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Organizational and leader-specific components are used to characterize newspaper executives' positioning toward social media. From an online survey (n=159), Norwegian newspaper executives report on the efficacy of social media, organizational culture, and work-related role stressors. Employing principal components analysis and clustering methods, we identify four leadership types and find wide variation in social media attitudes and usage reflecting organizational strategic needs and capabilities, social media-related frustrations, culture, and competencies and tradition of the newspaper executives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewed interest in the working lives of publicly funded lawyers has resulted in a growing body of research that has analysed factors which might affect how criminal defence lawyers envisage their role. Much of that work has adopted an ethnographic approach, producing important data that can tell us much about the occupational culture of publicly funded defence lawyers in England and Wales. This paper synthesises and integrates the findings of recent ethnographic work on publicly funded defence lawyers, adopting a broadly Bourdieusian approach to theories of occupational culture to draw out commonalities across the findings of various recent studies. We take these findings further, arguing that they can together allow us to develop a working typology or schema for the occupational culture of English and Welsh publicly funded criminal defence lawyers. We also draw on some lessons learned from key studies of "cop culture" to identify seven apparently pervasive yet fluid characteristics of the working culture of this occupational group, before suggesting areas for further development. The seven characteristics that we identify in this article are camaraderie; expertise; economisation; standardisation; conflict, social justice and adversarialism, and pessimism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an inclusive systematic review and meta-analysis to understand the health impact of Housing First. Sixty articles relating to HF programmes in America, Australia and Canada were included. Evidence was reviewed using a novel biopsychosocial typology. Collectively, findings suggest that Housing First could play a wider role in customer's health by moving people toward restoring normality in their social roles and the development of positive subjective experiences. The proposed typology could serve as a theoretical framework to improve understanding of HF's impact on health, and allow generalisation of HF outcomes in other countries, where HF's principles are less revolutionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swedish compulsory schools are committed to work for equality and social cohesion. Increasing school segregation, however, challenges this commitment. Based on survey data from Swedish municipalities, this article maps and analyses local initiatives that counteract school segregation. We identify three main types of initiatives—reinforcement, dispersal, and merging—and the exogenous (school external) and endogenous (school internal) drivers involved in each of them. The analysis reveals several gaps between the national level, the municipal level and local schools that hamper local efforts to counter school segregation. This article contributes to increased knowledge on how local initiatives of counteracting segregation are constrained by national policies about school choice and independent versus municipal schools, but also how local initiatives tend to focus on organizational dynamics rather than on social and pedagogical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teras Jurnal: Jurnal Teknik Sipil is the property of Teras Jurnal: Jurnal Teknik Sipil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: Human power is considered as the valuable capital of organizations, which selection, maintenance and preservation is necessary and important for every organization, and this will be possible by using job questionnaires. For this purpose, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the validity and reliability of Panikar's Occupational Typography Questionnaire. Methods: For the initial review of the questionnaire, the initial version of the questionnaire was implemented on a sample of 50 people (25 girls, 25 boys in the second secondary school). Then the questionnaire was given to 10 experts in the field of psychology and psychometrics (7 psychologists and 3 psychometricians) and its content and form validity were also checked. Then, to check confirmatory factor analysis, 600 people between 14 and 24 years of age were selected by available sampling method and responded to Panikar's occupational typology questionnaire. Results: In the present study, after analyzing the data by content validity method and confirmatory factor analysis, finally a questionnaire of 312 questions was obtained that separates 8 job types and the components of each type are from the point of reliance, pleasure, planning, identity, risk, motivation and framework are formed. Conclusion: The results of the validation based on Cronbach's alpha were also 0.77, which is a suitable value. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that this questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating job types in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolian Archaeology is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of DEPARCH Journal of Design Planning & Aesthetics Research is the property of DEPARCH Journal of Design Planning & Aesthetics Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mai-Ndombe is one of the southwestern provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Ecologically, it can be characterised as a transition zone between a moist, broadleaf rainforest ecotone in the north and shrubland/savannah areas in the south. Linguistically, Mai-Ndombe, along with the rest of southwestern Congo all the way down to the border with Angola, is among the least well-surveyed areas of the planet. Within its borders, several different Bantu (Guthrie's zones B, C, and H) varieties are spoken, near the newly identified West-Coastal Bantu homeland, itself a hot spot of phonological diversity unlike any other in the West-Coastal Bantu domain. Phonetic and phonological accounts of its languages are particularly lacking (apart from impressionistic "grey literature" reports which seldom comply with the standards of present-day phonetic and phonological inquiry). This gap is particularly concerning as Mai-Ndombe is also an area of great anthropological diversity, with numerous hunter-gatherer Twa communities living deep in its eastern and northern forests. Their lects, collectively known as Lotwa, are severely endangered, as they face the threats of social stigma and the growing use of national and regional linguae francae. As part of the author's doctoral project (still underway), phonetic data were collected in the area between May and July 2021, specifically in Inongo (the provincial capital) and Nioki. The present contribution is intended as a brief note on the relevant results produced so far, mainly bearing on the analysis of some phenomena of interest in the languages of the region, including Sakata rhotics and labial–velars and the presence of unusual trilling/flapping realisations in Lotwa. The picture yielded by this preliminary exploration is one of striking phonetic and phonological variation, possibly pointing to earlier stages of greater linguistic diversity than previously supposed. It is also tentatively proposed that one of the specific characteristics of the phenomena attested in the present contribution is that they tend to affect more than one language at a time, working rather as areal "phonetic possibilities" than language-bound outcomes of traditional sound change rules; in this sense, it is suggested that in-depth documentation and description can help broaden our understanding of how language contact works in highly multilingual contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rozwój Regionalny & Polityka Regionalna is the property of Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza (IH UAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inclusive businesses (IBs) resonate with policymakers seeking to leverage private capital in support of poverty alleviation and sustainable development. In the agri‐food sector, which represents the largest segment of the base‐of‐the‐pyramid (BOP) market and a key source of livelihood for the rural poor, there is limited evidence on their diversity and social value creation mechanisms. This prevents practitioners from identifying impactful IB types and design features. A statistical analysis of 46 cases in Tanzania and Ghana identified four IB types: (1) self‐reliant agribusinesses, (2) domestic plantation companies, (3) social enterprises, and (4) locally‐embedded Small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Our findings suggest that socially‐driven and localized IBs hold high impact potential but require significant external support, while more self‐sufficient IBs adopt less socially innovative designs. This study demonstrates the utility of a data‐driven approach to capture the complexity of real‐world IBs, which yielded practical insights for more effective poverty alleviation through business means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the context of hypercompetition in a more globalized market and constant environmental changes, business entities must review their organizational model in order to ameliorate their performance. Project management practices can help organizations achieve their goals and increase the value of their actions. