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Grupo Editorial Patria S.A. de C.V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Braun [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy technology innovation is the key to alleviating environmental issues. The Chinese government promotes corporate innovation in the renewable energy industry by providing R&D subsidies. This paper investigates the impact of R&D subsidies on innovation strategies in Chinese renewable energy listed firms from 2008 to 2017. The results show that R&D subsidies induce firms to adopt a manipulative innovation strategy that increases innovation quantity but reduces innovation quality, especially in regions with low marketization or unfair competition. We further find that the choice of manipulative innovation strategy is caused by the flawed subsidy distribution system and examination procedures of subsidy use. This paper deepens the understanding of the relationship between government subsidies and corporate innovation strategy and provides new enlightenments for emerging economies to enhance the effectiveness of subsidy policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With this text, Congress distinguished between I fair i and I unfair i methods of competition - a new distinction, foreign to the Sherman Act - and tasked the FTC with policing the boundary. 23 Press Release, Fed. Trade Comm'n, FTC Proposes Rule to Ban Noncompete Clauses, Which Hurt Workers and Harm Competition (5 January 2023) < https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2023/01/ftc-proposes-rule-ban-noncompete-clauses-which-hurt-workers-harm-competition > accessed 27 June 2023. I None i of these cases significantly constrains the FTC's authority to apply Section 5 toviolations of the policies that underlie the antitrust statutes or that cause actual or incipient antitrust injury'. Keywords: Antitrust; FTC Act; Federal Trade Commission; Competition; K21; K42; L43; N42 EN Antitrust FTC Act Federal Trade Commission Competition K21 K42 L43 N42 149 153 5 08/11/23 20230701 NES 230701 The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 didn't just create a new agency. [Extracted from the article]

29 For some recent incremental proposals, see eg, Tougher Enforcement Against Monopolists Act, S.R. 2039, 117th Cong (2021); Competition and Antitrust Law Enforcement Reform Act, S.R. 225, 117th Cong (2021). 3 Of course, there is plenty of room for criticism and improvement I within i welfarism, and a vast amount of this is being done, as it has been done for some time: but that is the stuff of evolution, not revolution. Keywords: Antitrust; Revolution; Neo-Brandeisian; Welfarism; K21; L40 EN Antitrust Revolution Neo-Brandeisian Welfarism K21 L40 185 190 6 08/11/23 20230701 NES 230701 Is there really, as the title of this symposium suggests, an "Antitrust and Anti-Monopoly Realignment?" Antitrust, Revolution, Neo-Brandeisian, Welfarism, K21, L40, L40. [Extracted from the article]

In 2013, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) voted unanimously to close an investigation of Google, despite agency staff concluding that the company had significantly harmed competition.[4] Massive mergers sailed through, including the Penguin and Random House deal, and the merger of American Airlines and US Airways. One was that, after decades of effective enforcement, Americans had stopped paying attention to monopoly and turned to other issues.[29] The second was that, by the 1980s, the Democratic Party had abandoned its commitment to small business, which had been a key part of the party's coalition since the New Deal.[30] This left a crucial constituency without a political home from which to organize a defence of America's anti-monopoly policies. Keywords: Antitrust; Competition policy; Democracy; Consumer welfare; Economic inequality; Monopoly; Small business; K21; L40; N00 EN Antitrust Competition policy Democracy Consumer welfare Economic inequality Monopoly Small business K21 L40 N00 236 241 6 08/11/23 20230701 NES 230701 I. INTRODUCTION It is an extraordinary time in antitrust. Antitrust, Competition policy, Democracy, Consumer welfare, Economic inequality, Monopoly, Small business, K21, L40, L40, N00. [Extracted from the article]

Like antitrust, election law is made up of a collection of laws, most of which are bright-line laws (voting rules, campaign spending rules), some of which are extremely difficult and fact-intensive (racial gerrymandering). Keywords: Democracy; Antitrust; K21 EN Democracy Antitrust K21 278 282 5 08/11/23 20230701 NES 230701 There is an inverse relationship between those who argue that judges, guided by economists, are well suited to the task of determining the ultimate social value of an individual merger or business practice, and those who believe that antitrust law plays a central role in the protection of human freedom and democracy. Biden's pro-democracy rules, therefore, do not have democracy in them. [Extracted from the article]

