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The right to health care for every citizen of Indonesia is a right guaranteed by the constitution, as set out in Article 28H Paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution which mandates the state to guarantee the rights of citizens to live in prosperity, among others, through the provision of better health care. The hospital is one of the institutions that provide health care facilities to every citizen through the efforts which allowed according to an adequate standard of health. One form of health care, is the provision of professional doctor and work according to the ethics of the medical profession. One form of professionalism of doctors within the framework of the protection of the rights of patients is the presence of informed consent as the rights of patients to obtain medical information from the hospital before getting certain medical actions that have an impact on the loss of life of patients. In connection with that, this article aims to explain philosophically dogmatic about the urgency of informed consent as a guarantee of protection of the rights of patients in hospitals. This paper, methodologically using normative analysis with a conceptual approach, so of course, legal materials that are used as a source of analysis, more concentrated on primary legal materials. In conclusion, the existence of informed consent plays an important role in terms of providing protection rights of patients to health services in hospitals, according mandate of the constitution, especially considering the fact malpractice of medicine that looks at some cases in hospitals in Indonesia, is the impact of neglect the application of informed consent that has not run as expected.

Parasit Plasmodium falciparum dapat mengembangkan mekanisme resistensi terhadap obat anti-malaria melalui mutasi gen yang terjadi pada parasit tersebut, termasuk gen Plasmodium falciparum multi-drug resistance protein 1 (Pfmdr1). Mutasi pada gen tersebut dapat terjadi pada beberapa posisi codon, termasuk posisi 1246, yaitu perubahan asam aspartat ke tirosin. Alel mutan 1246Y telah dikaitkan dengan kegagalan terapi anti-malaria amodiaquine. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis mutasi gen Pfmdr1 1246 pada penderita malaria di kabupaten Mamuju provinsi Sulawesi Barat yang akan memulai terapi kombinasi artesunate-amodiaquin (AS-AQ). Dari 18 sampel penderita malaria, analisis gen tersebut menunjukkan tidak ada alel 1246Y pada seluruh sampel. Hasil follow-up pasien selama 28 hari menunjukkan regimen AS-AQ efektif sebagai terapi anti-malaria di daerah tersebut. Kata kunci: Pfmdr1, 1246Y, Resistensi Obat Anti-Malaria, Artesunate-Amodiaquin

Spektrum graf adalah kumpulan nilai eigen berbeda dan multiplisitasnya. Dalam menentukan spektrum graf dapat digunakan beberapa metode seperti persamaan karakteristik, teorema pada matriks sirkulan serta dengan menggunakan program komputer visual basic 6.0. Spektrum graf hyperoctahedral (H_n ) dengan teorema matriks sirkulan diperoleh dengan membuat pola spektrum graf H_2, H_3, H_4 dan H_5 kemudian memberikan kesimpulan.

Abstrak: Pendidikan Islam menghadapi banyak masalah, di antaranya orientasi nilai ke-agamaan dan pendekatan aplikasi. Orientasi nilai religius didasarkan pada materi Islam yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari tujuan pendidikan islami. Tujuannya adalah menjadi "insan kamil", yang tercerminkan pada pengintegrasian nilai individu dan sosial. Oleh karena itu, orientasi nilai agama di sekolah harus berkisar antara dua belah pihak, "dimensi makhluk" (kesalehan individual) dan "dimensi khalifah" (kesalehan sosial). Untuk menanamkan nilai pendidikan Islam ke anak-anak, dapat ditangani melalui pendekatan-pendekatan berikut ini; stra-tegi tradisional, liberal, pemberian model yang baik (uswah), dan klarifikasi nilai. Penerapan strategi harus disesuaikan dengan perkembangan anak. Terkait deng-an strategi, guru pendidikan Islam harus mempertimbangkan urgensi ketepatan dalam menggunakan nilai klarifikasi. Melalui strategi ini, anak-anak akan dapat memilih, berdialog, membuat pertimbangan, dan menentukan jenis nilai apa yang dipilih. Dengan nilai ini, anak-anak akan memiliki komitmen yang kuat un-tuk menghadapi setiap perubahan kehidupan terutama dalam perubahan sosial. Abstract: Islamic education faces many problems, among them are the religious value orientation and application approach. The religious value orientation is based on Islamic subject matters that cannot be separated from the aim of Islamic education. Its aim is to become a "perpect man", that reflects on the integration of individual and social values. Therefore, the religious value orientation in school must be revolved between the two sides, "Abdullah dimention" (individual religiosity) and "khalifah dimention" (social religiosity). To instill the value of Islamic education to children, it can be handle through the following approaches; traditional strategy, liberal, providing a good model (uswah), and value clarification. To implement these strategies, it must be adjusted to the child's development. Concerning with the strategy, the teacher should consider the urgency of Islam on the use of value clarification. With these strategies, the children will be able to choose, to make a dialogue, to make a consideration, and to determine the type of value to be applied. With this value, the children will have a strong commitment to deal with any change of life, especially in social change.

In the wake of this study by the Government Regulation No. 109 of 2012 on the inclusion of images and text health warnings / pictorial health warnings on cigarette packs. The norm of this aims to reduce the negative health effects, protect productive age population and increasing public awareness of the dangers of smoking. Against the background of the norm of the government, the study was intended to determine the perception of active smokers the pictorial health warning labels on packs of cigarettes there. In this study, the method used is descriptive method with qualitative data. Data collected through library research informant interviews, and documentation. The results showed that smokers know their pictorial health warning labels on packs of cigarettes and smokers can understand the meaning of their label. Knowledge smokers against pictorial health warning label does not make the smokers to quit smoking, they continue to smoke because of their experience does not suffer due to take up smoking, and the effects felt far different from what was stated on the packaging that has been made. Thus we can say the perception of smokers tend to deny the existence of the warning label.

IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) as a disease of inflammation of chronic intestinal. The extraintestinal manifestation is predominantly in the form Pericholangitis, chronic cholitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), which usually appear after a few years later from the pop-up cases of IBD with the incidence rate of 5%. Want to know the incidence rate of IBD and PSC in patients were undergoing colonoscopy at RSPAD GS since of March 1, 2016 until February 28, 2017. All patients were undergoing colonoscopy for one year included as a subject of research. Subjects sorted and selected on the findings of the colonoscopy as IBD and non-IBD. Data Cholitis chronic (KHK) is based on the findings of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bilirubin elevated serum and serum albumin divided into groups of KHK-IBD or PSC, KHK-non-IBD, Non-KHK-IBD and Non- KHK-non-IBD. Correlation between the PSC and the PSC with IBD were tested statistically by Fisher, materials taken retrospective descriptive. Data PSC and IBD patients as follows: The incidence rate of IBD and PSC are 18.6% and 5.4%; Correlation PSC with extraintestinal manifestation of IBD acceptable expectation (p = 0.000); demographic data of IBD (30 patients) with male 62.4% (18 people), mean age was 50.6 years and incidence between 40 - 59 years old.

Introduction: The source of bioactive compounds believed to have strong anticancer potency is derived from sea cucumber. Black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) is a dominant species in Mentawai Islands, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Key factor compound that acts as anticancer in sea cucumber extract is tritepenoid also known as Frondoside A. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the active compound taken from black sea cucumber as anticancer. Methods: Methods used was experimental laboratory. Anticancer activity of black sea cucumber was determined by using the MTT assay cytotoxic test to measure the IC50. Cytotoxic test was conducted with Supris clone-1 (SP-C1) derived from cloned lymphadenopathy of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma on lingual part. Results: It was found that the compounds contained in black sea cucumber has strong anticancer activity (IC50 = 5.25 μL/mL) against SP-C1. Conclusion: Black sea cucumber extract has strong cytotoxic effects against cancer cells SP-C1, therefore black sea cucumber extract potentially developed as a new source of cancer medicine.

Economic development should consider the negative effects it creates. This will help to achieve a sustainable economic development. The green economic conceptcan be a solution to development process that works on natural resources conservation. This paper proposes a discriminant analysis to describe the green economic development. It analyses a group of countries, classified by their income levels. The analysis result suggests that environment factors such asemissions and area of the forest are important variables.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of personal and situational factors of agricultural extension officers on their performances. The hypothesis assumed that personal factor and situational factor affect the performance of agricultural extension officers. The subjects of this research were 130 agricultural extension officers who were civil servants of Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. To assess the objectivity of these officers’ performances, the research also involved as samples two farmers whom every officer targeted for the extension. Therefore, totally there were 260 farmers participating in the research. The research used a quantitative method with qualitative description. The results of analysis showed that personal factor provided a significant influence on the performances of the officers of agricultural extension as much as 25% at the significance level of α=5%, and the situational factor directly influenced the personal factor as much as 29% at the significance level of α=1%. Keywords: agricultural extension, personal factor, situational factor, performance

ABSTRAK Tumbuhan Erythrina variegata (Leguminosae) secara tradisional dikenal oleh masyarakat Indonesia sebagai obat antikanker dan antimalaria. Bagian tumbuhan ini yang biasa digunakan sebagai bahan pengobatan adalah daun dan kulit batang, tapi kandungan senyawa kimia aktif biologisnya belum banyak dilaporkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan senyawa aktif antikanker dan antimalaria secara in vitro yang terdapat di dalam daun dan kulit batang E. variegata. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara ekstraksi metanol dan fraksionasi dari daun dan kulit batang E. variegata yang dipandu dengan uji antikanker secara in vitro terhadap sel kanker payudara T47D menggunakan metode Sulforodamin B (SRB) dan uji antimalaria secara in vitro terhadap Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (sensitif klorokuin) dan K1 (resisten klorokuin) menggunakan metode laktatdehidrogenase (LDH). Selanjutnya dilakukan pemisahan fraksi etil asetat daun dan kulit batang E. variegata yang dipantau dengan uji antikanker dan antimalaria secara in vitro menggunakan kombinasi kolom kromatografi diperoleh tiga senyawa aktif (1, 2, dan 3). Struktur kimia senyawa aktif (1, 2, dan 3) ditetapkan berdasarkan data-data spektroskopi dan diidentifikasikan sebagai turunan triterpenoid pentasiklik glikosida(1); flavonoid, eristagallin A (2); dan steroid, (22E)-5α,8α-epidioksiergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (3). Senyawa (1) menunjukkan aktivitas antimalaria secara in vitro terhadap P. falciparum strain 3D7 (sensitif klorokuin) dengan IC50 1,8 µg/mL dan terhadap strain K1 (resisten klorokuin) dengan IC50 3,3 µg/mL. Senyawa (2) dan (3) menunjukkan aktivitas antikanker secara in vitro terhadap sel kanker payurada T47D dengan IC50 masing-masing 3,0 dan 3,2 µg/mL. Tumbuhan E. variegata mempunyai potensi sebagai bahan dasar obat herbal antikanker payudara dan antimalaria. ABSTRACT Erythrina variegata (Leguminosae) plant used traditionaly as plant of anti-cancer and anti-malarial in Indonesia. The leaves and stem bark of E. variegata used as medicinal folk of anti-cancer and anti-malarial, however haven’t reported yet of bioactive compounds. The purpose of this research was assayed an anti-cancer and anti-malarial compounds toward breast cancer cell-lines T47D and toward Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (chloroquine sensitive) and K1 (chloroquine resistance) in vitro from E. variegata. The research was extraction of methanol and fractionation from the leaves and stem bark of E. variegata by using guide-assay in vitro Sulphorhodamine B (SRB) method and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Furthermore, by using the anti-cancer and anti-malarial activity to follow separation, the active fraction was separated by combination of column chromatography to yield three active compounds (1-3). The chemical structure of active compounds (1-3) were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidences and comparison with those previously reported and identified as terpenoid pentacyclic glycoside (1), flavonoid, erystagallin A (2) and steroid, (22E)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-diene-3β-ol (3). The compound (1) showed anti-malarial activity in vitro against P. falciparum strain 3D7 and K1 with IC50 1.8 and 3.3 µg/mL, respectively. The compounds (2-3) showed anti-cancer activity against of breast cancer cell-lines T47D with IC50 of 3.03and 3.2 µg/ml, respectively. This results strongly suggested that E. variegata is a promising sources of anti-cancer and anti-malarial agents.

