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A Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector system has been built and is now in full operation within the DELPHI experiment. Large data samples of Z0 decays are being collected with good resolution on the observed Cherenkov angles. Several studies of Z0 decays using the RICH have already been performed on limited samples. Disturbance of the detector operation caused by shrinkage of polymeric construction materials and by migration of radiator substance is reported. These effects have been counteracted and do not endanger the quality of the data. © 1995 IEEE.

The ring imaging Cherenkov detector in the DELPHI Experiment at LEP allows hadron identification over a momentum range up to about 40 Gev/c over a near to 4 pi solid angle. Photons emitted by charged particles traversing gas and liquid radiators which are filled with UV-transparent perfluorocarbons, are used for Cherenkov angle reconstruction. Stable operation ensures that the detector is an efficient and powerful instrument. Monitoring of the detector parameters is of utmost importance to achieve good data quality and adequate data processing. The hadron identifying power of the ring imaging Cherenkov detector closely meets the main design values. Computerized control and monitoring features of the different subsystems will be presented. The interplay between detector parameters and the particle separating capacity of the detector will be discussed.

The general purpose particle detector DELPHI at the Large Electron Positron collider at CERN was built to give the complete information of each event. DELPHI uses ring imaging Cherenkov counters to provide hadron identification in most of the momentum range below 45 GeV/c and over almost the full solid angle. Charged particles traversing gaseous and liquid fluorocarbon radiators create photons used for Cherenkov angle reconstruction. Some of the design features of the detector will be presented, with emphasis on the experience which was gained in the operation of these large systems. The hadron identification power of the ring imaging Cherenkov detector closely meets the main design values. Data processing and performance of the detector will be discussed using dimuon events collected during 1994. Pion rejection factors for kaon tagging will be shown.

A cluster analysis was used to identify groups of inpatients with confirmed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to combat. In Study 1 the MCMI was administered to 256 subjects, in addition to the MMPI, PTSD measures, and background variables. Three clusters resulted: a Traumatic Personality (8-2), Schizoid Influence (8-2-1), and Antisocial Influence (8-6). Comparison on the MCMI symptom scales, MMPI, and PTSD scales showed that the Antisocial Influence cluster was "healthier" on all measures. The Schizoid Influence was most psychopathological. In Study 2 the MCMI-II was administered to 136 new subjects who met the same criteria as in Study 1. Four clusters resulted: Global (1-2-6A-6B-8A-8B), Subclinical (1), Aggressive (6A-6B-8A), and Detached/Self-defeating (1-2-8A-8B).

A sample of 135 Vietnam veteran inpatients with combat-related PTSD was sorted into three groups, depending upon the presence of concurrent psychiatric disorders: Depression (n = 68), Psychosis (n = 31), and Other (n = 36). Pairwise comparisons were made on the MMPI with respect to the validity indicators, clinical scales, four relevant Harris-Lingoes subscales, the Psychoticism content scale, and the MMPI-PTSD subscale. Results indicate variations in scale elevations as a function of comorbid diagnosis. Various items and scales appear to differentiate the Psychosis group due to greater psychopathology. In general, the results spotlight the heterogeneous aspects that comorbidity brings to PTSD assessment.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses NSGCT stage I of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with vascular invasion and surveillance for patients without vascular invasion. Based on the results of a retrospective study that found blood vessel invasion to be the most important prognostic factor in clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis, a prospective study was started in January 1985 that assigned NSGCT I patients without evidence of vascular invasion to surveillance and patients with vascular invasion to two cycles of adjutant chemotherapy PEB. By July 1993, 40 patients had been entered into the surveillance group and 33 patients into the adjuvant chemotherapy group. Four patients in 40 patients had relapses, occurring after 3, 5, 7, and 7 months. There were two relapses, one relapsing embryonal carcinoma in soft tissue after 8 months as a true chemotherapy failure (3%) and one completely differentiated retroperitoneal teratoma after 27 months. Using blood-vessel invasion as a single-risk factor, low- and high-risk NSGCT I patients can be differentiated.

One hundred Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD were administered the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) and the Combat Exposure Scale and were sorted into three groups based on trauma exposure level. Results indicate no significant differences among the personality profiles of the three trauma-exposed groups. A normative NEO-PI profile for persons diagnosed with combat-related PTSD is presented, characterized by an extremely high Neuroticism score (T75) and an extremely low Agreeableness score (T25).