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the various elements that constitutes project management frameworks with the aims of improving operational practice and achieving project efficiency and effectiveness. The paper will present a useful overview to provide guidance to organizations on implementing or restructuring their own project management framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the rich history of Iran in the field of art and architecture, delightful doors with unique characteristics are found, each of which is derived from cultural, religious, and social interactions. Typology, recognition, and reproduction of antecedent motifs and designs in traditional doors could revive cultural identity in contemporary cities. Doors and windows are influential factors in shaping buildings in Iranian architecture. Having a thousand-year-old history with the presence of skilled blacksmiths and carpenters, Masouleh has treasured beautiful gates being formed in various buildings at different parts of the town. The purpose of the research is to determine the typology and knowledge of the types of traditional doors in the historical town of Masouleh. The research method is field and library studies. At first, 32 ancient doors in Masouleh were selected for field studies. In the next step, library and interview methods were used to identify the components and designs of the doors. The research results show that the doors in Masouleh are of three types: building, religious, residential and commercial. The doors of the religious buildings are classified into three levels: woodcarving, Girih, tiles, and geometric motifs. The most important factors shaping the decorations of religious doors is the praise of God, which is presented in the form of Islamic, animal, and calligraphy motifs. The doors of the residential buildings are classified into three levels: plain with no design, the ones with geometric design, and Girih tiles. Residential doors are formed based on a combination of the beautiful art of metalwork and woodwork, respect for the needs of the users, and the religious beliefs of the people of Masouleh. The doors of commercial buildings in Masouleh are in the form of collapsible and Girih tile designs. The flexible structure of the collapsible doors of commercial buildings allows for maximum coverage of the openings and visibility of handicrafts. The results indicate that the neighborhoods of Masjed-Bar, Khaneh-Bar, and Keshe-sar have the most classic traditional doors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion of the typology of mosque architecture in different parts of Iran is a topic that has been studied by many researchers. In this article, in addition to the typology of Local mosques, factors affecting the formation and development of the remaining mosques in Borujerd (17 mosques) from the 12th to the 14th centuries AH have been investigated. Boroujerd has a temperate climate with cold winters, and its architecture, like other regions, is under the influence of the local climate and environment. In so doing, as a result of adaptation to the local environment, specific local architectural characteristics are observed in Boroujerd. This research is based on the assumption that local mosques in Boroujerd are built according to the local climatic conditions and based on local architecture. To infer the factors influencing the formation and development of the local mosques, the architectural components and physical and spatial characteristics of the mosques are examined and studied. The questions are as follows: What are the distinctive structural characteristics of the mosques in the Borujerd region? And how could they be grouped? In the construction of such mosques, how has adaptation to the local environment been considered? How have these mosques been influenced by the local architecture? Research information has been collected based on the library method and field survey using the descriptive-analytical and comparative methods. The result of the research has shown that the types of local mosques in Borujerd, although in the general definition, are in the continuation of the archetypes of mosque architecture, but under the influence of local climatic conditions and the local environment, as well as the influence of native architecture. They have distinctive features compared to other mosques, so they could be grouped into two types of local mosques: winter and summer. They are also divided into several categories according to their architectural features. Among them, we could mention mosques with stone and brick-pillared naves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marital quality typologies have been the subject of many studies in Western psychology, and dimensions of marital quality have been associated with various positive life outcomes. However, marital quality in the context of a collectivist culture, where marriage could have a different quality, has not been explored extensively. This study aimed to classify marital quality among Javanese people, one of the largest groups representing collectivist culture in Indonesia. Using data collected online from participants in five regions in Java (N = 889), we conducted a cluster analysis based on a two-dimensional marital quality scale (relationship and well-being). Three types of marital quality emerged from the analysis, namely, flourishing, functional, and surviving marriages. The flourishing type was the most positive marital quality indicator. Participants belonging to this type reported better relationship quality and well-being compared to the other two types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drivers governing the air‐sea CO2 exchange and its variability in the coastal ocean are poorly understood. Using a global ocean biogeochemical model, this study quantifies the influences of thermal changes, oceanic transport, freshwater fluxes, and biological activity on the spatial and seasonal variability of CO2 sources/sinks in the global coastal ocean. We identify five typical coastal behaviors (dominated by biological drawdown, vertical transport, land imprint, intracoastal alongshore currents, and weak CO2 sources and sinks coastal regions) and propose a new processed‐based delineation of the coastal ocean based on the quantification of these controlling processes. We find that the spatiotemporal variability of CO2 sources/sinks is dominated by strong exchanges with the open ocean and intracoastal processes, while continental influences are restricted to hotspot regions. In addition, where thermal changes appear to drive the seasonal CO2 variability, it often results from compensating effects between individual non‐thermal terms, especially biological drawdown and vertical transport. Plain Language Summary: Large progress has been made to further our understanding of the exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and the global coastal ocean. The complex interplay of physical and biogeochemical processes controlling these CO2 fluxes as well as their variations in time and space are still, however, poorly quantified. This knowledge gap limits our understanding of how coastal regions respond to anthropogenic perturbations. This study aims at assessing the extent to which the spatial and seasonal variability of the CO2 exchange between the global coastal ocean and the atmosphere is controlled by exchanges with the adjacent open ocean, the imprint of land inputs, or intracoastal processes. After a careful evaluation against an observation‐based product of coastal air‐sea CO2 fluxes, the global biogeochemical model MOM6‐COBALT is used to quantify the respective contributions of thermal changes, biological activity, freshwater influence as well as oceanic transport on the spatial and seasonal air‐sea CO2 dynamics for the coastal ocean worldwide. We identify five typical behaviors within coastal systems and delineate regions under the imprint of land, dominated by intracoastal alongshore currents, biological drawdown, vertical transport, and weak CO2 sources/sinks coastal regions. Key Points: We quantify the influences of physical and biogeochemical drivers on coastal air‐sea CO2 exchange and its seasonal variabilityCoastal CO2 dynamics is largely controlled by strong exchange with the open ocean and intracoastal processesWe delineate coastal regions based on a quantitative approach of these internal controls of the coastal CO2 dynamics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparison is an inherent process in folkloristics. The inclusion of paremiology in folklore studies and the concept of proverb being a folklore genre allows the comparison of proverbs too, which are most suitable for a study of this kind. However, what needs to be defined is what comparison consists of and how it differs from other approaches like those of contrast and typology. In this paper we will try to highlight this concept and see how it is related to variation, a key feature to folklore, using examples from the proverbial discourse of the Balkan peoples. The methodology employed in this study revolves around establishing specific criteria for determining comparability among proverbs, while the examples mentioned are taking into account both the etic and the emic view regarding the interpretation of the proverbial material. The examples selected illustrate proverbs that are either directly comparable or perceived as equivalents by the folk themselves, evident in their integration into daily discourse.

