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Memory for public events was compared across Chinese and U.S. participants to explore competing explanations for cultural differences in flashbulb memories. Participant recall of the canonical features of events was more detailed and more likely to include a specific time in the United States than in the Chinese reports. Vividness was positively correlated with the flashbulb memory scores only in the U.S. sample. In both cultures, emotion, national importance, and thinking about the event predicted vividness and recall of memory details. Chinese participants reported primarily disasters and social events, and their memories were more likely to include international events than U.S. participants. The U.S. participants recalled primarily political events and terrorism. These results suggest that culture has important influences on the quantity, level of detail, completeness, and vividness of autobiographical memories as well as on the types of events triggering flashbulb memories.

This paper examines the implementation of the "Prevent Duty" to actively promote fundamental British values in English Further Education (FE). After critically reviewing the history of "Prevent" and the 2015 "Duty" to identify evidence of radicalisation in FE, data from interviews of strategic decision-makers in two distinct cases is analysed. The identification, interpretation and recirculation of verbal, graphic and behavioural signs of radicalisation is highlighted. Pinpointing a 'semiotisation' of the "Prevent" agenda, practical and conceptual implications are discussed. First, we identify a practical preoccupation with signs, specific beliefs about how they work, and how decision-makers deal with them. Second, we divide these beliefs conceptually into univocal and polyvocal semiotisation, referring to the degree to which signs are understood as unequivocal indicators of meaning. We underline significant variations in practice in this context and implications which, we argue, link practice and research to inform the fields of (edu)semiotics and policy enactment.

This contribution examines the implementation of the 'British' values agenda within Early Childhood Care and Education (ECEC) settings in England, as introduced by the Prevent Duty. It begins by tracing the rise of the ECEC setting as the primary place of education of the young child, as this has shifted from the home environment. It examines the place of values education, culminating in the Government directive on the promotion of 'British' values, and how these values must be seen as integral to effective ECEC provision. Using a case study of two focus groups and subsequent in-depth semi-structured interviews, the implications of the introduction of this strategy are identified, focusing in particular on the relationships between the ECEC leaders and parents. This presents clear evidence of the potential for a negative impact on interpersonal professional relationships.

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature on the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in school-aged youth (i.e., [less than or equal to] 18 years). Inclusion and exclusion search criteria led to the identification of 96 articles published during a 25-year period. Articles containing international samples (N = 44) and samples from the United States (N = 52) were examined for (a) the nature and prevalence of ACEs, (b) the nature of the samples and populations studied, and (c) the methods used to identify ACEs. Findings are narratively summarized and presented descriptively in tabular form to further assist school professionals in recognizing the diversity of ACEs worldwide and the array of methods used to identify trauma-related events. Prevalence rates vary substantially by the type of ACEs reported and the context or setting in which data were gathered. Yet, almost two thirds of youth experience significant adverse events no matter where they reside across the world, highlighting the need for local ACEs screening and early intervention. Implications for future research include the importance of clarifying ACEs exposure and measures used to quantify such events to allow for future aggregation (e.g., meta-analysis) of findings by country, context, population, or event type.

On 8 November 2016, Donald Trump was elected President of the United States. During his campaign, Trump put on display long held sexist, racist, and bigoted views on women; people of color; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning/queer, intersex peoples, and Others. Media coverage in the U.S. and around the world was not limited to news cycles intended for adult audiences only. "Scholastic News Kids Press Corps," a free online publication for and 'by kids' ages 10 to 14, joined the conversation in 2015. This article shares analysis of "Scholastic News Kids Press Corps"' coverage of Trump's campaign, theorized through a critical, women of color feminist lens. Major themes that emerged include teaching children how to be unbiased reporters; the importance of being part of the political process and voting; social and policy issues; and Trump's disposition/sexism. While news content broached issues from varying perspectives, it often stopped short of providing critical reflections and historical context of the issues being reported. Possibilities are discussed for expanding how news media for and by children can be conceptualized, in addition to how educators can engage in critical media literacy with children across multiple age groups, including the early years.

This paper examines the ways in which current affairs related to diversity and difference, nationally and globally, are represented to Australian children in children's digital news media and through family discussions. The discussion is based on qualitative research that explores parents' views and practices in addressing news media and diversity and difference issues with their children. In addition, this project includes a discursive analysis of stories found in "Behind The News" ("BTN"), the primary digital news media source for Australian children, aged 8-13 years, from 2015-2018. The news stories are related to three significant topics: the marriage equality debate, refugees and terrorism. Within feminist post-structuralist, post-developmentalist and critical theorist frameworks, a focus is given to examining the dominant discourses that prevail in the stories, which provide insight into how childhood and children's access to certain types of knowledge is viewed and regulated through media and family practices. Drawing on thematic and Foucaultian discursive analyses, the pilot study findings demonstrate that children's news media is closely scrutinised and regulated, with major news stories framed within dominant discourses of childhood innocence, as well as the agenda and particular interests of the producers of children's new media. These topics, which have dominated news in recent years, are frequently considered by some adults as inappropriate or difficult topics to discuss with children.