This essay explores the plausibility of an anti-monopoly realignment transforming antitrust law and policy. These events gave rise to the anti-bigness movement and its anti-monopoly realignment vision.[12] In recent years, the anti-bigness movement has gained considerable momentum, bolstered by growing political support for its ideas and the appointment of its advocates to lead the antitrust enforcement agencies. Keywords: Antitrust; Anti-monopoly; Antibigness; Competition; Attention markets; K21 EN Antitrust Anti-monopoly Antibigness Competition Attention markets K21 247 252 6 08/11/23 20230701 NES 230701 I. INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, a rapid shift in public attitudes towards large corporations has propelled antitrust law from obscurity to a favourite tool among progressive and conservative populists.[1] Several factors account for this rise in antitrust's political salience, one of which is the remarkable success of a new wave of anti-bigness advocates in attention markets.[2] These advocates have branded themselves as 21st-century trustbusters, promoting their anti-bigness agenda as an "anti-monopoly movement". [Extracted from the article]

19 Federal Trade Commission, 'Policy Statement Regarding the Scope of Unfair Methods of Competition Under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act' (10 November 2022) Commission File No P221202 1, 9-10 < https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc%5fgov/pdf/P221202Section5PolicyStatement.pdf > accessed 17 April 2023. 23 Lina Khan, 'Oversight of the Enforcement of the Antitrust Laws - Prepared Statement of the Federal Trade Commission Before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights' (20 September 2022) US Federal Trade Commission < https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc%5fgov/pdf/P210100SenateAntitrustTestimony09202022.pdf > accessed 17 April 2023. Keywords: Antitrust; Consumer Welfare Standard; Chicago School; Neo-Brandeis; Department of Justice; Federal Trade Commission; K21; L40; L41; L51 EN Antitrust Consumer Welfare Standard Chicago School Neo-Brandeis Department of Justice Federal Trade Commission K21 L40 L41 L51 203 208 6 08/11/23 20230701 NES 230701 I. INTRODUCTION The Biden Administration is seeking to redefine US antitrust policy that it views as largely responsible for historical underenforcement of antitrust laws in the USA.[1] To achieve this, President Biden appointed progressive reformers to leadership positions[2] and lawmakers are proposing amendments to the antitrust laws.[3] These reforms could be described as a battle for the very soul of antitrust though such policy shifts in antitrust enforcement are not unprecedented.[4] Arguably a victor of a previous antitrust policy battle was the Chicago School with its core underlying assumption that markets self-correct.[5] Allied to that view was its emphasis on economic theory and analytical methods that rely heavily on economic analysis, especially the consumer welfare standard (CWS). [Extracted from the article]

Conclusion Current DOJ and FTC leadership claim the "core value"[42] of the agencies' antitrust agenda is the "rule of law".[43] FTC Chair Khan has characterized the FTC's antitrust philosophy as "fundamentally conservative" because it is 'deeply ground[ed] ... in statutory text, history, judicial precedent, and congressional intent'.[44] AAG Kanter has stressed antitrust enforcement has '... deviated too far from the will of Congress. 13 Press Release, FTC, 'Federal Trade Commission and Justice Department Seek to Strengthen Enforcement Against Illegal Mergers." At the FTC and DOJ's Enforcers Summit on 4 April 2022, AAG Kanter stated that the DOJ will "not hesitate to enforce the law" if it determines that a s 2 criminal charge is warranted. [Extracted from the article]

This is a time of passionate debate on the fundamental goals of competition law. Should there be a single overarching goal for all competition law and policy? Should that goal be framed in purely economic terms? Should antitrust focus on protecting the competitive process, preventing unfair market conduct, or the abuse of superior bargaining position? Should antitrust promote and protect democracy, address social and racial injustice, or address climate change and sustainability? How should multiple goals be administered, weighed, and traded off in enforcement priorities and litigation? There is a progressive turn in the USA at the moment. But regardless of the nature and direction of the desired change, there is the equally important issue of how to achieve lasting change that survives the inevitable change in enforcement personnel and political leaders over time. In this essay, I focus on how to achieve that lasting change regardless of the goals and direction of change that any particular jurisdiction seeks to adopt. Most of the specific examples come from current developments in the USA, but are illustrative of the process of lasting change in competition. Enforcement agencies are key players in this process, but are constrained by the constitutions, treaties, legislation, and court decisions of their jurisdictions. Any campaign for change therefore depends on the wise use of the full substantive and procedural powers assigned to them by the political branches of the government. Successfully achieving substantial change rarely happens by accident, and most often requires a combination of such factors as: (i) creatively using the full statutory powers assigned to the agencies, (ii) striving for a unified whole-of-government approach to competition policy and (iii) deeply engaging the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeglad Prawa Rolnego is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With regard to this new constellation of instruments with which the RCC has been entrusted, the authority is looking forward to receiving further resources and consolidating its independence, also with a view to the final implementation stage of the ECN+ Directive.[26] Footnotes 1 See previous Country Reports for Romania (2019-present) CoRe. Romania • The Romanian Competition Council: Towards Becoming a Markets' Authority Keywords: Romanian Competition Council; Markets Authority; competition EN Romanian Competition Council Markets Authority competition 179 182 4 10/13/23 20230701 NES 230701 I. Introduction 2023 finds the Romanian National Competition Authority (RCC or NCA) in a process of transitioning from its main focus on competition to a wider regulatory mandate. [Extracted from the article]

