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This paper examines the relationship between financial sector transformation and income inequality. We construct an econometric model of income concentration for a panel of 16 OECD countries in the years 1995-2009. From our study, financial sector transformation, measured individually by three indicators (GDP share of stock market value traded, bank income and private credit), emerges as a nexus of complex and interconnected phenomena, which are strongly associated with the concentration of income at the top of the distribution.

We have performed lattice dynamics calculations for CoTeMoO6 telluromolybdate and proposed assignment of modes to respective vibrations of atoms in the unit cell. We have also performed pressure-dependent Raman scattering studies that revealed unusual negative pressure dependence of the highest wavenumber modes. We provide explanation of this behavior based on strongly layered nature of CoTeMoO6 crystal. High-pressure data also indicate weak compressibility of the TeO4 groups associated with large changes in the Mo O Te bridges. The spectra remain qualitatively the same up to 6.3 GPa but some very subtle changes in the spectra have been observed near 2.6–3.0 GPa that might indicate onset of a very subtle structural transformation in the studied crystal.

Two metal-organic frameworks of [(CH3)2NH2][M(HCOO)3], where M=Mg and Cd, have been investigated by temperature-dependent IR and Raman methods in order to determine the nature of the phase transition. Our results indicate that phase transition in the Mg-compound is driven by ordering of the dimethylammonium cations. Additional X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies on Cd-compound as the function of temperature reveal that this compound does not undergo any structural phase transition. We attribute this behavior to the large size of the cavity occupied by the dimethylammonium cations and thus weak hydrogen bonding between these cations and formate ions.

A non-centrosymmetric, polar La 2 CaB 10 O 19 single crystal was characterized by polarized Raman scattering and polarized infrared reflection spectroscopy at room temperature. Assignment of the observed modes to the respective vibrations of its structural units has been proposed. Based on these results, the LO–TO splitting has been determined for the observed modes. Thus, large LO–TO splitting was observed for B O stretching modes, whereas the lower wavenumber modes assigned to bending and lattice modes exhibited small splitting. Our results also show that the LCB crystal is promising SRS-active material for use as a Raman laser frequency converter.

The aim of this chapter is to analyse the forces behind ecconomic inequality in Latin America and their connection to the processes of financialisation. The key motivation is that Latin America is one of the most unequal regions of the world. Simultaneously, Latin American economies have undergone substantial changes in the course of financialisation (Correa & Vidal 2012:542), which have compromised the performance of the productive sector (Levy-Orlik 2013:110).

In the article the author analyses the typology of consolatory archetypes found in comfort books. Due to the aesthetic properties and subject matter, the author proposes to distinguish within genre the following types of childhood consulatory archetypes: 1. infans sacer, 2. heroic child, 3. biomorphic child, 4. aromatic child and 5. puer aeternus.

Nowadays, the growing importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be observed. There is a lot of papers about CSR activities and impact of it on market insight of brands and companies. But it is unclear whether there is a statistically significant relationship between the company’s financial results and the score and place in the ranking of responsible companies. Authors have verified two hypotheses: ‘Enterprises with a better financial condition are able to implement CSR activities more effectively.’ and ‘Companies implementing CSR activities that are balanced against the assessment criteria obtain better results in the Ranking of Responsible Companies.’ To verification above hypotheses Pearson’s correlation was used. To conclude, there is no impact of financial condition’s of company on effectiveness of its CSR activities but companies characterized by the implementation of the CSR strategy should primarily be characterized by responsible leadership.