In the final eleven months of its five-year term, the Coalition Government placed much emphasis in the education system on what it called fundamental British values (FBV). The phrase had its origins in counter-terrorism strategies that were of dubious validity both conceptually and operationally, and the trigger for its introduction into the education system (the so-called Trojan Horse letter in Birmingham) was a malicious forgery. Nevertheless the active promotion of FBV became a legal or quasi-legal requirement, was zealously inspected by Ofsted under instructions from the secretary of state, and was complemented and reinforced by new requirements under counter-terrorism and security legislation. Much damage appears to have been done already in schools and universities and more damage is likely. Much critical, corrective, and restorative work therefore needs now to be done. For restorative work to be effective a range of measures is needed: substantial discussion and clarification through dialogue; greater respect for the professional experience and insights of teachers and subject communities, particularly in the fields of citizenship education, history teaching, religious education, and spiritual, moral, social, and cultural (SMSC) development; greater trust and cooperation, both nationally and at local levels, between Muslim and nonMuslim organizations and communities; greater attention to Islamic values, wisdom, and pedagogy in the field of education; renewed emphasis on the role of Her Majesty's Inspectorate as a critical friend who identifies, commends, and promotes good practice; and much higher levels of due regard for the values enshrined in equalities legislation.

Terrorism is not new. It has existed since the beginning of recorded history and more particularly after the Second World War Terrorist activities have been witnessed around the world. These attacks have multiplied since the terrorist attack on the United States of America on September 11 2001. In recent times in Nigeria, the unity of the country has been threatened by terrorist activities of the Boko Haram. Nigerians have been exposed to the vocabulary of terrorism like: terrorism, suicide bomber, counter terrorism etc. It is this new trend that heightened our curiosity to want to create terms in this area to enable the speakers of the Igbo language use such terms. To the best of our knowledge, there is no systematized creation of terms in the area of terrorism in the Igbo language. The aim of this paper is to create terms relating to terrorism in the Igbo language. We will discuss briefly the origin of terrorism and confection a bilingual glossary on terrorism.

The crises rocking the foundations of this world and threatening its existence have assumed a horrifying dimension. This situation is compounded by the increasing drift by young people into radicalized violent extremist militant groups. This paper attempts a conceptual analysis of the term radicalisation, the processes involved in it, its components, as well as the rationale behind the influx of young ones into radicalized violent extremist groups. It also highlights the implications of radicalisation for education in Nigeria, and finally suggests ways to assist in deradicalising the youths.

The act of terrorism and general insecurity situations in Nigeria require that solution be sought to safe-guard the nation against Balkanization and the educational system from collapse. Every nation's educational system is to help it overcome her peculiar problems. If this is a truism, then Nigeria's educational system is supposed to help her overcome the problem of terrorism that is shaking it to its foundation. It is in the light of this that this paper examines terrorism and insecurity in Nigeria and proffered moral, values and religious education as panaceas. In doing this, the paper discusses the central role that security plays in the development of nations for which Nigeria cannot be an exception. The paper further explains the concepts of terrorism and insecurity with instances of terrorist acts in Nigeria. The possible causes of insecurity in Nigeria such as bad governance, corruption, graduate unemployment, among others pointed out by other writers were highlighted. These factors were according to this paper symptomatic rather than causative. The paper therefore, queries false values, bad morality and misleading or inadequate religious education as cardinal causative factors and recommendations were given in this regard.

The purpose of this paper is to study Naqvi's novel, "Home Boy" (2010) as a Neo Orientalist discourse of US officials about Pakistani Muslims. This paper will discuss how US officials including that of G. W. Bush perceive the Oriental world -- by using the same strategy -- as one distinguished by strangeness, creepiness, and unusual practices; a world that is "Other" than that of Anglo-American familiar to the American public. In short what terrorist discourse of Neo Orientalists in the novel confirmed, was Said's thesis about the "subtle and persistent Eurocentric prejudice against Arabo-Islamic peoples and their culture" ("The Edward Said Reader" 2000, 69). The paper argues that the terrorist discourse in the novel is certainly a Neo Orientalist discourse enacted by the center to demonize marginal Islam and its followers.

