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We explored various dimensional and compositional factors that can influence the perception of pork belly firmness. Bellies from 198 pigs of three different genotypes, two sexes, two slaughter weights and three different diets were recovered and belly firmness was assessed using the belly-flop angle and a 5-point scale subjective measurement. Dimensional and compositional factors were recorded on intact and sheet-ribbed bellies. Subjective belly score was negatively correlated with belly-flop angle (r = − 0.89). Regression analysis accounted for 77 and 83% of the variability in subjective belly firmness and belly-flop angle measurement, respectively. Belly length, weight and width influenced both measures of belly firmness, but these effects were more important for the belly-flop angle. After correcting flop angle using belly length, the effect of belly weight disappeared and the effect of other traits was more like those observed for subjective scoring. Hence, undue effect of belly length should be corrected for if this set-up is to be implemented in commercial plants.

Sterols are essential for several physiological processes in most eukaryotes. Sterols regulate membrane homeostasis and participate in different signalling pathways not only as precursors of steroid hormones and vitamins, but also through its role in the formation of lipid rafts. Two major types of sterols, cholesterol and ergosterol, have been described so far in the opisthokonts, the clade that comprise animals, fungi and their unicellular relatives. Cholesterol predominates in derived bilaterians, whereas ergosterol is what generally defines fungi. We here characterize, by a combination of bioinformatic and biochemical analyses, the sterol metabolism in the filasterean Capsaspora owczarzaki, a close unicellular relative of animals that is becoming a model organism. We found that C. owczarzaki sterol metabolism combines enzymatic activities that are usually considered either characteristic of fungi or exclusive to metazoans. Moreover, we observe a differential transcriptional regulation of this metabolism across its life cycle. Thus, C. owczarzaki alternates between synthesizing 7-dehydrocholesterol de novo, which happens at the cystic stage, and the partial conversion—via a novel pathway—of incorporated cholesterol into ergosterol, the characteristic fungal sterol, in the filopodial and aggregative stages., This work was supported by grants from Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCYT-PICT 2012-1301 and ANPCYT-PICT 2014-1311) to A.D.U; a European Research Council Consolidator Grant (ERC-2012-Co -616960) grant and a grant (BFU2014-57779-P) from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) to I.R.-T., the latter co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (fondos FEDER). S.R.N. and A.D.U. are members of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina. We also acknowledge financial support from Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (Project 2014 SGR 619).

The Cryogenic Analysis Tools (CAT) is a LabVIEW and Root-based Software Package that has been developed in order to study the performances of large size cryostats, where many parameters, input and control variables need to be acquired and analyzed at the same time. The code has a 3-step-based fundamental architecture. First, a LabVIEW class of codes (VIs) collects all the data coming from different kind of instruments and pass these raw data to a dedicated Root module, called CryoNtuplizer, which produce custom Root-ntuples (CryoNtuples). At the end, a so-called Automatic Analyzer (AutoANA) analyzes the CryoNtuples, performing a complete and totally customized analysis of the data collected from the cryostat instrumentation. CAT is also able to work in stand-alone mode being able, in this way, to perform an offline analysis of the whole cryostat performances.

Presumably, dry-ageing enhances flavour attributes of meat by surface desiccation to increase and modify fatty acid content and other organoleptic molecules. However information regarding dry-ageing of fresh pork is limited. To examine the effects of dry-ageing on pork quality, Large White (LW, n = 24) and Large White × Duroc (Duroc, n = 24) barrows were slaughtered and three longissimus thoracis et lumborum sections from each side of the carcass were wet or dry-aged for 2, 7 or 14 d. Dry-aged meat had lower (P0.001) moisture and higher (P0.001) protein content due to higher purge losses (P0.001) when compared with wet aged meat. However no dry-ageing effect (P0.05) was observed on sensory characteristics. The increase in the duration of ageing decreased moisture content and drip loss and increased (P0.001) protein content, purge loss and L*, chroma and hue values. These changes were more accentuated in dry-aged meat (P0.01). Days of ageing dependent increases (P0.001) were observed for instrumental and sensory tenderness and juiciness in both ageing types. Moreover, meat from Duroc barrows had lower (P0.001) moisture and protein content, and higher (P0.01) fat content, L* and hue values. Instrumental and sensory tenderness, juiciness and flavour were higher (P0.01) in meat from Duroc than LW barrows. Increases (P0.01) in flavour intensity and decreases in off-flavour of meat from LW barrows were greater (P0.05) in d 7 than in d 14. Therefore the duration of ageing affected most quality and sensory characteristics, while the changes to quality attributes of dry versus wet-aged pork were attributable to the differences in shrink losses in the present study.

