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This article provides a commentary on J. Bradford DeLong's book, "Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century." The commentator acknowledges DeLong's narrative of moderate progress with occasional crises and limited efforts to rein in the negative aspects of capitalism. However, the commentator questions DeLong's focus on the struggle between unbridled capitalism and socialism, pointing out that many European countries have successfully implemented extensive welfare states that align with utopian ideals. The article also highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of politics and economies, rather than simply pitting capitalism against socialism. While the commentator finds the book erudite and challenging, they suggest that it may require a well-informed reader. Additionally, the text discusses various perspectives and critiques of the book, including the absence of perspectives from China and Africa, limited exploration of economic growth drivers and issues like economic downturns and globalization, and the book's treatment of conflicts and democratic institutions. However, the text praises the book's discussion of newer globalization dynamics and the Great Recession. Overall, the article recommends the book for educated readers who are willing to engage with its complex narrative. [Extracted from the article]

At the onset of the First World War, the Ottoman Empire declared armed mobilisation and implemented measures to defend its territories, considering the warring parties. The process of armed mobilisation, which began in August 1914, was subject to various discussions, with some sources highlighting inadequacies in the studies carried out. Setting aside these discussions, it is evident that the Ottoman Empire took necessary measures to safeguard its borders and coasts. This study examines the Ottoman Empire's defence of the Gulf of Izmir during and after the armed mobilisation process. This text discusses all stages of the Izmir Gulf Defence, which occurred simultaneously with the Gallipoli Campaign. The discussion is based on sources related to the subject, particularly archive documents. The study evaluates details not included in the literature from archive documents. The fate of Izmir and Çanakkale was intertwined, beginning with the bombardment of the Seddülbahir region of Çanakkale and the counterattack on Izmir in November 1914. Information and documents reveal that Izmir played a significant role in the events surrounding the 18 March 1915 Çanakkale Naval Victory by the Turks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk is a significant history museum in Poland that aims to present the recent history of Poland and Europe. The museum's narrative is constructed through various elements, including sound, which plays an important role in creating an engaging and emotional experience for visitors. The author of the article conducted research on the museum's soundscape and identified the use of sound mnemotopoi and sonic icons to represent Polish collective memory and transnational memory. The museum exhibition, including its soundscape, can be seen as a memory apparatus that constructs and maintains collective and cultural memory. The museum's design and architecture also contribute to the visitors' sensory experience. The text describes the changes made to the permanent exhibition at the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk, Poland. The exhibition previously focused on the history of Poland and the world up until Russia's aggression against Ukraine in 2014. However, under new leadership, the exhibition now emphasizes the heroism of Polish soldiers and their efforts to regain independence after World War II. The exhibition includes artifacts, films, photographs, and documents that provide factual information about the war and its consequences, as well as addressing difficult topics such as antisemitism and Polish colonial aspirations. The exhibition's soundscape, created through carefully selected music and sound effects, enhances the visitor's experience and emotional connection to the exhibits. Overall, the exhibition aims to present a transnational message while highlighting the national memory of the war. The text [Extracted from the article]

By the end of the nineteenth century, the view of labour as control of the environment for human benefit was being re-evaluated. In the United States, the conservation movement of the Progressive era (1890–1920) brought new attention to the problem of the 'wise use' of resources. Progressive social movements also developed a concern with holistic health and social conditions in rapidly industrialising cities. This paper argues that the formation of the new allied health science of occupational therapy in the early 20th century can be understood as a response to the health and conservation implications of changing relations between labour and resources. An analysis of published sources on the aims of occupational therapy in the Progressive era concluded that the early stage of the profession was structured by dominant Western narratives about humans and nature. Those narratives included the trope of redemption or transformation through labour and the importance of conservation as a response to the squandering of resources, both natural and human. I argue that the early development of occupational therapy was significantly influenced by environmentalist discourse as a therapeutic response to industrialisation and emerging Anthropocene awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an introduction to a special issue of the journal Genealogy that explores the role of ephemera and material culture in preserving conflict experiences and memories, with a focus on family history, community narration, and generational transmission. The special issue aims to expand our understanding of the emotional value and mnemonic purpose of wartime ephemera and objects across different conflicts and disciplinary perspectives. It also highlights the importance of including diverse and marginalized histories in commemorative practices and the potential of ephemera and material culture to empower communities and open dialogue. The articles in the special issue cover topics such as museums and archives, poetry as ephemera, marginalized histories, and family and gender. [Extracted from the article]

