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The article presents the results of the development of mathematical models of the main methods for assessing efficiency indicators of multiprocessor computer systems adaptation unit multibeam antenna in real time and task of selecting the optimal structure В статье приводятся результаты разработки математических моделей методов оценки основ- ных показателей эффективности многопроцессорных вычислительных комплексов блока адаптации многолучевой антенны в реальном времени и постановка задачи выбора их оптимальной структуры

The article considers the aggregate of circumstances essential for establishment of infliction of damage to property by fraud or abuse of trust: time, place, modus operandi and other circumstances of the commission of a crime. Using the results of empirical research the authors define the possible forms of criminal act and as well as specific modus operandi for each form. The results of statistical data analysis on the article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation make it possible to note that the large number of indicated crimes are committed in the financial sphere and consumer market providing a choice of methods for calculation of damage inflicted to property. В статье рассматривается совокупность обстоятельств, существенных для установления события причинения имущественного ущерба путем обмана или злоупотребления доверием: время, место, способ и другие обстоятельства совершения преступления. По результатам эмпирического исследования автором определяются возможные формы преступного деяния, а также характерные для каждой формы способы совершения преступлений. По результатам анализа статистических данных по ст. 165 УК РФ отмечается, что большинство указанных преступлений совершаются в сфере финансовой деятельности и потребительского рынка, что обусловливает выбор методик исчисления имущественного ущерба.

This research was aimed at obtaining a closed control system. This was achieved by placing all the technological processes providing for human vital activities within the hermetically sealed space, and by transferring the entire control and guidance of these processes to people inhabiting the system. In contrast to existing biological life support systems, man has been included not only as a participant of metabolism, but as an operator who is the central figure in collecting information, making decisions and controlling all technological processes. To tackle this problem, the "BIOS-3" experimental complex was created for performing long-term experiments using different structures of biological life-support system. The experiment lasted six months and consisted of three stages. During the first stage the system was comprised of two equivalent phytotrons with the culture of wheat and an assortment of vegetable plants, and the living compartment. At the second stage, one of the phytotrons was removed while a compartment of chlorella cultivators was introduced. The third stage differed from the second, the former using wheat phytotron and the latter employing phytotron with an assortment of vegetable cultures. Three men inhabited the system simultaneously. The experiment demonstrated that a biological life support system controlled autonomously from the inside is feasible within a small confined space. However, immunological and microbiological research shows, that the medium created by the system is not fully adequate for man. In conclusion, some prospects have been outlined for further studies of biological life support systems.

Spectrophotometric observations of agricultural crops and forest vegetation, taken for the purpose of establishing ground truth for remote sensing surveys, are analyzed. Special attention is given to variations in the spectral signatures of wheat, conifers, and deciduous trees occurring during the growing season. Variations of radiation absorption in the 550-730 nm band correspond closely with the physiological state and biological productivity of wheat during the growing season. Mean spectral brightness values of deciduous and coniferous forest stands during the growing season are sufficiently different to be diagnostic, especially during spring and autumn. Translated from: Kosmlcheskiye issledovaniya prirodnykh kompleksov Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka, Novosibirsk, 1983, pp. 126-132.

A laboratory installation was developed for continuous cultivation of hydrogen bacteria by turbidistate with a capacity of about 5 1. A steady state process with Hydrogenomonas eutropha was realized which produces up to 40 g/1 · day of dry biomass. Optimum concentration values for oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide in the gas phase for various densities of bacterial suspensions were found. The minimum concentrations of bioelements are: N 50–70 mg/1, P, Mg, K 20–40 mg/1. The biomass of hydrogen bacteria is characterized by a high protein content (up to 77%) including irreplaceable amino acids up to 40%, and nucleic acids up to 10%. Oxygen and nitrogen deficiency lead to a protein decrease up to 46% and an increase in the concentration of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid. The possibility of a continuous unsterile cultivation of Hydrogenomonas with prevalence over the growth of the accompanying microflora is shown.

