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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine phyllochron in strawberry cultivars, from two origins during two crop years, conducted in low tunnel. Experiments were conducted at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, campus Frederico Westphalen (CESNORS/UFSM), Brazil, evaluating 'Camarosa', 'Camino Real' and 'Albion' strawberry cultivars. During the 2012 crop year, seedlings from Chile and Pelotas/RS, Brazil were evaluated, for the 2013 crop year, only seedlings from Chile were submitted to evaluations. In order to determine the phyllochron, twice a week the numbers of leaves (NL) of the main crown were counted and a regression between NL and accumulated thermal time (ATT) was held. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with three repetitions with the evaluation of 12 plants per experimental unity, consisting of a factorial. For 2012 and 2013 crop years, it is possible to conclude that 'Camarosa' and 'Camino Real' cultivars required higher accumulation of degree-days (ºC day-1) to issue each successive leaf than cv. 'Albion', which, in turn, presented higher rates of leaf emergence, being considered earlier. Regarding to origin, seedlings from cv. 'Albion' from Chile presented lower total phyllochron values and for samples from Pelotas, no difference among cultivars was observed.

The association of stability indexes and diallel analyses can provide a strong tool for the predictability of selecting quantitative traits. Therefore, the present work had as objective to test the stability of different oat populations, originating from the combination of fve parental genotypes (UPF 16, UPF 18, UFRGS 7, UFRGS 17 and URPel 15) as assessed by their general and specifc combining abilities. The experimental design consisted of random blocks with three replications. The experiments were performed in the Centro Agropecuário da Palma, in the experimental feld belonging to the Centro de Genômica e Fitomelhoramento, in Capão do Leão county, Rio Grande do Sul state. The essays were performed in 2002 and 2003, as one and two experiments, respectively, adding up to three environments. The evaluation in different generations and years was essential to discriminate well the genotypes for the stability of their specifc combining ability effects. The crosses UPF 16 x UPF 18, UPF 16 x UFRGS 7 and UPF 16 x UFRGS 17 were found to be promising regarding the increase grain yield by indirect selecting number of panicles per plant, number of grains per panicle and panicle weight, respectively.O uso da estabilidade em associação à análise dialélica pode representar uma forte ferramenta para a previsibilidade de seleção de caracteres quantitativos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo testar a estabilidade de diferentes populações de aveia, oriundas de combinações envolvendo cinco genitores (UPF 16, UPF 18, UFRGS 7, UFRGS 17 e URPel 15), com base nas estimativas da capacidade geral e específca de combinação destes genótipos. O delineamento adotado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Centro Agropecuário da Palma, na área experimental do Centro de Genômica e Fitomelhoramento, localizado no município de Capão do Leão/RS, nos anos de 2002 (um experimento) e 2003 (dois experimentos), formando três ambientes. Para a discriminação das melhores constituições genéticas com base na estabilidade do efeito de capacidade específca de combinação, foi determinante o uso de avaliações em diferentes gerações e anos de cultivo. Os cruzamentos entre UPF 16 x UPF 18, UPF 16 x UFRGS 7 e UPF 16 x UFRGS 17, se revelam promissores no incremento do rendimento de grãos via seleção indireta através do número de panículas por planta, número de grãos por panícula e peso de panícula, respectivamente.