The soulatro coumarin compound was isolated and elucidated from the stem bark of Calophyllum soulattri Burm F, the samples were collected from Jayapura Papua Irian Island in Indonesia. Isolation process was done by maceration at room temperature in methanol, than partitioned in a mixture of n hexane-water (1:1), followed by dichloromethane-water (1:1) and ethyl acetate-water (1:1). A portion of ethyl acetate extract was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel packed and eluted with n-hexane a gradient of ethyl acetate to 100% followed by CHCl3 in MeOH (20:1, 10 :1, 5:1, 1:1). Fraction B (CHCl3 in MeOH 20:1) was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel 300 mesh and eluted with EtOAc-MeOH mixtures of increasing polarity. Faction with the same Rf valeus were combined and eluted with EtOAc-MeOH (19:1) showed one spot on TLC. They were combined and evaporated to yield a solid than was recrystallized in mixture of CH2Cl2-methanol to give soulatro coumarin compound. The structure was determinated by spectroscopic analysis, in particular by 1D and 2D NMR techniques, from these spectra data conclution that compound is soulatro coumarin. Antimalarial assay was tested against Plasmodium berghei parasite as in vivo using 18 mices rodent wich was infected by Plasmodium berghei parasite. The soulatro coumarin showed activity against P. berghei with dosage 0.0005867 mM/1 kg body weight ; 0.005867 mM/1 kg bw; 0.05867 mM/1 kg bw; 0.5867 mM/1 kg bw 5.867 mM/1 kg bw and 58.67 mM/1 kg bw could inhibite growth rate of parasite = 57.32%; 63.37%; 43.02%; 53.49%; 47.67% respectively. Keywords : Antiplasmodial activity, coumarin, Calophyllum soulattri Burm. F, in vivo, Chloroquine, Plasmodium berghei.

Penelitian ini menguji secara empiris dampak dari faktor-faktor antesenden pada penggunaan regulasi sistem anggaran dan kinerja manajerial oleh pemerintah setempat. Menurut motivasi kerja dan teori harapan, kerangka teoretis yang dirancang untuk memungkinkan penilaian t faktor antesenden pada penggunaan regulasi sistem anggaran dan kinerja manajerial. Penelitian ini didasarkan pada data yang dikumpulkan dari para manajer dan karyawan yang terlibat dalam pembentukan anggaran di setiap subunit dalam pemerintahan lokal, yaitu Batang. Hasil mendukung hipotesis dan menunjukkan konsekuensi dari kekuatan faktor antesenden pada penggunaan regulasi sistem anggaran dan kinerja manajerial oleh pemerintah setempat.

One of the most important agendas of the current education is to link and match between curriculum across educational level and the job together with stakeholders. To link and match the curriculum of inter education level, it is necessary to understand the vision and mission, the institutional goal, the curriculum and its characteristics. Besides, it is also important to apply the general principles of curriculum development namely relevance, continuity, and integrated. Process of curriculum development is of the following steps: (1) identifying the determinant factors in the curriculum development and conducting Need Assessment; (2) identifying the competence or profile of the outputs; (3) identifying knowledge, attitudes, and skills that are necessary for the required competence; (4) arranging the Structure of Curriculum Program, and (5) developing syllabus. Copyright © 2013 by Al-Ta'lim All right reserved DOI: 10.15548/jt.v20i2.33