IntroductionCommunity Supported Agriculture (CSA) is an emerging model within alternative food networks (AFNs). It shapes close relationships between food producers and consumers, thereby contributing to food sovereignty and agri-food system transformations. Despite rapid growth from about 10 to over 500 CSAs in just over a decade, the model in Germany still remains niche. We argue that further and faster scaling up requires better understanding of its diversity, yet a comprehensive conceptualization of CSA types is lacking, with insufficient differentiation in research and practice.MethodsThis study employs a transdisciplinary mixed-methods approach (literature, qualitative, and quantitative data) in cooperation with the German CSA Network. By integrating organizational perspectives, we found that CSAs are highly complex and diverse organizations. Therefore, we firstly aimed at identifying characteristics that we summarized in a CSA framework. In a second stage, we used this framework as guiding structure for co-developing a survey with the Network covering 70 participating CSAs.ResultsAs the defining characteristic within the CSA framework, community financing (domain A) clarifies the uniqueness of the CSA model, thus enables delimitation from other AFN forms. Then differentiation characteristics (domain B) encompass the diversity of CSA configurations. CSA governance (domain B1), regarding the predominant characteristic of organizational governance, distinguish between Producer-led, Consumer-led, and Integrated (all-in-one) CSA types. Varying characteristics (domain B2) specify CSA configurations and enable additional distinction between CSAs. Based on the developed CSA framework, the survey results verify the applicability of governance types in particular, while confirming a high level of diversity of differentiating characteristics in general.DiscussionThis study can be used to reveal existing generalizations about CSAs, providing a starting point for more nuanced and critical views in research and practice. When seen against the background of AFN and food sovereignty discourses in particular, CSA is an alternative production-distribution model, but not every CSA is governed or structured in alternative ways. CSAs can simultaneously contain both more conventional, traditional elements, as well as more alternative elements. Moreover, the framework provides easy-to-access differentiation criteria for matching members with their most suitable CSAs and vice versa. Overall, this study illustrates that CSA cannot be considered as homogeneous AFN type but be rather marked as a diverse field of its own.

