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In the current review, we highlight recent research on marital quality in parents of children with developmental disabilities (DD) and discuss the child and family factors that account for why some marriages fare better than others. We will also discuss the need for the field of DD to broaden its perspective on marital quality and to examine the impact of marriages on child well-being and the well-being of parents. The clinical implications of recent research findings on marital quality for improving supports and interventions for families of children with DD are discussed. A theoretical framework and model of marriage and parent and child psychosocial well-being in the context of child disability is proposed and a roadmap for future research is provided.

Introduction The demand for simulation educators to become involved in high stakes performance assessment is growing rapidly. The ability to construct reliable and valid performance assessments, and to evaluate those already available, is necessary in order to ensure clinicians' ability to perform according to set standards, as well as to ensure fair testing practices. Methods This workshop is a 90-minute experiential learning activity designed to improve participants' knowledge, skills, and abilities in creating reliable and valid simulation-based performance assessments and, secondarily, to evaluate assessment instruments that already exist. The files comprising this publication contain didactic material that reviews key concepts related to reliability and validity, construction of performance assessments, and information regarding use of assessment results to improve teaching and learning as well as an activity timeline. Contents also include room set-up information, as well as resource materials and worksheets for participants' use during small-group work. Results This 90-minute workshop was presented for the first time at IMSH 2014, while a modified version of the PowerPoint presentation has been used routinely during Simulation Facilitator Courses since July 2013. It appears that IMSH attendees found this topic of value as all 50 seats were filled 3 weeks prior to the conference date. As further evidence, conference planners raised the attendance cap from the 30, as requested by the authors, to 50. The average score on participant evaluations was 4.1 out of 5. Comments were generally positive. Participants' primary comments pertained to the relatively short timeframe allotted to each phase of group work. Discussion This is an effective and concise resource to help address the increased demand for constructing reliable and valid performance assessments.

Conceptions of maturity were explored among 170 adolescents in Grades 7 and 10. Adolescents were asked at what ages (and why) they expected to reach adulthood, experience the most freedom, and have the most fun. Adolescents expected to have fun at an earlier age than they expected freedom or adulthood. The majority of adolescents cited the acquisition of independence as critical to their expectations for the ages of adulthood (71%) and freedom (74%). Some chronological transitions, such as reaching driving age (41%) as well as acquiring independence (41%), were associated with the expected age for fun. Adolescents who felt older than their age and engaged in more problem behaviors but were low on psychosocial maturity, were more likely than other adolescents to cite chronological transitions as indicative of freedom. The importance of these conceptions for guiding adolescents through the transition to adulthood is discussed.

In this article, the author discusses the many opportunities for scholars interested in conducting interdisciplinary research on the individual and organizational benefits of companion animals in the workplace. The selected literature in the management, medical, psychosocial, and communication realms provides areas for research connections within our field and between these disciplines. An exploratory model and future research suggestions are developed to provide direction for additional study.

The emission from low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) arises from the accretion of mass onto a neutron star or black hole. A knowledge of the amount of mass being accreted as well as changes in this value are therefore essential inputs into models of these systems. Despite the need for this information, we currently lack an easily applied method that allows the accretion rate to be measured. X-ray color-color plots and UV observations can be used for this purpose, but these methods require access to oversubscribed satellites. Even if time is granted on these facilities, there is no guarantee that the source will be in a desired state when the observations take place. In this paper we show that an estimate of the ratio of the mass accretion rate to the Eddington rate can be obtained for Sco X-1 by using the Johnson B magnitude. Based on correlated X-ray and ground-based observations, we find that for Sco X-1, /E = -(0.123 ± 0.007)B + 2.543 ± 0.085. This relation is valid when the system is on its normal and lower flaring branches. Based on theoretical models, we suggest that similar relations should also exist for other LMXBs.

Regional migratory osteoporosis is an uncommon self-limiting disease characterized by an arthralgia which migrates between the weight-bearing joints of the lower limb. The radiological features of the disease obtained by conventional radiography, CT, MRI and radionuclide scintigraphy are illustrated by means of five case reports. These range from the most common presentation of sequential, proximal to distal spread in the lower limb to the rare intra-articular form, and disease involving the axial skeleton is also recognized. Clinical and radiographical features often overlap with those of diseases such as transient osteoporosis of the hip and transient bone marrow oedema syndrome, which is reflected in confusing terminology. Histological sampling is usually unnecessary; the radiological features are characteristic and the histological findings are not specific. Regional migratory osteoporosis is associated with systemic osteoporosis. This association is probably under-recognized, and has implications for the pathophysiology of the disease and for treatment.