This article offers a view of the as yet unexplored aspect of British-Czechoslovak relations in the interwar period. It focuses on the way in which the land reform was carried out on the estates of British subjects located in Czechoslovakia. Attention is paid both to the diplomatic aspect of the problem as well as the analysis of the way the reform was applied. The author poses the question to what degree did the reform impact the bilateral relations of both countries. Meanwhile, he builds on the fact that the United Kingdom, a key ally of Czechoslovakia in the Great War, had an adequately strong position in Prague in order to request an accommodating course of the reform for its citizens. The author answers the question whether this was actually the case. He finally comes to the conclusion that Czechoslovak authorities had an interest in carrying out the reform as amicably as possible; however, they were not willing to completely leave British subjects out of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German Hymnwriter Paul Gerhardt (1607–1676), often described as the most important Lutheran hymnwriter other than Martin Luther, has had an impact in America. His hymns helped shape the faith and ministry of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg (1711–1787), often described as the "father" of the Lutheran church in America. His hymns helped Lutherans to face the crisis of World War I. Since the eighteenth century Gerhardt hymns have appeared in North American Lutheran hymnals. Even today they appear in both Lutheran hymnals and the hymnals of other Christian groups. Lutherans observed the 300th anniversary of his birth in 1907 with celebrations for laity and clergy featuring Gerhardt's hymns. Many articles in church periodicals described Gerhardt and his hymns. The 400th anniversary of his birth in 2007 gained some attention, in church publications and academic conferences, but generally less attention than in 1907. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The German arms company Fried. Krupp exported weapons and military material to China beginning in the early 1870s. It achieved marked success during the 1880s and 1890s. The Sino-Japanese War (1894/95) represented an important milestone for the company's 'Chinese trade'. Because the Chinese government had to pay war reparations to Japan, it did not have the funds for purchasing weapons. As a result, not even the posting of German advisors to China saw particularly positive results. Following the Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901), an embargo on the import of weapons to China was declared. After the embargo was revoked in 1903, the German manufacturer never again achieved the results it had attained in 1884 and 1894. The Germans were negatively affected by the rise of Japanese influence in China following Japan's victory in its war with Russia. Additionally, some of China's plans were not in line with Krupp's capabilities. The Essen company's managers, for example, considered entirely unrealistic China's plan to form thirty-six new divisions equipped with modern weapons, which Krupp would supply, by funding the construction of a huge munitions factory in Central China. Although China remained a major purchaser primarily of Krupp's guns until the First World War, it was no longer one of its main customers. The outbreak of the First World War marked an end to Krupp's activities in China and the entire Far East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of Germany from the late 19th century to the present day. It highlights the unification of Germany in the late 19th century and the subsequent rise and fall of the German Empire. The author analyzes the political, economic, cultural, and societal developments during this period, addressing the question of a "special path" in German history. The article also explores the downfall of the German Empire during World War I and the subsequent political turmoil and revolution. It concludes by discussing the division of Germany into two states and the challenges faced during the reunification process. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores Chinese perspectives on the indenturing of Chinese labourers during the First World War and Chinese official intervention in the indenture system. In contrast to the Qing government's reluctance to send people overseas, the Republican government formed in Peking in 1912 believed in integration into the international capitalist system, and that indentured Chinese labourers working abroad would benefit the country and its people. The government sought to regulate indentures to prevent the recruitment of labourers by rogue agents and to establish new standards for the indenturing system. To some extent this arrangement reflected the characteristics of a new system under which the labourer was relatively free. The popular press was the main vehicle through which the Chinese reading public constructed their perceptions of the indenture system. The terrible conditions endured by Chinese labourers in Russia was portrayed in newspapers as a consequence of the fraudulent practices of Chinese recruiting agents. Labourers recruited by the British and French were judged to have received better treatment. The perceptions of Chinese labourers and their families varied, but especially after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, their memories of indenture were influenced by anti-colonial and nationalist perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the historical significance of the League of Nations in the context of international trade policy during the 1920s and 1930s. While the League is often criticized for its failure to maintain peace, recent research has shown that it had a significant impact on trade decisions and institutions that lasted beyond 1945. The article highlights the role of the League in promoting multilateralism and coordination, which laid the foundation for the World Trade Organization. It also examines the perspectives of key figures involved in trade policymaking, emphasizing their diverse visions of multilateralism. The article concludes that the League's practices and innovations have shaped global trade to this day. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the internment of German civilians in British West Africa during World War II, focusing on the case of Mr. Ernst Friedrichsdorf. It discusses the factors and power dynamics that led to the internment of German subjects in West Africa and highlights the historiographical imbalance in the colonial perspective of internment. The study relies on primary colonial records and provides new insights into the experiences of German civilians in West Africa during the war. The text also discusses the internment of German subjects in West Africa during the First and Second World Wars, highlighting the presence of German-speaking people in the region before official colonization. It examines the treatment of German subjects as enemy immigrants during the Second World War and the categorization of enemy immigrants in Great Britain. The article also discusses the role of consular representation and protecting powers in protecting the interests of enemy subjects during the war. The internment camps in West Africa provided some privileges and opportunities for the internees, but the unconventional treatment of Germans during the war had long-lasting effects on German presence in the postcolonial period. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the ongoing conflicts in various countries, including Ukraine, Gaza, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Myanmar, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Central African Republic. It emphasizes the importance of studying the archaeology and history of conflict to understand the reality of mass violence and its impact on communities. The article also highlights the need for diverse perspectives and the inclusion of indigenous voices in conflict archaeology research. Additionally, it presents summaries of three papers published in the Journal of Conflict Archaeology, focusing on topics such as the preservation of a Civil War battlefield, glass artifacts from World War I, and the military archaeology of the Italian occupation of Croatia during World War II. [Extracted from the article]

