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This article diagnoses the competitiveness of the Brazilian value chain of photovoltaic (PV) distributed generation and identifies challenges and strategies to overcome them and strengthen the market. Literature analysis and interviews were conducted with 87 professionals from all value chain links. Results show that the competitiveness of the Brazilian PV industry is chiefly affected by the increased production costs, the high tax burden, and the lack of inspection and incentives for developing the production chain. Results also reveal the need to establish international collaborative arrangements to ensure agility in innovative processes and enable the country to increase its industrial photovoltaic competitiveness. Additionally, Brazil should intensify the connections between the links of main and auxiliary value chains to accelerate the development of the photovoltaic sector. The comprehensive diagnosis presented in this study helps to support academics, policymakers, regulators, and professionals involved in the PV value chain to develop investigations and actions to increase the sector's competitiveness and the participation of PV distributed generation in the national electricity matrix. • The competitiveness of the Brazilian photovoltaic (PV) value chain was diagnosed. • Interviews with 87 professionals in the PV value chain were conducted. • The difficulties that limit the Brazilian PV industry have been analyzed. • The strategies to strengthen the PV Brazilian market have been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Property taxes are common in countries around the world. Until recently, Ireland was an exception as there was no annual tax on residential property. This paper is a review of the Local Property Tax (LPT) system that was introduced in 2013 and had its first property revaluations in 2021. Using the lens of municipal finance and tax assignment, the rationale, history, features and administration of this new residential property tax are outlined. While recognising country-specific circumstances, lessons, opportunities and challenges are explored with a view to future improvements in the design and implementation of the LPT. Lessons from the LPT experience are the importance of tax administration and the role of the central tax collection agency, and, in terms of design, the need for a tailored approach to suit local circumstances. Challenges include the rates/LPT mix and the relative tax burdens on non-residential and residential properties, the long-term sustainability of the LPT arising from design issues, the current low tax rate and future revaluations, and, finally, the need for regular property tax reform because of political and taxpayers' opposition to a highly visible, unpopular but good local tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploiting the German 2008 tax reform we employ an event study design to assess the effects of local corporate taxes on stock prices. We match firms to the local tax rates at their respective headquarters and analyze the differential stock market responses to the reform decision. We find that firms which are located in high tax jurisdictions and therefore face a possible high tax reduction significantly outperform firms in low tax jurisdictions during the decision-making process. The results indicate that firm owners partially bear the burden of local corporate taxes.

The article evaluates the relationship between the tax burden on labor and magic quadrangle indicators in the Czech Republic in the years 1993 through 2020. The article examines whether indicators such as the effective rate or tax rate on labor affect the macro-economic indicators of the magic quadrangle. The originality of this study lies in the fact that it deals with the influence of political factors. The analysis shows the strongest correlation between the growth of gross domestic product and the implicit tax rate on labor. Moreover, the study finds that the factor with the most significant – and surprising – bearing on the findings is that fact that right-wing Parliament behaved like left-wing parties. The conclusions reached by this study further underline the significance of the tax burden on labor on the selected magic quadrangle indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The informal economy has started to become the center of attention of the whole world since the 1960s. Therefore, the informal economy emerges differently in each country and is called with different terms. Defining and measuring the informal economy is difficult and it is an undesirable situation due to the negative effects it creates. For this reason, determining the causes of the informal economy is of great importance in the fight against informality. There are many reasons for the informal economy. Although these reasons differ between countries, the most widely accepted reason is that the tax burden is heavy. So, taxes become an issue that needs to be emphasized in the fight against the informal economy. Although there are studies in the literature that deal with the relationship between informality and tax, most of the studies are on the effect of the informal economy on tax revenues. In this study, the practices that are within the scope of income tax and that can negatively affect informality are discussed. In this direction, the study aims to explain how practices in the Income Tax Law negatively affect informality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent changes in the national events have generated the need to increase tax collection, this in order to subsidize public policies that allow us to face the social, sanitary and economic crisis that currently affects our country. The purpose of this investigation is to analyze what is the effect that the elimination and/or modification of exemptions such as the DFL.2 and the Value Added Tax would produce in the services at the level of tax collection, considering the age of these benefits and the amount of taxpayers who choose to use it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Development of a scientific and methodological approach to the identification of the most impactful determinants on corruption using multivariate adaptive regression splines. Methodology. Methodological tools of the research methods are comparison, grouping, bibliometric analysis, and multivariate adaptive regression splines in the form of piecewise linear functions. Findings. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches for factors influencing corruption indicates that most empirical studies are based on using panel data. Panel data allows you to insert general patterns, but does not consider the patterns of the national economy. For the study on corruption in Ukraine, 15 influencing factors were selected, characterizing the institutional, economic and social environment. Based on the constructed MAR Spline models, three regression equations were obtained that describe the linear dependence of the level of corruption in governance on the selected factors. The paper found that the relevant factors influencing corruption in Ukraine are: tax burden, general government final consumption expenditure, average monthly wage in Governance and rule of law. Originality. The proposed approach makes it possible to determine the dynamics of the degree of factor influence on the level of corruption in the country. The paper defines the threshold values of statistically significant indicators at which the maximum degree of correlation with the corruption perception index is achieved. Practical value. The regularities between the level of corruption and economic, institutional and social factors revealed by the research results can be used in the development of tools to fight corruption in Ukraine. The formation of an effective anti-corruption system will strengthen financial stability in the country and increase the level of public trust in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct a sample of firms in 36 countries with 158 elections to examine corporate tax behavior in the face of political uncertainty. We define political uncertainty as unmeasurable unpredictability regarding governmental policies or regulatory shifts, such as tax rates, tax enforcement and general economic conditions, emanating from a possible change in political leadership. If insufficient information exists to develop plausible expectations about future tax‐related outcomes, ambiguity‐averse managers will attend to relatively more pessimistic priors and assume the worst‐case scenario. We expect firms to increase tax avoidance in election years given uncertainty regarding the post‐election tax and macroeconomic environment. Our results are consistent with this argument. Firms increase their corporate tax avoidance in election years, consistent with managers exercising current tax planning strategies while it is still most optimal to do so given post‐election uncertainty. The effect is increasing in the political uncertainty associated with the election. Specifically, for elections that are closely contested, representing uncertainty regarding the victor, or held in countries with fewer electoral checks and balances, representing uncertainty regarding the ease of effectuating potential post‐election changes. We document increased reshuffling of tax burdens across firms after elections, further supporting that elections reflect periods of heightened tax uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate and compare the distributive impact of the personal income tax (PIT) on individual's income in Brazil and China by measuring the Gini Index before and after this tax incidence. The paper also proposes a methodology for transposing the PIT backets from one country to another. The results show that a more progressive scheme implemented by China, with more brackets and higher rates, does not guarantee reduction of inequality, due to the level of income exemption and to the incomes on which the marginal rates affect. Thus, it can be perceived that the PIT brackets of these two countries deserves revisions if they seek to fulfill the distributive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the cost of financing business through debt has reduced income tax paid. Financing via new equity has not. This asymmetry has not been without consequences. The high indebtedness and relative undercapitalisation of corporates creates a risk of reduced resilience to economic shocks. Some countries have introduced tax incentivisation of equity, reduced tax incentivisation of debt, or both. In June 2022, the European Commission proposed a harmonised solution: Debt Equity Bias Reduction Allowance (DEBRA). All EU Member States, including the Czech Republic, should provide corporate income tax deduction for equity, whilst further limiting interest deduction, starting 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the characteristics and inter-relationships of tax systems in the OECD countries over the period 2014–2020, i.e., from a relatively consolidated economic period until the end of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. A predictable tax system is essential for the proper functioning of the economy. One of our two main research objectives was to develop a composite indicator for taxation, consisting of tax rates and tax administration time. This composite indicator was then tested using multivariate statistical methods. Our second research objective was to explore the correlation between tax rates, tax burden indicators and macroeconomic indicators over the period 2014–2020, focusing on three years, 2014, 2019 and 2020. An important criterion for the choice of the study years was that 2014 was considered the first overall