The paper offers a critical reading of „Wither „Quo vadis” Ruth Scodel i Anji Bettenworth (2009), a book about adaptation of Sienkiewicz's original in selected film versions of the novel.&nbsp

Many disease-causing missense mutations affect intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins, but the molecular mechanism of their pathogenicity is enigmatic. Here, we employ a peptide-based proteomic screen to investigate the impact of mutations in IDRs on protein-protein interactions. We find that mutations in disordered cytosolic regions of three transmembrane proteins (GLUT1, ITPR1, and CACNA1H) lead to an increased clathrin binding. All three mutations create dileucine motifs known to mediate clathrin-dependent trafficking. Follow-up experiments on GLUT1 (SLC2A1), the glucose transporter causative of GLUT1 deficiency syndrome, revealed that the mutated protein mislocalizes to intracellular compartments. Mutant GLUT1 interacts with adaptor proteins (APs) in vitro, and knocking down AP-2 reverts the cellular mislocalization and restores glucose transport. A systematic analysis of other known disease-causing variants revealed a significant and specific overrepresentation of gained dileucine motifs in structurally disordered cytosolic domains of transmembrane proteins. Thus, several mutations in disordered regions appear to cause "dileucineopathies."

How endothelial cells sense and react to flow during vascular remodeling is poorly understood. Vion et al. show that endothelial cells utilize their primary cilia to stabilize vessel connections during vascular remodeling. Molecularly, they identify enhanced sensitivity to BMP9 in ciliated endothelial cells, selectively under low flow., Blood flow shapes vascular networks by orchestrating endothelial cell behavior and function. How endothelial cells read and interpret flow-derived signals is poorly understood. Here, we show that endothelial cells in the developing mouse retina form and use luminal primary cilia to stabilize vessel connections selectively in parts of the remodeling vascular plexus experiencing low and intermediate shear stress. Inducible genetic deletion of the essential cilia component intraflagellar transport protein 88 (IFT88) in endothelial cells caused premature and random vessel regression without affecting proliferation, cell cycle progression, or apoptosis. IFT88 mutant cells lacking primary cilia displayed reduced polarization against blood flow, selectively at low and intermediate flow levels, and have a stronger migratory behavior. Molecularly, we identify that primary cilia endow endothelial cells with strongly enhanced sensitivity to bone morphogenic protein 9 (BMP9), selectively under low flow. We propose that BMP9 signaling cooperates with the primary cilia at low flow to keep immature vessels open before high shear stress–mediated remodeling., Graphical Abstract

Aims To assess whether aerobic or resistance training has greater benefits in non-physically active men with a long lasting type 1 diabetes. The effects of exercise were evaluated in terms of diabetes control and risk factors for cardiovascular complications. Methods 21 male participants (mean age: 37 yrs, diabetes duration: 23 yrs, mean HbA1c: 7.4%) randomly assigned to 2 groups: 1-aerobic training (n = 10) and 2-resistance training (n = 11). All subjects participated in 60-min training sessions, either aerobic or resistance, twice a week for three months. At baseline and after 3 months: echocardiography, ECG and incremental exercise test, ECG and blood pressure monitoring, lipid profile, lactate and diabetes control parameters were assessed in all patients. Results Baseline HbA1c was 7.44% in aerobic group and 7.36% in resistance group (p = 0.84). After 3 months there was no significant change in HbA1c value in any exercise group but a non-statistically significant downward trend was seen particularly in aerobic exercise group (p = 0.07) vs the resistance group (p = 0.15). There was no significant difference in body mass, risk of hypoglycemia and cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions Both forms of exercise are safe in terms of glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with quite well-controlled type 1 diabetes without advanced late complications.