Glass finds are a common feature of archaeological excavations in the context of World War One (WWI). In spite of this, only little attention is paid to this material category. The main aim of this article is therefore to explore the type of information that can be gained from the study of glass and to emphasise the importance and added value of well-developed research into material finds at WWI sites. The study itself is based on a traditional material culture study of the British Army's use of glass in the Ypres Salient, Belgium, during WWI. As a foundation for the study, 5 different archaeological glass finds were examined and statistically analysed. Combined with data from commercial archaeological research, this provided insights into the glass containers used and their contents, the spatial distribution of these objects and the chronological trends in their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "The Journal in 1914--A Retrospective" reflects on the historical significance of the Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society in 1914. It discusses the changes in publication schedules, leadership, and content over time, highlighting the diverse perspectives and topics covered in the journal. The article also emphasizes the importance of understanding historical context and change through the records and narratives of past events and lives. The retrospective provides insights into the evolution of the journal and its contributions to midwestern state history. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Health History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

If there is a category of war victims for whom the identification process has been and still remains an extremely challenging issue, it is the soldiers of World War One. There are various reasons for this, including unreliable identity tags, the unprecedented number of casualties, and the level of destruction caused by the massive use of "new" weapons. In Italy, this phenomenon was so severe and well-known that a monument was erected in Rome specifically in memory of those unknown soldiers ("Tomba del Milite Ignoto"). However, modern techniques in forensic archaeology and anthropology can facilitate identification even in this extreme context. In the casework described here, the presence of human remains was reported to the judicial authorities, which were subsequently located and excavated in a remote region of the Italian Alps using a range of techniques, including drone imagery, GPR, and micromorphological surveying. During the archaeological excavation of the human remains, a World War One zinc identification tag in very poor condition was found adjacent to the body. The biological profile was estimated (male, 20–30 years old, 166 cm±3.27 cm), and a trauma survey was performed. Thanks to the restoration of the ID tag, parts of the name and enrolment number were found and cross-referenced with the anthropological data of the subject, matching the information in the available military records. The victim had no siblings or offspring, making it impossible to identify descendants. However, the operation led to a contextual/presumptive identification of the soldier and the discovery of his story. He was a native of Tuscany, who died during the "Punitive Expedition" (1916) and was buried, probably by his comrades, in a small flat area hidden from enemy lines. In investigations like this, the involvement of local communities, whether groups or individuals, is crucial. In this case report, it will be shown how multidisciplinary approaches and collective actions can play a pivotal role in resolving highly intricate scenarios, such as those pertaining to armed conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the individual and aggregate costs of ethnic discrimination. Studying Germans in the United States during World War I, an event that abruptly downgraded their previously high social standing, we show that anti-German sentiment was strongly associated with counties' casualties in the war, leading to subsequent outmigration of Germans. Such relocation to evade discrimination was costly for German workers. However, counties with larger outflows of Germans, who tended to be well-trained manufacturing workers, incurred economic costs too, including a drop in average annual manufacturing wages of 0.6% to 2.2%. This effect lasted at least until 1930. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the life and work of historian George L. Mosse, who focused on fascism and Nazi Germany. Mosse's research explored the connection between autobiography and historiography, and he wrote extensively on the subject. His work has gained renewed interest, particularly in understanding the rise of right-wing populism and antisemitism. The article also highlights Mosse's unique perspective as a gay man from a Jewish family and his examination of the cultural and symbolic aspects of fascism. While his work has been influential, there are criticisms of his emphasis on culture and aesthetics, as well as debates about the specificity of fascist violence and the Eurocentric paradigm of the Holocaust. Overall, Mosse's work offers valuable insights into the history of fascism and its cultural manifestations. [Extracted from the article]