It is common for people working on linguistic geography, language contact and typology to make use of some type of distance metric between lects. However, most work so far has either used Euclidean distances, or geodesic distance, both of which do not represent the real separation between communities very accurately. This paper presents two datasets: one on walking distances and one on topographic distances between over 8700 lects across all macro-areas. We calculated walking distances using Open Street Maps data, and topographic distances using digital elevation data. We evaluate these distance metrics on three case studies and show that from the four distances, the topographic and geodesic distances showed the most consistent performance across datasets, and would be likely to be reasonable first choices. At the same time, in most cases, the Euclidean distances were not much worse than the other distances, and might be a good enough approximation in cases for which performance is critical, or the dataset cover very large areas, and the point-location information is not very precise.

Le popolazioni di oggetti create dall’uomo costituiscono una catena ininterrotta fin dai tempi più remoti, con forme di coesistenza tra l’archeologico e le nuove tecnologie, in una dimensione di perenne trasformazione del sistema artificiale. Le diverse categorie sono soggette a processi evolutivi influenzati dai contesti storici, economici, sociali, artistici, dall’evoluzione dei materiali e delle tecniche che caratterizzano le loro complesse e molteplici narrazioni. Dai diversi percorsi assimilabili a ramificazioni genealogiche, i manufatti possono estinguersi o ibridarsi attraverso grandi o piccoli cambiamenti, con modifiche e sostituzione di parti e componenti che ne trasformano le proprietà e l’identità. I sistemi di prodotti sono quindi soggetti ad una sorta di “mutazioni”, simili a quelle riscontrabili negli organismi viventi. Il contributo analizza affinità e differenze tra naturale e artificiale utilizzando l’analogia darwiniana, per poi considerare specifici casi evolutivi inerenti la categoria delle sedute.

Understanding farmers' land use behaviour is a prerequisite for designing effective policies that aim to protect and enhance biodiversity in agriculture. We develop a typology of Swiss farmers' land use patterns in terms of their agricultural production and biodiversity conservation. We contribute by adopting a comprehensive perspective encompassing not only EFAs (Ecological Focus Areas) but also non-EFAs. Relying on a sample of 2341 Swiss farm observations from the Farm Agri-Environmental and the Farm Accountancy Data Network, we conducted – for each agricultural region (plain, hill and mountain) – a K-means clustering to identify farmland use patterns. We considered four clustering variables, namely agricultural production intensity, the extent of a farm's participation in agri-environmental payment schemes and the impact of farm agricultural practices on the organismal biodiversity of 1) EFAs and 2) non-EFAs. The analysis reveals four distinct farmland use patterns beyond the classical dichotomy of low shares of EFAs and high agricultural production intensity versus high shares of EFAs and low agricultural production intensity. Three of the four land use patterns are similar across all agricultural regions. Our findings show that biodiversity enhancement is possible outside of EFA direct payment programmes. One cluster succeeded in exhibiting both a high agricultural production intensity and a high overall biodiversity score, which highlights that these dimensions are not mutually exclusive. The low or moderate use intensity of mineral fertilisers, pesticides and purchased feedstuffs in combination with a high use efficiency of these inputs seems to be the key to reconciling agricultural production and biodiversity conservation.

This study aims to analyze the typology of Chinese ethnicity based on aspects of religious life and Chinese ethnic organization in Minangkabau. In West Sumatra, the presence of ethnic Chinese can be found in the Kampung Pondok sub-district, South Padang District, Padang City. For the people of Padang City and its surroundings, this residential area is often called Kampung Cino. The most prominent evidence to date is the See Heen Kiong Temple. So far there is not much literature that discusses the typology of Chinese ethnicity in the city of Padang, so an effort is needed to complement the existing literature. This study used a case study qualitative research method, the Chinese ethnic group studied in Padang City. Data obtained by means of documentation. This study found that there are two typologies of ethnic Chinese in Minangkabau. First, based on religion, Chinese Muslims in the ethnic Chinese Muslim community in Padang city are members of the Indonesian Chinese Islamic Association (PITI). Second, based on ethnic similarities.

