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Case 1 was a 71-year-old woman with a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 45 mm in diameter, with liver cirrhosis. She received chemo-lipiodolization and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). As the AFP level remained high after the RFA, she was given continuous hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. After the treatment, the AFP level decreased to normal range. She is still alive without recurrence after 3 years and 1 month from the beginning of this treatment. Case 2 was a 80-year-old man who had two HCCs, 60 and 20 mm in diameter, respectively. He received RFA and continuous hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. He is still alive without recurrence 2 years and 10 months from the beginning of this treatment. Case 3 was a 67-year-old man who had an HCC, 52 mm in diameter, with liver cirrhosis. He received chemo-lipiodolization, RFA, and continuous hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Two time recurrences were controlled by RFA, and he is still alive without recurrence 2 years and 5 months from the beginning of this treatment. We experienced three cirrhotic patients with advanced HCCs, who received a combination therapy of RFA and continuous hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. It is suggested that combination therapy can be one of the treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma, over 3 cm in diameter,with liver cirrhosis.

A 33-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, was diagnosed to have a benign mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas 5 months before delivery. The tumor measured 12 cm in diameter at the time of diagnosis. The antenatal course was uneventful, and a vaginal delivery produced a normal infant. By 2 months after delivery, the tumor reached 18 cm. At surgery, a huge cyst was found to originate from the pancreas, and a distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was performed. The cystic mass was multilocular 18 x 17 x 12 cm, 2450 g, and red to yellowish-gray. The histologic diagnosis was benign mucinous cystadenoma. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient remains free of recurrence at 7 months after surgery. To our knowledge, this is only the fifth reported case of pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma in association with pregnancy. This is the first reported case of a successful resection of such a tumor after delivery.

In the presence of InI, Ni(acac)2 and PPh3, several 1,3-dienes were reacted with two molecules of aldehyde to give the corresponding 1,4- and 1,6-diols. The regioselectivity of the 1,4-/1,6-diol was efficiently regulated by the addition of water; the 1,6-diol was obtained selectively in dry THF, whereas the 1,4-diol was obtained predominantly in DMI containing a small amount of water.

The Ni-catalysed reaction of triallylindium with internal alkynes underwent bis-allylation to afford octa-1,4,7-trienes in high yield.

A continuous flow-type hydrothermal reaction system, in which both temperature and pressure were rapidly and dynamically controlled, was constructed. It is called a real time high temperature and pressure reaction system (RT-HighTP). The RT-HighTP was hyphenated with liquid chromatograph (RT-HighTP-LC) to achieve prompt analysis of the reaction products. The RT-HighTP system produced stable pressure under the supercritical and subcritical phases (%RSD < 3%). The RT-HighTP-LC was able to change the hydrothermal condition rapidly. The hydrothermal products under four conditions were analyzed within 70 min. Further, the hydrothermal products of lignin was easily taken out using the sample collecting loop and analyzed by an external instrument of GC/MS.

InI-mediated direct allylation of carbonyl compounds with allylic alcohols proceeded smoothly with catalytic amounts of Ni(acac)(2) and PPh(3) to give the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in high yields. Allylindium compounds were shown to be the real allylating agents in the present system. Substituted allylic alcohols gave branched homoallylic alcohols with syn-selectivity irrespective of the geometry of the starting allylic alcohols, whereas high anti-selectivity was observed when a bulky substituent is present in the allylic alcohols. The outcome of the diastereoselectivity is discussed on the basis of the reaction mechanism, comparing with the corresponding Pd-catalyzed version. Another distinct behavior between the Ni- and Pd-catalyzed allylation was demonstrated in the reaction of hex-1,5-diene-3,4-diol derivatives: the Pd catalyst did not give any coupling product, whereas the Ni-catalyzed InI-mediated reaction with benzaldehyde afforded the 1:1 and 1:2 adduct diols selectively depending on the reaction conditions.