Background: Disasters led not only to the loss of life and destruction of public infrastructures, but also resulted in consequent healthcare delivery concerns. Disaster preparedness is considered one of the key steps in emergency management. EMS students had very scanty knowledge, attitude and practices about disaster preparedness and mitigation. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess Saudi EMS student' perceptions regarding their preparedness for disaster management. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used to examine the perception of Saudi EMS student' about their preparedness for disaster management, convenience sampling technique was adopted recruit study sample. Arabic version of Disaster Preparedness Evaluation Tool (DPET) was used to collect data in the current study. Ethical approval was obtained from the IRB in Prince Sultan Collage For Emergency Medical Services. Analysis of data will be carried out by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21. Results: Respondents reported weakly to moderate knowledge, the means ranged from (M = 2.50, SD1.57 to M=3.40 SD1.30). The mean related to skills ranged from (M = 2.40, SD1.34 to M = 3.87, SD1.44). Respondents thought that integration of disaster courses in EMS curricula, accompanied with practical training, would help in preparing EMS students for disaster management. Conclusion: EMS students expressed a need for integration of disaster knowledge in undergraduate curriculum. Furthermore, the participants of this study reported that they were unprepared to respond to disastrous events which make them unconfident in their abilities to response adequately in disastrous events.

The purpose of this paper is two-fold: first, to examine the impact of historical sociopolitical events on music education, particularly post 9/11 with the intent of establishing a context for social justice issues; and second, how we might examine the broad implications to further music education research focusing on social justice. Issues of social justice are inextricably woven into the fabric of post-9/11 U.S. education, as evidenced through reform efforts aimed at job-related skill sets, standardized testing, national standards, and economic gridlock resulting in the diminished access or elimination of the arts in the public schools, including music. Traditionally music educators have attempted to remain politically neutral in an attempt to prevent marginalization, yet music education has played a significant role in enforcing cultural identities, validating specific Western musics, and maintaining exclusionary and unequal power relationships. An examination of the historical and sociopolitical context of current music education in light of 9/11 and educational reforms considers how research can move to support issues of social justice. Current research is synthesized to present future research areas of concern for American music education, including broad emergent themes of preparing democratic spaces, teacher education and social justice goals, and the musical voices of students.

The current study aims to investigate social studies and science teachers' attitudes and classroom practices associated with controversial issues. The study is a qualitative research based on data collected through interviews and observation. Social studies and Science teachers participated in the current study which was conducted in Kirsehir, a city in the center of Turkey, during the 2012-2013 academic years. Data were collected through classroom observation and interviews with teachers. In this study, teachers' positioning during controversial issues are determined by Kelly's (1986) positioning classification: Exclusive Neutrality, Exclusive Partiality, Neutral Impartiality, and Committed Impartiality. According to results of the research, violence against women, education system, terrorism and nationalism are the leading issues among the controversial issues that both social studies and science teachers listed in Turkey. In relation to their area, social studies teachers stated that the issues such as Kemalism, democracy, military coups, and deep state, which are associated with recent history of Turkey, were among the important controversial issues. Science teachers on the other hand stated issues such as cancer and anti-toxic foods and global warming among the controversial issues in Turkey. Both social studies and science teachers stated that the most frequently encountered problem in discussions was lack of knowledge by students. Whereas social studies teachers stated that their priority goals were particularly to raise active citizens and to set up a democratic classroom environment, science teachers pointed to raising scientifically thinking students and increasing students' knowledge as their priority goals. During in-class discussions teachers take some positions. The positions stated by the teachers and in-class observations of them conflict. Whereas the teachers stated that they prefer the 4th and 3rd positions, the in-class observations showed that they mainly adopted the 2nd position. Results of observations in social studies classes show that teachers definitely stated their positions about the discussed issue as a priority; they tried to teach the students their positions about the issue; and occasionally about some issues, they told just their positions.

The aim of this research is to critique the repercussions of over-generalization of a social issue as depicted in Norma Khouri's "Forbidden Love." The novel/memoir has been written against the 9/11 backdrop and as such serves as means of sensationalizing and exploiting a cultural event which unfortunately echoes in the East. The objective of this research is to highlight the responsibility of the writer in raising or negating awareness. Investigative journalism such as Anna Broinowski and Malcolm Knox's helps to highlight the repercussions of such canonship. Michel Foucault's theory of "Discourse Analysis" and E Ann Kaplan's "Imperial Gaze" have been employed to exploit the core text. The research proves that writers can fictionalize and fabricate events to sensationalize a social practice/ cultural dimension to over generalize and market a given perception. Thereby, helping to develop a condescending attitude amongst (Western) audience and reader

The article by Matthias Busch and Nancy Morys "'Mobilising for the Values of the Republic'--France's Education Policy Response to the 'Fragmented Society': A Commented Press Review" is dedicated to the recent debates on moral education in France. The debates have centred on the proposed reforms, called "the great mobilisation of schools for the values of the Republic", which the Minister of Education Najat Vallaud Belkcacem announced shortly after the attacks of January 2015. The reforms include the creation of a new subject area in the primary and secondary curriculum: moral and civic education (l'Education morale et civique-EMC). After the tragic events of 2015, which gave a new precedence to the ambition to "share the values of the Republic", renewing the civic dimension of schooling was included in a European initiative of the Council of Europe developed at the end of the 1990s (Eurydice, 2005). It led to the definition of "key competencies for the teaching of democratic citizenship" (Audigier, 2000) and to the promotion of pedagogical approaches focused on student activities. The study by Busch and Morys is based on a review of official texts, including educational policy documents, scientific and journalistic articles, interviews, statements of teachers and experts. This methodological approach considers a variety of arguments in the debate and highlights the key points which relate more broadly to the role of secular schools in the ideology of the French Republic on social integration. The purpose of this article is to provide a non-exhaustive historical perspective with the aim of better understanding the significance of these very topical issues.