"The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression" by Dirk Moses challenges the conventional understanding of genocide and the Holocaust. Moses argues that the concept of genocide, as formulated by Raphael Lemkin, and the UN Genocide Convention are counterproductive and should be abandoned. He claims that the Holocaust was just one crime among many committed by Western states and that the focus on Jewish suffering obscures other crimes. Moses also suggests that Jews played a role in the establishment of Israel and that the Zionist project furthered the Nazi ideal of a minority-free Europe. This controversial book raises questions about the perception of genocide and the Holocaust and calls for a new approach to understanding these events. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the underestimation of Hamas's determination to destroy the state of Israel by force of arms, drawing parallels to the underestimation of Hitler's Jew-hatred in the 1930s. It highlights the lack of attention given to the Hamas Charter, which clearly expresses its goal of annihilating Israel and incorporates antisemitic conspiracy theories. The article argues that the failure to recognize the ideology and policy of Hamas has allowed for the continuation of antisemitic thinking and the justification of aggression against Israel. It emphasizes the need to learn from history and not underestimate the threat of radical Jew-hatred. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Planned by the British in the aftermath of World War I, the new state of Iraq—ruled by the Hashemite kingdom (1921–1958) under British mandate—emerged on the land of Mesopotamia and inherited its enormous cultural and architectural legacy. Colonial discourse was adopted by the British during the Hashemite reign to impose Western culture and hegemony. This paper reviews the impact of this colonial discourse in terms of Western architectural knowledge mobility on shaping Iraqi contemporary architecture in this epoch. The paper traces the education of nine notable early Iraqi architects with Western architectural academic backgrounds and studies 13 of their public buildings executed in 1936–1958, to reveal the stance of those architects toward this discourse and how their buildings connected to the legacy of Iraqi architecture. Findings rest on a style-coverage of the main local architectural legacy and Western architectural façade's characteristics to detect and examine the nature and intensity of the transformations that the façades of these buildings exhibit compared to local traditions. Findings show that knowledge mobility helped develop certain types of architects' responses toward local architectural traditions and colonial discourse that evolved through time during the study target epoch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nuova Rivista Storica is the property of Societa Editrice Dante Alighieri s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The establishment of International Relations as a field of study in part responded to the experience of World War One. Its consolidation and differentiation after World War Two went hand in hand with the entanglement of the incipient discipline with the Cold War. Peace research emerged as a reaction to this development. It established itself as critical research insofar as it was concerned with clarifying the connection between (if not unity of) the East-West and North-South conflicts on the one hand, the deformation of international communication under the conditions of nuclear deterrence and global ideological confrontation on the other. In this context, theory building focused on the concept of peace as a challenge to the dominant understanding of global conflict (for instance as an object of strategic studies). Towards the end of the Cold War, the focus shifted to the interaction between democracy and peace and the possibility of conceptualizing peace as a civilizational process. Debates on peace theory, for some years, were also subsumed under a rapidly blossoming interest in an 'expanded concept of security' in the social sciences. At the same time, the practical promotion of peace (peacebuilding) came to the fore, while theory building on the democratic peace was increasingly confronted with (interventionist) wars by democracies. As a result, the focus of theory building in IR shifted again, now in favor of examining the development of global orders and the significance of norms in this context. This also involved a debate on the limits of 'peace through law' (i.e. the constitutionalization of international law), the justification of force as part of normative ordering in world politics and issues of peace ethics. Can we nevertheless speak of a fading of peace-theoretical interests in IR - even in the face of the escalation of the threat of war? If so, do the ideas presented in this ZIB-Forum present some points of departure for reviving interest in peace theory as part of IR? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the evolution of the concept of human security, from its original definition in a UN resolution in 1994 to NATO's recent redefinition. The author questions whether a military alliance like NATO is best suited to address complex issues such as sexual violence and child protection. The article also highlights the UK's commitment to increased defense spending, which will contribute to military emissions and may hinder its goal of reaching net zero by 2050. Other topics covered in the article include the cost and carbon emissions of weapons, the health and economic burden of conflict, and the use of AI in weapons systems. The article concludes with the publication of winning essays and book reviews that further explore the issues discussed. [Extracted from the article]