Prinsip dasar tujuan anestesi pada bedah saraf adalah memudahkan pemeriksaan neurologik dini. Pemulihan yang cepat dari neuroanestesia dan ekstubasi dini sangat diinginkan pada semua kasus karena memungkinkan pemantauan klinis yang merupakan hal penting untuk mendeteksi komplikasi pascabedah. Ekstubasi trakea harus dilakukan dengan hati-hati serta mempertimbangkan risiko dan keuntungannya, yaitu: terlalu cepat sadar dari anestesi dapat memperburuk edema atau perdarahan otak sebagai akibat dari hipertensi berat dan ekstubasi pada pasien yang belum sadar penuh dapat menyebabkan hiperkapnia dan aspirasi. Setelah operasi yang tidak sulit, pasien biasanya pulih dari anestesi dengan perubahan metabolik dan hemodinamik minimal. Dengan demikian pemulihan dini dan ekstubasi di kamar operasi adalah metode yang lebih disukai apabila kesadaran prabedah relatif normal dan pembedahan tidak pada daerah otak yang penting atau manipulasi yang luas. Pada pembedahan yang sulit dan pasien tidak stabil, risiko ekstubasi dini harus dipertimbangkan keuntungannya. Namun selalu memungkinkan untuk membangunkan pasien tanpa ekstubasi untuk evaluasi neurologik dini yang diikuti dengan pemulihan anestesi dan ekstubasi yang tertunda. Jika ada keraguan apakah pasien akan diekstubasi, sedasi selama 1-2 jam memberikan waktu untuk mengoreksi hemodinamik dan gangguan metabolik. Pemulihan keadaran yang ditunda dan ekstubasi yang kemudian dilakukan di unit perawatan intensif (UPI) direkomendasikan untuk memperoleh stabilitas kardiovaskuler setelah prosedur intrakranial major. Tersedianya anestetika dan analgesia intravena dengan mula dan lama kerja sangat singkat dan obat-obat penghambat adrenergik telah memungkinkan untuk pulih sadar segera setelah pembedahan intrakranial. Pemantauan hemodinamik dan respirasi yang ketat adalah wajib dilakukan pada semua kasus dan skor GCS 8 telah ditetapkan sebagai prediktor berhasilnya ekstubasi. Postoperative Neurosurgery: When Extubation, When Ventilation? The principal elements to anesthetics goal to neurosurgery is facilitate an early neurologic assessment. Early recovery from neuroanesthesia and extubation to desirable to most cases because it allows clinical monitoring of the patients, which is essential to detect postoperative complications. Extubation of the trachea must be carefully considered in terms of risk and benefit that is: too rapid an emergence from anesthesia may lead to worsening of cerebral edema or cerebral hemorrhages as result of severe hypertension and extubation of a patient who not fully conscious may promote hypercapnia and aspiration. After uncomplicated surgery, patients generally recover from anesthesia with minimal metabolic and hemodynamic changes. Thus, early recovery and extubation in the operating room is the preferred method when the preoperative state of consciousness is relative normal and surgery does not involve critical brain areas or extensive manipulation. In the complicated or unstable patient, the risk of early extubation may outweigh the benefits. It is, however, often possible to perform a brief awakening of the patient without extubation to allow early neurological evaluation, followed by delayed emergence and extubation. If there is any doubt as to whether the patient should be extubated, a 1- to 2-hour sedation period allow time to correct hemodynamic and metabolic disturbances. A delayed emergence and later extubation in the intensive care unit (ICU) might be recommended to achieve better cardiovascular stability after major intracranial procedures. The availability of ultrashort intravenous anesthetic and analgetic agents and adrenergic blocking agents has added to the flexibility in the immediate emergence period after intracranial surgery. Close hemodynamic and respiratory monitoring are mandatory in all cases and GCS score 8 established a cutoff associated with a likelihood of successful extubation.

Abstrak

This article aims to examine strategies for improving pedagogical competence through in service training that is more focused on the empowerment of teachers in accordance with the capacity and the problems faced by teachers in the classroom, to improve the quality of teacher learning through lesson study. lesson study is a model of professional development of educators through collaborative learning and continuous assessment based on collegiality and mutual learning. to build a learning community. lesson study selected and implemented in order to improve the pedagogical competence as an effective way to improve the quality of learning and teaching in class. Lesson study carried out in the form of a cycle plan-do-see. through lesson study expected to increase pedagogical competence and increase the quality of learning.

One of the most important agenda of in education todai is to establish such a link-and-match curriculum among levels or educational institution and among educational institution, workfield, and stakeholders. To realize such a desired curriculum among levels or educational institution, the visions, missions, curriculum and characteriustics of the instituions should be comprehensively understood. The process of the curriculum development may follow the following steps: (1) identifying factors or determinats that contribute to the curriculum development and conducting need analysis as well, (2) identifying the desired competency and profile of the graduates, (3) deciding knowledge, affection, and skills which are neede to build such competency, (4) designing the structure of the curriculum and establishing link and match, and (5) developing syllabus. In developing curriculum, especially in achieveing a link-and-match curriculum, the following principles should be implemented: relevance, continuity and integration. Kata Kunci: pengembangan kurikulum, kurikulum madrasah

Syllabus is a development of curriculum that contains synopsis, competency, indicator of topic/ sub- topic, and reference of a major. To apply curriculum well in a classroom, it is better to develop syllabus to become a lesson plan. Lesson plan consists of some components; Standard Competency, Basic Comptency, Indicator Competency, Lecture material and its description, learning experience (learning Strategy), media/ learning tools, evaluation system, and reference. Lesson plan is a projection that will be done by lecturer in classroom. Kata kunci: kurikulum, silabus, SAP

Penyakit Hepatitis B dapat ditafsirkan dengan persamaan matematika. Paper ini membahas pemodelan matematika pada penularan Hepatitis B dengan membagi kelompok populasi menjadi empat bagian yaitu Suspectible, Exposed, Infected dan Recovered (SEIR). Model matematika yang digunakan pada penularan Hepatitis B adalah model SEIR dengan mengasumsikan bahwa laju kelahiran dan kematian adalah sama. Model SEIR yang digunakan juga memperhatikan faktor vaksinasi, imigrasi dan emigrasi yang terjadi pada populasi. Hasil yang diperoleh pada pemodelan SEIR adalah persamaan matematika yang merupakan system persamaan differensial biasa tidak linear berdimensi empat (4-D). Sistem persamaan tersebut kemudian disederhanakan menjadi sistem persamaan differnsial tidak linear tiga dimensi (3-D). Sistem dapat disederhanakan karena asumsi bahwa populasi yang telah sembuh dari Hepatitis B menjadi kebal dan tidak lagi terinfeksi penyakit tersebut.