The issue of ethnic conflict in Nigeria has become a burning national issue with its attendant problems. Its current predominance is reflected in the reports of various activities of ethnic militant in the country coupled with the high rising terrorism activities in the northern part of the country from which the traces of ethnicity problem cannot be totally ruled out. However, the issue now nationwide is no longer the recognition of ethnic conflict and its increasing threats to lives and properties but on how to curtail and manage it so that both human and material resources being used for such activities can be geared towards bringing about sustainable development in all spheres of life. The problem could best be tackled through deliberate and sincere efforts to change the behaviour and attitudes of the people to become their brothers' keeper and tolerate one another. This could best be achieved upon the teaching of peace education in the schools. Therefore, this paper discusses ethnic conflict, reviews its trends and management and finally highlights the strategy for ethnic conflict resolution and management in Nigeria.

This study aims at investigating the status of Arabic in the United States of America in the aftermath of the 9/11 World Trade Center events. It delves into this topic and identifies the main reasons for the increased demand for learning Arabic. It also determines the impact of the renewed interest in Arabic on foreign language teaching programs. Furthermore, the study identifies the main Arabic language programs established in the U.S. after the events of 9/11, 2001 at various institutions of higher education. The process of data collection relied primarily on information and statistics provided by several authorized professional linguistic organizations based in the U.S. as well as a number of telephone interviews conducted by the researcher. Since September 11, 2001, Arabic language teaching and learning has become the focus of much more attention from the educational community in the United States. The study revealed that Arabic is the fastest-growing foreign language taught at U.S. colleges and universities ranking tenth among all other foreign languages during the last decade. Major reasons for the high demand for Arabic including political, family, and linguistic reasons are also discussed. Finally, the impact of this demand on Arabic teaching programs is explained providing a comprehensive list of higher educational institutions that teach Arabic in the United States today.

Over the past decade, the impact of the terroristic attacks of September 11, 2001 on American culture has been the prominent subject of various discussions. This has led to a large body of theoretical and experimental works known as "post-9/11", which provides evidence for what Smelser's believes to be the cultural trauma of 9/11. This study sets out to present a review of post 9/11 literature, with the perspective of cultural trauma as suggested by Neil J. Smelser, to provide a comprehensive understanding of this collective experience. This analysis highlights the role of the historical background and socio-cultural context in the establishment of cultural trauma. It also indicates the social agents and cultural elements that contributed to the embeddedness and spread of this phenomenon among the Americans. Finally, it indicates the most prominent collective response of the Americans, and as its consequences.

This article presents a critical media literacy technique for teaching about the social construction of terrorism. In a post-9/11 context where the human rights of Arabs and Muslims in the United States and overseas are threatened by drone attacks, profiling, detentions, and hate crimes, educators must not shy away from this issue. I use visual media to engage students with three questions: (1) How do everyday Americans define "terrorism" and perceive "terrorists"? (2) Where do these images come from? (3) What are the consequences for domestic and foreign policy? Using students' own socialization as a starting point, I challenge them to consider how media representations can have real-life consequences.

The article discusses the "European dimension" in a Norwegian context with focus on the relevance for young people in particular. Against a backdrop of literature discussing Norwegian majority self-understanding in relation to Europe, the article discusses some examples that are relevant for addressing the overall theme, namely recent work-migration to Norway and the terrorist attacks of 22 July 2011. As different as they may be, both these cases are raising urgent issues related to socio-cultural diversity, inclusion and resilience and it is suggested that this may be addressed more in citizenship education.

This Forum article is a contribution to the development of a securitization perspective on language education. We construe securitization of applied linguistics as the tendency to align national goals for language education, including Teaching English as a Second or Other Language (TESOL) and foreign languages, with broader national and security agendas. Keeping in mind the impact of the World Wars I and II on securitizing language education, we illustrate the more recent impact of this due to 9/11 and the subsequent shifts in global geopolitics. We point to the insidious connections that have been growing for decades between the defense sectors in various countries and regions and language education while drawing attention to the increased pace and intensity of it in current times. We conclude this piece by outlining the ethical challenges which the ongoing securitization of applied linguistics poses for applied linguists.