A laboratory experiment was carried out to quantify and compare the physical damage (measured as scale loss), recovery and survival of two size categories [small: 48-85 mm total length (TL); large: 78-148 mm TL] of 0-group mulloway, Argyrosomus japonicus, after simulated escape through square-shaped mesh (bar length of 21.5 mm). Regardless of their size, fish that were fatigued to exhaustion and forced through square meshes sustained significantly more (i.e. > 1.8 times) scale loss than did control fish that were only fatigued. However, the total scale loss incurred was 97% for treatment and control fish, respectively. The results support the utility of square mesh for reducing the prawn-trawl fishing mortality of unwanted bycatch.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the values, succession, and commitment issues found in a convenient sample of 26 family-owned businesses. An organizational commitment scale is used to determine the level of commitment of family members and its relationship to specific demographics variables. Family business stories were also developed using Narrative Paradigm Theory and then evaluated by this sample. Significant relationships were found between commitment and the variables Studied. Content analysis of the story evaluative narratives suggests similar content themes across family-owned businesses.

Although evidence is controversial, exposure to environmental power-frequency magnetic fields is of public concern. Cells respond to some abnormal physiological conditions by producing cytoprotective heat-shock (or stress) proteins. In this study, we determined whether exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields in the range 0-100 microT rms either alone or concomitant with mild heating induced heat-shock protein gene expression in human leukocytes, and we compared this response to that induced by heat alone. Samples of human peripheral blood were simultaneously exposed to a range of magnetic-field amplitudes using a regimen that was designed to allow field effects to be distinguished from possible artifacts due to the position of the samples in the exposure system. Power-frequency magnetic-field exposure for 4 h at 37 degrees C had no detectable effect on expression of the genes encoding HSP27, HSP70A or HSP70B, as determined using reverse transcriptase-PCR, whereas 2 h at 42 degrees C elicited 10-, 5- and 12-fold increases, respectively, in the expression of these genes. Gene expression in cells exposed to power-frequency magnetic fields at 40 degrees C was not increased compared to cells incubated at 40 degrees C without field exposure. These findings and the extant literature suggest that power-frequency electromagnetic fields are not a universal stressor, in contrast to physical agents such as heat.

“Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking and prying with a purpose.” —Zora Neale Hurston (in Lewis, 2003)

The current study used longitudinal data (N 1/4 1322; 648 males, 674 females) from adolescents ages 12 to 19 years (in 1994) to investigate gender differences in and risk factors for depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes (MDEs). The sample had participated in three waves of Canada’s National Population Health Survey (1994, 1996, and 1998). Results showed that although there was not a statistically significant increase in depressive symptoms in early adolescence, there was a robust gender difference in the levels of depressive symptoms and the prevalence of MDE, with girls more affected than boys. Over time, decreases in social support and increases in smoking were both linked to increases in depressive symptoms. Moreover, youth who smoked and who were free from major depression in 1994 were 1.4 times more likely to report a MDE in 1996 or 1998. To be effective, prevention and treatment programmes for depression may also need to address risks such as poor social support and smoking, as these risk factors may serve to maintain depressive symptoms over time.

Students in business communication classes are expected to write various types of documents. Research has illustrated that undergraduate student writing skills have not improved even though most states have begun writing proficiency tests at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. By the time students enroll in college, students are expected to be proficient writers. In some cases, this is true. In far too many cases, students continue to need writing development. In business communication classes, these weaknesses cannot be ignored. This article's purpose is to give guidance to instructors to motivate their students to produce better written products. The difficulty is how to do this most effectively. The authors present some ideas on how to improve student writing through some creative teaching and evaluation strategies.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of magnetic stimulation of the pelvic floor (MSPF) on involuntary detrusor activity observed during natural filling, and on the overactive bladder symptom complex. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighteen women with detrusor overactivity on conventional cystometry underwent ambulatory urodynamic monitoring over two filling cycles. Fluid intake was standardized, provocative manoeuvres applied at regular intervals and symptoms documented contemporaneously. During the second filling cycle MSPF was delivered whenever the detrusor pressure increased by> 5 cmH2O. The women were subsequently treated with MSPF for 6 weeks; their lower urinary tract symptoms were assessed before and after treatment. RESULTS Comparing the second (stimulated) cycle with the first (unstimulated) cycle, cystometric capacity was higher (373 vs 224 mL, P