This article, based on research into primary sources, describes and analyses the experiences of Australian Army stretcher-bearers and medics who wear the Red Cross brassard. This humanitarian symbol is supposed to ensure the safety of personnel engaged in humanitarian work. The testimonies of those who wear the Red Cross, in fields of conflict, show that they believe it makes them vulnerable to attack and that they believe themselves to be safer without it. This article compares the experiences of stretcher-bearers in World War One, and that of medics in the more contemporary War in Afghanistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the image of Germany, which was formed by the journalists of the domestic daily newspaper “Russian invalid” in 1914–1915, when the Russian Empire was in active military confrontation with the states of the Triple (later Quadruple) Alliance in the European Theater of Operations, and Germany was its main and most dangerous enemy on the Eastern Front. Correspondents of the “Russian Invalid”, the official printed organ of the Russian Military Ministry, in the first years of the First World War (1914–1915) on the pages of their newspaper paid special attention to the Hohenzollern Empire, its army, socio-economic and political development, direct participation German armed forces in the fighting of the Great War. The main part of the information about Germany by the authors of the publication we studied was placed in the headings “From Foreign Life”, “Public Life”, “Naval Department”, “Military Chronicle”, “Telegram” and “Articles”. At the end of the study, it was concluded that the German Empire on the pages of “Russian Invalid” appeared as the economic and military-political locomotive of the Triple (later Quadruple) Alliance, which made enormous efforts to implement the redistribution of spheres of influence in the then world and potential redistribution in its own benefit of colonial possessions.

ÖZ:Öz Ülkeyi yabancı işgalinden kurtaran ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ni kurarak çağdaş, demokratik ve laik bir hukuk devleti yolunu açan kurucu devlet adamı Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün kamuoyunda ne zaman tanınmaya başladığı konusu, son dönemde ön planda yer almaktadır. Bir kişinin kamuoyunda tanınmasının en önemli noktası o kişinin yaşadığı dönemde olumlu veya olumsuz yaptıklarının yazılı ve görsel basına düşmesidir. Atatürk’ün de 1911 yılında ilk haberinin ve hemen arkasından ilk fotoğrafının basına yansıdığı bilinmektedir. Trablusgarp, Çanakkale ve Cihan Harbi yıllarında Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün başarıları, fotoğrafları ve yazıları görsel ve yazılı basında kendine yer bulmuştur. Atatürk’ün bu faaliyetleri aynı şekilde yabancı basına da hemen hemen aynı dönemlerde yansımıştır. Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın; İstanbul’a geldikten sonra 1918 Aralık ayı içinde bir Avustralyalı gazeteci ile yaptığı görüşme, o kadar çok ilgi çekmişti ki 1919 başına kadar aynı demeci, birçok Avustralya basınında kendine yer bulmuştur. Makalemizde Avustralya basınından elde edilen tespitlerle Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün daha 1918-1919 yıllarında, bir Avustralyalı gazeteciye verdiği demeç sayesinde tanındığını göstermiş olacağız. ABSTRACT: The issue of when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founding statesman who saved the country from foreign occupation and paved the way for a modern, democratic and secular state of law by establishing the Republic of Turkey, began to be known to the public has been at the forefront recently. The most important point for a person to be known to the public is that the positive or negative actions of that person during his lifetime are reported in the written and visual media. It is known that the first news about Atatürk and his first photograph appeared in the press in 1911. The achievements, photographs and articles of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk during the Tripoli, Dardanelles and World War years found their place in the visual and written media. These activities of Atatürk were also reflected in the foreign press at almost the same time. Mustafa Kemal Pasha's; The meeting he had with an Australian journalist in December 1918 after arriving in Istanbul attracted so much attention that the same statement found its place in many Australian press until the beginning of 1919. In our article, we will show, with the findings obtained from the Australian press, that Mustafa Kemal Atatürk became known thanks to the statement he gave to an Australian journalist in 1918-1919.

The publication does not simply review the inter-fonds name index of prisoners of World War I mentioned in the metric books of churches in the Omsk region (1914–1920). It is shown how formalized information from metric records can be interpreted from the point of view of both nominative and statistical approaches. It is emphasized that in the light of the data of the reviewed publication, the fate of captured foreigners in Russia ceases to look like non-alternative and predetermined, and the prisoners themselves — only victims of war, victimized objects. The participation of prisoners of war in the life of host communities allows specifying the degree of impact of captivity on the institutions and practices common in provincial Russia, as well as considering captured foreigners as people whose destinies turned out to be decisive for the destinies of thousands of other people who lived yesterday and live today.