Penelitian ini membahas model matematika untuk penyebaran penyakit campak. Model matematika yang digunakan berupa model MSEIR dengan memperhatikan laju kelahiran tidak sama dengan laju kematian. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan model matematika epidemik MSEIR yang kemudian diterapkan terhadap penyebaran penyakit campak di kota Makassar pada tahun 2013 yang diperoleh langsung dari Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Pembahasan dimulai dari penentuan model MSEIR, titik equilibrium, stabilitas, bilangan reproduksi dasar dan kemudian dilakukan analisis data menggunakan program MATLAB 2013 yang bertuuan untuk mengolah data yang diperoleh. Dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dua titik equilibrium dengan nilai bilangan reproduksi dasar = 0,00001104, ini menunjukkan bahwa penyakit campak di kota Makassar akan menurun bahkan menghilang dalam kurun waktu 10 bulan kedepan.

This research is a mass communication entitled "NEWS OF CRIMINAL AND ATTENTION PARENTS (Crime News Presentation Effects in Pos Metro Metro Parents Against Attention in Children in the village of Bandar Sei Tuan Klippa Kecataman Percut Deli Serdang)”. The problem in this study is whether the effect of the presentation of crime news in Medan Post Metro Parents Against Attention in Children in the Village District Klippa Percut Bandar Sei Tuan Kabupaten Deli Serdang. The purpose of this study is how the presentation of crime news in Medan Post Metro Parents Against Attention in Children in the Village District Klippa Percut Bandar Sei Tuan Kabupaten Deli Serdang. This research was conducted with the population of 12 neighborhood take 6 environment with the proposed population is 835 people.

Cedera medulla spinalis akut merupakan penyebab yang paling sering dari kecacatan dan kelemahan. Penyebab utama cedera medulla spinalis adalah trauma, dimana insidensinya pada laki-laki 5 kali lebih besar daripada perempuan. Laki-laki, 25 tahun, Berat Badan 50 kg, Tinggi Badan 160 cm. Pasien dikonsulkan ke Bagian Anestesi dengan paraplegia disebabkan karena fraktur vertebra C5-6 pro dekompressi dan stabilisasi posterior. Tanda vital: Tekanan Darah 120/60 mmHg; laju nadi 78 x/menit, reguler, kuat angkat; laju napas 18 x/menit, tipe abdominal; suhu afebris; dan VAS = 1/10. Penanganan cedera medulla spinalis, dimulai pada saat evaluasi awal, dimana terjaminnya jalan nafas menjadi prioritas utama, oksigenasi dan ventilasi yang adekuat, dan dilanjutkan dengan terapi untuk mencegah ataupun mengatasi komplikasi yang terjadi. Spinal Cord Injury Cause By Vertebra Cervical 5-6 Fracture Acute spinal cord injury is common cause for weakness and morbidity. The primary cause of spinal cord injury is trauma, high incidency at man 5 time higher than woman. A man, 25 years old, body weight 50 kg, height 160 cm has been consulted to Department of Anesthesiology with paraplegia cause by vertebrae C5-6 fracture pro decompression and posterior stabilization. Vital sign: blood pressure 120/60 mmHg, heart rate 78/minute, regular, adequate volume, respiratory rate 18/minute, abdominal, temperature afebris, and VAS 1/10. The management of spinal cord injury, started in early evaluation, with the primary priority is airway, oxygenation, and adequate ventilation, and continuous with therapy for avoiding and treatment the complication.

Tumor neuroendokrin sering ditemukan pada orang dewasa dengan angka kejadian 10%-15% dari seluruh neoplasma intrakranial dan tertinggi pada dekade ke 4 sampai ke 6 kehidupan. Penderita dengan tumor neuroendokrin mempunyai tantangan yang unik untuk dokter ahli anestesi karena peranan yang penting kelenjar hipofise pada sistem endokrin.Tantangan ini mulai saat pemeriksaan prabedah dan berlanjut selama operasi serta periode pascabedah. Banyak teknik anestesi dan obat anestesi yang dapat diberikan pada pembedahan tumor neuroendokrin. Pemilihan obat anestesi tergantung pada penyakit komorbititas penderita dan riwayat anestesi sebelumnya. Apabila diinginkan penderita cepat sadar untuk segera dilakukan pemeriksaan neurologik maka dapat digunakan obat-obat yang cepat dieliminasi (misalnya propofol dan remifentanil) atau anestetika inhalasi dengan kelarutan dalam darah yang rendah (misalnya sevofluran) merupakan pilihan yang rasional. Keberhasilan pembedahan dan penatalaksaan anestesi pada penderita tumor neuroendokrin memerlukan pendekatan multidisiplin dan sangat tergantung pada kualitas perawatan perioperatif. Anesthesia Management for Neuroendocrine Tumor Neuroendocrine tumor is commonly in adult patient with incidence 10-15% in all of intracranial neoplasm and highest at 4th-6th of life decade. Patients with neuroendocrine tumor have an unique challange for anesthesiologist because the important role of pituitary gland in endocrine system. The challange came during preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative periode. Many of anesthesia technique and anesthetics can use for neuroendocrine tumors surgery. The choice of anesthetics depend on comorbid diseases and history of anesthesia previously. If needed fast emergens for neurological evaluation, it can be use drug with fast elimination (ex propofol and remifentanil) or inhalation anesthetic with low coefficient partition (ex sevoflurane) is rational choice. The successful surgery and anesthesia management for neuroendocrine patient need multidisipline approach and depend on the quality of postoperative care.