This research examined links among adolescents’ maturity status, their biological, social, and psychological characteristics, and parents’ perceptions of their adolescents’ maturity. The participants were 430 Canadian adolescents in the sixth and ninth grades, and a subsample of their parents. Pattern-centred analyses confirmed the existence of three clusters of adolescents differing in maturity status: pseudomature (25%), immature (30%), and mature (44%). Further analyses found differences among the clusters in adolescents’ pubertal status, the social context (presence of older siblings and friends), and their desired age, involvement in pop culture, school and peer involvement, and close friendships. Analysis of mother and father reports revealed some differences in how parents of pseudomature, immature, and mature adolescents perceived their adolescents’ maturity, and in how they felt about their adolescents’ maturity. There were few grade differences in the findings. The results suggest that pseudomature adolescents, and to a smaller extent, immature adolescents, are caught in a maturity gap, which could have longer-term implications for their transition to adulthood.

The objective of this study was to identify risk and resource factors related to body dissatisfaction for girls and boys in early adolescence. Participants were 91 girls and 79 boys in Grades 7 and 10 who were participants in the second wave of a 3-year longitudinal study of adolescents' psychosocial maturity. Separate hierarchical regressions were conducted for girls and boys. Three risk factors for girls' body dissatisfaction were identified: weight (higher body mass index), greater figure management, and being teased about appearance. For boys, being teased was the only significant risk factor. Perceived mother acceptance and father acceptance were the only significant resource factors for girls. No resource factors were significant for boys. Resource factors did not evidence protective effects (i.e., moderate effects of significant risks) against body dissatisfaction for girls or for boys. Findings are discussed in relation to previous research that has linked body dissatisfaction to disordered eating.

This study examined the relative influence of three parenting behaviors (support, behavioral control, and psychological control) and deviant peers on trajectories of externalizing and internalizing problems in early adolescence. A white, working-to-middle-class sample of adolescents and their mothers and fathers in twoearner families participated in a 3 1 -year longitudinal study (N=109 families). The study began when the adolescents were in sixth grade (M age=11.5 years). Analyses showed that parents’ firm behavioral control seemed to halt the upward trajectory in externalizing problems among adolescents with deviant peers. Initial levels of internalizing problems were higher among adolescents with parents who reported lower levels of behavioral control and among adolescents with deviant peers. This study suggests that parenting exerts an important influence in adolescents’ lives and may do so even in the face of potentially negative peer influence. Several decades of research on parent–child relations has led to the identification of three global, relatively independent dimensions of parental behavior: support (responsiveness and connectedness to the child), behavioral control (regulation of the child’s behavior through firm and consistent discipline), and psychological control (control of the child’s behavior through psychological means such as love withdrawal and guilt induction); (Barber, Olsen, & Shagle, 1994; Maccoby & Martin, 1983; Schwarz, BartonHenry, & Pruzinsky, 1985). Although each of these parenting behaviors has been linked with indicators of adolescents’ behavior and psychosocial adjustment (Barber et al., 1994; Forehand & Nousiainen, 1993), there is a very limited body of research examining all three parenting behaviors in the same study as unique predictors of adolescent development. Thus, an important goal of this study was to understand the relative and unique influence of support, behavioral control, and psychological control on specific aspects of adolescent adjustment (Barber, 1997). A second major issue concerns the combined

This article describes the authors’ progress in establishing the validity and reliability of the Listening Styles Inventory (LSI) following their initial report in an earlier study (Barker, Pearce, and Johnson). The LSI provides managers with a self-administered tool for determining their own perceived listening effectiveness. The authors examined the data provided by 359 respondents in diverse managerial groups using factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, Spearman’s rank order coefficient, structured interviews, expert observation, the Statistical Analysis System General Linear Model (GLM) procedure (analysis of variance), and a Tukey Student Range (honestly significant difference or HSD) test. The results yielded further evidence of the validity and reliability of the LSI as a self-administered diagnostic listening tool. The authors conclude that the LSI in its present form can serve as a guide for assessing a manager’s perceived listening effectiveness, but further research is needed to refine the instrument and to test other managerial groups.

