk compared with any individual morbidity in White populations, but there is a lack of studies in Black populations in the US., Objective: To examine the association of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (diabetes, stroke, and CHD) individually and collectively with all-cause and CHD mortality., Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included Black adults in the Jackson Heart Study followed over a median of 15 years. Baseline examinations were performed between 2000 and 2004, with follow-up on all-cause and CHD mortality through May 31, 2018. Participants were categorized into mutually exclusive groups at baseline: (1) free of cardiometabolic morbidity, (2) diabetes, (3) CHD, (4) stroke, (5) diabetes and stroke, (6) CHD and stroke, (7) diabetes and CHD, and (8) diabetes, stroke, and CHD. Data were analyzed from 2019 to 2021., Exposure: Cardiometabolic disease alone or in combination., Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were all-cause mortality and CHD mortality. Cox models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs adjusted for sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk factors., Results: Among 5064 participants (mean [SD] age, 55.4 [12.8] years; 3200 [63%] women) in the Jackson Heart Study, 897 (18%) had diabetes, 192 (4%) had CHD, and 104 (2%) had a history of stroke. Among participants with cardiometabolic morbidities, the crude all-cause mortality rates were lowest for diabetes alone (24.4 deaths per 1000 person-years) and highest for diabetes, CHD, and stroke combined (84.1 deaths per 1000 person-years). For people with only 1 cardiometabolic morbidity, risk for all-cause mortality was highest for people with stroke (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.24-2.42), followed by CHD (HR, 1.59 (95% CI, 1.22-2.08) and diabetes (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.22-1.85), compared with no cardiometabolic morbidities. There were also increased risks of mortality with combinations of diabetes and stroke (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.09-2.68), CHD and stroke (HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.35-3.69), and diabetes and CHD (HR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.65-3.15). The combination of diabetes, stroke, and CHD was associated with the highest all-cause mortality (HR, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.96-6.93). Findings were similar for CHD mortality, but with a larger magnitude of association (eg, diabetes, stroke, and CHD: HR, 13.52; 95% CI, 3.38-54.12)., Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, an increasing number of cardiometabolic multimorbidities was associated with a multiplicative increase in risk of all-cause mortality among Black adults, with a greater magnitude of association for CHD mortality.
Published: 2022
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248. Cross-species Association Between Telomere Length and Glucocorticoid Exposure.

Author: Lee RS, Zandi PP, Santos A, Aulinas A, Carey JL, Webb SM, McCaul ME, Resmini E, and Wand GS
Subjects: Adult, Animals, Case-Control Studies, Cushing Syndrome etiology, Cushing Syndrome metabolism, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Middle Aged, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Species Specificity, Aging, Cushing Syndrome pathology, Disease Models, Animal, Glucocorticoids adverse effects, Stress, Physiological, Telomere Shortening
Abstract: Context: Chronic exposure to glucocorticoids (GCs) or stress increases the risk of medical disorders, including cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders. GCs contribute to accelerated aging; however, while the link between chronic GC exposure and disease onset is well established, the underpinning mechanisms are not clear., Objective: We explored the potential nexus between GCs or stress exposure and telomere length., Methods: In addition to rats exposed to 3 weeks of chronic stress, an iatrogenic mouse model of Cushing syndrome (CS), and a mouse neuronal cell line, we studied 32 patients with CS and age-matched controls and another cohort of 75 healthy humans., Results: (1) Exposure to stress in rats was associated with a 54.5% (P = 0.036) reduction in telomere length in T cells. Genomic DNA (gDNA) extracted from the dentate gyrus of stressed and unstressed rats showed 43.2% reduction in telomere length (P = 0.006). (2) Mice exposed to corticosterone had a 61.4% reduction in telomere length in blood gDNA (P = 5.75 × 10-5) and 58.8% reduction in telomere length in the dentate gyrus (P = 0.002). (3) We observed a 40.8% reduction in the telomere length in patients with active CS compared to healthy controls (P = 0.006). There was a 17.8% reduction in telomere length in cured CS patients, which was not different from that of healthy controls (P = 0.08). For both cured and active CS, telomere length correlated significantly with duration of hypercortisolism (R2 = 0.22, P = 0.007). (4) There was a 27.6% reduction in telomere length between low and high tertiles in bedtime cortisol levels of healthy participants (P = 0.019)., Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that exposure to stress and/or GCs is associated with shortened telomeres, which may be partially reversible., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2021
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249. The Relationship of Varenicline Agonism of α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Nicotine-Induced Dopamine Release in Nicotine-Dependent Humans.