This Article uses the Digital Markets Act (DMA), which took effect in the European Union on November 1, 2022, to demonstrate the neo- Brandeisian antitrust movement's most fundamental problem: it has not yet shown why its proposals are necessary to accomplish its stated goals. Neo- Brandeisians cite perceived unfair conduct by the likes of Google and Apple as evidence that the existing legal regime's approach of fostering competition has failed, and that a new approach of regulating each unfair conduct specifically is necessary. But the mere fact that bad things happen does not mean that existing law has irredeemably failed, just as the continued existence of crime does not mean that criminal law has failed. The solution might not necessarily be to abandon existing law, but to change how existing law is applied. Indeed, this Article shows that existing law in both the European Union and the United States can feasibly achieve the neo-Brandeisian goal of regulating unfair conduct by platforms like Google and Apple, thereby making the DMA unnecessary. The DMA would also be counterproductive and ineffective for achieving its own stated objectives. For example, the DMA's requirement that app store owners like Google and Apple use only "transparent, fair and non-discriminatory" criteria to rank apps would not prevent Google and Apple from distorting their rankings practices--just as a law school ranked outside the top 180 can rank itself second in the nation by equally weighting neutral factors such as total campus square footage and the number of chairs in the law school library. In fact, an app ranked fourth for revenue on Google Play ranks 148th in the number of users, indicating that Google could easily attach different weights to any number of superficially neutral criteria to produce drastically different rankings. This Article's chief contention is that, as long as the neo-Brandeisian antitrust movement fails to present a sober cost-benefit analysis of its own proposals, its demand to replace existing antitrust law with regulatory micromanagement of specific conduct will remain a call for a revolution without a cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yearbook of Antitrust & Regulatory Studies is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reveals the problems and prospects of combating dishonest advertising of medicinal products in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the example of the USA and Ukraine, the criteria for banning the advertising of medicinal products by researching scientific sources, international and domestic legal acts, prescriptions and instructions of state bodies, etc. were analyzed. The differences and specifics of the regulatory requirements for the advertising of medicinal products in Ukraine and the USA have been determined. It has been established that in the USA it is allowed to advertise prescription drugs, and in Ukraine a ban has been introduced to advertise "antiviral drugs of direct action". Attention was drawn to the qualification of the division of advertising slogans in the USA, which made it possible to draw an analogy with Ukrainian advertising of medicinal products. It has been proven that individual pharmaceutical manu­facturers, by providing advertisers with incomplete information about the drug, can mislead consumers about its effecti­veness. The Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine has demonstrated cases of countering the spread of false information about the properties of medicinal products, which became more frequent in connection with the emergence of the strain (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019. The advantages and disadvantages of a complete ban on medicines on television and radio, as well as other mass media are indicated in connection with the entry into force of the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine "On the state of the national health care system and urgent measures to ensure the protection of citizens of Ukraine with medical assistance" dated July 30, 2021. As an alternative to the complete rejection of drug advertising it is proposed, the introduction of the mechanism of "corrective advertising", which is actively used in the USA and consists in correcting or making amendments to already published drug advertising and eliminating statements that mislead consumers, contain incomplete, inaccurate, false information about the medicinal product.

