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Precisely introducing topological defects is an important strategy in nanographene crystal engineering because defects can tune π-electronic structures and control molecular assemblies. The synergistic control of the synthesis and assembly of nanographenes by embedding the topological defects to afford two-dimensional (2D) crystals on surfaces is still a great challenge. By in-situ embedding ladder bipyrazinylene (LBPy) into acene, the narrowest nanographene with zigzag edges, we have achieved the precise preparation of 2D nonbenzenoid heteroacene crystals on Au(111). Through intramolecular electrocyclization of o-diisocyanides and Au adatom-directed [2+2] cycloaddition, the nonbenzenoid heteroacene products are produced with high chemoselectivity, and lead to the molecular 2D assembly via LBPy-derived interlocking hydrogen bonds. Using bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy, we determined the atomic structures of the nonbenzenoid heteroacene product and diverse organometallic intermediates. The tunneling spectroscopy measurements revealed the electronic structure of the nonbenzenoid heteroacene, which is supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The observed distinct organometallic intermediates during progression annealing combined with DFT calculations demonstrated that LBPy formation proceeds via electrocyclization of o-diisocyanides, trapping of heteroarynes by Au adatoms, and stepwise elimination of Au adatoms., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Microstate sequences summarize the changing voltage patterns measured by electroencephalography, using a clustering approach to reduce the high dimensionality of the underlying data. A common approach is to restrict the pattern matching step to local maxima of the global field power (GFP) and to interpolate the microstate fit in between. In this study, we investigate how the anesthetic propofol affects microstate sequence periodicity and predictability, and how these metrics are changed by interpolation. We performed two frequency analyses on microstate sequences, one based on time-lagged mutual information, the other based on Fourier transform methodology, and quantified the effects of interpolation. Resting-state microstate sequences had a 20 Hz frequency peak related to dominant 10 Hz (alpha) rhythms, and the Fourier approach demonstrated that all five microstate classes followed this frequency. The 20 Hz periodicity was reversibly attenuated under moderate propofol sedation, as shown by mutual information and Fourier analysis. Characteristic microstate frequencies could only be observed in non-interpolated microstate sequences and were masked by smoothing effects of interpolation. Information-theoretic analysis revealed faster microstate dynamics and larger entropy rates under propofol, whereas Shannon entropy did not change significantly. In moderate sedation, active information storage decreased for non-interpolated sequences. Signatures of non-equilibrium dynamics were observed in non-interpolated sequences, but no changes were observed between sedation levels. All changes occurred while subjects were able to perform an auditory perception task. In summary, we show that low dose propofol reversibly increases the randomness of microstate sequences and attenuates microstate oscillations without correlation to cognitive task performance. Microstate dynamics between GFP peaks reflect physiological processes that are not accessible in interpolated sequences., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

A growing body of clinical and cognitive neuroscience studies have adapted a broadband EEG microstate approach to evaluate the electrical activity of large-scale cortical networks. However, the functional aspects of these microstates have not yet been systematically reviewed. Here, we present an overview of the existing literature and systematize the results to provide hints on the functional role of electrical brain microstates. Studies that evaluated and manipulated the temporal properties of resting-state microstates and utilized questionnaires, task-initiated thoughts, specific tasks before or between EEG session(s), pharmacological interventions, neuromodulation approaches, or localized sources of the extracted microstates were selected. Fifty studies that met the inclusion criteria were included. A new microstate labeling system has been proposed for a comprehensible comparison between the studies, where four classical microstates are referred to as A-D, and the others are labeled by the frequency of their appearance. Microstate A was associated with both auditory and visual processing and links to subjects' arousal/arousability. Microstate B showed associations with visual processing related to self, self-visualization, and autobiographical memory. Microstate C was related to processing personally significant information, self-reflection, and self-referential internal mentation rather than autonomic information processing. In contrast, microstate E was related to processing interoceptive and emotional information and to the salience network. Microstate D was associated with executive