The UK has emerged as an influential global player in developing policy to counter violent extremism, and therefore it is important to consider the emerging evidence about the impact of this policy in education. The Prevent duty came into force in the UK in 2015, placing a legal responsibility on schools and teachers to implement anti-terrorist legislation and prevent young people from being drawn into extremism or radicalisation. This article reviews all of the material based on empirical studies in England involving school teachers and students published between 2015 (when the duty was introduced) and the beginning of 2019 (27 articles and reports in total), to consider the impact of the policy on schools. The key themes emerging from our analysis of this evidence base are related to (1) the ways the policy is interpreted within Islamophobic discourses, (2) the emergence of Britishness as a key feature of fundamental British values and (3) the implications of framing Prevent as a safeguarding issue. We argue that the evidence gives support to those who have been critical of the Prevent duty in schools, and that it seems to be generating a number of unintended and negative side-effects. However, the evidence also illustrates how teachers have agency in relation to the policy, and may thus be able to enact the policy in ways which reduce some of the most harmful effects.

The article will put the case for a robust theology to underpin religious education with potential to address contemporary matters in a way that genuinely informs and stimulates critical and self-reflective knowing. It will utilize a Habermasian frame of reference in constructing this argument. The article will then explore religious extremism, with focus on Islamist inspired Jihadism, as a case study that illustrates the need for theological analysis to underpin any effective addressing of the issue by religious education.

Sometimes, things don't go to plan. Current events come into the classroom, especially the history classroom. How should students' responses to current affairs be dealt with there? How should students' desire to voice their opinions be handled if their opinion is unpopular. What if the student is simply wrong? How far can moral relativism be acknowledged, explored and scrutinised in the history classroom, when the topic under discussion is controversial and urgent? Working in the Netherlands and Belgium, Wansink, Patist, Zuiker, Savenije and Janssenswillen have developed and refined ways of doing this. In this article they provide an overview of researchers' thinking on the issue, and clear strategies and guidelines for what a history teacher might do to ensure that any unplanned discussion is, at least, respectful, engaging and rigorous.

Youth exposed to traumatic events are at higher risk for negative developmental outcomes, including low academic performance, poor social skills, and mental health concerns. To best address these risks, school-based intervention services, and trauma-informed practices can be provided. The goal of this study was to systematically review the intervention research conducted on school-based trauma interventions, with specific attention to examine intervention effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability across studies. It was found that feasibility and acceptability are not frequently examined, though the data available showed that Enhancing Resiliency Amongst Students Experiencing-Stress (ERASE-Stress) and school-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) had high rates of fidelity; and school-based CBT had high levels of acceptability. The review also examined demographic variables and found that U. S.-based research reported racially/ethnically diverse samples, and most samples were from low-income populations. Most studies examined youth exposed to war- and terror-related traumas or natural disaster-related traumas. Additionally, this review provides future directions for research and reveals the need for further research on intervention feasibility and acceptability. A brief description of practice recommendations based on prior research has also been included. It also exposes the need for studies that examine various student demographic variables that are currently not examined and consistency in rating scale use in school-based trauma intervention research.

The aim of the study was to investigate the mediating effect of school safety and school connectedness on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among boys and girls facing terror. A cross-sectional research design using a nationwide random sample of 609 (54% girls) 9th (25%), 10th (26%), 11th (24%), and 12th graders (24%) from state-run Jewish schools in Israel was used. The participants responded to questionnaires on PTSD and PTG, exposure to terror, school safety, and school connectedness. The findings revealed that feeling safe in school is related to fewer PTSD symptoms, but at the same time to less PTG. Contrary to the research hypothesis, school connectedness was related to more PTSD symptoms, but also to higher PTG. The mediating effects of school safety and school connectedness were related to student gender, because school connectedness mediated the effect of exposure to terror only among boys. The findings also contribute to the theoretical discussion on the connection between PTSD and PTG and reveal that school experiences play an important role in explaining students' resilience when facing terror. Nonetheless, it seems that school cannot be regarded as a monolithic experience, as the same aspects of school experience interact differently with PTG and PTSD. For some students, a positive school experience is related to greater risk for PTSD symptoms instead of serving as a protective factor. The findings stress the challenge facing schools in supporting students who face terror.

Addressing the complex and longstanding relationship between universities and security and intelligence agencies, this article provides a tentative, working conceptual framework for research ethics in a global higher education environment. The article does so in the light of intensified threats of international terrorism which have brought this historic relationship to the contemporary foreground of academic life. Seeing higher education environments as part of a broader process of enhanced security in societies worldwide, we use securitization theory to provide an analytical framework specifically for understanding a complex of historical-contemporary relationships between universities and security and intelligence agencies. As the basis for framing the ethical issues which arise for researchers across all disciplines, the intention is to raise awareness of a relationship which by its very, especially historical, nature, has been secret. The article suggests identify a three-fold analytical framework were structural, operational and ethical considerations are interwoven in complex ways. At the structural level we identify three modus operandi (covert, overt, covert-overt); and four academic ethical principles (standards; freedom; engagement; conduct). While the conceptual framework presented makes no pretence of offering a complete or comprehensive picture of a complex and still evolving relationship, the intention is provide some critical balance and coherence to a contentious not to say often divisive aspect of research ethics in the securitised university.