year of recovery from the crisis, 2019 the last year before the COVID-19 pandemic, and 2020 the first year affected by the pandemic. We investigated the significant differences between the composite indicator categories and the tax burden macroeconomic indicators, and examined and tested correlations between the variables under study (tax rates, tax burden and macroeconomic variables). We found that the amount of working time spent on tax administration is decreasing, presumably due to the increasingly digitalised environment, but this trend has been slightly interrupted by the pandemic. Furthermore, we found that countries with more complex tax systems with a high tax burden perform worse on certain macroeconomic indicators, mainly in southern Europe from a geographical perspective; however, these potentially more burdensome, higher-rate tax systems of more developed countries do not put these countries at a competitive disadvantage. This reflects on the fact that these countries rely on the monetarist school rather than the Keynesian school, a fact which was also compared and considered in our paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the impact of VAT introduction in 127 developing countries on tax capacity and underlying mechanisms. Using difference-in-difference with VAT adopting neighbours as the instrumental variable, we show that VAT increases the share of tax in GDP. However, the increase is mostly channelled through the increase in effective tax rate, while creating an extra tax burden on the existing firms and leading to shrinking tax base. Moreover, the informational role of VAT is not as effective as usually alleged in broadening the tax base by inducing informal firms into the formal sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper analyzes whether taxation can be successfully used to reduce the incidence of labor informality and achieve higher equality in a globalized economy. To this purpose, it develops a two-area model: a developed country and an emerging country. The two areas differ according to the size of the informal sector, which is characterized by a more flexible labor market and lower productivity. To illustrate the potential role of taxation in achieving a more fair income distribution, the paper introduces a trade shock to simulate the effects of trade liberalization. Trade expansion has often been blamed for leading to an expansion of the informal sector and a widening of wage income disparities. In this context, the paper analyzes whether a budget-neutral tax reform – switching the tax burden from payroll taxes paid by firms operating in the formal sector to a consumption tax – can mitigate possible adverse effects of trade liberalization and support labor formalization. The effects of taxation are seen in the context of the trade-offs between growth, labor formality and equity. The analysis suggests that small improvements in formalization, resulting from the tax reform, come at the cost of widening income inequality. To reduce the incidence of low-quality jobs, tax policy interventions should go hand in hand with more effective social protection systems and labor laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether the degree of tax aggressiveness is associated with conditional conservatism in Brazil. After a thorough literature review on accounting conservatism by Brazilian academia and a discussion about tax aggressiveness and accounting conservatism, a literature gap was found because the relationship between a firm's degree of tax aggressiveness and its conditional conservatism had not been investigated previously. Taxable income has a relationship with accounting income in the Brazilian corporate income tax system. Hence, tax planning can affect financial information properties. This study offers a partial explanation of accounting conservatism based on tax issues that contribute to the conservatism and taxation literature. The results suggest that tax strategies that aim to avoid tax burden are related to conditional conservative accounting. Hence, the practice of conditional conservatism in Brazil appears to be linked with tax-deductible alternatives of reducing earnings, which would explain tax planning's association with the degree of conditional conservatism in financial reporting. This finding is relevant to financial reporting users that can consider our results in their analysis and to management that seeks to understand their decisions about tax planning better. For this research purpose, two Basu models (Basu, 1997) were adopted, adapted with tax-aggressiveness controls. The effective tax rate (ETR) was used as a tax-aggressiveness metric, controlling firms with both high and low ETR. The study period was from 2010 to 2019 for Brazilian firms from B3 S.A. - Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3). The findings demonstrate a significant relationship between tax avoidance and conditional conservatism, that is, more tax-aggressive firms tend to use more conservative accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A higher tax burden in individual countries need not always deter investors from investing profitably. Countries use tax burden levels in the form of changes in tax rates to attract foreign investment. The main objective of this study is to examine the tax competitiveness of the Slovak Republic compared to European Union (EU) countries (EU-27) and to evaluate the origin, extent, and form of investments from foreign investors in tangible and intangible assets in the Slovak Republic. To meet this objective, we first calculate the average tax rate for specific crossborder investments coming to Slovakia from all EU countries. To determine tax competitiveness, we compare the calculated effective average tax rate (EATR) with the EATR in individual EU countries. Finally, we perform an analysis of EATR and foreign direct investment (FDI) using cluster analysis, which categorises EU countries and evaluates their tax competitiveness. The analysis and comparison of values are conducted for the year 2019, while the countries are divided into old (EU-15) and new (EU-12) EU member countries. The article concludes that the calculated Slovak EART for cross-border investment is more profitable for old EU member countries and is, thus, more tax-competitive versus investors' countries of origin. We can further state that the tax burden is among the most important indicators for investors and, thus, a lower EATR value than that in an investor's country of origin contributes to the inflow of equity participation of FDI in Slovakia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the industrialization phases in the textile sector has made it important to reveal the unique aspects of the Turkish weaving tradition and the synthesis it has reached, from silk and wool weaving to cotton and linen weaving. The causal ties of the Ottoman weaving tradition with the past and the historical projections that have reached today have not yet been evaluated from a general point of view. This evaluation can only be possible with the researches to be carried out on the sub-types of the weaving tradition. In this context, it is important to reveal the general adventure of the Ankara shawl, which is referred to as the Engürü shawl in the Ottoman archive documents. Ankara shawl is the most important production commodity in Ankara, from the end of the 17th century to the 19th century and is the most demanded fabric by elite groups after quality silk fabrics. The first document in which the Ankara shawl was identified is dated 1715, while the last document is dated 1863. After 1790, the density of documents related to the Ankara shawl has been increasing. There are many signs that suggest that the Ankara shawl weaving technique was produced as a result of technical progress in the weaving technique of mohair fabric. Ankara mohair fabric is a type of weaving completely unique to the weaving technique from yarn raw material. Ankara shawl is a fabric woven from the same thread as mohair, in a period from the end of the 17th century to the first half of the 19th century, it was understood that summer clothes were made from Ankara shawl in cities such as Istanbul and Bursa. Navy and Saray are among those who demand the Ankara shawl. It has been determined that a white Ankara shawl was produced as a flag fabric for the Navy. The role of Muslim women in the production of fabric in Ankara is also reflected in the documents. Since the 19th century, important regulations regarding the production of shawls have been made in Ankara against imported shawl fabrics, but these measures have not been successful. It is also seen in the documents that shawls of European origin started to be in demand in Ottoman cities, especially in Istanbul, since the second half of the 19th century. It is understood that there was a very rapid decline in Ankara shawl production between 1830 and1840. Considering that the problem was due to the instability of quality and price instability, the Ottoman administration wanted Ankara shawl to be produced in standard size and quality and to be dyed and stamped in the miri dyehouse in order to avoid tax loss. For quality and price stability, since the second quarter of the 19th century, fixed places were determined in cities such as Istanbul and Bursa, with the practice of monopolization, and control over the supply was established. While the place determined in Istanbul within the framework of the monopolization application is Yenihan, it is the Old Yenihan in Bursa. Although the heavy tax burden on the Ankara shawl is felt in the content of the statements in the documents, it was not aimed to protect a certain group by bringing monopoly with the practice of monopolization, but rather quality and price stability. Objections to the fixed space application determined afterwards were reflected in the documents on the grounds that it hindered the production ability. Ankara shawl; varieties such as hünkâri, berce, kaba shawl, harcialem mediocre shawl and edna shawl and colors such as narcissus, canary, samuri, squirrel, brown, blue, yellow shawl and white shawl were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An incentive exists for closely held C corporations to pay owner-employees higher salaries and lower dividends to avoid the double tax on corporate income. For this reason, the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury Regulations limit corporate compensation deductions to "reasonable compensation"; however, primary tax authorities do not provide a standard definition, leaving the courts to determine what is reasonable and what is not. The courts have generally followed two approaches: a multi-factor test and an independent investor test. We provide an in-depth exploration of reasonable compensation case law with a focus on disparity within and across court circuits. We supplement this exploration with an analysis of whether multi-factor determined court outcomes would have changed under the independent investor test. Overall, our findings show disparity in reasonable compensation court determinations within and across circuits and highlight the need for a consistent standard to create tax equity in employee-shareholder compensation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article reports on the federal tax developments in Australia that occurred during August 2022. Tax developments include the amending bill that will give effect to the government's proposal to remove fringe benefits tax on eligible electric cars, the consultation paper released by the Treasury that seeks submissions related to the introduction of a multinational tax integrity package and the taxpayer alert released by the Tax Commissioner in relation to treaty shopping arrangements.