functioning. Microstate F is suggested to be a part of the Default Mode Network and plays a role in personally significant information processing, mental simulations, and theory of mind. Microstate G is potentially linked to the somatosensory network., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The past 20 years of research on EEG microstates has yielded the hypothesis that the imbalance pattern in the temporal dynamics of microstates C (increased) and D (decreased) is specific to schizophrenia. A similar microstate imbalance has been recently found in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of the present high-density EEG study was to examine whether this pathological microstate pattern is co-specific to schizophrenia and OCD. We compared microstate temporal dynamics using Bayesian analyses, transition probabilities analyses and the Topographic Electrophysiological State Source-Imaging method for source reconstruction in 24 OCD patients and 28 schizophrenia patients, respectively, free of comorbid psychotic and OCD symptoms, and 27 healthy controls. OCD and schizophrenia patients exhibited the same increased contribution of microstate C, decreased duration and contribution of microstate D and greater D → C transition probabilities, compared with controls. A Bayes factor of 4.424 for the contribution of microstate C, 4.600 and 3.824, respectively, for the duration and contribution of microstate D demonstrated that there was no difference in microstate patterns between the two disorders. Source reconstruction further showed undistinguishable dysregulations between the Salience Network (SN), associated with microstate C, and the Executive Control Network (ECN), associated with microstate D, and between the ECN and cognitive cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loop in the two disorders. The ECN/CSTC loop dysconnectivity was slightly worsened in schizophrenia. Our findings provide substantial evidence for a common aetiological pathway in schizophrenia and OCD, i.e. microstate co-specificity, and same anomalies in salience and external attention processing, leading to co-expression of symptoms., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.)

Recent research shows that learning tasks which require students to consult multiple sources and write an argumentative essay promote the cognitive integration of knowledge and ideas presented in the source documents. This study examines whether this holds true in pre-service teacher education, which asks for an integration of knowledge and ideas from conceptually distinct and mainly separately taught knowledge domains (i.e., content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK), and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK)). Forty-five pre-service teachers received domain-specific textbook excerpts, each representing either CK, PK, or PCK, and an argument writing task. The students read the texts and wrote argumentative essays on how the content provided in the source documents is related as regards teaching. Using structural and analytic methods to investigate the argumentative essays it was found that students' argumentative writing was related to knowledge integration across domains. The generation and inclusion of warrants and the developed connectivity and causality in students' essays appeared particularly important for their knowledge integration. The findings are discussed with regard to how certain instructional scaffolds can support pre-service teachers' argumentative reasoning/writing to enhance knowledge integration across domains. Some directions for future research are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and other toxic heavy metals (HM) pose significant risks to the environment, negatively impacting the morpho-physiological and biological traits of plants. At present, toxic elements constitute a significant proportion of the food chain, exerting an impact on human health due to their mobility and biomagnification. The metal exclusion biological technique stands out for its robust performance, even when dealing with extremely low metal concentrations. Its eco-friendly nature and cost-effectiveness further enhance its value. Due to the exponential growth pattern of bacteria, these exhibit high metal persistence and are recommended for metal exclusion processes. Moreover, vacuoles like vesicles present in mycorrhizal fungi can hold extremely high levels of HM. Microbe-assisted phytoremediation primarily occurs through two mechanisms: through the direct provision of the essential nutrients and phytohormones, such as plant growth regulators, siderophores, enzymes, and mineral; or indirectly by modulating the metal detoxification process. This indirect mechanism involves microbes aiding in the accumulation and sequestration of metals in plants through the secretion of specific extracellular substances like organic acids, biosurfactants, and chelators. Moreover, the metal bioavailability and translocation in the rhizosphere are also altered via various mechanisms like acidification, precipitation, complexation or redox reactions. The understanding of the molecular and physiological processes underpinning the functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in