This article explores approaches to crisis communication and the application of those approaches by organizations responding to a disaster. The authors conducted a survey of 107 state government agencies to learn about government efforts in situations requiring crisis communication. Generally, the survey results suggest that although state agencies enjoy a positive relationship with the media, they have little proactive communication with the media, and less than half have a written crisis communication plan. Significant associations were found between the variables under study, including size of the organization, roles in crisis situations, media relationships, and preparation of a crisis communication plan. Case studies and additional evaluations of communication resources are needed to help determine the ability of the public sector to respond effectively to crises. This article considers the needs of state agencies and proposes a conceptual approach that synthesizes a crisis communication process designed for the public sector.

A Crawford transverse electro-magnetic (TEM) cell, used for RF exposure of in vitrocell cultures to examine any pathological effects, is modelled using an original high resolution finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) code at cellular handset frequencies. The standard scalar specific absorption rate (SAR) dosimetry parameter is augmented by new vector parameters of field polarization type and phase, and an easily comprehensible way of displaying these data as polar plots is used. It is shown that whilst the incident field in the empty TEM cell has plane wave properties, the exposure field in a blood sample is not a TEM plane wave, nor is it representative of the near field produced by a mobile handset. It is suggested that the exposure field vector properties need to be quantified and controlled in the TEM cell, and experimentation performed to assess whether there is a differential cellular stress response to these parameters in addition to SAR level. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Objective\ud \ud To investigate the feasibility of unsupervised community use of an array-based automated setup functional electrical stimulator for current foot-drop functional electrical stimulation (FES) users.\ud \ud Design\ud \ud Feasibility study.\ud \ud Setting\ud \ud Gait laboratory and community use.\ud \ud Participants\ud \ud Participants (N=7) with diagnosis of unilateral foot-drop of central neurologic origin (>6mo) who were regular users of a foot-drop FES system (>3mo).\ud \ud Intervention\ud \ud Array-based automated setup FES system for foot-drop (ShefStim).\ud \ud Main Outcome Measures\ud \ud Logged usage, logged automated setup times for the array-based automated setup FES system and diary recording of problems experienced, all collected in the community environment. Walking speed, ankle angles at initial contact, foot clearance during swing, and the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology version 2.0 (QUEST version 2.0) questionnaire, all collected in the gait laboratory.\ud \ud Results\ud \ud All participants were able to use the array-based automated setup FES system. Total setup time took longer than participants' own FES systems, and automated setup time was longer than in a previous study of a similar system. Some problems were experienced, but overall, participants were as satisfied with this system as their own FES system. The increase in walking speed (N=7) relative to no stimulation was comparable between both systems, and appropriate ankle angles at initial contact (N=7) and foot clearance during swing (n=5) were greater with the array-based automated setup FES system.\ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud This study demonstrates that an array-based automated setup FES system for foot-drop can be successfully used unsupervised. Despite setup's taking longer and some problems, users are satisfied with the system and it would appear as effective, if not better, at addressing the foot-drop impairment. Further product development of this unique system, followed by a larger-scale and longer-term study, is required before firm conclusions about its efficacy can be reached.

The superconducting properties of CaTSi3 (where T = Pt and Ir) have been investigated using muon spectroscopy. Our muon-spin-relaxation results suggest that in both these superconductors time-reversal symmetry is preserved, while muon-spin-rotation data show that the temperature dependence of the superfluid density is consistent with an isotropic s-wave gap. The magnetic penetration depths determined from our transverse-field muon-spin-rotation spectra are found to be 448(6) and 150(7) nm for CaPtSi3 and CaIrSi3, respectively.