© Copyright Neto et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited., Formation of blood vessel networks by sprouting angiogenesis is critical for tissue growth, homeostasis and regeneration. How endothelial cells arise in adequate numbers and arrange suitably to shape functional vascular networks is poorly understood. Here we show that YAP/TAZ promote stretch-induced proliferation and rearrangements of endothelial cells whilst preventing bleeding in developing vessels. Mechanistically, YAP/TAZ increase the turnover of VE-Cadherin and the formation of junction associated intermediate lamellipodia, promoting both cell migration and barrier function maintenance. This is achieved in part by lowering BMP signalling. Consequently, the loss of YAP/TAZ in the mouse leads to stunted sprouting with local aggregation as well as scarcity of endothelial cells, branching irregularities and junction defects. Forced nuclear activity of TAZ instead drives hypersprouting and vascular hyperplasia. We propose a new model in which YAP/TAZ integrate mechanical signals with BMP signaling to maintain junctional compliance and integrity whilst balancing endothelial cell rearrangements in angiogenic vessels., FN was financially supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), CRUK-CRICK and the MDC. ACV, AKB and EBK were supported by the DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), AS was supported by the EMBO (European Molecular Biology Organization), JRC was supported by the FCT. CAF is supported by the FCT, EC-ERC Starting Grant, Portugal2020 program. MP is supported by the Max Planck Society, the ERC Starting Grant ANGIOMET, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, the LOEWE grant Ub-Net, the DZHK, the Stiftung Charité and the EMBO Young Investigator Program. HG is supported by the DZHK and ERC Consolidator Grant Reshape 311719.

Many disease-causing missense mutations affect intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins, but the molecular mechanism of their pathogenicity is enigmatic. Here, we employ a peptide-based proteomic screen to investigate the impact of mutations in IDRs on protein-protein interactions. We find that mutations in disordered cytosolic regions of three transmembrane proteins (GLUT1, ITPR1, and CACNA1H) lead to an increased clathrin binding. All three mutations create dileucine motifs known to mediate clathrin-dependent trafficking. Follow-up experiments on GLUT1 (SLC2A1), the glucose transporter causative of GLUT1 deficiency syndrome, revealed that the mutated protein mislocalizes to intracellular compartments. Mutant GLUT1 interacts with adaptor proteins (APs) in vitro, and knocking down AP-2 reverts the cellular mislocalization and restores glucose transport. A systematic analysis of other known disease-causing variants revealed a significant and specific overrepresentation of gained dileucine motifs in structurally disordered cytosolic domains of transmembrane proteins. Thus, several mutations in disordered regions appear to cause "dileucineopathies."

Praca jest wynikiem namysłu nad kategorią dojrzałości w wymiarze ogólnym, a także nad postrzeganiem dojrzałości przez studentów i ich postrzeganiem siebie jako ludzi dojrzałych/niedojrzałych. Punktem wyjścia w rozważaniach uczyniono „kategorię" jako narzędzie poznawcze, usytuowaną z jednej strony w kontekście poszukiwania jej prototypu, z drugiej zaś odniesioną do dojrzałości jako jednej z możliwych struktur związanych z istnieniem i rozwojem człowieka. Tę dojrzałość i jej atrybuty opisano w perspektywie niektórych istniejących ujęć teoretycznych, tworząc niejako bazę do zaprezentowania studenckiego postrzegania tej kategorii. Postrzeganie dojrzałości przez studentów oparto na badaniach sondażowych, których wyniki poddano analizie w końcowej części artykułu. Zaakcentowano w niej zarówno ujawnione tendencje ogólne, jak i wiele kwestii szczegółowych dotyczących atrybutów dojrzałości oraz człowieka dojrzałego, możliwych do odniesienia do poszukiwanego wcześniej prototypu. Projekt Operacyjny Polska Cyfrowa POPC.02.03.01-00-0039/18

Summary An efficient method for in vitro propagation of bastard balm by enhanced axillary shoot branching has been developed. The material to establish in vitro culture was shoot tips collected from three-year-old plants in May. The shoots obtained from initial explants were placed on MS/B5 medium containing 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 mg/l BA with 0.01 mg/l NAA or without the auxin. The highest number of shoots per explant was obtained on the medium with 1.0 mg/l BA (3.9 shoots per explant). For the rooting of shoots ½ MS/B5 with IBA (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/l) medium was used. The medium without plant growth regulators served as a control. The best root regeneration was observed on the medium without IBA (87.1% of cuttings rooted). IBA used in the medium for shoot rooting affected the morphological traits of obtained microcuttings but not affected their weight. Irrespective of auxin concentration in this medium, obtained microcuttings acclimated in ex vitro conditions very well.