reducing HM toxicity, improving plant performance by procuring nutrients under HM-toxicity has significantly improved in recent years. In this review, adaptive and persistent methods related to physiological and cross-protective mechanisms in bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi (MF) resulting from the evolutionary consequences of dealing with HM toxicity have been addressed. Furthermore, the article offers details on the physiological and molecular reactions of host plants with fungi, and bacteria to HM stress, which may be useful for unveiling new knowledge about the strategies of HMs remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the topic of spiritual and medical melancholy in Lutheran responses to Johann Weyer's critique of witch trials. Lutheran authors, such as Hermann Hamelmann and Hermann Samson, had differing views on Weyer's argument that accused witches were elderly women suffering from melancholy. Friedrich Balduin and Daniel Sennert, senior professors at the University of Wittenberg, also disagreed on Weyer's claims, with Balduin focusing on spiritual melancholy as a turning away from God and neighbor, while Sennert viewed melancholy as a bodily condition caused by the devil. Despite their disagreements, all authors drew upon demonological literature to support their perspectives, showcasing the diversity of opinions within the Lutheran community on the issue of witchcraft accusations. [Extracted from the article]

The escalating use of plastic materials in viticulture causes release of microplastics (MPs) into vineyard soils. This study examines the impact on soil health of polypropylene (PP) raffia and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube strings, commonly mulched into the topsoil after use. A 120-d incubation experiment was conducted with soils exposed to high doses (10 g/kg) of microplastics (MPs) from standard, new and used strings. The study investigated alterations in the microbial community, bioavailability of macronutrients (NH4+ and NO3−, P, K, Ca, Mg), and bioavailability of micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg). The presence of MPs significantly stressed the soil microbial community, reducing microbial biomass by 30% after 30 d, with the exception of PVC in acid soil, which caused an unexpected increase of about 60%. The metabolic quotient (qCO2) doubled in MP-polluted soils, with PVC exerting a more pronounced effect than PP. Basal respiration increased by 25% relative to the acid control soil. PVC MPs raised soil pH from 6.2 to 7.2 and firmly reduced the bioavailability of micronutrients, particularly in acidic soils, and led to a 98% reduction in nitrate (NO3−). The availability of NH4+, P, K, Mg decreased by 10% and Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn by 30%. However, Ca availability increased by 30%, despite shifting from the acid-soluble fraction to soil organic matter and crystalline minerals. Calcareous soil was generally more resilient to changes than the acid soil. These findings underscore the urgent need to investigate the long-term effects of MPs from viticulture on soil properties and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: Winter wheat is one of the most important crops in the world. Microplastics, as an emerging pollutant, are widespread in agricultural soils due to various modern agricultural practices and can have adverse impacts on agricultural soils and plant growth. Herein, we investigated the effects of 10 types of microplastics on the properties of three agricultural soil types and the growth of winter wheat. This study contributes insights toward the conservation of agricultural soils and potential wheat yield responses to microplastic. Understanding the mechanisms that underpin the differences in responses to this pollutant class is of great importance for management recommendations. Summary: Microplastics (MPs) (size < 5 mm) are increasingly recognized as anthropogenic contaminants that severely affect terrestrial ecosystems. These particles are always detected as a mixture of various polymer types and shapes. However, we have limited knowledge of the effect of combined MPs on plant–soil systems.To address this, we selected 10 types of MP, applied to three soil types singly and in combination along an increasing gradient of 1, 2, 5, 8, and 10 MP types at a content of 0.4% (w/v). After 8 weeks of pre‐incubation, winter wheat (TOBAK) was grown in each pot for another 8 weeks. Shoot and root biomass, soil aggregation, and carbon and nitrogen content were measured.The effects of the same MP on both soil and plant properties were drastically different (in size and effect direction) in the different soil types. However, no clear patterns were observed along an increasing number of microplastic types, suggesting that knowing the number of microplastic types in a sample, at equity of overall concentration, does not help predict effects.In contrast, our findings reveal the complex effects of multiple MPs on the soil–plant system and highlight that soil properties need to be taken into consideration when studying MP effects on terrestrial systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]