The superconducting properties of ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{In}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ $(x=0.38--0.45)$ have been studied using magnetization and muon-spin rotation or relaxation $(\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{SR}$) measurements. These measurements show that the superconducting critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ of ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{In}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ increases with increasing $x$, reaching a maximum at around 4.8 K for $x=0.45$. Zero-field $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{SR}$ results indicate that time-reversal symmetry is preserved in this material. Transverse-field muon-spin rotation has been used to study the temperature dependence of the magnetic penetration depth $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$ in the mixed state. For all the compositions studied, $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$ can be well described using a single-gap $s$-wave BCS model. The magnetic penetration depth at zero temperature $\ensuremath{\lambda}\left(0\right)$ ranges from 500 to 580 nm. Both the superconducting gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)$ at 0 K and the gap ratio $\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)/{k}_{B}{T}_{c}$ indicate that ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{In}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ $(x=0.38--0.45)$ should be considered as a superconductor with intermediate to strong coupling.

Bacterial viruses, otherwise known as bacteriophage (or phage), are some of the most abundant viruses found in the environment. They can be easily isolated from water or soil and are ideal for use in laboratory classrooms due to their ease of culture and inherent safety. Here, we describe a series of 10 laboratory exercises where students collect, isolate, and purify the genome of an environmental phage. Once the genome has been extracted, students then clone a fragment of their isolated phage genome into a plasmid and analyze its sequence to identify the phage in their original isolate. These exercises have been carefully designed to apply foundational concepts that will expose students to basic skills in microbiology, molecular biology, and bioinformatics.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The characterization of peripheral nerve sheath tumors is challenging. The purpose here was to investigate the diagnostic value of quantitative proton MR spectroscopy at 3T for the characterization of peripheral nerve sheath tumors as benign or malignant, compared with PET. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty participants with 24 peripheral nerve sheath tumors underwent MR spectroscopy by use of a point-resolved sequence (TE, 135 ms). Six voxels were placed in 4 histologically proven malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and 22 voxels in 20 benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors (9 histologically proven, 11 with documented stability). The presence or absence of a trimethylamine signal was evaluated, the trimethylamine concentration estimated by use of phantom replacement methodology, and the trimethylamine fraction relative to Cr measured. MR spectroscopy results for benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors were compared by use of a Mann-Whitney test, and concordance or discordance with PET findings was recorded. RESULTS: In all malignant tumors and in 9 of 18 benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors, a trimethylamine peak was detected, offering the presence of trimethylamine as a sensitive (100%), but not specific (50%), marker of malignant disease. Trimethylamine concentrations (2.2 ± 2.8 vs 6.6 ± 5.8 institutional units; P < .049) and the trimethylamine fraction (27 ± 42 vs 88 ± 22%; P < .012) were lower in benign than malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A trimethylamine fraction threshold of 50% resulted in 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 58.0%-100%) and 72.2% (95% CI, 59.5%-75%) specificity for distinguishing benign from malignant disease. MR spectroscopy and PET results were concordant in 12 of 16 cases, (2 false-positive results for MR spectroscopy and PET each). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative measurement of trimethylamine concentration by use ofMRspectroscopy is feasible in peripheral nerve sheath tumors and shows promise as a method for the differentiation of benign and malignant lesions. Trimethylamine presence within a peripheral nerve sheath tumor is a sensitive marker of malignant disease, but quantitative measurement of trimethylamine content is required to improve specificity.

Discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin (DPG) methods are new discontinuous Galerkin methods [3–8] with interesting properties. In this article we consider a domain decomposition preconditioner for a DPG method for the Poisson problem.

This article identifies and assesses the effectiveness of communicating expectations, listening, delegating, and providing feedback in relation to the Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership model. It reviews the correlation between task versus relationship behavior that forms the basis of the Situational Leadership model. Then the article summarizes information found in literature on effective techniques for the four skills stated above. As these techniques are identified, they are discussed in relation to their effective use in the Situational Leadership model. To understand the application of the model in businesses and its impact on managers' communication effectiveness, we conducted a study of an operational department of a Fortune 500 financial services company. The results and content analysis of a survey we administered by random selection of the managers in this department indicate that successful use of the Situational Leadership model relies on effectiveness in four communication components: communicating expectations, listening, delegating, and providing feedback. Finally, we recommend areas of future research such as comparison analysis of surveys, interviews, and focus groups with subordinates of managers who have been trained on the Situational Leadership model and those who have not.