Does more education lead to less political violence, and may education thus be a tool for peace? This article provides the first systematic review of the existing quantitative literature on education and political violence. Looking at arguments pertaining to levels, expansion, inequality, and content of education, we identify 42 quantitative studies from the time period 1996 to 2016 that test the relationship between various measures of education and political violence. An emerging scholarly consensus seems to be that education has a general pacifying effect. However, this general conclusion is challenged by recent evidence showing above-average levels of education among terrorists and genocide perpetrators. This, as well as other findings, underscore that the relationship between education and political violence is complex and multidimensional, depending on type of political violence, mediating factors, and level of analysis. We conclude with policy implications from our findings and discuss directions for future analysis.

Purpose: Sanctification of work research is still a growing area among management and educational guild of researchers. The purpose of this paper is to explore the intervening role of career satisfaction and affective commitment in the relationship between sanctification and turnover intentions among teachers in a Boko Haram infested region of Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach: The authors adopted a cross-sectional survey design using 375 responses out of the 600 administered questionnaires to three states within the context of this study. The usable data were analyzed using SmartPLS version 3.2.7 to evaluate the hypothesized relationships. Findings: The results reveal: negative but insignificant relationship between sanctification and turnover intention; career satisfaction and affective commitment mediate the relationship between sanctification of work and employee intention to leave. Originality/value: The predictive role of sanctification was proven to be insignificant under unfriendly work environment, which is contrary to the literature on the role sanctification. The mediating role of career satisfaction and affective commitment between sanctification and turnover intention is relatively new. The two constructs constitute the mechanism through which the relationships are sustained; hence the hypotheses on the indirect relationships are established.

With the increased requirement to incorporate counter-terrorism measures into the British education system, teachers are now expected to discuss terrorism within the classroom setting. However, this is a challenging endeavour due to the complex nature of the phenomenon, including definitional questions and links made to certain ideologies, in particular religious motivations. This paper explores my research findings from a project conducted over several years into pupils' perceptions of terrorism and its links to religion in general, as well as the specific links made with Islam, Sikhism and Christianity. To contextualise the research, a brief overview of the methods and results has been provided, followed by an analysis of the issues raised. Overall, the pupils thought that religion in general, as well as Islam in particular, was something that motivated terrorism. However, many pupils also expressed concerns about associating entire religious communities with terrorism, perceiving it as a stereotype, and expressed interest in discovering more about how and why religion was used to justify such violent attacks.

This is a narrative about my first year's principalship experience at a pre-service teachers' training college in Pakistan, a Muslim country with a patriarchal background. Here, I discuss challenges I faced upon assuming the principalship. Specifically, I focused on how I responded to these challenges. In my response to those challenges, I explored the implications of my experience as a woman in the leadership role confronting organizational issues and societal influences in a unique culture. I share insights into how a female leader developed innovative strategies to manage/lead in the patriarchal society where I was overwhelmed by the task of challenging the cultural norms. Further, by the narration of this reflective experience, I attempt to deconstruct the current discourse on educational leadership and pluralize this knowledge by bringing in an unheard voice from the global south.

Despite its popularity among students, terrorism is a sensitive and emotive topic that is difficult to learn, and challenging to teach. Given the lack of a simple definition, terrorism is hard to explain objectively and comprehensively. Perceptually value-laden and provocative, it can reinforce stereotypes and prejudices against a group of people generating conflicting emotional reactions in the classroom. The disturbingly violent nature of the subject can also be hard to communicate to students while staying calm and professional. Additionally, it is a subject where interactive methods cannot easily be incorporated, and the use of humor may come out as inappropriate and abrasive to different audiences. Taking these as a point of departure, this article draws on my experiences as a researcher and professor of terrorism to illustrate the ways in which these challenges can be mitigated. Overall, the article provides examples and strategies to help instructors not terrorize or be terrorized while teaching sensitive and controversial subjects such as terrorism.