Gallium(III) and indium(III) halides were found to mediate the condensation of cyclopropenes and nitriles to give pyrrole derivatives in moderate yields. When excess nitrile was present, diazepine was also formed.

Diastereoselective couplings of salicylaldehyde, anisaldehyde and 2-pyridylaldehyde with crotyl- and cinnamylindium reagents were studied. The syl/anti selectivity was found to depend largely on the ligands on the indium atom of the allylic indium reagents. A syn-selective cinnamylation of salicylaldehyde was realized by the combination of cinnamyl acetate and indium(I) iodide, whereas an anti-selective coupling with salicylaldehyde was achieved by the indium trichloride/aluminium-mediated cinnamylation.

The allylic-type diindium reagents A and B were prepared from 3-bromo-1-iodopropene (1a) and 4-bromo-2-iodobut-2-ene (1b), respectively, and their reactions with electrophiles were investigated. The diindium reagents A and B were initially reacted with imines and the resulting vinylindium compounds were then treated with organic halides in the presence of Pd(PPh(3))(4) to give linear N-aryl and N-tosyl homoallylic amines. Diindium A is stable in a small amount of water in solvent, whereas B is easily protonated to give a crotylindium reagent. The reaction of B with benzaldehyde gives mainly the 1,3- and 1,5-diols via a spontaneous coupling with two molecules of the aldehyde, in contrast to A, which reacts with one molecule of carbonyl compounds to give the vinylindium compounds.

Hydroxy-bearing cyclopropenes react with allylindium reagents to undergo clean allylindation both in organic and aqueous media, in which the chelation of the hydroxyl group to indium plays the central role. The regio- and stereoselectivity have been regulated both by the location of the hydroxyl group in the molecules and the reaction solvents. In particular, the allylindation in water shows marked differences from that in organic solvents; the regio- and stereoselectivity have totally been reversed compared with those in organic solvents. Unusually stable cyclopropyl-indium compounds have been isolated from the reaction of 1-(omega-hydroxyalkyl)cyclopropenes and the structure has fully been established by X-ray crystallography.

Eleven clones from five species of the planktonic microalgae, (Chattonella antiqua, Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo, Alexandrium catenella, and Scrippsiella trochoidea), which were collected from the Seto Inland Sea in Japan and from Thailand, were subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) of their ribosomal RNA genes. After amplification by polymerase chain reaction using degenerated primers, whole-nucleotide sequences for the D1/D2 domains of the LSU rRNA gene of 11 microalgae were analyzed. Phylogenic tree analysis using these nucleotide sequences showed each species located in a cluster corresponding to its morphological classification. The nucleotide sequence data for Chattonella spp. suggest that multiple clones of both Chattonella antiqua and Chattonella marina are present in the Seto Inland Sea and that red tide blooms of Chattonella spp. in different years may have contained different clones.

A reductive transmetalation of the pi-allylpalladium(II) complexes, generated in situ from a catalytic amount of a palladium(0) complex and a variety of allylic substrates, with indium(I) salts proceeded smoothly in various solvents, providing a new route for allylindium(III) reagents.

Various gamma-heteroatom-substituted allylindium reagents were prepared, and their reactions with carbonyl compounds were examined. The reaction of 1,3-dibromopropene with metallic indium gave two types of organoindium species, gamma-bromoallylindium and allylic diindium reagents. While the former gave 2-phenyl-3-vinyloxirane upon the coupling with benzaldehyde, the latter gave 1-phenylbut-3-en-1-ol. 1-Iodo-3-bromopropene gave the homoallylic alcohol exclusively. gamma-Alkoxyallylindium reagents were prepared by treating the corresponding gamma-alkoxyallyllithium with indium trichloride and reacted with benzaldehyde to give vic-diol mono ethers in high yields with good syn selectivity. gamma-(Trimethylsilyl)allylindium and alpha,gamma-disubstituted allylindium reagents were also prepared via transmetalation with the corresponding allyllithium.