High-pressure Raman scattering studies revealed that BaHf(BO{sub 3}){sub 2} is more compressible than calcite-type orthoborates and calcite, aragonite or dolomite carbonates. It undergoes a first-order reversible pressure-induced phase transition in the 3.9–4.4 GPa pressure range. Second structural change is observed at 9.2 GPa. The intermediate phase is most likely trigonal. However, Raman results suggest increase in the number of distinct BO{sub 3} groups from two in the ambient pressure phase to at least three in the intermediate phase. This intermediate phase is also strongly compressible and strong pressure dependence of the lattice modes proves that the main changes under pressure occur within the layers built from BaO{sub 6} and HfO{sub 6} octahedra. The second phase transition leads most likely to lowering of the trigonal symmetry, as evidenced by significant increase of the number of observed bands. The pressure coefficients of the Raman bands of the high-pressure phase are relatively small, suggesting more dense arrangement of the metal–oxygen polyhedra and BO{sub 3} groups in this phase. It is worth noting that the high-pressure phase was not reached in the second compression experiment up to 10 GPa. This behavior can be most likely attributed to worse hydrostatic conditions of the first experiment.more » - Graphical abstract: Raman spectra of BaHf(BO{sub 3}){sub 2} recorded at different pressures during compression showing onset of pressure-induced phase transitions. - Highlights: • High-pressure Raman spectra were measured for BaHf(BO{sub 3}){sub 2.} • BaHf(BO{sub 3}){sub 2} undergoes a reversible first-order phase transition at 3.9–4.4 GPa into a trigonal phase. • The intermediate trigonal phase is strongly compressible second structural transformation is observed at 9.2 GPa under non-perfect hydrostatic conditions.« less

Introduction: The effectiveness of treatment of painful diabetic polyneuropathy remains unsatisfactory. The aim of this study was to compare effects of intravenous vs. subcutaneous insulin delivery in patients with diabetic symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy on pain relief, the quality of life, sleep disturbance, and the nerve conduction. Material and methods: Thirty-four patients with diabetic polyneuropathy (mean age 62 ± 10 years, duration 17 ± 10 years), who reached a pain score over 40 mm on the VAS scale, HbA1c 7.5–10%, were randomly assigned to continuous intravenous insulin infusion (examined group) and multiple injections (control subjects). Before and after five days of the insulin treatment the effects on pain relief (SFMPQ-VAS), the quality of life improvement (EuroQol EQ-5D), and sleep disturbances (AIS) were assessed. Results: Both groups experienced significant pain reduction, improvement of the quality of life, and reduction of sleep disturbances, i.e. a VAS in the study group of 69 ± 14 mm before treatment vs. 40 ± 19 mm after treatment (p l 0.001), and in control subjects 66 ± 16 mm vs. 47 ± 17 mm (p l 0.001). No difference in level of pain intensity reduction between the groups studied was found. Conclusions: Intensification of insulin treatment applied for five days results in improvement of the physical condition of patients with painful diabetic polyneuropathy, through pain relief, and improvement of the quality of life and sleep quality. The efficacy of insulin intravenous infusion and multiple injections is comparable. (Endokrynol Pol 2015; 66 (3): 237–243)

Growth, single crystal X-ray diffraction, polarized Raman and infrared (IR) studies of BaHf(BO3)2 are presented. Raman and IR spectra of polycrystalline BaZr(BO3)2 are also reported to facilitate assignment of modes. BaHf(BO3)2 borate crystallizes in trigonal system, space group R3c, with lattice parameters: a=5.1540(4) A, c=33.901(3) A. It accommodates dolomite-like structure doubled in the c direction, which is built of alternating layers of HfO6 octahedra and BaO6 distorted trigonal prisms that are connected through borate groups. The obtained structural as well as spectroscopic data show that BaHf(BO3)2 is isostructural with BaZr(BO3)2 and the deviations from centrosymmetry is small.