Eye of round primal cuts were bisected longitudinally, and the halved cuts were each injected with a brine-containing 5% NaCl, 5% polyphosphate, 200 ppm FDC Blue #1 dye, and Listeria innocua at about 10 6 cfu/ml. Brine was injected into each halved primal from a hypodermic needle with its tip at the geometric centre of the cut. Brine was injected at rates of 5 or 15 ml/min, with injection of 3, 5 or 7 ml of brine at each rate, using a syringe pump. The pressure in the line to the needle was recorded at 2 s intervals while brine was being injected. Each rate and volume condition was used for injection of 7, 8 or 9 halved primals. Each halved primal was cut across at the injection site, and the two portions were each cut into four or five 2 cm thick steaks, starting from the newly exposed surface. The volume of dyed tissue in each steak was estimated from the dyed areas of steak surfaces. The volume of brine and the number of bacteria in each steak were determined from the amount of dye and numbers of bacteria recovered from dyed tissues in steaks. The results showed that approximately ovoid volumes of tissue contained brine after injection. The long axis of the ovoid volume paralleled the muscle fibres and extended further behind than in front of the bevelled opening of the needle. Increasing volumes of brine and the higher rate of brine injection increased the radial dimensions of the ovoid volume but did not extend the long axis. The steaks closest to the needle contained more bacteria than would be expected from the amounts of brine in the steaks. Pressures maintained in the brine line during injection ranged from 50 kPa. The pressure had no effect on the distributions of brine or bacteria in the meat. The findings suggest that much of the brine injected into meat flows by capillary action into the same channels through which water from meat flows to be lost as drip.

Research was successfully undertaken to identify one or more non-invasive measuring sites on the primal belly which would predict belly fatness as well as or better than backfat depth at the grading site. Crossbred market weight gilts ( n = 297) were slaughtered, dressed, graded, chilled and fabricated into primals according to commercial Canadian practice. A series of measurements were made on the primal both directly on the belly/loin cut, and from images of the cut. The ribbed, skinned and trimmed belly was ground for NIR compositional analysis. Both grade fat depth and one direct fat measurement (SFt) on the belly were equally strongly correlated with % fat in the belly ( r = 0.86, P R 2 of 0.854 (RMSE 3.20), outperforming the grade site data ( R 2 = 0.762, RMSE 4.09). Prediction of belly fatness from measurements taken at the intersection of the belly/loin and belly/shoulder cuts was found to be poor.

The article is centred on consideration of the need to create knowledgeable connections between public art and urban and regional planning. The reasons are sought in a series of issues ranging from the inadequacy of some disciplinary tools in interacting with the complexity of contemporary life to the long path taken which in the past has already seen art mix with social practices and the construction of the city. The accent is placed on the value that may lie in the use of ‘sensitive’ languages able to ‘bind’ artistic, social and urban planning practices together. If various artists are working today to reinvent artistic action, immersed in everyday practices to create spaces for relationships to activate creative production processes in urban space, what then might this action mean from the viewpoint of planning?

Meat packaging implies the extension of shelf-life, by retarding the activity of spoilage bacteria, oxidative processes and changes in sensory properties such as colour and flavour. The use of case-ready meat or centralized packaging of meat in retail food establishments continues to increase. The development of new packaging materials and systems during the last 10 years has been based on consumers' concerns regarding safety, quality and environmental sustainability and industry's need to address ease of distribution and labour requirements. The objective of this review is to examine the current understanding and trends of the most traditional and common packaging systems, such as vacuum packaging and modified-atmosphere packaging, as well as the emerging technologies being used by the meat industry, such as high-pressure processing, irradiation, active packaging and intelligent packaging.