The objective of this work was to compare estimates of genetic distances of potato genotypes using genealogical, morphological and molecular data, and jointed data (morphological and molecular). The work was carried on at Embrapa Clima Temperado and UFPel/FAEM/Laboratório de Genômica e Fitomelhoramento. The evaluaton was with a set of 13 potato cultivars and elite clones of the Embrapa Clima Temperado Active Germoplasm Bank of Potatoes. The field experiments were grown in springs of 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003, in single 20 plant plots, spaced at 0.30m between plants and 0.80m between rows. The genotypes were evaluated morphologically for 33 plant and tuber traits and for AFLP markers. The analysis of variance, considering year as replication, revealed no significant differences only for leaflet width, flowers frequency, stalk pigmentation e apex aspect. Correlations between dissimilarity matrices were significant only for jointed (morphologic and molecular) and molecular matrix. Therefore, all estimates of genetic distance between potato genitors should be considered in planning crosses.O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar estimativas de distância genética entre genótipos de batata usando dados genealógicos, morfológicos, moleculares e conjuntamente, dados morfológicos e moleculares. Os trabalhos foram realizados na Embrapa Clima Temperado e na UFPel/FAEM/Laboratório de Genômica e Fitomelhoramento. Foi avaliado um conjunto de 13 cultivares e clones elite, componentes do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Batata da Embrapa Clima Temperado. Os experimentos de campo foram realizados nas primaveras de 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 e 2003, em parcelas únicas de 20 plantas, espaçadas 0,30m entre plantas e 0,80m entre fileiras. Os genótipos foram avaliados em relação a 33 caracteres morfológicos de planta e tubérculo e analisados molecularmente usando marcadores AFLP. A análise de variância, considerando ano como repetição, não revelou diferenças significativas somente em relação à largura dos folíolos, frequência de flores, pigmentação do pedúnculo e aspecto do ápice. Apenas a correlação entre matrizes de dissimilaridade conjunta (morfológico e molecular) e molecular foi significativa. Portanto, todas as estimativas de distância genética entre genitores de batata deveriam ser consideradas no plano de cruzamentos.

Seeding density adjustments is one of the practices that most influence grain yield, as well as other agronomic traits. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the ideal plant stand to achieve the maximum grain yield in genotypes showing differential tillering ability. Also, to establish the associations between the genotypes used with tillering and other agronomically important traits as weight of a thousand grains. Two experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 in Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Five low (JURITI, BR 18, CEP 29, BR 18 and CD 108) and five high (CD 114, SAFIRA, FIGUEIRA, BRS 177 and UMBU) tillering potential wheat cultivars were tested for two years on a split-plot design. The results indicate the need for recommending cultivars based on more than one year of cultivation, especially when dealing with contrasting genotypes for the trait fertile tillers. Regarding the ideal plant stand, seeding density of low tillering ability genotypes ranges from 417 to 555 seeds m-2, in order to obtain maximum yield and grain weight. On the other hand, for high tillering ability genotypes, the ideal stand ranges from 221 to 422 seeds m-². These results were year independent. Furthermore, low tillering ability genotypes showed a closer association of number of fertile tillers with grain yield. However, an inverse association was found between number of fertile tillers and weight of a thousand grains.O ajuste da densidade de semeadura é uma das técnicas culturais que mais influenciam o rendimento de grãos, bem como outros caracteres agronômicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o estande ideal de plantas em que se possa obter o máximo rendimento de grãos em genótipos que apresentem diferente capacidade de afilhamento e, estabelecer a relação das constituições genéticas utilizadas com o afilhamento e outros caracteres de interesse agronômico como massa de mil grãos. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos no município de Capão do Leão/RS, nos anos de 2005 e 2006. Foram testadas dez cultivares de trigo inicialmente classificadas como de reduzido e de elevado potencial de afilhamento, sendo conduzidos no delineamento de parcelas subdivididas. Os resultados apontaram a necessidade da recomendação de cultivares testadas em mais de um ano de cultivo, principalmente quando utilizados genótipos contrastantes para o caráter número de afilhos férteis. Com relação ao estande ideal de plantas, independente do ano, a densidade de semeadura dos genótipos com reduzido potencial de afilhamento, relacionada com o ponto máximo de rendimento de grãos, está entre 417 e 555 sementes m-2, proporcionando também maior massa de mil grãos. Por outro lado, o estande ideal dos genótipos com elevado afilhamento, está entre 221 a 422 sementes m-2. Além disso, genótipos com baixo potencial de afilhamento propiciam a melhor relação direta do número de afilhos férteis com o rendimento de grãos da cultura, com efeito inverso na massa de mil grãos.

Diallel analyses are commonly used for the estimate of population genetic effects. Different models can beused, with a direct effect on the inferences. The objective of this study was to determine and compare two diallel analysismodels, fixed and random, regarding the combining effects among six wheat genotypes. The experiment was conducted in thecounty of Capão do Leão/RS in the year 2006. Six wheat genotypes were used that were used for artificial crosses accordingto a complete diallel model without reciprocals, resulting in 15 hybrid combinations. The data were subjected to diallelanalyses according to model 2 of Griffing (fixed) and BLUP (random). The results show that both diallel models indicatesimilar general combining ability effects. On the other hand, for the specific combining ability, the data must be used withcaution, considering the two models simultaneously.