This article analyzes the activities of the gendarmerie railway police in ensuring compliance by freight carriers with prohibitions and restrictions on the export of certain raw materials and goods during World War I. Based on documentary materials, it reveals the content of the state policy of the Russian Empire regarding measures to halt the supply of essential resources to the Central Powers’ armies. The study of the administrative documentation of the railway police indicates that particular attention was paid to monitoring freight transport at border stations. The issue of police support for the stable functioning of railways under wartime conditions is explored. Gendarmerie officers facilitated the prioritization of military cargo movement along steel corridors. A critical responsibility of the gendarmerie was uncovering collusion among railway employees and shippers to manipulate train speeds for illicit speculative profit amid commodity shortages. The study concludes that the gendarmerie railway police played a significant role in overseeing the legality of freight transport during World War I. However, amid the disorganization of state mechanisms and deepening crises in Russian society, ensuring uninterrupted and effective railway operations proved impossible.

Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın başlaması ile birlikte Osmanlı Devleti silahlı seferberlik ilan etmiş, savaşan tarafları göz önünde tutarak topraklarını savunmaya yönelik çalışmalar yapmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nde 1914’ün Ağustos ayında başlayan silahlı seferberlik süreci çeşitli kaynaklarda ele alınmış, yapılan çalışmaların yetersizliği tartışılmıştır. Bu tartışmalar bir tarafa bırakılırsa Osmanlı Devleti’nin sınırlarını ve kıyılarını korumaya yönelik tedbirler aldığı görülür. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı Devleti’nin silahlı seferberlik süreci boyunca ve savaşa girmesinin ardından İzmir Körfezi’ni savunmaya yönelik çalışmaları üzerinde durulmaktadır. Çanakkale Deniz Harekâtı ile eşzamanlı olduğu görülen İzmir Körfez Müdafaasının tüm aşamaları arşiv belgeleri başta olmak üzere konuya ilişkin kaynaklara dayanılarak ele alınmıştır. Literatürde yer almayan ayrıntılar arşiv belgelerinden alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Kasım 1914’te İzmir’e yapılan karşı hamle gibi Çanakkale’nin Seddülbahir bölgesine yapılan bombardımandan itibaren İzmir ile Çanakkale’nin kaderi birlikte yazılmıştır. 18 Mart 1915 Deniz Zaferi’nin Türkler tarafından kazanılması sürecinde İzmir’de yaşanan olaylar bağlamında İzmir’in önemli bir konumda bulunduğu bilgi ve belgelerle ortaya konulmuştur.

The article is devoted to the foreign policy views of Prince Vladimir P. Meshchersky (1839–1914), a famous Russian conservative political writer. Three articles by Meshchersky are introduced into scientific circulation. They were published on the eve of the First World War in the Vienna newspaper Neue Freie Presse and aimed at changing public opinion in Austria-Hungary regarding the foreign policy of the Russian emperor. Wishing to prevent the impending military conflict with Germany and Austria-Hungary, the prince sought to convince readers of the influential Vienna newspaper of the indifference of a significant part of Russian society to the Balkan issue, the absence of Germanophobia among most representatives of the Russian elite, and peacefulness of the tsar and the Russian Foreign Ministry. Laying the main blame for the aggravation of Russo-German relations on the nationalist-minded press, which formed the public opinion of European countries, as well as on the adventurism of Balkan politicians, Meshchersky called on Vienna and Berlin to be reasonable, convincing them that an alliance between Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey should be the guarantor of European peace and the pacification of the Balkans. It is shown that the series of articles by Meshchersky, published in German a few months before the outbreak of World War I, largely coincided with the theses of the famous P. Durnovo Memorandum as well as with the views of a significant part of the Russian right-wingers of the early 20th century who opposed the aggravation of relations with Germany and Austria-Hungary over the Balkan issue and preferred good-neighborly relations with these countries. Meshchersky’s articles are also of undoubted interest as one of the latest attempts by the Russian conservative camp to change the foreign policy course taken by St Petersburg, Berlin, and Vienna. Meshchersky’s publications in the Austrian press are interesting for many valuable observations and are a vivid illustration of the pre-war sentiments of the part of Russian society that made desperate attempts to prevent Russia from being drawn into conflict with continental European monarchies on the eve of the war.