The gene coding for a C-5(6) sterol desaturase in Tetrahymena thermophila , DES5A , has been identified by the knockout of the TTHERM_01194720 sequence. Macronucleus transformation was achieved by biolistic bombardment and gene replacement through phenotypic assortment, using paromomycin as the selective agent. A knockout cell line (KO270) showed a phenotype consistent with that of the DES5A deletion mutant. KO270 converted only 6% of the added sterol into the C-5 unsaturated derivative, while the wild type accumulated 10-fold larger amounts under similar conditions. The decreased desaturation activity is specific for the C-5(6) position of lathosterol and cholestanol; other desaturations, namely C-7(8) and C-22(23), were not affected. Analysis by reverse transcription-PCR reveals that DES5A is transcribed both in the presence and absence of cholestanol in wild-type cells, whereas the transcribed gene was not detected in KO270. The growth of KO270 was undistinguishable from that of the wild-type strain. Des5Ap resembles known C-5(6) sterol desaturases, displaying the three typical histidine motifs, four hydrophobic transmembrane regions, and two other highly conserved domains of unknown function. A phylogenetic analysis placed T. thermophila's enzyme and Paramecium orthologues in a cluster together with functionally characterized C-5 sterol desaturases from vertebrates, fungi, and plants, although in a different branch.

The objective of this study was to acquire process information, clinician and client feedback during implementation of a routine suicide risk screening program for outpatients with serious mental disorders. We studied implementation of a suicide-screening tool in a large public mental health outpatient facility in New York City. Most clinical staff who provided an opinion indicated screening was useful, feasible and helpful; most clients did not mind screening. Facilitators to program implementation included administrative support and ease of use. Barriers included consent, misperceptions, and concerns regarding potential liability. It is feasible to implement a suicide-screening tool in a public outpatient clinic. However, even experienced clinicians harbor unfounded myths. Effective large scale use will require vigorous training and oversight.

Many organizations purchase connectionless Virtual Private Network (VPN) services from a telecommunications service provider, who deploys a network of routers, interconnected by high bandwidth trunks, which serve thousands of customers. The nodes in a service provider network are Provider Edge routers (PEs), which store forwarding tables which dictate on which outgoing link to send an incoming packet addressed to a particular destination. In practice, router capacity may be limited by memory, bandwidth, or processing capacity for BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) sessions used to advertise addresses. We describe three techniques that help a service provider deploy a large-scale VPN service. The first technique shows how a service provider can deploy sets of routers, called "route reflector planes," to advertise addresses when the number of addresses in the service provider network grows. The second technique, applicable when the number of BGP sessions is the limiting resource, is a method to enhance the network reliability at no additional cost, by having each customer's forwarding table stored on only a small number of PEs. The third technique is a way to estimate the number ofVPNs that can be handled by a PE, when memory is the limiting resource.

International audience; A comparative study of the Mitsunobu reaction at C1 and C6 positions of mannose using bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) malonate as nucleophile is disclosed. While C-alkylation was predominant at the C6 position, only O-alkylation occurred at the anomeric position of the carbohydrate. Some factors playing a role in the selectivity of the reaction are discussed and an inverse mechanism of the Mitsunobu reaction for the anomeric position is proposed.

Striping or streaking is a problem in moisture enhanced meats which are injected to low levels. Research was undertaken to determine brine distribution paths and effect of pre-injection thawing rate on brine distribution. Beef rib eyes and eye of rounds were vacuum packed and aged 7 days at 3 °C, then frozen (-35 °C) for a month, thawed either quickly in water (5 h at 12-17 °C) or slowly in air (48 h at 3 °C), injected to 108-110% using a conventional brine containing blue food colouring, chilled overnight, then cut along four planes and photographed for image analysis of % blue, % marbling, and subjective evaluation of brine distribution paths. There were no significant differences in % blue due to treatment. Brine distribution in both muscles was better parallel to fibers than perpendicular to them. A subset of aged rib eyes was injected to 125%. Although brine was more extensively distributed than at lower injection levels, basic patterns remained unchanged.

Trabajo presentado en el The origin of metazoans International Workshop, celebrado en Giens (Francia) del 14 al 16 de octubre de 2015.