As part of an ivermectin dose-ranging study of onchocerciasis patients in Togo, 55 onchocerciasis patients with concomitant mansonelliasis received single oral doses either of ivermectin (100 to 200 μg/kg body weight) or placebo. As expected, Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in the skin were greatly reduced in number soon after drug treatment, but microfilariae of Mansonella perstans reacted differently. Microfilarial densities of M. perstans were assessed with a filtration technique both before, and 4 times after, treatment. In untreated patients microfilarial densities were stable until the end of the study at 6 months. In patients receiving ivermectin, microfilarial densities dropped on average to less than 60% of the pre-treatment level and remained there until the final post-treatment examination. This partial reduction was probably not caused by a microfilaricidal effect of ivermectin, but rather by an altered distribution of microfilariae in the peripheral blood and in a suspected microfilarial reservoir.

ObjectiveTo explore tolerability, safety and treatment response of flexible doses of paliperidone ER in adult non-acute patients with schizophrenia previously unsuccessfully treated with oral antipsychotics.MethodsInternational prospective 6-month open-label study. Endpoints were the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S), patient satisfaction, adverse events (AEs), extrapyramidal symptoms (Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale; ESRS) and weight change.Results1812 patients were included (59.9% male, mean age 40.1±12.6 years, 75.8% paranoid schizophrenia); most were enrolled because of lack of efficacy (n=1026) or lack of tolerability (n=490) with prior antipsychotic treatment. The median mode dose of paliperidone ER was 6 mg/day. 70.7% of patients completed the 6-month study. Most frequent reasons for early discontinuation were patient choice (8.8%), lack of efficacy or adverse event (5.1% each) independent of the reason for switching. Mean total PANSS decreased significantly from 79.4±20.4 at baseline to 66.1±21.5 at endpoint (mean change -13.3±19.7; 95% confidence interval -14.2;-12.3, p< 0.0001). The percentage of patients rated mildly ill or less in CGI-S increased from 27.0% to 52.2% at endpoint, and the rate of patients with mild functional impairment increased from 15.8% to 34.9%. AEs reported in greater-than-or-equal-to 5% of patients were insomnia (9.2%) and anxiety (7.2%). Extrapyramidal symptoms in ESRS decreased significantly from 3.5±5.8 to 2.1±4.6 (p< 0.0001). Mean weight gain from baseline to endpoint was 0.3±4.8kg.ConclusionThese data support results from recent randomized controlled studies that paliperidone ER is safe, well tolerated and effective in patients previously unsuccessfully treated with other oral antipsychotics.

This study addressed two issues, the interrelationship between the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and the Millon II (MCMI-II) and the value of the new personality scales, Aggressive and Self-defeating, in a sample with diagnoses of combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. 100 confirmed cases of combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder were given a battery of measures including both Millon inventories and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (basic scales and selected subscales). They were rated on discharge status during a structured treatment program. Basic treatment and background information were also obtained. Analysis showed scores on the MCMI-II scales were higher but generally reflective of MCMI scales and that the Self-defeating personality style tends to be reflective of greater psychopathology, suicidal problems, treatment/disposition difficulties, overreporting of symptoms, and intensity of problems. Discussion encouraged the use of the MCMI-II with special emphasis given to the Self-defeating style in this group with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

As documented with results obtained in 1685 patients the treatment of ureteric stones is today based on ESWL in situ and ureteroscopy with semirigid, ultrathin ureteroscopes and laser lithotripsy. All stones in the upper third of the ureter and larger stones in the distal third of the ureter are preferably treated with ESWL in situ whereas smaller stones in the distal ureter are better treated endoscopically. Midureteric stones remain the domain of primary ureteroscopy; with moderate obstruction in the asymptomatic patient it may also be acceptable to wait for the stone to pass into the distal ureter spontaneously to be treated by ESWL in situ there. Manipulating stones back into the kidney and treating them by ESWL there (pushback/ESWL) offers no advantage over ESWL in situ, as the results are similar, yet morbidity is higher. Blind instrumentation and open surgery have lost all justification.

Forty-four patients with superficial bladder cancer were randomized to receive 10 MU (14 patients) or 100 MU (14 patients) of interferon (IFN)-alpha 2b or 1.3 g ethoglucid (16 patients) instilled into the bladder once weekly for 10 weeks and then monthly for 1 year. Efficacy (evaluated in 34 patients who completed the course of treatment), based on recurrence rate and time to first recurrence, was similar in the three groups. No systemic toxicity of treatment was seen. Severe chemocystitis occurred in some patients who received ethoglucid (three had to discontinue treatment), while no local toxicity was seen with IFN-alpha 2b treatment.