Natas is a public space in Manggarai with various forms. The shape and orientation of natas are influenced by parrots. This is based on the shape, orientation, location of the compang and the presence of mbaru. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with the steps: identifying the typology of shape and orientation of natas through field observations and interviews as well as indirect observation via Google Maps and Google Earth, analyzing the relationship between natas, compang and mbaru, creating patterns and formulating shapes and orientations based on natas typology. The results of this research reveal the diversity of natas shapes with a dominance of circular shapes and a tendency to follow parrots spatially. Natas is a place of social activities and traditional ceremonies that represent the unity of the Manggarai community.

The purpose of this study was to explore the nuances of instructor-student relationships with a nationally representative sample of students. Participants were randomly assigned to describe relationships with their best, worst, and/or last instructor and rate their satisfaction with each relationship, and the level of closeness with the instructor. Coding of student descriptions revealed 13 themes, organized into six pairs of constructive/destructive relationship anchors and one neutral category (Professional Relationship). Importantly, professional relationships were not as close as constructive relationships but were equally satisfying, indicating the closeness in instructor-student relationships has diminishing returns. Results are discussed in the context of instructional communication research and pedagogy.

The cultural richness that characterizes Sasak is reflected in the form of architecture, landscape patterns, and settlements. It is known that there are six traditional villages, each of which has a share in the enrichment of Sasak culture and beauty. The architectural objects taken are from traditional villages on Lombok Island inhabited by the Sasak Tribe by exploring the historical and socio-cultural significance to explain their unique characteristics and the influence of history and cultural beliefs on settlement patterns. This research focuses on physically grouping settlement patterns and relating them to culture and local regulations to find the typology and morphology of traditional Sasak settlements. These two classifications are influenced by history and the phenomenon of the 2018 earthquake in these settlements, highlighting the resilience and cultural significance of traditional Sasak structures. Key findings include the classification of two forms of Sasak architecture settlement patterns: hilly Sasak architecture and flat land Sasak architecture., each with distinct characteristics and orientations. The study provides valuable insights into the architectural, historical, and cultural aspects of traditional Sasak settlements, contributing to a deeper understanding of their significance and unique characteristics.

This paper aims to synthesize recent knowledge about the churches built between 1492 and 1918 in the Kaštela area and present its characteristics obtained by research in the doctoral thesis of the first author. The research covered 18 churches located in the coastal area. Fourteen churches have been preserved, two were pulled down, while the existence of two other churches was detected on old maps and in written documents. After a genealogical and catalogue study, a typological and stylistic analysis of the churches has been made. The longitudinal aisleless churches as a dominant shape vary in dimensions, type of construction, construction solutions and elements of architectural decoration.

This study seeks to identify the significant characteristics of the traditional Najdi courtyard in Saudi Arabia in order to comprehend the typology and applicability of courtyard patterns in Najdi dense urban neighborhoods. The study includes a literature review that investigates the socio-cultural influences on courtyard typology and the typological implications of courtyard residences at both the building and urban scales. The study also includes a case study of six Najdi courtyard residences in three settlements in the central region that analyzes the patterns, characteristics, and spatial qualities of these courtyards. The ethnographic approach is used to observe and document a culture, society, or other phenomenon related to the study objectives through participant observation and interviews, as well as making use of the Space Syntax “justified access graphs” method to understand and examine the organization and spatial order of the traditional dwelling. The study indicates that the courtyard acts as a holistic space and place within the home; however, the features of individual courtyards may vary based on geographical and environmental setting. The conclusion of the research is that courtyard typologies have the capacity to satisfy the enduring cultural, social, and climatic demands of residents and hence might be implemented in contemporary urban contexts. The findings of this research suggest that courtyard typology has the potential to create an environment of comfort, privacy, and special efficiency for modern urban households.

Cultural landscape is a social natural process under which people actively participate in thinking, feeling, and acting. On this basis, their connection with a certain part of the environment in turn affects people's perception of the world and the products of their actions. Trails is a representative and complex practice of integrating nature into society and transforming it into a mixed entity. However, the dynamic and diverse relationships of cultural landscapes represented by this interactive process have not been well interpreted in landscape research. The research first discusses the conceptualization and value theory of cultural landscape, and develops the methodology of cultural landscape interaction process research combining typology and Network theory. Taking the trails spontaneously formed around the Zhengqi Pavilion of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing as an example, this paper discusses the interaction process of trails as a cultural landscape. Based on the analysis results, we obtained the dynamic characteristics of cultural landscapes by treating trails as a network, while obtaining the value expression created by typology.

