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Desde os finais da década de 50 foi solicitado, desde diferentes sectores brasileiros, a Ernesto Guerra da Cal que dedicasse a Machado de Assis um estudo do mesmo teor que a Eça de Queirós. Pretendia-se umha capitalizaçom e umha projecçom como as atingidas pola obra e a figura de Eça através dos mecanismos e o agente que as impulsionara no caso do escritor português. Apesar dos esforços e de diferentes contributos e depoimentos em que ofereceu uma muito alta valorizaçom do produtor brasileiro, o projecto nom se concretizou, e afinal aquela demanda contribui para afiançar um duplo processo de canonicidade, que colocou Eça no centro do campo literário e Da Cal no dos estudos literários portugueses; e para evidenciar a importância de determinadas projecções simbólicas e identitárias em espaços sociais e campos culturais como neste caso o brasileiro. Since the end of the 1950´s, several Brazilian sectors had asked Ernesto Guerra da Cal to devote Machado de Assis a similar study to that devoted to Eça de Queirós. Such a study aimed at promoting and projecting the former author in the same way as, and to the same extent that both the work and the figure of Eça de Queirós had been promoted by da Cal. Despite the efforts and the different contributions and testimonies which raised the recognition of the contribution of the Brazilin writer, the project never materialized. In the end, the original request contributed towards a two-way process of canonicity: one that has both warranted Eça de Queirós a place in the center of Portuguese literature and da Cal a place in the center of Portuguese literary studies. It has also contributed to show the importance of certain symbolic and identity projections within social spaces and cultural areas, as is the case of the Brazilian writer.

Consumers are using cash less often. This is especially the case in high-value transactions. However, the $1 Federal Reserve Note continues to hold its ground in the realm of micropayments, transactions having a value of less than $5. Economists argue that the staying power of the $1 bill is largely the result of there being no economically efficient electronic method of executing micropayments. This paper argues that the reason for the continued existence of the $1 Federal Reserve Note lies elsewhere—in the physical nature of the note. Economists see the note as merely a marker or token for purchasing power, which is continually declining. Based on this view, they logically predict the imminent death of the note. This view is simplistic as it does not consider the $1 Federal Reserve Note as a thing in itself, as an object bearing a value all its own. As physical objects, notes carry economic, social, collectible, and symbolic values unrelated to what the note can buy.

En este trabajo se busca analizar aquellas presentaciones de las mujeres ante las autoridades judiciales de Tres Arroyos, un pueblo de reciente formación en el sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires, para denunciar la violencia a la que se veían expuestas, entre 1889 y 1904. Pretendemos encarar el tema con un enfoque que combine lo específicamente jurídico con una mirada de género y los aspectos culturales y sociales. Pretendemos adentrarnos en el valor simbólico de las situaciones de violencia en sí mismas, así como de su denuncia y exposición pública. En síntesis, lo que interesa es focalizar en el componente simbólico de algunas de estas acciones que, mas allá de las situaciones concretas que traslucen, tienen un fondo de racionalidad, comunican algo a una sociedad y, en algún punto, pretenden imponer o restaurar un orden., In this article we want to analyze the women expositions at the local authorities in Tres Arroyos, a new town at the south of the Buenos Aires province, in order to report violence situations in which they were victims or at least they play a main role, between 1889 y 1904. We pretend to focus this topics combining the juridical, gender, cultural and social aspects, to approach to the symbolic components of this situations and its denounce and public exposition. Finally, we pretend to focus on the symbolic contents of the violent actions, intending to see some type of rationality behind them., Instituto de Historia Argentina Dr. Ricardo Levene

En este trabajo se busca analizar aquellas presentaciones de las mujeres ante las autoridades judiciales de Tres Arroyos, un pueblo de reciente formación en el sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires, para denunciar la violencia a la que se veían expuestas, entre 1889 y 1904. Pretendemos encarar el tema con un enfoque que combine lo específicamente jurídico con una mirada de género y los aspectos culturales y sociales. Pretendemos adentrarnos en el valor simbólico de las situaciones de violencia en sí mismas, así como de su denuncia y exposición pública. En síntesis, lo que interesa es focalizar en el componente simbólico de algunas de estas acciones que, mas allá de las situaciones concretas que traslucen, tienen un fondo de racionalidad, comunican algo a una sociedad y, en algún punto, pretenden imponer o restaurar un orden. In this article we want to analyze the women expositions at the local authorities in Tres Arroyos, a new town at the south of the Buenos Aires province, in order to report violence situations in which they were victims or at least they play a main role, between 1889 y 1904. We pretend to focus this topics combining the juridical, gender, cultural and social aspects, to approach to the symbolic components of this situations and its denounce and public exposition. Finally, we pretend to focus on the symbolic contents of the violent actions, intending to see some type of rationality behind them. Instituto de Historia Argentina Dr. Ricardo Levene