Objective Integration between descending and ascending inputs at supraspinal and spinal levels is a key characteristic of neural control of movement. In this study, we characterized convergence of the flexor reflex and corticospinal inputs on the tibialis anterior (TA) network in healthy human subjects. Specifically, we characterized the modulation profiles of the spinal TA flexor reflex following subthreshold and suprathreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We also characterized the modulation profiles of the TA motor evoked potentials (MEPs) following medial arch foot stimulation at sensory and above reflex threshold. Methods TA flexor reflexes were evoked following stimulation of the medial arch of the foot with a 30 ms pulse train at innocuous intensities. TA MEPs were evoked following TMS of the leg motor cortex area. Results TMS at 0.7 and at 1.2 MEP resting threshold increased the TA flexor reflex when TMS was delivered 40–100 ms after foot stimulation, and decreased the TA flexor reflex when TMS was delivered 25–110 ms before foot stimulation. Foot stimulation at sensory and above flexor reflex threshold induced a similar time-dependent modulation in resting TA MEPs, that were facilitated when foot stimulation was delivered 40–100 ms before TMS. The flexor reflex and MEPs recorded from the medial hamstring muscle were modulated in a similar manner to that observed for the TA flexor reflex and MEP. Conclusion Cutaneomuscular afferents from the distal foot can increase the output of the leg motor cortex area. Descending motor volleys that directly or indirectly depolarize flexor motoneurons increase the output of the spinal FRA interneuronal network. The parallel facilitation of flexor MEPs and flexor reflexes is likely cortical in origin. Significance Afferent mediated facilitation of corticospinal excitability can be utilized to strengthen motor cortex output in neurological disorders.

Leishmania major synthesizes polyunsaturated fatty acids by using Δ6, Δ5 and Δ4 front-end desaturases, which have recently been characterized [Tripodi KE, Buttigliero LV, Altabe SG & Uttaro AD (2006) FEBS J273, 271–280], and two predicted elongases specific for C18 Δ6 and C20 Δ5 polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi lack Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases but contain Δ4 desaturases, implying that trypanosomes use exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce C22 Δ4 fatty acids. In order to identify putative precursors of these C22 fatty acids and to completely describe the pathways for polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in trypanosomatids, we have performed a search in the three genomes and identified four different elongase genes in T. brucei, five in T. cruzi and 14 in L. major. After a phylogenetic analysis of the encoded proteins together with elongases from a variety of other organisms, we selected four candidate polyunsaturated fatty acid elongases. Leishmania major CAJ02037, T. brucei AAX69821 and T. cruzi XP_808770 share 57–52% identity, and group together with C20 Δ5 polyunsaturated fatty acid elongases from algae. The predicted activity was corroborated by functional characterization after expression in yeast. T. brucei elongase was also able to elongate Δ8 and Δ11 C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. L. major CAJ08636, which shares 33% identity with Mortierella alpinaΔ6 elongase, showed a high specificity for C18 Δ6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In all cases, a preference for n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed. This indicates that L. major has, as predicted, Δ6 and Δ5 elongases and a complete pathway for polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Trypanosomes contain only Δ5 elongases, which, together with Δ4 desaturases, allow them to use eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid, a precursor that is relatively abundant in the host, for C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids have important structural roles in cell membranes. They are also intermediates in the synthesis of biologically active molecules such as eicosanoids, which mediate fever, inflammation, blood pressure and neurotransmission. Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids are essential components of brain tissues and, through their involvement in the development of neural and retinal functions, important dietary nutrients for neonatal babies. Lower eukaryotes are particularly rich in C20-22 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fungi and marine microalgae are currently used to produce nutraceutic oils. Other protists and algae are being studied because of the variability in their enzymes involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Such enzymes could be used as source for the production of transgenic organisms able to synthesize designed oils for human diet or, in the case of parasitic protozoa, they might be identified as putative chemotherapeutic targets. Polyunsaturated fatty acids can be synthesized by two different pathways: an anaerobic one, by using polyketide synthase related enzymes, and an aerobic one, which involves the action of elongases and oxygen dependent desaturases. Desaturases can be classified into three main types, depending on which of the consecutive steps of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis they are involved with. The enzymes may be specialized to act on: saturated substrates (type I); mono- and di-unsaturated fatty acids by introducing additional double bonds at the methyl-end site of the existing double bonds (type II); or the carboxy half ('front-end') of polyunsaturated ones (type III). Type III desaturases require the alternating action of elongases. A description of the enzymes that have been isolated and functionally characterized is provided, in order to highlight the different pathways found in lower eukaryotes.

The New York State Office of Mental Health has implemented the browser based Psychiatric Clinical Knowledge Enhancement System (PSYCKES) medication application throughout its inpatient system of care. PSYCKES provides detailed current medication regimens and histories, as well as medication best practices reports at the patient, psychiatrist, ward, and facility levels. South Beach Psychiatric Center (SBPC) has made specific use of a best practices report which details proportions of caseloads and number of patients on two or more concurrent antipsychotic medications. Psychiatrists received extensive application and desktop support and individual and group training was conducted. PSYCKES current and historical medication regimens were reviewed for individual cases and best practices reports were used in psychiatry supervision from January 2004 to March 2005. SBPC psychiatrists achieved marked reductions in the proportions of their caseloads on two or more concurrent antipsychotics. Although we cannot impute causality from this pre-post implementation design, the results of this evaluation suggest that the use of PSYCKES was effective in reducing such regimens for inpatients.