Room temperature experimental infrared (IR) and Raman spectra of [NH 4 ][M(HCOO) 3 ] compounds with M = Mg, Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn were analyzed in order to propose the assignment of the experimental bands to the respective internal and lattice modes. We also report temperature-dependent IR studies of [NH 4 ][Ni(HCOO) 3 ] and [NH 4 ][Fe(HCOO) 3 ] in the temperature range 5–295 K, and compare them with the previously reported data for the Zn and Mg analogs. The temperature-dependent data provide deeper insight into mechanism of the phase transition and relationship between the phase transition temperature and chemical composition of the studied compounds.

We presume that the primary effect of Near Infrared (NIR) radiation on aqueous solutions of biological molecules concerns modification of hydrogen bonded structures mainly the global and the hydration shell water molecules. Since water has a significant influence on the DNA structure, we expect that the thermal stability of DNA could be modified by NIR radiation. The herring sperm DNA was exposed to NIR radiation (700-1100nm) for 5, 10, and 20min periods. The temperature dependent infrared measurements were done for the thin films formed on the diamond ATR crystal from evaporated DNA solutions exposed and unexposed to NIR radiation. For the NIR-treated samples (at room temperature) the B form was better conserved than in the control sample independently of the irradiation period. Above 50°C a considerable increase in the A form was only observed for 10min NIR exposed samples. The hydrodynamic radius, (Rh), studied by the dynamic light scattering, showed drastic decrease with the increasing irradiation time. Principal components analysis (PCA) allowed to detect the spectral features correlated with the NIR effect and thermal stability of the DNA films. Obtained results strongly support the idea that the photoionization of water by NIR radiation in presence of DNA molecules is the main factor influencing on its physicochemical properties.