In recent years, the successful expansions of Swedish fashion companies have mainly relied on their ability to turn fashion into brands. However, when companies grow it seems to be difficult to maintain the original brand identity as well as to establish a unique brand image in the minds of the consumers. With regard to this matter the purpose of our thesis was to investigate the brand image of Acne Jeans. Our ambition was to examine to what extent the brand image coincided with the brand identity and if brand associations differed between different consumer segments. In order to fulfil our purpose, we have conducted a questionnaire study of a sample of 130 students at Stockholm University. The findings of our study show that the brand image of Acne Jeans did not coincide with the brand identity regarding the aspects of individuality and innovativeness. We further concluded that there were several differences between the associations of those in possession of Acne apparel and those who did not own any Acne items. Finally, the associations of early adopters were investigated. The result indicated that the brand associations in this group did not deviate from the general opinion of the total sample.

This thesis is concerned with the legal framework surrounding the improper use and monopolization of signs with a high symbolic value or symbols. Central questions are: how does Dutch law look upon signs that many of us regard as essential or sacred in our personal lives or our society, and: does this law presently stand where it should? The book discerns between (i) national and international symbols, (ii) cultural and historical symbols, (iii) religious symbols. The study deals with two main groups of issues that to a large extent make up the relationship between symbols and the law: (1) questions surrounding the rules for their use including legal responses to their improper use, and (2) questions with regard to their monopolization. Both parts together tell one story about assertions of right and wrong with regard to symbols

In fashion, as in the rest of the economy, the globalisation of taste, power and production now plays a major role. The industry is dominated by fashion capitals like Paris, London or New York, populated by star designers like Tom Ford, Karl Lagerfeld or Jean-Paul Gaultier and controlled through MNC giants like Prada, Gucci, DKNY and Dior, who together influence consumer preferences on a global scale. However, there are numerous smaller actors that compete successfully in the fashion industry. Sweden is one such example, where fashion is a growing. In this thesis, there is a focus on group of small and medium sized Swedish fashion firms with a brand focused business strategy. Their products are design intensive, but their main competitive advantage rests on the brand and brand management. This group of firms are proficient at ‘putting fashion into clothes’ (Weller 2004). In other words, their main competitive advantage rests neither on price, nor on the most experimental design. More exactly, they produce clothes for a fashion conscious but not too adventurous consumer group. In the thesis it is argued that they are better described as trend forerunners than as trend setters. The subject of this thesis is this group of firms within the Swedish fashion industry and the aim is to improve understanding of their innovation processes, competitiveness, and the systemic character of the business they are a part of. As with most other fashion firms in high cost countries, Swedish companies has outsourced the garment production. They secure their competitive edge through high value added activities like design, marketing and retail. This points to the fact that fashion has both material and immaterial dimensions: it relates to clothing, design, textile and quality, but also to consumers’ subjective feelings and attitudes towards the clothes and their brands. This is a study of the interface between these dimensions, with a focal point on the production of immaterial and symbolic value. The systemic nature of fashion can hardly be overestimated. This goes for both the practical part of clothes production, but also for the production of a belief system created not only by fashion producers but by a whole set of institutional actors. This thesis has an analysis of fashion firms’ relations to business partners, competitors, media, and consumers. It is argued that the nature of these relations is critical for competition and success. The thesis is a collection of papers, which illuminates different parts of innovation, competition and business strategies in the fashion industry. The papers cover the central activity areas for fashion firms: how branding is affecting industrial structure and innovation, how symbolic is value created, and how ‘cool’ is used as a strategic resource.