The architecture of summer residences in the Dubrovnik region from the 15th and 16th centuries represents elements of cultural and historical heritage that both enhance the landscape and bear witness to the rich legacy rooted in the native Mediterranean ambience. By learning about the specific spatial characteristics that define Dubrovnik’s summer residences, this research aimed to comprehend their urban and architectural essence and determine the possibilities of using the typology of these residences as a tool for planning the balanced development of both the private and societal aspects of the city. This study identified indicators of the spatial parameters of existing historic Dubrovnik summer residences in Gruž and then analyzed them according to types of spatial planning conditions to guide the construction and development of building plots. The research was conducted using a model representation of the spatial indicators of the summer residences. The analysis of the model data revealed the characteristics of the typology of Dubrovnik summer residences, highlighting the urban and architectural features of the plots, houses, and gardens, the use of technological innovations, and the coexistence of privacy and sociality. The recognized specificities led to the conclusion that the typology of Dubrovnik summer residences can serve as an exceptionally valuable spatial planning tool.

Approaching the pottery firing structures of the Iron Age involves dealing with a large and diverse amount of data that is difficult to disentangle. One of the most challenging aspects of studying pyro -technological evidence is the absence of a unified and valid typology and of a common vocabulary. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, various scholars, such as Duhamel, Swan, and Cuomo di Caprio, proposed typologies for pottery kilns based on different criteria. While their work is undoubtedly valuable, it does have limitations that need to be addressed, such as a neglect of the protohistoric/pre-Roman periods, and an excessive focus on the shapes of features rather than their actual functioning. Following their steps, many scholars attempted to expand and further explore issues related to ancient kilns, eventually including protohistoric evidence as well. Recent proposals have emerged (e.g. by Thér or Amicone et al.), and a significant revolutionary aspect is the development of a ‘functional’ typology that goes beyond traditional approaches primarily based on morphological features. Building upon new insights, this paper will present a discussion of the key features of the pottery kilns, trying to propose a unified terminology and a critical comparison of all the European typologies.

The term “rural entrepreneurs (RE)” has become a social and rural development factor in developing countries, particularly Indonesia. This research aimed to analyze the dynamics of rural entrepreneurship and describe the typology of entrepreneurship. This research was conducted in three typologies of villages, such as (1) agricultural industry, (2) agritourism, and (3) traditional area, in Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Data were collected through village observation, in-depth interviews with 90 informants, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The dynamics of rural entrepreneurship were affected by various factors: (a) politics, (b) social networks, and (c) economics. Furthermore, three typologies of RE were identified: (1) political-based RE, (2) economic asset-based RE, and (3) social network-based RE. Meanwhile, entrepreneurs could accumulate rural resources, comprising local government and social-economic networks. In summary, the primary keys to encouraging social development in rural areas were providing access to economic assets and social networks and boosting entrepreneurial spirit.

Typology is one of the fundamental archaeological methods that helps to organise large amounts of data and facilitates their handling. It is also used in castellology, where it categorises castles into various types, for example, on the basis of their layout, as observed in Czech castellology. Among these classifications, the socalled Central European castell has proved to be particularly problematic. Nevertheless, none of the representatives within this group completely aligns with the definition formulated by T. Durdík. The best-explored representatives of this group, which come closest to meeting the definition, are the castles in Písek and Kadaň. For this reason, they served as analogies for other supposed representatives, forming the basis for the conceptualisation of the original form. Recent research has cast doubts on their inclusion in this typological group. In contrast to the examples mentioned above, there are other sites that come close to the definition, yet their classification into the group of so-called Central European castell has been questioned, to say the least. The issues discussed in this article underscore the insufficient level of knowledge available regarding the representatives of the so-called Central European castell, effectively challenging the legitimacy of using this type in terms of an archaeological method. A potential solution to this situation lies in reclassifying them into another typological group, preferably within the category of castles with a perimeter layout, which would allow their further use. Moreover, such a merger would eliminate the artificial boundaries currently separating these related sites. Nevertheless, typology should primarily be regarded as a method that helps and simplifies the handling of accumulated data. Existing groups require revision to make them more applicable for further research. This should not be limited to the assessment of architectural and historical qualities; it should also incorporate other approaches that have been underutilised thus far. This will help to create a more nuanced understanding and improved comprehension of castle sites.

This special issue focuses on the theoretical and empirical underpinnings of truth-marking. The names that have been used to refer to this phenomenon include, among others, counter-assertive focus, polar(ity) focus, verum focus, emphatic polarity or simply verum. This terminological variety is suggestive of the wide range of ideas and conceptions that characterizes this research field. This collection aims to get closer to the core of what truly constitutes verum. We want to expand the empirical base and determine the common and diverging properties of truth-marking in the languages of the world. The objective is to set a theoretical and empirical baseline for future research on verum and related phenomena.