Trypanosoma brucei procyclic forms possess three different malate dehydrogenase isozymes that could be separated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and were recognized as the mitochondrial, glycosomal and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase isozymes. The latter is the only malate dehydrogenase expressed in the bloodstream forms, thus confirming that the expression of malate dehydrogenase isozymes is regulated during the T. brucei life cycle. To achieve further biochemical characterization, the genes encoding mitochondrial and glycosomal malate dehydrogenase were cloned on the basis of previously reported nucleotide sequences and the recombinant enzymes were functionally expressed in Escherichia coli cultures. Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase showed to be more active than glycosomal malate dehydrogenase in the reduction of oxaloacetate; nearly 80% of the total activity in procyclic crude extracts corresponds to the former isozyme which also catalyzes, although less efficiently, the reduction of p-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate. The rabbit antisera raised against each of the recombinant isozymes showed that the three malate dehydrogenases do not cross-react immunologically. Immunofluorescence experiments using these antisera confirmed the glycosomal and mitochondrial localization of glycosomal and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, as well as a cytosolic localization for the third malate dehydrogenase isozyme. These results clearly distinguish Trypanosoma brucei from Trypanosoma cruzi, since in the latter parasite a cytosolic malate dehydrogenase is not present and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase specifically reduces oxaloacetate.

This study evaluated the possible effects of peer, unit staff, and quality management staff survey administrators on item means of the inpatient version of the Consumer Assessment of Care, a 14-item mental health service satisfaction survey developed by the New York State Office of Mental Health and administered at South Beach Psychiatric Center. Of 511 inpatients who completed the survey, 215 were administered by unit staff, 156 by consumers, and 140 by quality management staff. Each subgroup used a mixed-mode administration method for consecutive 6-mo. periods. Reliability and factor analysis indicated the survey was psychometrically robust. Item means for the types of administrator were significantly different. Tukey HSD multiple-comparisons indicated that item means were significantly higher for unit staff administrators than peer and quality management staff administrators, which did not differ from each other. Response set, acquiescence, or socially desirable responding may elicit higher item means for unit staff administrators.

An open reading frame with fatty acid desaturase similarity was identified in the genome of Trypanosoma brucei. The 1224 bp sequence specifies a protein of 408 amino acids with 59% and 58% similarity to Mortierella alpina and Arabidopsis thalianaΔ12 desaturase, respectively, and 51% with A. thalianaω3 desaturases. The histidine tracks that compose the iron-binding active centers of the enzyme were more similar to those of the ω3 desaturases. Expression of the trypanosome gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the production of fatty acids that are normally not synthesized in yeast, namely linoleic acid (18:2Δ9,12) and hexadecadienoic acid (16:2Δ9,12), the levels of which were dependent on the culture temperature. At low temperature, the production of bi-unsaturated fatty acids and the 16:2/18:2 ratio were higher. Transformed yeast cultures supplemented with 19:1Δ10 fatty acid yielded 19:2Δ10,13, indicating that the enzyme is able to introduce a double bond at three carbon atoms from a pre-existent olefinic bond. The expression of the gene in a S. cerevisiae mutant defective in cytochrome b5 showed a significant reduction in bi-unsaturated fatty acid production, although it was not totally abolished. Based on the regioselectivity and substrate preferences, we characterized the trypanosome enzyme as a cytochrome b5-dependent oleate desaturase. Expression of the ORF in a double mutant (ole1Δ,cytb5Δ) abolished all oleate desaturase activity completely. OLE1 codes for the endogenous stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Thus, Ole1p has, like Cytb5p, an additional cytochrome b5 function (actually an electron donor function), which is responsible for the activity detected when using the cytb5Δ single mutant.

We herein report the first enantioselective synthesis of two new monocyclic sesquiterpenes from Artemisia chamaemelifolia starting from an enantiopure building block. The key feature of the present approach is to allow complete control of all the stereogenic centers present in the natural products and to elucidate their absolute stereochemistry, which to date is unknown.