Pedagogika pracy to jedna z tych subdyscyplin pedagogicznych, która rozwija się dynamicznie, uzyskując powszechne uznanie wśród pedagogów oraz przedstawicieli innych nauk. Co więcej, będąc znaczącym składnikiem nauk pedagogicznych, nie znajduje się ona w sztucznej opozycji do innych dyscyplin i można wręcz uznać, że stała się obszarem uprawiania teorii ściśle zintegrowanych zarówno z naukami pedagogicznymi, jak i naukami o pracy. Pomiędzy pedagogiką pracy i innymi dyscyplinami i subdyscyplinami naukowymi występują wspólne zakresy badawcze. Z dorobku wielu z nich dziedzina ta korzysta, ale też wnosi określone wartości. Wśród nauk pedagogicznych, których związek z pedagogiką pracy jest szczególnie akcentowany, wymienić należy przede wszystkim teorię wychowania, historię oświaty i wychowania, dydaktykę, pedagogikę społeczną, andragogikę. Z kolei wśród nauk o pracy na podkreślenie zasługują filozofia pracy, psychologia pracy, socjologia pracy, prakseologia. W ostatnim czasie wspólne problemy badawcze ma pedagogika pracy także z naukami o zarządzaniu, szczególnie o zarządzaniu zasobami ludzkimi, dlatego poszczególne zagadnienia z jej zakresu zamieszczone w niniejszym opracowaniu omawiane są także przez przedstawicieli innych dyscyplin i subdyscyplin naukowych. Nie wydaje się to niczym szczególnym. W czasach, kiedy interdyscyplinarność w badaniach naukowych jest silnie akcentowana, tego typu podejście jest w pełni uzasadnione. Właśnie dlatego w niniejszej publikacji zamieszczono opracowania autorów reprezentujących różne subdyscypliny pedagogiczne, jak i inne dyscypliny naukowe. Różnorodność punktów widzenia sprawia, że poszczególne teksty stanowią niezwykle nowoczesne i autorskie podejście do problemu. W klasycznym ujęciu przedmiot badań pedagogiki pracy określa się relacją człowiek – wychowanie – praca. Relacja ta uzmysławia, jak szeroki i jednocześnie aktualny jest zakres problemowy, którym jej przedstawiciele zajmują się zarówno w rozważaniach teoretycznych, badaniach naukowych, jak i działaniach praktycznych. Czas niezwykle szybkich przemian, których jesteśmy świadkami, ale i uczestnikami, sprzyja bieżącemu aktualizowaniu oraz poszerzaniu zagadnień wchodzących w zakres zainteresowań pedagogiki pracy. Biorąc pod uwagę, że opracowań ukazujących w sposób całościowy, a jednocześnie aktualny problematykę pedagogiki pracy nie ma zbyt wiele, w niniejszej publikacji omówiono wybrane, istotne zdaniem redaktorów, problemy wchodzące w jej zakres. Całość publikacji została podzielona na pięć części odzwierciedlających najbardziej istotne obszary problemowe tej subdyscypliny pedagogicznej, a także wzajemnie się dopełniających. Podjęto w niej rozważania nad aktualną kondycją naukową i możliwościami dalszego rozwoju poszczególnych zagadnień szczegółowych wchodzących w zakres wyróżnionych obszarów. Prezentowane treści odnoszą się zarówno do jej aspektów teoretycznych, badawczych, jak i praktycznych. W pierwszej części zatytułowanej: Pedagogika pracy jako subdyscyplina pedagogiczna zamieszczono cztery opracowania dotyczące kondycji polskiej pedagogiki pracy (R. Gerlach), rozważania na temat jej historii (K. Jakubiak), teorii występujących w obszarze pedagogiki pracy (U. Jeruszka) oraz metodologii (J. Sztumski). Praca człowieka jako podstawowa kategoria pojęciowa pedagogiki pracy, to tytuł drugiego wyróżnionego obszaru. Zamieszczone w nim opracowania zawierają problemy dotyczące pracy jako wartości aksjologicznej (U. Ostrowska), wychowania przez pracę jako zaniedbanego problemu pedagogiki pracy (E. Kubiak-Szymborska) oraz pracy zawodowej (Z. Wiatrowski). Kolejnym ważnym i szczególnie aktualnym obszarem jest Poradnictwo zawodowe i doradztwo karier. Zamieszczono w nim rozważania dotyczące podstawowych zagadnień poradnictwa zawodowego w Polsce (Z. Wołk), rozwojowego tła poradnictwa kariery dla dzieci i młodzieży (A. Paszkowska-Rogacz) oraz całożyciowego doradztwa karier (E. Krause). Edukacji zawodowej jako drodze do zatrudnienia poświęcono kolejny obszar niniejszej publikacji. Zaprezentowano w nim rozważania dotyczące edukacji zawodowej wobec zmieniającego się rynku pracy (A. Pogorzelska), nauczyciela w edukacji zawodowej (Cz. Plewka), a także szkolnictwa wyższego (K. Ludwikowska). Całość publikacji zamyka obszar zatytułowany: Zakład pracy jako obszar badawczy pedagogiki pracy. Rozważania w nim zawarte otwiera opracowanie na temat zakładu pracy w aspekcie pedagogicznym (R. Tomaszewska-Lipiec). W dalszej części zamieszczono teksty dotyczące humanizacji pracy i relacji społecznych w zakładzie pracy (B. Jakimiuk), kondycji i sanacji środowiska pracy (W. Sztumski) oraz aktywizacji zawodowej seniorów (I. Mandrzejewska-Smól). W niniejszej publikacji, jak już wspomniano, nie zamieszczono oczywiście wszystkich zagadnień wchodzących w zakres pedagogiki pracy. Ograniczone ramy publikacji spowodowały, iż koniecznością stał się wybór najbardziej istotnych i aktualnych zagadnień. Naturalnie, najbardziej istotnych i aktualnych naszym zdaniem, bo zawsze ktoś może powiedzieć, że pominięto jakieś inne ważne tematy, jednak – co warto podkreślić – staraliśmy się zachować maksymalny obiektywizm. Czy nasze decyzje były słuszne, niech sami ocenią to nasi Czytelnicy.