Productivity of maize in Central Sulawesi has been significantly low. The evidence has been a challenge on maize development in this area. Rational fertilization based on soil conditions and nutrient requirement of plants croped, has saved use of fertilizer, increased efficiency of the farm and also reduced negative impacts of chemical fertilizer. This will sustain the use of land resource. The researceh aimed to establish phosphorus fertilizer recomendation for maize crops at several levels of soil nutrients status in dryland rationally and spesicific location. The research was conducted in for stages i.e.: (1) survey on nutrient status, (2) calibration test and correlation study, (3) availability class determination of P and (4) composting P fertilizer recomendation. Split plot design was used. Main plot was soil nutrients status, consisting of 4 levels and sub plot was fertilizer dosage consisting of 5 levels, with 3 replications. The size of each plot was 4 m x 5 m. The results showed that the treatments applied indicated an interaction. Nutrient availability class and plant responses were divided by tree classes i.e: low, medium and high level with extraction methods (reagents) that excellently correlate, are Trough, Colwell and Bray 1 methods. Optimun dosage of P fertilizer for treatment were, 76 kg P2O5 ha-1 for low nutrient status 41 kg P2O5 ha-1 for medium nutrient status and high nutrient status to nutrient status very high, P fertilizer was not required.

Background Malaria is still considered to be an important health problem in Indonesia. Malaria has been found in islands with different degree of endemicity. Behavior of the community is one of the factors affecting the incidence of malaria in Mandailing Natal district. Objective To know the parental knowledge, attitude, and practice among parents whose children suffered from malaria or not. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted in six primary schools and one health centre in October 2004. Subjects were parents whose children were malaria positive and malaria negative based on laboratory examination. Sample size was 85 parents for each group. Selected respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Degree of knowledge, attitude, and practice on malaria were established using scoring system within three categories: good, less, and poor. Data were collected and presented using chi-square and P

Gentle, polite, courteous, systematic, organized, clear, and straight forward use of language reflects a speaker’s personality and culture. Everyone, including the members of the South Sulawesi Parliament, is expected to maintain good manner and ethic in communication. The study aims to describe and explain declarative, interrogative, and imperative forms as well as speech act strategies used by the members the South Sulawesi Parliament. The qualitative study employed the functional approach on language. The study was conducted in the South Sulawesi Parliament House. The data of the research were obtained from speech acts, field observations and interviews. The stages of data collection are 1. Preparation, 2. Recording, 3. Observation, 4. Interview, and 5. Transcription. The data were analyzed by the following procedures: 1. data reduction, 2. data presentation and interpretation, and, 3. data conclusion and verification. The findings revealed that there were various forms of politeness used by the respondent. Moreover, the locution act was the more dominant strategy used by the respondent than the illocutionary act.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian suplemen bungkil inti sawit (BIS), tepung daun katuk (KAT), dan kombinasi bungkil inti sawit dan tepung daun katuk (BISKAT) terhadap peningkatan kualitas spermatozoa kambing jantan peranakan Ettawa (PE). Dalam penelitian ini digunakan 20 ekor kambing jantan PE, berumur 1,5 tahun dengan berat badan antara 15 -20 kg dan dibagi atas empat kelompok yakni P0, P1, P2, dan P3 yang masing-masing diberi akuades, BIS 100 g/hari/ekor, kombinasi BIS 100 g/hari/ekor dan KAT 15 g/hari/ekor, dan KAT 15 g/hari/ekor. Pemberian perlakuan dilakukan selama 35 hari. Pada hari ke-36 dilakukan kastrasi dan selanjutnya dilakukan pemeriksaan kualitas spermatozoa yang meliputi motilitas, viabilitas, integritas membran, dan abnormalitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian suplemen kombinasi BISKAT dapat meningkatkan motilitas, viabilitas, integritas membran, dan menurunkan abnormalitas spermatozoa dibanding kelompok kontrol. Disimpulkan bahwa pemberian suplemen kombinasi BISKAT berpotensi meningkatkan kualitas spermatozoa kambing PE.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak epididimis (EE) terhadap peningkatan kualitas spermatozoa kambing jantan lokal. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan 12 ekor kambing jantan lokal, berumur 1,5 tahun dengan bobot badan 10-15 kg dan dibagi atas empat kelompok (K0, KP1, KP2, dan KP3). Kelompok K0, hanya diinjeksi dengan NaCl fisiologis sedangkan kelompok KP1, KP2, dan KP3 diinjeksi EE masing-masing 1, 2, dan 3 ml/ekor selama 13 hari berturut-turut. Pada hari ke-14, dilakukan pengambilan semen kambing dengan elektroejakulator dan selanjutnya dilakukan pemeriksaan kualitas spermatozoa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian EE dengan dosis 1 dan 3 ml/ekor EE selama 13 hari berturut-turut menyebabkan peningkatan kualitas spermatozoa dibanding kelompok kontrol. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa EE berpotensi meningkatkan kualitas spermatozoa pada kambing jantan lokal.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efek injeksi inhibin B terhadap penurunan konsentrasi follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) di dalam serum pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus). Dalam penelitian ini digunakan 24 ekor tikus putih berjenis kelamin jantan dengan strain Wistar berumur 4 bulan dengan bobot badan 150-200 g. Tikus-tikus dikelompokkan secara acak ke dalam 4 kelompok, yaitu KK0, KP1, KP2, dan KP3, masing-masing kelompok terdiri atas 6 ekor. Kelompok KK0 merupakan kelompok kontrol hanya diinjeksi dengan phosphate buffer saline (PBS), sedangkan kelompok KP1, KP2, dan KP3 diinjeksi dengan inhibin B dengan dosis berturut-turut 25, 50, dan 100 pg/ekor. Injeksi inhibin B dilakukan secara intraperitoneum sebanyak 5 kali selama 48 hari dengan interval waktu 12 hari. Injeksi pertama inhibin B dilarutkan dengan 0,05 ml PBS dan 0,05 ml Freud’s complete adjuvant (FCA). Injeksi kedua sampai kelima, inhibin B dilarutkan dengan 0,05 ml PBS dan 0,05 ml Freud’s incomplete adjuvant (FICA). Pada hari ke-6 setelah injeksi inhibin B terakhir, tikus dikorbankan secara dislocatio cervicalis,lalu darah dikoleksi langsung dari jantung dan didiamkan hingga didapatkan serum untuk pemeriksaan konsentrasi FSH dengan menggunakan metode enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa injeksi inhibin B dengan dosis 100 pg/ekor menurunkan konsentrasi FSH secara nyata (P0,05) bila dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, inhibin B berpeluang untuk dikembangkan sebagai kandidat kontrasepsi pria hormon berbasis peptida.