A análise dialélica propicia estimativas de parâmetros úteis à seleção de genitores e ao entendimento dos efeitos genéticos envolvidos na determinação dos caracteres. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a capacidade geral e específica de combinação multivariada de genótipos de batata em gerações iniciais de seleção. Foram avaliadas 20 famílias clonais de batata (5*4) de nove genótipos, em um esquema dialélico, por duas gerações sucessivas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Embrapa Clima Temperado, em Pelotas, RS (31°S, 52°W), na primavera de 2005 e no outono de 2006. Foram avaliados 14 caracteres morfológicos de tubérculo e selecionados os seis mais estáveis ou que melhor repetiram perante as gerações para outras análises. A análise de variância revelou diferença significativa para todos os caracteres. A análise de variância multivariada dialélica com componentes principais mostrou os genótipos "2CRI-1149-1-78", "Eliza", "C-1786-6-96" e "White Lady" com maior capacidade geral de combinação para os caracteres aparência, aspereza, sobrancelha, apontamento, curvatura e achatamento de tubérculo, contribuindo com efeitos aditivos nos cruzamentos. Os cruzamentos "C-1750-15-95"/"Agria", "C-1786-6-96"/ "Asterix" e "Eliza"/"Asterix" destacaram-se em capacidade específica de combinação para sobrancelha, apontamento, curvatura e achatamento de tubérculo, e "2CRI-1149-1-78"/ "Vivaldi", "Eliza"/"BP1" e "Eliza"/"Agria", para aparência, aspereza e sobrancelha de tubérculo.The diallel analysis provides estimates of useful parameters to parent selection and to the understanding of the genetic effects involved in a trait control. This research was aimed at estimating multivariate combining ability of potato parents in the initial generations of selection. Twenty potato clonal families (5*4) of nine genotypes in a partial diallel design were evaluated for two successive generations. The experiments were conducted at the Embrapa Clima Temperado, in Pelotas, RS (31° S, 52° W), in the spring of 2005 and autumn of 2006. Fourteen morphological tuber traits were evaluated and the six more stable, or those that were best repeated in the generations were selected for further analysis. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all traits. The diallel multivariate analysis, using principal components, showed "2CRI-1149-1-78", "Eliza", "C-1786-6-96" and "White Lady" genotypes with higher general combining ability for tuber appearance, smoothness, eye brown, pointing, curving and flatness, contributing with additive effects for crossings. The "C-1750-15-95"/"Agria", "C-1786-6-96"/"Asterix" and "Eliza"/"Asterix" cross combinations were outstanding for specific combing ability for tuber eye brown, pointing, curving and flatness, and "2CRI-1149-1-78"/"Vivaldi", "Eliza"/"BP1" and "Eliza"/"Agria" for tuber appearance, smoothness and eye brown.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho comparar métodos de avaliação da qualidade de pólen e avaliar a influência do ácido giberélico (GA3), na eficiência de cruzamento de genótipos de batata (Solanum tuberosum L.). Ambos os estudos foram conduzidos na sede da Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas-RS. O primeiro estudo foi conduzido no Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético, na primavera de 2003 e outono-inverno de 2004. Foram avaliados os métodos do carmin propiônico e da fertilidade do pólen, com dois meios de ágar, açúcar e boro (meio 1 e meio 2), utilizando cinco genótipos de batata. O segundo estudo foi realizado em casa-de-vegetação, no outono-inverno de 2004. Uma solução de 25mg.L-1 de GA3 foi pulverizada em 15 genótipos de batata, que são utilizados como genitores no programa de melhoramento. Conclui-se que ambos os meios de cultura podem ser utilizados na avaliação da qualidade do pólen de batata, e a influência do GA3 na eficiência de cruzamento é dependente do genótipo.The aims of this work were to compare evaluation methods of pollen quality and to evaluate the influence of giberellic acid (GA3) on the efficiency of crossing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes. Both studies were carried out at Embrapa Clima Temperado headquarters, Pelotas-RS. The first study was accomplished in the Plant Breeding Laboratory, in the spring of 2003 and autumn-winter of 2004. The carmin propionic and the pollen fertility of two agar, sugar and boro media (culture medium 1 and culture medium 2) were evaluated, using five potato genotypes. The second study was carried out at greenhouse, in the autumn-winter of 2004. A GA3 solution of 25mg.L-1 was sprayed on 15 potato genotypes that are used as genitors in the breeding program. One concluded that both growing media can be used for potato pollen quality evaluation, and the influences of GA3 on the crossing efficiency is dependent of the genotype.