Primula veris L. and Primula elatior (L.) Hill represent medicinal plants used for the production of herbal teas and preparations with antioxidant and expectorant activity. Flowers and roots of both species possess the same biological activity. In the presented study, raw materials of wild growing P. veris and P. elatior were compared in terms of the content and composition of phenolic compounds using a fast and simple HPLC-DAD method. The study showed that flowers of both species were rich in flavonoids. However, P. veris flowers were characterized with a distinctly higher content of isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, astragalin, and (+)-catechin, whereas P. elatior occurred to be a richer source of rutoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside. Hyperoside was found exclusively in P. elatior flowers. Phenolic glycosides (primverin and primulaverin) were identified only in the roots. Their content was about ten times higher in P. veris in comparison with P. elatior underground organs. The obtained results clearly show that both Primula species differ distinctly in terms of the content and composition of phenolic compounds. The compounds differentiating both species to the highest degree (hyperoside, in flowers, as well as primverin and primulaverin, in the roots) may be useful chemical markers in the identification and evaluation of both species.

Projekt Operacyjny Polska Cyfrowa POPC.02.03.01-00-0039/18

Introduction: Dipeptidil peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4) are a group of antihyperglycemic agents. DPP-4 is an enzyme expressed on lymphocyte surface as co-stimulatory molecule in activation processes. The aim was to assess lymphocyte subpopulations initially and after 14 days of treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors sitagliptin, saxagliptin and vildagliptin. Material and methods: The study was conducted in three groups 10 subjects each, of type 2 diabetic patients. In subjects studied an initial tests followed by repeated ones after 14 days of treatment with sitagliptin, saxagliptin, and vildagliptin in therapeutic doses were performed. Baseline test as well as lymphocyte subpopulations (total T cells, and T-cell subsets CD4+, CD8+, CD26+, CD45RA+, CD45RO+, CD4+/CD25+) using 7-colour flow cytometry method were performed. Results: In patients receiving sitagliptin no significant increase in lymphocyte subpopulations were observed. In patients who received vildagliptin significant increase of total T-cells (p < 0.05); in patients treated with saxagliptin significant (p < 0.05) though mild increased percentage of total T-cells and CD4+, CD26+, CD45RO+ subsets were found. Conclusions: The study showed mild but significant increase of several T-cell subsets after treatment with saxagliptin and vildagliptin with non significant elevation after treatment with sitagliptin. It seems that changes are not expressed enough to have a clinical impact. (Endokrynol Pol 2014; 65 (2): 78–82)

INTRODUCTION Hypoglycemia may have serious health consequences; therefore, it is important to expand knowledge on the factors that increase its prevalence. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the type of insulin-human vs. analogue-on the incidence of mild and severe hypoglycemia, body weight, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 203 diabetic patients treated with intensive insulin therapy completed the questionnaire on hypoglycemia at baseline and at 3 and 6 months of the follow‑up. Body weight and HbA1c levels were measured at baseline and at 6 months. Incidence of mild and severe hypoglycemia, body weight, and HbA1c levels were compared between patients treated with short‑acting analogue and those treated with short‑acting human insulin (regardless of the type of long‑acting insulin used) and between patients receiving short- and long‑acting analogue insulin and those receiving short- and long‑acting human insulin. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to find independent risk factors of severe hypoglycemia. RESULTS At baseline, mild hypoglycemia was more common in patients receiving insulin analogue. There were no differences between the subgroups in the incidence of severe hypoglycemia, HbA1c levels, and body weight. Male sex, older age, and the dose of long‑acting insulin were independently associated with a higher incidence of severe hypoglycemia. Type 2 diabetes and higher body weight were associated with a lower risk of severe hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that use of insulin analogues may predispose to more frequent episodes of mild hypoglycemia, but it does not increase the incidence of severe hypoglycemia in patients on intensive insulin therapy. Insulin analogues are not different from human insulin in terms of the effects on HbA1c levels and body mass.