Abstract: Communications in Non-Formal Education Institutions. This multi-site qualitative study aims at describing the process of communication using kato mandaki, kato manurun, kato mandata, and kato malereng in the formal and informal communication network among the employers of nonformal edu­cation institutions. A modified analytical induction method was used to analyze the data collected from three Sanggar Kegiatan Belajar (Learning-Activity Centers) in Minangkabau region through in-depth inter­views and participatory observation. The findings show that the uses of kato manurun, kato mandaki, kato mandata, and kato melereng in both formal and informal communications in the three institutions under study depend on the communication purposes, social relationship between people communicating, and the degree of formality in the communication contexts. Keywords: communication, nonformal education institutions, Minangkabau Abstract: Komunikasi pada Lembaga Pendidikan Nonformal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsi­kan berlangsungnya komunikasi yang menggunakan kato mandaki, manurun, mandata, dan malereng dalam komunikasi formal dan informal para karyawan di lembaga pendidikan nonformal. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan studi multisitus dengan metode induksi analitik yang dimodifikasi. Data dikumpulkan dari 3 Sanggar Kegiatan Belajar (SKB) di daerah Minangkabau dengan wawancara mendalam dan observasi partisipasi, kemudian dianalisis dengan reduksi data, penya­jian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kato manurunm, kato man­daki, kato mandata, dan kato malereng digunakan menurut tinggi-rendah kedudukan status sosial pemberi pesan dan penerima pesan dalam komunikasi dalam konteks formal dan informal di ketiga lembaga pen­didikan nonformal itu. Penggunaan keempat gaya komunikasi tersebut disesuaikan dengan tujuan komu­nikasi, hubungan sosial kedua pihak, dan sifat keformalan atau keinformalan konteks hubungan. Kata kunci: komunikasi, lembaga pendidikan nonformal, Minangkabau

Pembangunan di Desa sangat terbantu dengan adanya Program PNPM-MP, sehingga, pendapatan Perekonomian Masyarakatpun terbantu dengan adanya SPP yang diberikan langsung kepada ibu-ibu yang memerlukan biaya untuk modal usaha. Melalui PNPM-MP, yakni adanya kegiatan Simpan Pinjam Perempuan memiliki tujuan umum untuk mengembangkan potensi kegiatan simpan pinjam pedesaan, adanya kemudahan akses pendanaan usaha skala mikro, pemenuhan kebutuhan pendanaan sosial dasar, dan memperkuat kelembagaan kegiatan kaum perempuan dan mendorong penanggulangan Rumah Tangga Miskin. Kegiatan yang diberi nama Simpan Pinjam Untuk Kelompok Perempuan (SPP) yakni, mempercepat proses pemenuhan kebutuhan pendanaan usaha ataupun sosial dasar, memberikan kesempatan kaum perempuan meningkatkan ekonomi rumah tangga melalui pendanaan peluang usaha, dan mendorong penguatan kelembagaan simpan pinjam oleh kaum perempuan. Tulisan ini dibuat untuk melihat adanya peningkatan atau penurunan perekonomian masyarakat, sehingga dengan adanya anggota kelompok yang perekonomiannya mengalami peningkatan karena pinjaman dari SPP betul-betul tidak disalahgunakan, dan ada juga sebagian yang mengalami penurunan bagi mereka yang menyalahgunakan pinjaman. Kelompok SPP yang dibentuk, masih memerlukan dampingan dari UPK untuk melakukan sosialisasi agar pengetahuan dan wawasannya lebih terbuka sehingga dapat tercapai kesejahteraan dan kemandirian masyarakat miskin perdesaan. Kesejahteraan berarti terpenuhinya kebutuhan dasar masyarakat, Kemandirian berarti adanya pengelolaan sumber daya tersebut untuk bisa mengatasi kemiskinan.