Detailed investigations of coherent phonons in high temperature superconductors are presented. They are synchronously launched in YBa2CU3O7-films by excitation with 50 fs laser pulses at 2 eV and detected at the same photon energy through periodic modulation of the reflectivity signature. As shown in fig. 1 the positive reflectivity change at room temperature decays with at least two time constants. The positive dR/RO change indicates that the Fermi level of YBa2Cu3O7 lies above the excited states. Below the transition temperature the dynamics and sign of the reflectivity change indicate the excitation and relaxation of quasiparticles.

Photoconductivity of bridged polymeric phthalocyaninesHans Meier and Wolfgang AlbrechtStaatliches Forschungsinstitut fur Geochemie I Aufienstelle desBayerischen Geologischen Landesamtes, D-8600 Bamberg, FRGMichael HanackInstitut fur Organische Chemie der Universitat Tubingen,D-7400 Tubingen, FRGABSTRACTResults of experiments on photoconductivity of one—dimensionalbridged polymeric phthalocyanines [PcML1 consisting of different com-binations of macrocycles, Pc, bridging ligands, L, and central metalatoms, M, are described. It is shown that the spectral response andphotoconductive gain strongly depend on the type of bridging the planarphthalocyanine rings. Therefore, rules for the development of phthalo-cyanine—based polymeric photoconductors by synthesis, e.g., with signi-ficant long wavelength sensitivity, can be outlined.1. INTRODUCTIONBridged stacked phthalocyaninato-metal polymers are of particularinterest. On the one, polymeric phthalocyanines with conductivies up

Summary A total of 44 patients with low and intermediate grade superficial urothelial bladder cancer Ta and T1 were randomised into a controlled, long-term, phase III trial on topical instillation therapy with high dosealpha-2b interferon (100 × 106 IU versus low dose alpha-2b interferon (10 × 106 IU) versus ethoglucid. Thirteen patients in the low dose group, 11 in the high dose group and 10 in the ethoglucid group completing the trial were evaluable (median follow-up 36.5 months) and were followed up for 3 years. They were treated weekly for 10 weeks and then monthly for a total of 1 year. The aim of the trial was to establish the prophylactic efficacy and the toxic side effects, if any, of alpha-2b interferon in the topical treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Recurrence rate and disease-free survival were chosen as study end-points. The recurrence rate was 4.4 in the low dose interferon group, 2.76 in the high dose interferon group and 3.08 in the ethoglucid group. In the low dose interferon group the time to the first recurrence was 22.23 months versus 22.36 in the high dose group and 21.76 months in the ethoglucid group. No differences of statistical significance were noted between the 3 groups. Progression occurred in 5 patients on interferon but was not seen in those on ethoglucid. Neither systemic nor local side effects were seen in the interferon groups, but 3 patients had to be taken off ethoglucid because of severe chemocystitis. In superficial bladder cancer, topical instillation therapy with interferon is as effective as conventional chemotherapy and has no side effects.

THE DOSAGE regimen of CellCept (mycophenolate mofetil, MMF) is based on the pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA), and on empirically obtained efficacy data rather than on the kinetics of the immunosuppressive activity. This activity is based on the inhibition of inosine 59-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a pivotal enzyme in the biosynthesis of guanine nucleotides. PK–PD relationships based on monitoring of MPA plasma concentrations and on the inhibition of IMPDH in whole blood cell fractions have been determined in animals following a single dose of MMF. There is no reliable information on the kinetics of enzyme activity after repeated MMF dosing in humans. Therefore, a new assay using HPLC was developed by one of the present investigators (W.A.) to quantify IMPDH activity in whole plasma and isolated lymphocytes of renal transplant patients and healthy controls. This study describes the assay and initial results obtained with this method.