The objective of this research was to compare the consistency of the bi-segmented and AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis) methods for estimating yield stability in potatoes. Data of ten genotypes evaluated in 34 environments (local, growing season and year combinations) of the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, in 1994 and 1995 were used. Three data sets were analyzed: 34-environment data set and two 17-environment data subsets, which were chosen by randomly dividing the total data set. For the 34-environment data set, the models gave similar results in relation to the stable genotypes, but they differed with regard to the unstable genotypes. For the 17-environment data sets, the bi-segmented model showed more consistent results, either between subsets or between these and the total data set. For the AMMI model, only the Santo Amor genotype showed consistency between one of the subsets and the total data set. In this work, the bi-segmented method was shown to be more consistent than the AMMI model.O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a consistência dos métodos bi-segmentado e AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis) em análise de estabilidade de ensaios de rendimento de batata. Foram utilizados dados de dez genótipos avaliados em 34 ambientes (combinações de local, período de cultivo e ano) do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em 1994 e 1995. Três conjuntos de dados foram analisados: o conjunto de dados dos 34 ambientes e dois sub-conjuntos de dados de 17 ambientes, que foram escolhidos pela divisão aleatória do conjunto total de dados. Para o conjunto de dados dos 34 ambientes, os modelos deram resultados semelhantes quanto aos genótipos estáveis, mas divergiram quanto aos instáveis. Para os subconjuntos de dados de 17 ambientes, o modelo bi-segmentado revelou resultados mais consistentes, tanto entre os subconjuntos quanto entre estes e o conjunto total. Para o modelo AMMI, apenas o genótipo Santo Amor mostrou consistência entre um dos subconjuntos e o conjunto total. Neste trabalho, o método bi-segmentado mostrou-se mais consistente do que o modelo AMMI.

The objective of this study was to estimate the cross efficiency of 43 genotypes frequently used as parents in thepotato breeding program of Embrapa Clima Temperado. The study was conducted under greenhouse conditions in theseasons autumn and winter/spring, from 2000 to 2004, in Pelotas, RS, Brazil. For each cross, the number of pollinated flowerbuds, the fruit-set and the number of seeds were recorded. Each season, in which the genotype was crossed, was considereda replication. The data were analyzed using the REML/BLUE statistic model. Male parents adapted to the ecological conditionsof the southern regions of Brazil presented higher efficiency in crosses than female parents. Genotypes used as male parentsinfluenced the number of seeds per flower bud more than female parents.

The objective of this study was to determine relationships between insect resistance and some horticulturaltraits and the implications on selection. A potato population of 11 clonal families derived from crosses between insect resistantand genotypes adapted to the southern region of Brazil was used. The following traits were evaluated: plant size and vigor,incidence of insect attacks on leaves and tubers, tuber yield and appearance components. Phenotypic and genotypic correlationsbetween leaf and tuber resistance were not significant for the population, while phenotypic correlations between the tworesistance types were significant for individual families, with exception of the family originated from the cross involvingND263-32. The incidence of insect attacks on tubers was significantly correlated with tuber yield and appearance in familiesderived from crosses of NYL235-4. The manifold correlations of leaf resistance with horticultural traits for all families weresignificant and unfavorable.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to estimate the variance components and genetic parameters, the selection gain, and the cause and effect relationships among traits in order to identify important traits for direct and indirect selection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines. Three strategies were used to obtain selection gains: direct and indirect selection, an index based on “ranks,” and the Smith and Hazel index. In the 2017 crop season in Brazil, 420 wheat lines from the F5 generation were conducted in families with intercalary controls. High heritability of spike weight, number of kernels, and total kernel weight resulted in the best direct selection gains. The selection of plants with a high number of tillers resulted in grain yield improvement. The use of selection indexes is important in advanced wheat lines; they promote genetic gains distributed among agronomic traits.