Purpose/Objectives: This study explored food traceability systems in school foodservice in the United States and the potential benefits and challenges to their implementation. Methods: An online questionnaire was developed and used to collect data. A mixed-mode approach was followed to recruit the participants. A convenience sample of 500 school nutrition professionals from Qualtrics® panel was targeted for data collection with the goal of having responses from 300 participants. Due to low response rate from the initial panel, the contact information of a second convenience sample of 200 child nutrition professionals with no geographic representation was obtained from the National Center for Education Statistics database. The individuals were invited to participate by email with a link to the questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics were computed to screen and summarize the data. Factor analysis was performed to categorize and identify potential benefits of, and challenges to implementing food traceability systems in school foodservice. Results: A total of 427 respondents accessed the questionnaire. Only 124 completed questionnaires were retained for a response rate of 24.8%. The findings showed that traceability systems in the investigated districts involve either paper-based or manually entered data systems. The top identified benefits of implementing food traceability systems were supporting food safety, preventing bioterrorism, and cost reduction. Among the top reported challenges to implementing food traceability systems were the unexpected substitution of food by vendors and high cost of implementing advanced traceability systems. Applications to Child Nutrition Professionals: The results of the study suggested that school nutrition authorities need to continue to document and track their food supplies to ensure food safety in all stages of production, processing, and service in their districts. School foodservice operations are also encouraged to implement a traceability system that is compatible with the food products, the production process, and budget in order to respond effectively to food-related incidents and protect safety of food served.

Field visits to churches, mosques, temples or other buildings used by religious groups, are often valued by students of religious education as an opportunity to engage with the 'reality' of the subject: religions as they exist in the world. The Council of Europe text "Signposts" specifies field visits as an important contributor to the religious dimension of intercultural education, but also identifies issues that need to be addressed by researchers and teachers. During an excursion, students interact with representatives who are likely to represent their tradition in one particular way. The aim of this paper is to investigate how the representation of religion and religiosity is constructed during excursions by representatives and visitors. We have developed an analytical tool based on the interpretive approach and the theory of speech genres. Based on our analysis of documentation related to four field visits with students to places of worship, we suggest how the different speech genres in play during an excursion can help in promoting awareness of different levels of religion: individual, group and the whole tradition.

By the time children are 8 years of age, their attitudes, values, identities and beliefs are shaped and becoming solidly formed. Early childhood educators are uniquely positioned in children's lives to promote positive values and beliefs and to foster authentic appreciation of difference. This important work is challenged by a discourse in wider society, based on fears of certain groups of people linked to extremism and terrorism. Recent policy and law changes in England require teachers to be gatekeepers and report concerns to authorities. Contextual discourse analysis was used as the methodology to identify themes within the policy and curriculum documents reviewed in paper. This paper presents a case for early childhood academics and educators to consider a rationale for how they can promote values of tolerance and compassion and highlight and celebrate a range of religious and cultural traditions, and in order to promote a deeper respect and understanding.

School responses to the Prevent agenda have tended to focus primarily on 'safeguarding' approaches, which essentially perceive some young people as being 'at risk' and potentially as presenting a risk to others. In this article, we consider evidence from secondary school students who experienced a curriculum project on terrorism, extremism and radicalisation. We argue that a curriculum response which addresses the acquisition of knowledge can build students' critical capacity for engagement with radicalisation through enhanced political literacy and media literacy. We further argue this represents a genuinely educational response to Prevent, as opposed to a more restrictive securitised approach.

The UK Government's PREVENT strategy to counter radicalisation and extremism has been the subject of criticism. Concerns arise over clarity of purpose, clarity of terminology used and potential human rights impacts. Where the policy engages with schools, one human right potentially engaged is the right of parents to transfer their religious beliefs to their children. This paper looks at how PREVENT risks negatively impacting on this right. It proposes a way that this risk can be reduced by adopting a proactive approach to the Government's security concerns which is centred on human rights education.

This article reports on a small case study of the impact of instructional materials on students, and the impact of high-stakes testing in Kenya on those who fail; who, because there is very limited employment, are potentially open to radicalisation. The setting is secondary schools in Kenya which, after the 1998 attacks by al-Quaeda and later inter- and intra-community conflicts during the 2008 election, has seen a resurgence in externally sponsored terrorism, this time from Al-Shabaab, with reports that Kenya youth were involved. The case study involved examinations of texts on government, history, politics and religion; interviews with directors, teachers and students at four secondary schools, based partly on scripts extracted from those texts. On the advice of the teachers, we included discussion of the literature the students were exposed to which addressed more directly issues of corruption, democracy, etc. We also had discussions with the Kenyan Institute for Curriculum Development. All groups of interviewees were concerned with growing radicalisation, and saw the examination system, which encouraged rote teaching and learning as against critical thinking and led to large numbers of failed students without any job skills in a precarious employment market, prone to inducements from Al-Shabaab.

The 2016 presidential election in the United States entailed presidential candidates warning of 'radical Islam,' 'Jihadist violence,' and 'refugee terrorism.' At the same time, random and targeted violence against Arab Muslims has soared since the election. In everyday encounters at school, work, or in casual conversations, Islamophobia is enacted through microaggressions. This narrative inquiry study examined the ways in which Saudi women graduate students studying in the US experienced and negotiated instances of microaggression at the intersection of ethnicity, religion, and gender. Data was collected through unstructured in-depth life-story interviews and transcripts were analyzed using narrative analysis, with specific readings for moments of microaggression. Findings yielded that participants encountered various forms of microaggressions on a daily basis from faculty, classmates, and strangers. We propose microcolonization as a subcategory that addresses the women's specific lived experiences within the niches of larger neo-imperialist contexts.