Within 26 months a total of 4,126 procedures were performed on the ESWL multipurpose table. Forty percent of the procedures were comprised of endourology, 25% functional urinary tract radiology, and 37% ESWL therapy. Biplane fluoroscopy is an extraordinary help for percutaneous interventions. A further advantage is the possibility to perform endourology and ESWL in one session without having to transport the patient. This has facilitated pre- and post-operative ancillary measures in a total of 35.3%. Seventy-six percent of stones greater than 15 mm were managed via indwelling stents. In situ ESWL for ureteral stones has become the therapy of choice in more than 80% of patients due to the availability of radiological localization systems and a complication and failure rate of 20% for the push-and-smash procedure. The multipurpose table is equally successful as the piezoelectric system for ESWL therapy. Drawbacks include operational inconvenience with percutaneous interventions and the necessity to change patient position during ureterorenoscopy and retrograde pyelography. The multipurpose unit used is a valid compromise for ESWL and percutaneous endourology. For purely diagnostic interventions, a standard x-ray table is preferred.

The close association between bladder cancer and modulation of the immune system has been known for many years. Reactivity to surface antigens, such as the ABO blood group antigens and the T group antigens, is often lost with the development of bladder cancer. These findings, together with the accessibility of the bladder mucosa to direct, topical treatment, have permitted and justified an immunotherapeutic approach to bladder cancer.

Covalent binding of benzidine and some congeners to hemoglobin was studied in female Wistar rats after oral administration. Hemoglobin adducts were hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions, and the arylamines extracted and analysed by HPLC with electrochemical detector. With benzidine, three cleavage products were observed, the major component being monoacetylbenzidine. This indicates that 4-nitroso-4′-N-acetylaminobiphenyl is the major reactive metabolite in erythrocytes. In addition benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl were identified. The latter indicates a hitherto unknown metabolic pathway of benzidine. With 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine-dihydrochloride, 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine and 3,3′-dimethylbenzidine two cleavage products were observed, the parent diamines being present in excess to or in amounts comparable to the monoacetyl derivative. With 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine a hemoglobin adduct could not be found. When the azo dye direct red 28 was administered to the animals, the three cleavage products typical for benzidine were found, indicating that benzidine became bioavailable after reductive cleavage of the azo compound. In this case the fraction of 4-aminobiphenyl was greater than after benzidine. It is proposed to use the analysis of hemoglobin adducts in human blood to control the exposure of individuals to these carcinogenic chemicals in the course of biochemical effect monitoring.

Ipsapirone is an azopirone derivative that selectively interacts with serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptors and fails to affect other neurotransmitter receptors. In this study, ipsapirone at 15 mg or 30 mg was compared with diazepam at 15 mg and placebo in a double-blind, random assignment study design in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). During 4 weeks of treatment, both active drugs were therapeutically superior to placebo, without significant drug vs. drug therapeutic differences. The side-effect profile of ipsapirone at 15 mg was favorable compared to diazepam, but at 30 mg ipsapirone produced significant gastrointestinal disturbances.

Depending on the film and the actor, Don Quijote can be a madman or a leading man. The actor's ideology is intimately related to the director's part. In adapting the Quijote to the screen, scriptwriters and film directors, such as Orson Welles, Arthur Hiller, G. W. Pabst and Grigory Kosintsev have added elements from their own artistic and political repertoires, especially in the treatment of theatricality, the characterization of Don Quijote and Sancho, and the many references to the Spanish Inquisition. The four film versions under analysis have two things in common: they exploit theatricality and role-play, whose appeal to filmmakers and scriptwriters is natural, and political themes, which are inspired by the novel but some times beg explanation.

Thin films of high‐temperature superconducting YBaCuO deposited by dc‐sputtering on SrTiO3 substrates are structured by electron beam lithography on a submicron scale. Details of the technology processes involved are presented. The sudden transition of structures below 1 μm into the semiconducting state is discussed.

A novel optimized heterodyne method that recovers the complete electric field of any four-wave mixing signal at its point of origin is demonstrated. A tracer pulse is sent along the signal path and characterized at the sample by frequency-resolved optical gating. Spectral interferometry is used to determine the phase difference between the tracer and a reference pulse, the absorptive change in tracer phase in the sample, and the reference-signal phase difference. Together, these measurements allow calculation of the signal phase at the sample. The phase of three pulse-scattering signals from solutions of the infrared dye IR 144 in methanol determines the absolute signal-emission time within 0.5 fs.