Resumen: Aunque el trabajo penitenciario se percibe ante todo como una práctica de competencia desleal inadmisible en los sistemas de preferencias aduaneras, también puede concebirse de otra manera. En particular, cabe preguntarse qué condiciones ha de cumplir para ser un trabajo decente y un instrumento de reinserción. Tras un minucioso análisis jurídico, en el que se comparan las normas pertinentes de la OIT con la normativa aduanera de la UE y la OMC en el marco de la teoría de las capacidades, se aboga por elaborar un conjunto de normas del trabajo penitenciario que se inscriben en diversas ramas del derecho. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This entry will deal with the history of competition law, including the first substantive competition law of Hungary, i.e Article V of 1923, which contained provisions regarding unfair competition. Currently, unfair competition is the subject of competition law, one of the branches of economic law, which contains regulations regarding the protection of economic competition and the prevention of consumer detriment. The purpose of Article V of 1923 was to offer general protection against any form of unfair competition. However, the description of each provision of the Article and the detailed demonstration and investigation of their practical implementation is not the topic of this entry. The present paper will specifically focus on the arbitral tribunals of the Chamber and the practice of the jury since the fact that the duty and practice of these two bodies were highly significant for the application of the law in that era can be clearly concluded from the summary of research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the community movements of female fishermen, to obtain justice and fight discrimination for equal citizenship. Issuance of Indonesian Law concerning the protection of fishermen as a formal law to protect fishermen does not fully target female fishermen groups. One of the female fishermen movements in the coastal communities, which is joined by a community organization, was trying to request an adjustment of the occupation identity written in the National Identification Card (NIC) from housewife to fisherman to access the benefits of this law. Using four key dimensions of citizenship proposed by Stokke (2017), this paper seeks to fill a gap in the study of participatory and inclusive policy at the community level. We found that female fishermen experience unjust treatment in terms of recognition, welfare distribution, and political representation. They developed a shared identity based on their awareness of and encounters with unfair treatment, which is expressed in all four dimensions of citizenship, membership, legal status, rights, and participation. They learned a lot from this experience about how to identify each problem related to the four dimensions of citizenship, which serves as a strategy for developing and enhancing their sense of citizenship identity. Through a series of advocacy efforts and agreements, the recognition of female fishermen's citizenship is pursued to fulfill their requests. These female fishermen's initiatives to secure legal recognition of their identity employ transformative and affirmative strategies. This legal recognition will strengthen their access and other positive externalities, particularly on the welfare distribution programs and political representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Technology Economics is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sakarya Journal of Economics / Sakarya Iktisat Dergisi is the property of Sakarya Journal of Economics / Sakarya Iktisat Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study was centered on the main objective of examining three approaches of protection of geographical indications which trademark system, sue generis system and the unfair competition system. This paper is intended to study various approaches of legal framework for protection of geographical indications as applied in different countries with the view of ascertaining the strength and weakness of each approach in order to recommended the right approach for Tanzania. The main problem which prompted the study is results from flexibility of the system for protection of geographical indications allowed by the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of 1994. On part of methodology, the study is qualitative in nature and uses mainly secondary date derived by using documentary review of various international legal instruments, reports, legal text books, articles and conference papers based on protection of geographical indications. Data were analyzed by using content analysis in which the researcher sorted data basing on the relevancy of the content on the study objectives of the study. Generally, the findings has revealed that, apparently states protects geographical indications by using trademark laws, sue generis or specific laws and unfair competition system. However, the more comprehensive and effective approach that Tanzania can adopt is the sue generis system because it provided for specific standards for protection of geographical indications which cannot be mixed with trade mark or competition laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In customs preference schemes, prison labour is primarily viewed as unfair competition, to be rejected out of hand. This form of employment can, however, be understood differently, notably by considering the conditions under which it may constitute decent work, and by seeing it as a tool for rehabilitation. Following an in‐depth legal analysis, in which they compare the relevant standards of the ILO to EU and WTO customs regulations in the light of the capability approach, the authors call for the development of a set of rules drawing on several branches of law relating to prison labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Uber Ambivalence: Employee Status, Worker Perspectives, and Regulation in the Gig Economy. The final chapter in Posner's work is devoted to the legal argumentation behind why gig workers are classified as independent contractors rather than employees. For more ethnographies on different types of gigs and their repercussions on workers' lives, see Alexandrea J. Ravenelle's contribution, titled: "Hustle and Gig" (2019). The workers at the top end of this spectrum constitute approximately 30% of the gig workforce and also conduct gigs that are transnational in nature; they are not covered here (Kassi & Lehdonvirta, 2018). [Extracted from the article]

The article examines the protection of public health amidst data theft and ways to overcome constitutional barriers to health information regulation. Topics include components and vulnerabilities to the health infosystem, individual autonomy in health care and health information, role of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in policing unfair and deceptive trade practices, health care information reform limitations and regulation of user experience to protect against false information.