Copyright of Zarqa Journal for Research & Studies in Humanities is the property of Zarqa Journal for Research & Studies in Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Users of Exhibit 21 cannot tell whether a tax haven subsidiary is actively operating or a dormant shell company. In this paper, we develop a new set of parsimonious measures to highlight the distinct mechanisms and tax effects of offshore sales to, as opposed to purchases from, tax haven countries, offering insights on the effects of certain types of offshoring activities on firms' tax burdens. Our main measure has about three times the effect of the mere existence of a haven subsidiary in explaining firms' effective tax rates. We detail the processes to predict the offshore activities in tax haven countries for firms without an Exhibit 21 and firms reporting no subsidiary operations in a tax haven country. Relative to the mere mention of a tax haven subsidiary in Exhibit 21, our new measures provide a richer information set to capture different types of economic activities in tax haven countries. JEL Classifications: G30; H25; H26; M41. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Management & Economics Research is the property of Journal of Management & Economics Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous research has shown that in the context of a prototypical New Keynesian model, more progressive income taxation may lead to higher volatility of hours worked and total output in response to a monetary disturbance. We analytically show that this business‐cycle destabilization result is overturned within an otherwise identical macroeconomy subject to impulses to the household's utility formulation. Under a continuously or linearly progressive fiscal policy rule with the symmetric‐equilibrium tax burden unchanged, an increase in the positive level of tax progressivity will always raise the degree of equilibrium nominal‐wage rigidity, and thus serve as an automatic stabilizer that mitigates cyclical fluctuations driven by preference shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued migration of Americans to states with favorable climates and better job opportunities results in change of residency issues that affect clients' state tax liabilities (income, estate, or inheritance). Financial advisors and tax consultants should be aware of the crucial issues in this area. Ensuring that key requirements are met during the relocation process will help clients take advantage of tax-saving opportunities and avoid audit adjustments by state tax authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

However, it is worth noting that, since Flores-Macías focuses on a specific type of tax, his argument does not necessarily contradict the idea that leftist governments I generally i raise taxes more than right-wing ones, or that they force later governments to do so by increasing spending. Gustavo A. Flores-Macías, Cambridge University Press, 2022, pp. xiv + 205 In 2002 the Colombian government adopted a special tax on the wealthiest citizens to fund its efforts to defeat a growing insurgency and improve public safety. In I Contemporary State Building i , Gustavo Flores-Macías sets out to explain why such taxes are adopted in some situations but not others. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores the importance of addressing unrealized tax liabilities in Australian family law settlements, emphasizing the impact of Capital Gains Tax (CGT) and other obligations on settlement outcomes. Topics include the consideration of CGT in property division, guidance on selling costs deductions, and strategies such as CGT roll-overs, small business CGT concessions, and potential Div 7A exposures to mitigate tax implications.

For example, Michigan imposes a value-based personal property tax on "Solar Energy Systems."[10] In that case, a preset depreciation factor is applied to a project's original cost to reach the "true cash value", which is ultimately subjected to local property tax rates. B. Sales and Use Tax Like property tax, most states follow similar paths for sales and use tax. It provides a short background on the components that make up wind and solar projects, summarizes commonly applicable taxes, including property tax and sales and use tax, and concludes with a brief discussion of why developers should care about state and local taxation. Between a rapidly changing planet, generous federal tax incentives, and high demand, wind and solar projects are experiencing a major growth spurt.[1] In the summer of 2010, the United States had a total net capacity of 39,134.5 megawatts in utility-scale wind energy.[2] By the summer of 2020, that number climbed to 118,378.7 megawatts, more than a 200% increase in just ten years.[3] Similarly, in the summer of 2010, the United States had a total net capacity of just 393.4 megawatts in utility-scale solar energy.[4] Ten years later, however, that number reached 46,306.2 megawatts, a gigantic 11,600% increase.[5] As wind and solar continue to grow, state taxing authorities are examining, and reexamining, how best to tax these unique projects. [Extracted from the article]

We document a nationwide "assessment gap" that leads local governments to place a disproportionate fiscal burden on racial and ethnic minorities. We show that holding taxing jurisdictions and property tax rates fixed, Black and Hispanic residents face a 10%–13% higher tax burden for the same bundle of public services. We decompose this disparity into between- and within-neighborhood components and find that just over half of it arises between neighborhoods. We then present evidence on mechanisms. Property assessments are less sensitive to neighborhood attributes than market prices are. This generates spatial variation in tax burden within jurisdiction and leads to overtaxation of communities with a high share of minority residents. We also find appeals behavior and appeals outcomes differ by race within neighborhood. Inequality does not arise from (i) racial differences in transaction prices or (ii) differences in features of the housing stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moderating effects of World War I on wealth and income inequality varied with the belligerents. In Austria, the state embraced austerity measures to eliminate hyperinflation and respect commitments to the League of Nations. To fill the void, the Social Democratic Workers' Party (sdap) turned to its political stronghold in Vienna to advance its agenda of social spending and progressive taxation—Red Vienna's signature program. The