The use of electromyography (EMG) is limited, particularly in the investigation of children, by the invasive nature of needle electrodes. Surface electrode techniques are an attractive alternative but the detected signals are greatly influenced by volume conductor effects, thus making their interpretation problematic. Using finite element analysis we investigated the relationship between surface potential distribution and motor unit depth, incorporating anisotropic conductivity to model muscle tissue and a range of subcutaneous fat thicknesses. The modeling results were used to analyze data recorded with a 16-channel surface electrode array, from 10 normals subjects and 12 patients with motor neuron disease. Differences in the motor units between the two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.01) and are consistent with reinnervation and increased motor unit territory in the patient group. This noninvasive technique shows promise as a more acceptable alternative to the use of conventional needle electrodes for neurophysiological investigations.

This study reports an attempt to confirm a published and well-defined biological effect of magnetic fields. The biological model investigated was the phosphorylation of myosin light chain in a cell free system. The rate of phosphorylation has been reported to be affected in an approximately linear manner by static magnetic field strengths in the range 0-200 microT. We performed three series of experiments, two to test the general hypothesis and a third that was a direct replication of published work. We found no effect of static magnetic field strength on the rate of phosphorylation. Hence, we were unable to confirm that weak static magnetic fields affect the binding of calcium to calmodulin. In view of the difficulty we and other authors have had making independent verifications of claimed biological effects of magnetic fields, we would urge caution in the interpretation of published data until they have been independently confirmed. There are still few well defined biological effects of low level magnetic fields that have been successfully transferred to an independent laboratory.

Aims: This study presents a series of five cases in whichmetaplastic carcinoma, predominantly low-gradeadenosquamous carcinoma, of the breast is seen arisingwithin a background of a complex sclerosing lesion.This association has been recognized previously but hasnot been documented in detail. This study describes thecharacteristics of the components present in each caseand discusses the existing literature. This observationadds further evidence to support an association betweensome types of invasive breast carcinoma and sclerosinglesions of the breast.Methods and results: Four of these cases were received asreferral cases for opinion. The fifth was received as partof the routine surgical workload within our owninstitution. Two patients presented following mammo-graphic screening and three symptomatically; theirmean age was 62 years (range 49–68). The meanlesion size was 16 mm (range 7–24). All five lesionsshowed features of a complex sclerosing lesion/radialscar in the form of central sclerosis with elastosis andradiating benign entrapped tubules. One had associatedbenign papillary structures and two had focal benignsquamous mletaplasia. Four cases showed coexistingbut distinct areas of low-grade adenosquamous carcin-oma with glandular and squamous epithelial differen-tiation in a spindle cell background. One case hadassociated undifferentiated spindle cell carcinoma.Detailed immunophenotypic characteristics of twocases are presented.Conclusions: This series illustrates a postulated butpreviously unconfirmed association between an unusualform of metaplastic breast carcinoma (adenosquamouscarcinoma) and complex sclerosing lesions. Themechanisms of induction of breast carcinoma arepoorly understood but these observations furtheremphasize the potential for sclerosing lesion of thebreast to be associated with, and possibly give rise to,invasive carcinoma of different types. The precise natureof the interaction between the pathological processesremains unclear.Keywords: breast carcinoma, metaplastic carcinoma, sclerosing lesion, radial scar

This article presents an analysis of an image advertisement using techniques developed from Narrative Paradigm Theory. It is suggested that the nature of postmodern culture makes image advertising an appropriate external communication strategy for generating stakeholder loyalty. A content analysis of Exxon’s “Driver Human” campaign’s introductory television advertisement was performed to explore potential sources of rational and value-laden audience conflicts. Two random samples, one advertising professionals and one upper-division undergraduate business students, participated in this study. Analysis suggests that, used in advance of traditional audience testing, Narrative Paradigm Theory can identify potential sources of audience conflict by illuminating sources of disbelief arising from both values and life experiences that contradict the corporate message.

This conceptual article presents a critical review of gender-difference and gender-sameness theory and research. The focus is upon gender workplace communication, a topic often debated in the popular and organizational literature. A contextually-based integrated paradigm is proposed which represents a shift from a gender-difference foundation to a more integrated approach that includes the interaction of gender with Standpoint Theory, culture, organizational climate, and structure and task context. The network of shared meanings concept is introduced as having a major impact on gender communication orientation. Research using an example of communication to create a contextual meaning for social support is highlighted. Implications and conclusions for organizations, researchers, and educators are discussed.