Author: McCaul ME, Wand GS, Kuwabara H, Dannals RF, Wong D, and Xu X
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Brain metabolism, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Maryland epidemiology, Middle Aged, Nicotinic Agonists therapeutic use, Young Adult, Dopamine metabolism, Nicotine administration & dosage, Receptors, Nicotinic chemistry, Smoking epidemiology, Smoking Cessation methods, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome drug therapy, Varenicline therapeutic use
Abstract: Introduction: Cigarette smoking continues to be one of the most important behavioral causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonist, has been shown to increase smoking quit rates compared with nicotine-based products. This human laboratory, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined varenicline and placebo effects on α4β2-nAChRs occupancy, nicotine-induced change in [11C]raclopride non-displaceable binding potential (BPND), and behavioral measures of cigarette smoking, nicotine craving, and withdrawal., Methods: Current nicotine dependent daily smokers (N = 17) were randomized to varenicline 1 mg twice daily or placebo for 13 days. Using positron emission tomography), we characterized α4β2-nAChRs occupancy using [18F]AZAN and dopamine receptor binding using [11C]raclopride as well as behavioral measures of cigarettes smoked, craving, and nicotine withdrawal., Results: Varenicline compared with placebo resulted in significant reductions in [18F]AZAN BPND in multiple brain regions including thalamus, midbrain, putamen, and ventral striatum. Following administration of a controlled-dose nicotine cigarette, dopamine release was significantly suppressed in the ventral striatum in the varenicline-treated compared with the placebo group. There was a significant relationship between α4β2-nAChRs BPND measured in thalamus during the [18F]AZAN scan and nicotine-induced change in raclopride BPND in the ventral striatum., Conclusion: This is the first human study to demonstrate a direct relationship between the extent of varenicline occupancy of α4β2-nAChRs and the magnitude of dopamine release following nicotine use., Implications: It has remained unclear how nicotinic receptor blockade through partial agonist medications such as varenicline promotes smoking cessation. One hypothesized mechanism is downstream dampening of the mesolimbic reward dopamine system. For the first time in human smokers, we observed a direct relationship between the extent of varenicline blockade of α4β2-nACh nicotinic receptors and the magnitude of dopamine release following smoking. This has mechanistic and therapeutic implications for improving smoking cessation interventions., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2020
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250. A paradigm for examining stress effects on alcohol-motivated behaviors in participants with alcohol use disorder.

Author: McCaul ME, Wand GS, Weerts EM, and Xu X
Subjects: Adult, Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Alcoholism psychology, Craving, Motivation, Stress, Psychological psychology
Abstract: Although epidemiological research has shown an increase in drinking following stressors and trauma, limited paradigms have been validated to study the relationship between stress and drinking in the human laboratory. The current study developed a progressive ratio (PR) operant procedure to examine the effects of psychosocial stress on alcohol craving and several alcohol-motivated behaviors in persons with alcohol use disorder. Current heavy, nontreatment-seeking drinkers (N = 30) were media-recruited and completed a comprehensive assessment of recent drinking, mood and health. Participants were admitted to the clinical research unit and underwent 4-day, physician-monitored alcohol abstinence. On days 4 and 5, participants underwent the Trier Social Stress Test or a neutral session in random order followed by the alcohol-motivated response (AMR) procedure in which subjects worked for money or alcohol under a PR operant procedure. Subjects received earned money vouchers or alcohol at the conclusion of the session. The Trier Social Stress Test increased alcohol craving and rate of responding and decreased the number of changeovers between alcohol versus money reinforcers on the PR schedule. There was a positive relationship between alcohol craving and drinks earned during the stress session. This novel paradigm provides an experimental platform to examine motivation to drink without confounding by actual alcohol ingestion during the work session, thereby setting the stage for future studies of alcohol interventions., (© 2017 The Authors.Addiction Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.)
Published: 2018
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