The megaliths of Faro in northern Cameroon have for a long time remained in oblivion even though they present varied features (stones, pottery, carved wood, plants) which are rare in the sub-region. Yet, these structures are interesting given that it is possible to collect information about their uses from the local population. In the Faro region, some megalithic stone specimens are similar to those already described, classified and compared according to different criteria from the Mandara mountains through the Grassfields and the Adamaoua plateau. Based on the organization, the archaeological artefacts and the oral tradition, the study of megalithic constructions has led us to recognize three main morpho-stylistic specificities for the constructions in this part of the Benoue basin since the beginning of the 19th century: type 1, identifiable by one or more monoliths associated with or without archaeological material and plants; type 2, recognizable by grouped monoliths associated with carved posts; and type 3, characterized by circles of standing stones and millstones associated with pottery decorated with buttons. Type 1 is distributed in the entire region, whereas type 2 and 3 are found respectively in the western and in the eastern part of the Faro river.

The relevance and feasibility of studying the problem lie in increasing the investment attractiveness of oil and gas enterprises by activating regional services in mineral resource specialization based on the extensive infrastructure being created. The purpose of this study is to establish a typology for infrastructure services catering to oil and gas enterprises by enhancing the service component and implementing digitalization programs in the regions specializing in mineral resources in Russia. The work substantiates the conceptual foundations of an integrated approach to the formation of infrastructure for economic systems of mineral resource specialization and related services in the form of a synthesis of concepts of reproductive, structural-functional, and systemic approaches. An analysis of the current state of the methodology for implementing a typology of infrastructure services for oil and gas enterprises in the Russian Federation and abroad was carried out. The formation of innovative infrastructure facilities was substantiated through economic modelling of the influence of oilfield services and the level of development of the territory's digitalization on the development of infrastructure facilities in oil and gas regions.

This paper investigates the cross-linguistic diversity of continuative (‘still’) expressions. Based on a genealogically stratified sample of 120 languages, the continuative expressions are systematically analyzed according to the four following parameters: morphosyntactic type, emphatic vs. non-emphatic status, other (non-continuative) uses and semantic effects when combined with negation. The study shows that the most widespread type of continuative expressions is represented by monosemous emphatic continuative adverbials which in combination with negation acquire a ‘not yet’ meaning. In many languages, however, we also find continuative expressions which have followed evolutionary pathways towards morphologization, non-emphatic uses, rich polysemy networks, and less trivial types of interaction with negation. The paper discusses possible areal, genealogical and structural factors which might contribute to the “maturation” of continuative expressions in the world’s languages.

We examine a database of 3089 languages coded for 351 morphosyntactic features, including almost all of the morphosyntactic features found in The World Atlas of Language Structures (Dryer & Haspelmath 2013). We apply Factor Analysis of Mixed Data, and determine that the main dimensions of global morphological variation involve (1) word order in clauses and adpositional phrases, (2) head- versus dependent-marking, and (3) a set of features that show an east-west distribution. We find roughly the same features clustering in similar dimensions when we examine individual macro-areas, thus confirming the universal relevance of these groupings of features, as encapsulated in well-known implicational universals. This study confirms established insights in linguistic typology, extending earlier research to a much larger set of languages, and uncovers a number of areal patterns in the data.

As chamadas “construções existenciais” são comuns a várias línguas do mundo, ainda que possam ter formas e funções bastante diversificadas. Entre essas línguas, verifica-se a presença de um tipo específico de marcador, que afirma a não existência de um elemento. Esse fenômeno, chamado de “negação existencial”, difere de um caso de negação de predicado, em que uma marca simples de negação torna a sentença negativa. O presente trabalho analisa a negação existencial em 21 línguas nativas do Brasil, verificando i) a relação entre a forma de expressão da negação existencial (lexical ou gramatical) e a forma da marca da existência positiva; ii) a sobreposição entre existência, localização e posse. Entre outros resultados, foi possível mostrar que, ainda que um paralelismo formal entre existência e inexistência não seja obrigatório, o estatuto gramatical da forma de expressão da negação existencial sempre pressupõe o estatuto gramatical da construção existencial.

The article reconstructs the plot related to the unknown book by L. Gogotishvili “The Phenomenology of Speaking,” prepared for publication in 2009, but never published. A hypothesis is put forward according to which the book successively develops the main concept of Gogotishvili’s magnum opus, her only lifetime monograph “Indirect Speaking” (2006), while differing in its methodological guidelines and degree of completeness. On the basis of materials from the personal archive of Gogotishvili, the article provides with a comparison of the history of creation, variants of the title and structure of both books, and reveals conceptual similarities and differences between them. Particular attention is paid to the unfinished article “Analytical Ornaments of Symbolism and Symbolic Traceries of Analytism,” which was not included in the final composition of the second book. This example demonstrates the internal contradictions between the general idea and its implementation, which apparently influenced the author’s refusal to publish. The article presents one chapter of an unpublished book on the typology of symbolist discursive strategies (the paradigm of no-linear multi-layered “polyconcepts”), which contains the substantiation of the key idea of this concept, which was further developed in the late works of Gogotishvili.