The manipulation of various grammatical devices structures Julio Cortaizar's short-short story "Continuidad de los parques." Variations in the use of verbal aspect (preterite/imperfect) mark stages in the development of the plot, and modal and lexical choices reinforce its reflexive and repetitive nature. Linguistic and literary analysis are mutually reinforcing approaches to this text: the study of grammar contributes to revealing the story's meaning, while the story exemplifies creative use of grammatical choices. Teaching stu- dents to identify and analyze grammatical features of the story allows them to discover its meaning for them- selves.

A highly efficient and bias-free inverse kinetics technique has been developed to determine the subcriticality of a nuclear reactor. The new algorithm has been tested through simulation studies against two other algorithms currently being used. It was also extensively tested by analyzing actual rod-drop experimental data taken at the Argonne National Laboratory. Both simulation studies and the real data analyses showed that the new algorithm proposed here is a superior method in estimating the subcriticality of a system from the time-dependent neutron flux transient data.

The neutron noise induced by an air-water loop located in a nuclear reactor is investigated. A simple model of the neutron noise is developed using phenomenological arguments. The model is verified by comparison to experimental results, and three-dimensional, two-energy group diffusion calculations. The aim of the work is to provide the theoretical background for studying two-phase flow using neutron noise analysis.

Modification of the properties of synthetic fibres during the process of their manufacture can be effected by various means. The modification methods include changing the composition of the fibre, the possibility of combining several polymers or fibres, and also changing the technology of the fibres and of their processing. The design of modified fibres that have new properties opens up broad opportunities for further development of the textile industry. New requirements arise which reflect the requirements of contemporary users. Modification of synthetic fibres has become one of the important factors which ensure their further development.

A recent development in passive safety devices for advanced liquid-metal reactors is the installation of manometerlike core assemblies called gas enhancement modules (GEMs). Knowledge of the liquid sodium level within the GEMs is required to monitor GEM operation. A microwave, resonant cavity level measurement technique has been laboratory tested on a scale model of a GEM assembly in a nonsodium environment. The theory behind this method is discussed, and the experimental results are shown to compare well with those predicted by theoretical calculation. The resonant cavity level detector tracked extremely well over the desired 0.1524- to 1.1176-m range of operation and provided accurate, reproducible results well within the desired +- 25.4-mm actual level. When tested for vibrational stability, level errors of only 0.254 mm were observed. The effects of material differences between the experimental GEM (copper) and the actual GEM (Type 304 stainless steel) are calculated.

In 1978 the US Environmental Protection Agency contracted Mathtech Incorporated to identify the impediments to recycling and evaluate their economic effects. The facilities studied represented a cross-section of recycling technologies, ownership types, geographical locations, and recovered products. It was discovered that none of the facilities was economical in the sense of providing the least-cost mode of disposal for municipal solid waste, and all of them suffered net losses in recent operations. Indications were that financial performance would improve slightly. A major deterrent to economical operations was the availability of lower-cost disposal by landfill.

Die Grundlagen der mit Radionuklidquellen in Kombination mit Si(Li)-Halbleiterdetektoren bzw. Proportionalzahlrohren arbeitenden energiedispersiven Rontgenfluoreszenzanalyse wurden besprochen. An Hand von Beispielen wurde gezeigt, das das Verfahren zur raschen Bestimmung geloster bzw. im Schweb befindlicher Schadstoffe der Fluswasser und der Sedimente geeignet ist. U. a. kommt die Moglichkeit der direkten Analyse von Wasserproben sowie die Analyse der ohne chemische Vorbehandlung durch Eindampfen bzw. Zentrifugieren erhaltenen Praparate zur Sprache. Als Nachweisgrenzen konnten Mindestkonzentrationen von 0,1 ppm festgestellt werden.

Laboratory experiments on digital optical transmission systems at bit rates of 1 and 2 Gbits/s are described. Systems with graded-index and single-mode fibers in the optical short and long wavelength region were investigated. All systems include complete circuits for clock and signal regeneration. Special emphasis was laid on the development of electronic circuits for gigabit signal processing and on the investigations of the noise sources of the optical channel, which appear especially pronounced in broad-band systems. The experimental results confirm the possibility to set up reliable high-speed optical transmission systems under laboratory conditions with available components. The remaining problems are of optical and not of electronic nature, despite the fact that monolithic integrated circuits for gigabit applications are hardly commercially available today.

A method is developed for using information on quantities internal to a BWR core, specifically the exit void fraction, to improve estimates of additional internal quantities using a thermal/ hydraulic model and estimation theory. The method is applied to an example using simple geometry but realistic data.