Article 11a(1) UCP Directive obliges the Member States to provide individual rights for consumers harmed by unfair commercial practices. This new provision is intended to ensure that consumers have access to proportionate and effective remedies, including compensation for damage suffered and, where relevant, a price reduction or the termination of the contract. Although the laws against unfair competition in Germany and Austria have similar basic structures, the transposition of Art. 11a(1) UCP Directive shows some significant differences in the way national law provides individual protection for consumers. The legal systems in Germany and Austria are confronted with challenges both in the correct transposition of Art. 11a(1) UCP Directive and the incorporation of individual consumer claims for damages into the structures of domestic law. This article intends both to give a first overview and also to attempt to answer some of the open questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC’s) recent assertion of authority to engage in legislative rulemaking in antitrust matters can be addressed in terms of three frameworks: the major questions doctrine, the Chevron doctrine, and as a matter of ordinary statutory interpretation. The article argues that as a matter of ordinary statutory interpretation the FTC has no such authority. This can be seen by considering the structure and history of the Act and is confirmed by the 1975 Federal Trade Commission Improvements Act. Given that the result follows from ordinary statutory interpretation, it is unnecessary for courts to consider the other two frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world of banking several times, there has been unfair competition for bank notaries. Banks only want to use the services of certain notaries, so other notaries find it difficult and are not allowed to provide their services. This research aims to discover the efforts made to prevent unhealthy competition from bank notaries. This research is normative research using statutory and conceptual approaches. Data collection was carried out using a literature study. Data analysis was carried out using the deductive method. The results of the study stated that preventing unhealthy competition from notaries could be done by opening up opportunities and information for notaries to get clients who make agreements with banks. In addition, supervision is needed from the Indonesian Notary Association organization, as well as strict law enforcement regarding violations of notary ethics who are proven to have monopolized the service of making agreement deeds in the banking sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The commercial Life of cut flower varieties was generally considered to be as short as fashion. However, this study provides an example of a perennially popular cut flower variety that offers an alternative perspective on the potential of the cut flower market. Methods. Semi-structured interview and qualitative document analysis. Results. This article presents an analysis of the evolution of the cultivation and sale of a popular cut flower species over time. It also discusses the impact of a trading company on various stakeholders in the supply chain, as well as relevant business and legal considerations. Conclusions. This article highlights the importance of effective management of the Notification Letter, related agreements and intellectual property rights, taking into account the potential legal and business implications arising from the relevant transactions and statute of limitations. In addition, the article provides valuable insights for breeders and stakeholders seeking to establish identities for new plant varieties in markets, highlighting the importance of understanding the supply chain and implementing appropriate intellectual property strategies and portfolios, such as trademarks and plant variety rights, to facilitate business success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilevel marketing businesses ("MLMs") sell everything from makeup to protein shakes, from dietary supplements to legal services. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people facing income insecurity who wished to work from home turned to the social-media driven MLM business model in droves. Most MLM participants, however, make little, if any, money from their participation in the multibillion-dollar industry. Recently, there has been a push to remove the exemption that excludes most MLMs from disclosure obligations under the Federal Trade Commission's Business Opportunity Rule. Although this is a step in the right direction, disclosure itself is not a complete answer to the harm MLMs can inflict upon participants. This Note recommends that the Federal Trade Commission promulgate a rule identifying certain business practices used by MLMs as per se unfair using its rulemaking authority under Section 57a of the Federal Trade Commission Act. Doing so would allow the Commission to seek consumer redress from companies that violate the rule and exploit participants for economic gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examines how technological development and unfair competition affect students' motivations to plagiarize. Methodology/approach: This study employs a quantitative methodology and a survey as its primary research tool. In order to gather information for this study, questionnaires were also used. 257 accounting students, including those pursuing diploma, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees, who were enrolled in 16 universities in the Province of DIY made up the entire sample size for this study. Findings: Technological development and unfair competition have both been shown to have a positive impact on students' intentions to plagiarize. Practical and Theoretical contribution/Originality: The findings of this study can be used as a reference option for policy makers in various types of educational institutions, especially in tertiary institutions in order to develop effective anti-plagiarism policies. Research Limitation: This study was not carried out comprehensively to all universities in the Province of DIY that have Accounting Study Programs. The 257 respondents in this study only came from 16 universities. Considering that there are quite a number of universities in DIY that have Accounting Study Programs, it is hoped that future researchers will be able to broaden the range of respondents' origins.

We consider the case of changing competition that comes from stronger antitrust enforcement around the world to show that, as the equilibrium switches from collusion to oligopolistic competition, firms step up investment and increase equity issuance. As a result, debt ratios fall. These results imply the importance of financial flexibility in surviving competitive threats. Our identification relies on a difference-in-differences estimation based on the staggered passage of leniency programs in 63 countries around the world from 1990 to 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]