Abstract Background Qualitative longitudinal research (QLR) is an emerging methodology used in health research. The method literature states that the change in a phenomenon through time should be the focus of any QLR study, but in empirical studies, the analysis of changes through time is often poorly described, and the emphasis on time/change in the findings varies greatly. This inconsistency might depend on limitations in the existing method literature in terms of describing how QLR studies can present findings. The aim of this study was to develop and describe a typology of alternative approaches for integrating time and/or change in QLR findings. Methods In this method study, we used an adapted scoping review design. Articles were identified using EBSCOhost. In total, methods and results sections from 299 QLR articles in the field of health research were analyzed with inspiration from content analysis. Results We constructed a typology of three types and seven subtypes. The types were based on the underlying structural principles of how time/change was presented: Type A) Findings have a low utilization of longitudinal data, Type B) Findings are structured according to chronological time, and Type C) Findings focus on changes through time. These types differed in 1) the way the main focus was on time, change or neither; 2) the level of interpretation in the findings; and 3) how theoretical understandings of time/change were articulated in the articles. Each type encompassed two or three subtypes that represented distinct approaches to the aim and results presentation of QLR findings. Conclusions This method study is the first to describe a coherent and comprehensive typology of alternative approaches for integrating time/change into QLR findings in health research. By providing examples of various subtypes that can be used for results presentations, it can help researchers make informed decisions suitable to their research intent.

Tools and weapons made of copper and bronze from the Petrovka Culture of the Northern Kazakhstan of the 19th–18th centuries BC are presented, originating mainly from sites complexes explored in the 70–80s 20th century G.B. Zdanovich and S.Ya. Zda-novich. When distributing tools and weapons by type, methods of typological division of equipment were used, taking into account the configuration of the product, the presence or absence of certain qualitative features, the design features of the handle, the handle, the area in the area of the transition of the blade part to the handle, the shape and section of the blade. The sample is represented by tools, weapons, ingots, semi-finished products, analytically studied in the 70–80s 20th century in the Laboratory of Natural Science Methods of the Institute of Archeology of the RAS (109 copies). Most of the products come from the sites Novonikolskoe 1, Petrovka 2, Bogolyubovo 1. The study of the typology of North Kazakhstan metal showed that in the practice of metal production in the region, they adhered to the general standards for the types of tools and weapons (adzes, chisels, knives, sickles, hooks) adopted in the Petrovka communities of the entire area. Such a general stereotypical set of implements, inherent in the forest-steppe and steppe cultures of Northern Eurasia, can be explained by the common genetic roots of the carriers of these cultures and by the fact that the metalworking of the circle of chariot cultures inherits the traditions of metal production in the hearths of the northern zone of the CMP. At the same time, the specificity of the production of the hearth of Northern Kazakhstan was discovered, which is associated with the appearance of forms of sickle-plows, hooks, massive knives with a subtriangular blade and an elongated handle, unknown in the monuments of Central Kazakhstan and the Urals, razors with asymmetrical blades. The penetration of these forms into the Ishim region is associated with the Late Yamnaya-Poltavka, Catacomb, Abashevo stereotypes and influences in the process of the genesis of the forest-steppe and steppe metal complex of the Late Bronze Age.

The main factual basis of the research comprised the materials of 25 necropoleis of the Late Bronze Age examined in the Karaganda and Ulytau regions of Central Kazakhstan. The total number of the investigated burials amounts to 167 individual structures. There were 190 burials recorded. Since the 2000s, nine cemeteries belonging to the Late Bronze Age have been investigated. There were 72 burial structures studied, including one of the eight largest mausoleums in the region — Karazhartas, excavated in 2016–2017. All known burial structures were divided into three groups: surface stone boxes, boxes imbedded in the bedrock, and ground graves, which, according to the characteristic above-ground structures, were divided into ten types of burial structures. It has been noted that for the first group of the burials, the most characteristic are quadrangular funeral structures erected using the masonry technique. The second group is dominated by quadrangular fences built from vertically set slabs, less often from stone laid on flat. The third group is clearly dominated by a ring-shaped layout in the form of the stones selected according to their dimensions, laid in a circle. The most numerous appeared to be the first group, for which the characteristic feature is the arrangement of the burial chambers in the form of stone boxes raised above the ground. The less representative was the second group with subsurface burials, including those that had a form of composite stone boxes. The third group comprised the burials in ground graves. It is assumed that in the first two groups, the westward orientation of the interred is predominant, with a certain role of the northeastern sector. The third group is characterised by the invariable orientation of the deceased in a southward direction with the sleeping position of the skeleton laid on the right side.