La presente comunicación tiene como objetivo analizar, a partir de un enfoquentropológico, las complejas relaciones entre la identidad territorial y la calidad de los alimentos, así como las formas en que los actores sociales se relacionan y organizan para certificar dicha calidad y las oportunidades económicas derivadas del valor cultural de dichos alimentos. Se analiza el rol de la alimentación en la construcción de las identidades de individuos y sociedades y la importancia del valor simbólico de los alimentos en las preferencias de los consumidores. Se destaca que en materia de denominaciones de origen no deben copiarse fórmulas; cada producto, cada situación, exige un análisis particular. El tipo de mercado, el tipo de instituciones, los saberes y las técnicas utilizadas y las normas jurídicas condicionarán los procesos de calificación de los productos. Se concluye sobre las relaciones contradictorias / complementarias entre : (i) identidad y calidad / interés de conferir a los productos territoriales mayor carga simbólica, mayor densidad cultural; (ii) entre tradición e innovación / interés de identificar, describir y analizar las innovaciones y las competencias locales; (iii) entre productos territoriales y productos estándard / interés de tomar en cuenta los antagonismos y complementaridades entre los mismos., Cette communication a comme objectif d'analyser, à partir d'une approche anthropologique, les relations complexes entre l'identité territoriale et la qualité des aliments, les relations entre les acteurs sociaux et leurs formes d'organisation pour certifier la qualité des produits ainsi que les opportunités économiques associées aux valeurs culturelles des aliments. Il est analysé le rôle de l'alimentation dans la construction des identités de l'individu et des sociétés, ainsi que l'importance de la valeur symbolique des aliments dans les préférences des consommateurs. Il est souligné qu'en matière de dénominations d'origine, il ne faut pas copier des formules; chaque produit, chaque situation exigent une analyse particulière. Le type de marché, le type d'institutions, les savoirs et les techniques utilisés, les normes juridiques, conditionneront les processus de qualification des produits. La communication conclue sur les relations contradictoires / complémentaires entre (i) identité et qualité / intérêt de donner aux produits du terroir plus de charge symbolique, plus de densité culturelle ; (ii) entre tradition et innovation / intérêt d'identifier, décrire et analyser les " innovations anonymes " et l'évolution des compétences locales ; (iii) entre des produits du terroir et des produits standard / intérêt d'analyser les antagonismes et les complémentarités., The goal of this paper is to analyse, with an anthropological approach, the complex relations betwen land identity and quality of food, as well as the organisation of the stakeholders to certify food quality and the economic oportunities linked to the cultural value of these food products. The symbolic value of food products is taken into account as a relevant data to analyse consummers, choices and the role of food in the building up of individual and social identities. It is outlined that the methods to establish origin labels can not be copied; each product, each situation, demands special analysis. The kind of market, the institutions, the knowledge and techniques, the norms and rules, will modify the qualifiation process of products. The conclusions analyse the opposed / complementary relations between : (i) identity and quality / the interest to increase the symbolic value, the cultural density, of local products ; (ii) between tradition and innovation / the interest to identify and analyse local innovations and skills (iii) between local products and standard products / the interest to take in to account the opositions and complementarities between them.

Recent sociological studies of the mobile phone and the fixed line telephone have drawn attention to the changing meanings of communications technologies. Whilst manufacturers often represent “preferred” uses in product marketing, users frequently subvert such intended purposes, modify them or invent new practices. Mobile phones, whose “essential” function was verbal communication, were initially designed and marketed for business and professional use. Today we use them to chat and keep in touch with our children. Their basic function of speech communication has been subverted as teenagers opt to for text messages. School-children have invented new social uses despite the efforts of mobile phone companies to persuade them otherwise.Traditionally, social scientists have assumed that a device such as the telephone has an intrinsic purpose determined by some essential property of its technology. Such an approach stands in contrast to the analysis of works of art or products of the media where factors such as religious belief, social values and political ideology are routinely invoked to explain their various interpretations. This paper suggests that such a dichotomy is false. Concepts from cultural studies and communications theory are used to argue that technologies such as the telephone are cultural products with symbolic as well as economic value and that users can shift their meanings.

El proyecto de investigación que desarrollo en la tesis, se orienta a explicar la transformación espacial, simbólica, tecnológica, de función y uso de la vivienda en el Río de la Plata en las postrimerías del período colonial. Las reformas borbónicas fueron un conjunto de decisiones de alta política tendiente a consolidar el poder Ibérico en las colonias ante el dinámico avance del sistema capitalista Inglés, estableciendo la monarquía Española mecanismos para recuperar el control político, reforzar la coerción y permitir al poder ibérico una mejor apropiación de recursos. El espacio del Plata era apetecido por los portugueses, los británicos y el contrabando, la fragmentación de las unidades productivas con sus propios hinterland llevaron al régimen colonial a efectuar cambios en el sistema político económico, incorporando a Buenos Ayres al nuevo sistema comercial y paralelamente como elemento de control, fundó el Virreinato, la Real Audiencia, el Consulado. La monarquía trasladó a Buenos Ayres la burocracia administrativa. La estrategia de dominación española en el área y una necesidad geopolítica pautó el crecimiento económico de la oscura y remota aldea del imperio español "la aldea olvidada". Nació así un polo de intercambio mercantil, un foco de inmigración en un revitalizado espacio económico estructurando una nueva ciudad. En aquel contexto hubo fuertes migraciones internas y externas que generaron en el espacio urbano y en el interior del sistema social fuertes tensiones donde una elite en ascenso demandó cuotas crecientes del comercio y el poder; generó un uso intensivo del suelo urbano y una "nueva" estética arquitectónica, plasmada en el lenguaje formal del neoclasicismo. Estos aportes orientan y dan sustento teórico a otra visión de la historia, por lo tanto en el trabajo de tesis, aplicando las variables espaciales, patrón de asentamiento, uso y ocupación del suelo, forma de acumulación económica e identidad en el más amplio sentido del término, enriquecerán la investigación y facilitaran el entretejido de la red que permitirá, a través de la vivienda "leer" a los habitantes e interpretar el valor social de la casa. Por ello el proceso de investigación no es un simple proceso descriptivo sino es la suma de categorías analíticas que integradas permiten una visión significante de los hombres y mujeres que son objeto de nuestro interés., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