An NAD+-dependent cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37) from leaves of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum in the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) mode was cloned, expressed in E. coli and characterized. The recombinant enzyme had a subunit molecular mass of 39.5 kDa and was recognized by antibodies raised against the cytosolic MDH from Ananas comosus. Its activity showed a maximum in the pH range of 7.5-9.5. The purified MDH is highly but not completely specific for oxaloacetate, as indicated by a low activity using various other α-ketoacids as substrates. The sequence data, subunit mass and immunoreactivity suggest that the MDH that has been cloned and characterized corresponds to the cytosolic isoform. Yet, the biochemistry of this enzyme comparative with the only other CAM plant cytosolic MDH characterized so far (that of pineapple) hints at a distinct isoform being expressed in M. crystallinum leaves. Fil: Tripodi, Karina Eva Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos; Argentina Fil: Gomez Casati, Maria Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; Argentina Fil: Uttaro, Antonio Domingo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina Fil: Podesta, Florencio Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos; Argentina

Based upon a remarkable β-face diastereoselection, a stereocontrolled construction of bicyclic systems with the appropriate stereochemical disposition of the substituents belonging either to a Baccatin-I C-ring precursor or a Taxol® CD-ring precursor is reported.

An efficient enantioselective synthesis of fully-oxygen, ated Taxol® A-ring subunit has been achieved using (-)-karahana lactone, (-)-2, as an enantiopure starting building-block and a diastereoselective allylic hydroxylation as the key step.

BackgroundHamburger is the most consumed beef product in North America, but lacks in nutritional appeal due to its high fat content and high proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Objectives of the present study were to improve the FA profiles of hamburgers made with perirenal fat (PRF) and subcutaneous fat (SCF) when feeding steers different diets along with examining differences in sensory attributes and oxidative stability. Diets included a control diet containing 70:30 red clover silage: barley based concentrate, a diet containing sunflower-seed (SS) substituted for barley, and diets containing SS with 15% wheat dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS-15) or 30% DDGS (DDGS-30). Hamburgers were made from triceps brachii and either PRF or SCF (80:20 w/w).ResultsPerirenal fat versus SCF hamburgers FA had 14.3% more (P 0.05), but feeding DDGS-30 diet reduced the proportions of (P

International audience; AMP mimics constitute an important class of therapeutic derivatives to treat diseases where the pool of ATP is involved. A new phosphonate derivative of 9-(5-hydroxymethylfuran-2-yl)adenine was synthesized in a multi-step sequence from commercially available adenosine. Its ability to behave as a substrate of human adenylate kinases 1 and 2 was assessed. The phosphonate was shown to be a moderate but selective substrate of the mitochondrial human AK2, better than well-known antiviral acyclic phosphonates 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA, Adefovir) and (R)-9-(2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA, Tenofovir). Putative binding mode within adenylate kinase NMP site revealed by molecular docking in comparison to AMP native substrate allowed to illustrate this selective behavior.

IDR Working Group Internet-Draft AT&T Intended status: Standards Track Expires: Jun 3, 2015 Add-Paths is a BGP enhancement that allows a BGP router to advertise multiple distinct paths for the same prefix/NLRI. This provides a number of potential benefits, including reduced routing churn, faster convergence and better loadsharing. This document provides recommendations to implementers of Add-Paths so that network operators have the tools needed to address their specific applications and to manage the scalability impact of Add-Paths. A router implementing Add-Paths may learn many paths for a prefix and must decide which of these to advertise to peers. This document analyses different algorithms for making this selection and provides recommendations based on the target application. pub

Breast muscles were removed from turkeys soon after slaughter. The meat quality was judged to be normal with little or no evidence of the pale, soft, exudative (PSE) condition. Fluid losses the day after slaughter were 0.50 SD 0.35 %. The most reliable predictor of fluid losses was resistance: r = –0.37 at 120 kHz, –0.30 at 1 Hz and –0.34 at 10 kHz (P < 0.001, n = 156). Between 1 and 4 days post-mortem, the mean drip loss from slices of turkey meat in a cooler was 4.31 SD 1.91%. Resistance was correlated with cooler drip loss: r = –0.61 at 120 Hz, –0.51 at 1 kHz and –0.62 at 10 kHz (P < 0.001, n = 45).

Fluid (purge) losses and pH of turkey breast meat were measured (n=45). During the 24 h between slaughter and analysis in the laboratory, fluid loss during transport was 0.54 S.D. 0.43%. Mean pH at 24 h post-mortem was 5.97 ± 0.12. Mean cooler drip from sliced meat in the following 72 h was 4.31 ± 1.91%. Transport loss was correlated with cooler drip, r=0.47, P