use of an electoral-cycle model finds that the construction of new buildings increased the party's share of votes in municipal elections. The program mobilized support of young families in search of affordable and quality housing, also attracting the endorsement of the middle classes and elites, despite the higher tax burden imposed on them. The physical attributes of the new buildings and related investments, such as in schools, hospitals, and city infrastructure, benefited the entire population of Vienna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflation, which has many costs to the economy, also has extremely important costs on the tax system and financial system. Inflation is known to have an impact on real income levels and tax burden, as well as influencing economic decisions. On the other hand, the tax practices of the government also play a role in the formation of cost inflation. In this framework, the multifaceted nature of the relationship between inflation and taxes is important for all components of the economy. In our study, in order to empirically examine the direction and nature of the relationship between indirect tax revenues and inflation, the relationship between indirect tax revenues and consumer price index (CPI) in Turkey is investigated within the framework of cointegration and causality analysis. According to the findings obtained from the study, although CPI is the cause of tax revenues for Turkey, the existence of a causality from tax revenues to CPI could not be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automated valuation models (AVMs) have been demonstrated to help governments promote more equitable ad valorem property tax assessments at reduced costs and higher efficiencies than traditional appraisal methodologies. To learn whether and how AVMs are being used in the assessment process, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy in partnership with the International Association of Assessing Officers (IAAO) conducted a survey in 2019. Responses from assessment offices using regression-based AVMs demonstrate their widespread benefits to the assessment process, including increased accuracy, uniformity, and equity at lower costs and higher efficiencies. The adoption of AVMs has been more common among larger jurisdictions and jurisdictions with more frequent valuation cycles. Still, with only 16% of respondents reporting regression-based AVM use, there remain many assessment offices that could benefit from implementing the method. The most common reason for not adopting AVMs is the belief that a current valuation approach works just as well, if not better. Additional challenges to AVM adoption include difficulty explaining results to taxpayers and staff and a lack of budget resources and technical expertise to implement and maintain the models. Greater familiarity with AVM technology will lead to more widespread use, ultimately resulting in greater efficiency and equity in property tax regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investments, primarily in manufacturing, are a guarantee that enterprises will be able to update their production assets in a timely manner and maintain or even strengthen their position in markets of goods and services. However, the issue of defining factors that affect the volume and dynamics of investments is quite problematic, which makes it difficult to create appropriate economic and mathematical models. Foreign and Ukrainian scientists have long been engaged in determining such factors. Usually, they include: GDP per capita of the country; the rate of economic growth; national savings; currency exchange rate; inflation; discount rate; the level of tax burden (primarily -- corporate income tax); the price index for industrial products; the level of income on invested capital (return on investment coefficient); wages; labor productivity, etc. But in each country, the strength of influence of different factors may vary. The process of modeling investments is also complicated by the fact that some factors (for example, GDP per capita) are complex in themselves and depend on other factors. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to define the factors influencing investment in Ukraine and to develop appropriate economic and mathematical models, which are supposed to be used in the future to build a comprehensive system-dynamic model of the impact of digitalization on ensuring sustainable development of Ukraine. Such a comprehensive model can become not only a convenient tool for determining the consequences for industry of changes in investment volumes under the influence of various factors, but also the level of Labor morbidity and environmental pollution. According to results of the study, it was found that the volume of investment in the Ukrainian industry is most affected by the NBU discount rate. The paper suggests an appropriate investment model and justifies its adequacy. Investments in industrial digital capital are influenced by the factors of the US dollar index and tax burden, and investments in environmental digital capital are affected by factor of tax burden. However, due to the very approximate statistics on which the calculations were performed, the corresponding models are not reliable. Taking into account the results of the study, recommendations for the development of a methodology for collecting and presenting statistical information related to investments in digital equipment and technologies by enterprises of the country and digital capital for environmental and industrial purposes (by structure) are made. Their implementation will make it possible to make more accurate calculations in the future and create more reliable economic and mathematical models that can become a convenient tool for defining the directions of development of the country's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the importance of government incentives and supports for technology development zones (TDZ) for businesses operating in these regions and the effect of businesses on their preferences to operate in these regions. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied to 47 of the 57 companies operating in Cumhuriyet Teknokent. Within the scope of the research, with the questionnaire form which includes questions in three different categories: "Descriptive information", "Elements affecting the operation in Technology Development Zones" and "Thoughts on incentives and supports provided to Technology Development Zones"; The opinions of the participants, whether they are academics or not, male or female, and those who operate outside the Technology Development Zones or not, were compared and significant differences were determined. In addition, the most important support factor that reduces the costs of most of the participants is Value Added Tax (VAT) exemption, the most important advantage of incentive policies is that they reveal new investment ideas, the most important factor affecting opening a company in Technology Development Zones is the support and incentives provided, incentives and supports reduce the tax burden. It has been determined that they facilitates investment and reduces the need for capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US has experienced a joint decline in corporate tax rates and startup rates in recent decades. We study how changes in corporate taxes affect startup rates in a firm dynamics model with occupational choice. A change in profit taxes has ambiguous effects on firm selection, and therefore on the startup rate. Quantitatively, the observed fall in US corporate tax rates generates, at most, one‐fifth of the startup rate decline. Sensitivity analysis suggests that this number is best interpreted as an upper bound, indicating that corporate taxes did not play a major role in the startup rate decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the Laffer curve through a comparative statical analysis and an econometric exercise. Starting from a microeconomic specification, it first analyzes the distortion caused by an indirect tax and the welfare implications of maximizing tax collection. Then, using data on real per capita tax revenue and the tax rate, an estimate of an econometric model to calculate the optimal tax rate in Colombia is made. The results show that Laffer's postulates are proven with an optimal rate of 32% and suggest that the government has a margin of almost 12 percentage points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global investors adjust their portfolio construction methodologies to include a greater allocation to alternative investments, there's been a strong and increasing flow of foreign investment capital into the U.S. private markets. For non-U.S. investors investing in U.S. assets, the U.S. tax landscape can be exceedingly complex, and potentially very costly (up to 44.7 percent of profits). Foreign investors have traditionally relied upon various forms of corporate "tax blockers" to help mitigate the impact of U.S. taxation, and avoid the need to file U.S. tax returns. In 2016, non-U.S. investors began employing an insurance-related structure--known as a deferred variable annuity (DVA) policy-- that can more effectively mitigate the U.S. tax burden than a corporate tax blocker and avoid the need to file U.S. tax returns. This article explains the operation of the DVA structure, and how it compares to corporate and leveraged corporate tax blockers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marginal effective tax rates (METR) are determined in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and Belarus. The METR have high sensitivity from the tax depreciation rate, profit tax and interest rates for all countries. Sensitivity of the METR from inflation is high in Georgia and Belarus but is less in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. The calculations show that the current tax burden in Belarus is higher than in other countries (excluding debt financing). The current tax depreciation rate does not provide additional incentives for investment activity in these countries. The calculations are approximate, but they show that the tax depreciation rate depends on the inflation rate to create additional incentives for marginal investment. Georgia has the highest opportunities to increase investment activities by decreasing the real interest rate. Kazakhstan has greater tax advantages in manufacturing than Azerbaijan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to verify the extent to which the distribution of the wealth generated by the largest publicly-held and private companies from the main branches of economic activity operating in Brazil differs in terms of the tax burden, capital remuneration (own and third parties) and personnel remuneration from 1999 to 2018. Methodology: Value Added Statements of the largest publicly held and private companies included in the Accounting Actuarial and Financial Research Institute Foundation database between 1999 and 2018 were analyzed using multiple linear regressions. The Mann-Whitney test was performed to identify significant differences in the wealth distributed by the main sectors. Results and contributions: The results indicate significant differences in the distribution of the wealth generated by the main branches of the economy (manufacturing, trade, services, financial institutions, and insurance companies) to employees, shareholders, and creditors. Differences were also found in the proportion of wealth allocated to the government through taxes. This study's main contributions include presenting a significant imbalance in the distribution of the wealth generated by the different branches of economic activity; the manufacturing, trade, and services branches bore a much higher tax burden than banks and insurance companies over the 20-year-period, negatively impacting the amount these three branches distributed to employees and shareholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study generalises the tax progressivity index given in Kakinaka and Pereira (2006), which is unlike the traditional measures of tax progressivity that rely on the idea of the Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, tax burdens and income distributions, can be computed on the basis of time series aggregate data on taxes and GDP. The extended version proposed here is decomposable into the tax progressivity indices for various components of tax and satisfies a number of desirable properties, including additivity, inclusiveness, unit independence, monotonicity, homogeneity, transfer principle and the principle of addition. The proposed index is applied to Pakistan's data over the 60 years period of 1960-2020 to investigate the nature of progressivity in the tax system. The results show overall tax structure has remained progressive during the entire period of analysis, but the degree of progressivity has declined over the years. The relatively more progressive taxes are sales and direct taxes other than income tax, while the regressive or less progressive taxes are federal excise and customs duty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]