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note d'actualité; International audience; A disvovery recently done in Saint-Denis “ rue du Landy ” (Seine-Saint-Denis, France) in an urban context is presented in this article. At the bottom of a possible lateral pit dated of the Early Neolithic (Villeneuve-saint-Germain Culture), a deposit of ten grinding and pounding complete tools in sandstone and flint has been cleared out. After a description of the morphological and technical characteristics of the lower grinding tools, several interpretations are proposed. The choice of a single type of raw material is linked with homogeneous methods of shaping. The sizes of each tool are also similar. The stages of use and maintenance show evidences of specific types of reuse and resharpening. A technical signification for such deposits is discussed in this paper.; Nous présentons ici une découverte récente faite à Saint-Denis “ rue du Landy ” Seine-Saint-Denis en contexte urbain. Au fond d'une fosse latérale datée du Néolithique ancien (culture Villeneuve-Saint-Germain), un dépôt de dix outils de mouture et de broyage a été dégagé. Après une description des caractéristiques morphologiques et techniques des meules, plusieurs pistes interprétatives sont proposées.

Udgivelsesdato: JUN The importance of the symbolic value and of the product utility for a consumer's involvement in fish products was determined by applying a model tod ata collected in Denmark in 1999. The relative importance of these two antecedents of product involvement differed between two segments of consumers important to marketing strategies. However, the potential effects of involvement did not differ between the segments. Rather, the customer's involvement ensures that sign value and utility have effects such as greater enjoyment of shopping and higher frequency of usage.

The expediency of assessment of museum items on the basis of the degree of exclusiveness (scientific and historical, scientific and artistic, and other scientific and informative value) is substantiated. The approaches to assessment of museum items (as a part of the heritage assets) in national and international accounting standards for the public sector are investigated. Proposals concerning the application of valuation at initial cost in Ukraine are substantiated. In case of its absence one should recognize fair value instead of conditional one. Museum items that are not assessed on the reporting date and do not meet the recognition criteria should be disclosed in the off-balance sheet accounting by the symbolic value with subsequent disclosure in the Notes to the financial statements.

This study examines whether consumer perceptions of store personality differ according to the store's format (hard-discount versus soft-discount and value retailing). A consumer survey (n = 306) is conducted in which respondents are asked to rate these retail formats in terms of five store personality (SP) dimensions (cf. d'Astous and Lévesque, 2003) and on self-congruity (SC). The findings of both repeated measures ANOVA and hypothesis testing of proportion difference indicate that the three formats differ significantly in terms of all five SP dimensions. Moreover, consumers perceive a greater match between their self-concept and the value retailer' s personality than the discounter's. A PLS model is estimated linking SP and SC to store loyalty and word-ofmouth intentions (WOM). The measurement model of d'Astous and Lévesque is only partially confirmed by the data. The effect of SC is found to dominate in explaining loyalty and WOM. These results provide valuable insights for optimizing retail positioning strategies.

Despite the large number of writings on the Vitruvian theory relating to the mythical wood-worked origins of the Greek temple, there has been no recent writing on Ancient Greek buildings before De Architectura was published, in the period between the appearance of the first dwelling-houses and the definitive affirmation of the use of stone in the building of temples. Taking into consideration the fundamental constructive and symbolic element of the Greek temple, the column, this research analyses the evolution from the first rudimentary punctiform vertical structures used in Neolithic houses to the arrival of the complete transformation of the simple vertical support into a column, first realized in perishable materials and later in stone. The definitive statement of the architecture of whole temples entirely in stone constitutes the finishing post of this research. This study brings to light the principal firm data on which the reconstruction of the look of vertical punctiform structures rests, that is the column base. Such a construction element has been archaeologically documented from Neolithic buildings to those of the seventh century B.C. The column base will be interpreted with a wider meaning, including not only all the architectural supports on which a vertical support rests, but also the materials into which a support is driven. In this way, it has been possible to define as column supports all the natural dips in the land used to hold vertical supports, as well as stone foundations. Consequently, different sorts of columns bases, often in close relationship to the kinds of buildings adopted into them, have been singled out. Following the guiding thread of column-base development in different periods and geographical contexts, a line of development of the column base and its relative support takes us progressively towards the creation of the stone column.