CD40 ligand (CD40L), expressed on activated T cells, binds its receptor, CD40, on dendritic cells, B cells, and monocytes/ macrophages. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals exhibit normal B-cell CD40 expression but diminished expression of CD40L on CD4 + T cells. Thus, we studied recombinant human CD40L (huCD40L) in an in vitro rhesus macaque model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). huCD40L induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation independent of mitogenic cytokines and led to a 70% reduction in p27 production by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mac239 infected PBMCs (P0.05). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed reduced expression of SIV gag and increased expression of interleukin (IL)-16 mRNA. Supernatants from huCD40L-stimulated PBMC and control cultures contained similar amounts of IL-16, suggesting an intracellular antiviral effect by IL-16. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated PBMCs similarly cultured with huCD40L showed only slight increases in chemokine production (P0.05). These results suggest that huCD40L inhibits replication (antigen and mRNA production) of SIVmac239. This response involves huCD40L induction of IL16 mRNA expression and appears to be independent of beta-chemokines.

Tissue can be characterized by its electrical impedance, especially if measurement can be extended over a range of frequencies. Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in imaging the distribution of electrical impedance through the technique of electrical impedance tomography (EIT). However, EIT has a number of practical problems relating to the placement of electrodes on the body. Such contacts are not required to collect magnetic field data around an object through which current is flowing and thus this approach may be more practical than EIT in the clinical environment. This paper describes the technique of magnetic impedance tomography (MIT), which allows reconstruction of the current distribution from magnetic field measurements. The reconstruction techniques used to generate the images and the prototype data collection system are described. Images produced using data collected from discrete and distributed current phantoms and the thorax during human respiration are presented.

This conceptual paper discusses the role communication plays in creating and maintaining learning organizations. A continuum ranging from Rational Choice Theory to Social Exchange Theory is proposed for relationship interac tions. These relation-based interactions are effective for organizations exposed to conditions of instability and complexity. Attention is given to the communica tion embedded in the preconditions necessary for developing learning organiza tions (trust, commitment, perceived organizational support), in the indicators needed for preparing for this state (organization-employee relationship, valuing the employee, employee empowerment, and employee ownership and acceptance of responsibility) and in what Senge refers to as the five disciplines of learning organizations (systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, building a shared vision, and team learning). An organizational case study using commu nication and relationships to create and maintain a learning organization is presented...

Objectives: The aims of the study were: i) to determine the agreement between the ante-mortem clinical diagnoses, death certificates and post-mortem causes of death; ii) to determine the incidence of unexpected findings; and iii) to compare the post-mortem rates on the intensive care unit with national recommendations. Design: Retrospective observational study. Setting: Adult general intensive care unit. Subjects: Critically ill patients. Interventions: Post-mortem examination. Measurements and main results: The post-mortem rate was calculated by checking the post-mortem register. The disease or condition leading directly to death (Ia on the death certificate and post-mortem report) in patients who died on the intensive care unit in our hospital was compared with the ante-mortem clinical diagnosis. The level of agreement between the ante-mortem cause of death, death certificate and post-mortem report was assessed. Unexpected post-mortem findings were noted and their probable impact on the patient's outcom...

This article examines the underlying rationale behind successful intra- and interfirm relationships. Relationships based on equity and social exchange are developing into major strategic tools. Productive and profitable partnerships can be built by creating trusting, committed, reciprocal relationships. Lasting, fruitful alliances are built and maintained by the employees charged with managing the alliance interfaces. The significance of relationship management is explored by examining the linkages found in the literature on organizational competition in a rapidly changing environment. In a global economy, all system members are interdependent and are customers. Companies are restructuring (i.e., downsizing) to fund only those core competencies that are key to their profitability and long-term survival. Managing relationships with their customers—especially with employees, channel partners, and strategic alliance partners—is critical to the firm's long-term success. The article concludes that customer relationship management based on social exchange and equity significantly assists the firm in developing collaborative, cooperative, and profitable long-term relationships.