"The Final Journey: How Judaism Dignifies the Passage" is a trailblazing curriculum developed to teach Jewish death rituals to high school seniors. For the students, it served as a transformative experience. They emerged more reflective, more spiritual, and with a greater sense of the importance of community involvement. The article describes in detail the ten-hour course that features a field trip to a funeral home. Also included are educational challenges, an overview of each session, an in-depth discussion of the impact on students, and a description of the 98-page study guide for teachers.

I employ a year and country-level fixed-effects analytical technique to examine how private schooling could impact national stability using five different measures. I examine 177 different countries across the globe from 1999 to 2014. Most importantly, this technique allows me to conduct a quasi-experimental analysis by controlling for otherwise unobservable and relatively time-invariant characteristics of nation-states such as culture, language, religiosity, and racial diversity. I do not find that contemporaneous changes in private schooling influence perceived control of corruption, stability, or rule of law within a nation-state. Moreover, I do not find any evidence indicating that private schooling fluctuations influence actual terrorist activity or the likelihood of a coup d'état within a country. However, I find evidence indicating that private schooling improves perceived control of corruption and rule of law when students become adults.

The standardized, indicated school-based prevention program "Networks Against School Shootings" (NETWASS) combines a threat assessment approach with a general model of prevention of emergency situations in schools through early intervention in student psychosocial crises and training teachers to recognize warning signs of targeted school violence. The present review summarized the underlying program theory, gives examples from German cases of severe targeted violence, gives an overview of the program components, and a summary of the evaluation study and its results. Finally, the NETWASS crisis prevention approach is reflected with regard to its feasibility for the prevention of violent extremism.

In recent times there has been an increase in the number of young people becoming involved with violent extremist networks throughout Western countries. Along with this increase has come a debate regarding the appropriate role of education and educational institutions in countering violent extremism (CVE). This article analyses initiatives undertaken to date within a Western context, before presenting an in-depth case study of a multi-year Australian training programme. It is hoped that this analysis will assist in the refinement of a more effective and proportionate approach to involving educational institutions in CVE initiatives.

Fundamental British Values are regarded as a tool in the UK counter-terror strategy to support the Prevent Duty (2015) of steering pupils away from extremism. 'Fundamental British Values' is understood here as a label, developed in the wake of the 'end of multiculturalism' rhetoric, and is promoted as a new form of discourse for schools. I explore the implications and risks of this vocabulary both for the classroom and for society at large by examining each of the terms 'fundamental', 'British', and 'values' through a form of analysis, influenced by Fairclough. Potential practical outcomes, including the formation of an 'us and them' narrative, together with a reductive notion of Britishness, and a risked sense of alienation, are identified. In the promotion of values, language can have 'hidden effects' which may be perpetuated through unconsidered refrain in classrooms and in staffrooms. The Ofsted requirement upon schools to promote these values, suggests a need for a critical and sensitive understanding in order to be aware of, and to minimise, the potential risks affecting social cohesion.

Security and intelligence agency concerns with universities range from the commissioning and protection of security-sensitive research, the ongoing recruitment of staff and students for covert security and intelligence work, as well as prominent counter-terrorist concerns. This is an ethically charged terrain of moral ambiguity which raises issues not only of academic freedom and freedom of speech but a less explored, cross-disciplinary complex of intelligence-led interactions from protection of campus property and personnel to ideological battles at the heart of the Academy itself. Current-day counterterrorism on campus agendas is, then, only an intensified aspect of an historical but ongoing and likely future interface between universities and security and intelligence agencies. Drawing on exemplars from the Kent State University shootings on 4 May 1970 at the height of the Vietnam War to the present era of globalised counter-terrorism, the article uses securitisation theory to conceptualise the historical, contemporary and future parameters of university engagements with the security and intelligence agencies as 'Incidental', 'Incendiary', and 'Inevitable'.

The counter-radicalisation efforts that have swept through much of the world seem to have placed schools and universities at the forefront of global counterterrorism. In this article, we review research to explore the impacts and implications of preventing radicalisation and violent extremism through education. We synthesised themes from the literature in relation to intervention models that differentiate between primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels, in order to embrace the heterogeneity and complexity of radicalisation issues. Research is at an early stage in trying to make sense of the 'causes and cures' of radicalisation in the context of young people and education; yet our review suggests that educators should approach prevention through humanistic, relational and inclusive pedagogics. However, counter-radicalisation efforts tend to result in the use of 'harder' prevention strategies, which can have quite negative impacts on education. Although scholarly output is growing, effectiveness evidence on these issues remains weak. More consideration should be given to study how the counter-radicalisation discourse is merged with education, and with what consequences.