The experiment lasting half a year was with a crew of 3 men. The recovery of O2 and water was accomplished through photosynthetic process. A part of wheat and vegetables was also produced in the system. All the processes were controlled by the crewmen. The result obtained established beyond question that a small closed ecosystem is quite feasible. The possibility of biological systems to support the Life through closed substance turnover is their great advantage which should be realized at the coming stage of manned space activity. Solution obtained with developed ecosystems will find applications in the Earth as an important problem today concerning the protection of the Earth's large ecosystem from contamination by waste products. The idea of creating closed substance turnover on board a spacecraft first introduced by K.E.Tsiolkovsky and analyzed theoretically in the works of Mayers, Violetta, Nichiporovich, Shepelev and others after the first manned space flight has been confirmed experimentally. At the XIX, XX, XXIY, XXY IAF Congresses we reported various stages of the development of an experimental ecological life support system. It was a research and developmental effort oriented primarily toward the establishment of metabolic balance between man's oxidative processes and plant's regenerative processes. Different variants of this system including continuous culture of microalgae (chlorella), high plants (continuous flow culture), and the combination of these has been developed. The recent experiment lasting half a year was performed with a crew of 3 men. The recovery of oxygen from atmospheric CO2 and that of wash and potable water was accomplished in the system through photosynthetic regenerative process. A certain amount of grain and vegetables was also produced in the system. All the processes were controlled by men who inhabited the system. The result obtained established beyond question that a small steadily-operating essentially closed system of substance turnover involving man is quite feasible. That's why at present some problems of further development of biological life support systems should be considered. The major problem is to improve the degree of metabolic closure of the ecosystem. The solution to this problem lies in minimising a share of food provisions stored. A large amount of food products must be produced in the system. In the present experimental ecosystem all food provosions consisted primarily of a menu of traditional food which was obtained in the non-traditional way. The problem to be solved is to introduce into a menu non-traditional food products. These will include certain higher plant species and parts of edible plants which are not commonly used as food and biosynthetic products of unicellular organisms. All known food ingredients can be reproduced by microbial biosynthesis. However as indicated by studies such biomass will not be digested in a proper way as intestinal peptidases have limited ability to attack it. The possibility of introducing into a menu products of microbial synthesis will arise when the mechanism responsible for this limited digestion is desclosed. Another major problem is to guarantee the stability of artificial small ecosystems in which ecological mechanism of large natural cenosis stabilization do not work. Instabilities of small artificial ecosystems are brought about about by biological and technological reasons. The first ones include a) endogenous factors, i.e. metabolic instability is due to changes in genetic programme of the main links of the ecosystem caused by mutation and selection processes; exogenous factors, i.e. invasion and division of foreign genomes causing biosynthetic processes to deviate from the preset program and the balance exchange in the system. At present these instabilities are mainly due to the lack of advanced and effective tochnology as modern equipment unlike living organisms is not capable of self-reconstraction. Thus a major bio–engineering task is to develop technology which is nearly as reliable as living components of an artificial ecosystem. Instabilities due to endogenous factors more than once predicted by Odum and Cook were not observed in our experiment. As concluded from an analysis in small artifocial ecosystems like continuous flow culture effective are stabilization mechanism like autoselection and autostabilization. Division of accompaning microbial flora and viruses may greatly contribute to destabilization of the system. Experiments lasting to 6 month did not show any significant changes in the test environment caused by bacterial infection, but a balance of accompaning microbial flora was not achieved either. Evolution of microbial flora is a factor which creates a threat to the existance of the system. Principles of ecological control of this non-functional but inevitable component of the ecosystem should be developed. Another pressing problem is that of maintaining optimal environment for man. The advantage of artificial biological systems over physical chemical ones is that in artificial biological systems as well as in natural ecosystems environment is regenerated by biological factors (Shepelev). Mow when the possibility of environment regeneration in artificial ecosystems has been proved one should define quantitatively and more precisely the term “optimal environment for man” the maintenance of which is the aim of an ecosystem. In order that life support systems be economic with relation to size weight and power requirements the environmental parameters are usually fixed. However numerous physiological and psychological data tend to indicate that optimal environment for man is that which is rythmic ally fluctuating. Therefore it is necessary to find out optimum characteristics of environmental parameters fluctuations and to develop ecosystems which are capable of simulating such fluctuations. Another problem is that of determining the fields of applicability of artificial ecosystems employing biological substance turnover. With an energy and weight approach currently used in the space technology biological systems can be as good as physical chemical ones. But at the present stage of space research the energy-weight criterion can not be regarded as sufficient. New means of space transportation will permit long-duration manned space flights and long term manned activity in space and in other planets. The problem then arises is that of protecting space environment and cosmic bodies from contamination by waste products. It is of importance primarily because in known planets biological substance turnover which could consume waste products does not occur. The possibility of biological systems to support the normal functioning of the organism through closed substance turnover is their great advantage which should be realized at the coming stage of space research. Solution obtained with developed model ecosystems based on closed substance turnover will find a wide application in the Earth as an important problem today concerning the protection of the Earth's large ecosystem is to develop such technology which would make it possible to avoid industrial wastes.