The research aimed to uncover the effect of JiRQA learning a model of based gender on students' achievement at the environmental pollution material. The method was quasi-experimental using of 2 x 2 factorial. The population was all students at junior high school from Ketungau Tengah, Indonesia. The samples were 120 students from two separate schools which represented gender differently. The instrument using a multiple-choice test. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis. The results of the descriptive analysis show that the average pre-test of achievement in the experimental and control classes both male and female genders have the same value category and post-test in the control classes have a different value category. The results of ANCOVA show that the learning model had a significant effect on achievement, while gender and the interaction of learning models and gender did not have a significant effect on achievement. Classes that use the JiRQA learning model have a higher and significantly different from conventional classes.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pituitary extracts on the reproductive threeperformance of local does. This study used 15 local female does that were divided into three treatmentgroups. Each group consisted of five does. All does were injected with 7.5 mg Prostaglandin F2? /PGF2?(Prostavet C, Virbac S.A) intramuscularlly, twice in 10 days interval. In group 1 (K1), the does wereinseminated 36 hours after last PGF2? administration. In group II (KII), does were injected with 500 IUpregnant mare serum gonadotropine/PMSG (Folligon ™, Intervet, Boxmeer, Holland) on day 9 cycles andfollowed with injection of 7.5 mg PGF2? two days after. In group III (KIII), goats injected with pituitaryextract on days 9, 10, and 11 cycles with decreasing dose : 2, 1, and; 0.5 ml intramuscular injection locatedat some point, followed with injection of 7.5 mg PGF2? 2 days after. The does on the KII and KIII wereinseminated 36 hours after PGF2? administration. Parameters measured were oestrous percentage,pregnancy, kidding rate, twinning, total of litter size, and averages litter size. Results showed that alldoes (100%) from all groups showed estrous and kidding rate. Percentage of pregnant does group I, II, andIII were 60, 40, and 80%, respectively. Percentage of twinning group I, II, and III were 0, 50, and 25%. Thetotal of litter size group I and II were 3 does, and group III were 5 does. The averages litter size group I, II,and III were 1; 1.5; and 1.25 respectively. In conclusion, treatment with pituitary extracts can increasereproductive performance of local does.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak vesikula seminalis terhadap penurunan konsentrasi progesteron serta diameter korpus luteum pada tikus putih. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan 30 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) betina dewasa, galur Wistar, berumur 3-4 bulan dengan berat badan antara 200-250 g dan dibagi atas dua kelompok (K1 dan K2) masing-masing diberi 25 μg cloprostenol dan 0,2 cc ekstrak vesikula seminalis secara intravaginal pada hari ke-7 kebuntingan. Tiga ekor tikus masing-masing kelompok dibunuh pada jam ke-0, 3, 6, 12, dan 26. Pemeriksaan progesteron dilakukan menggunakan metode enzymelinkedimmunosorbantassay (ELISA). Konsentrasi progesteron pada kelompok perlakuan PGF2α dan ekstrak vesikula seminalis pada lima periode waktu pengukuran yakni jam ke-0, 3, 6, 12, dan 26 memperlihatkan perbedaan yang signifikan (P0,05). Ekstrak vesikula seminalis mempunyai kemampuan yang sama dengan PGF2α komersial dalam menurunkan diameter korpus luteum yang ditandai secara mikroskopis dengan berkurangnya vaskularisasi darah menuju ovarium (P0,05). Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak vesikula seminalis mempunyai kemampuan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan PGF2α komersial dalam menurunkan konsentrasi progesteron tikus putih dan mempunyai kemampuan yang sama dengan PGF2α komersial dalam menurunkan diameter CL.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui akurasi pemeriksaan kebuntingan dengan metode observasi tidak kembali berahi (non-return to estrus) dan ultrasonography (USG) pada kambing peranakan Ettawah (PE). Penelitian ini terdiri atas 2 percobaan. Pada percobaan I, digunakan kambing betina PE sebanyak 24 ekor dan 5 ekor kambing jantan PE sebagai pengusik. Observasi tidak kembali berahi dilakukan 18-24 hari setelah inseminasi buatan secara visual dan dibantu dengan kambing jantan. Kambing yang tidak memperlihatkan gejala berahi pada saat pemeriksaan diberi nilai positif sedang kambing yang memperlihatkan gejala berahi pada saat pemeriksaan diberi nilai negatif. Hasil pemeriksaan ini akan dikonfirmasi dengan pemeriksaan kebuntingan secara ultrasonography (USG). Kambing yang memiliki nilai positif pada observasi tidak kembali berahi tetapi negatif pada pemeriksaan USG diberi nilai positif palsu, sedang kambing yang memiliki nilai negatif pada observasi tidak kembali berahi tetapi positif pada pemeriksaan USG diberi nilai negatif palsu. Akurasi hasil pemeriksaan untuk diagnosis bunting dan tidak bunting masing-masing adalah 93,75 dan 37,50%. Pada percobaan II, digunakan kambing betina PE sebanyak 160 ekor. Pemeriksaan kebuntingan dilakukan menggunakan USG pada waktu yang telah ditetapkan pada kambing yang telah dikawinkan pada waktu yang bervariasi. Estimasi usia kebuntingan ditentukan dengan memperhitungkan lama kebuntingan pada kambing yakni 5 bulan, kemudian diikuti selisih waktu antara kelahiran dengan jadwal pemeriksaan. Hasil positif dari pemeriksaan ditandai dengan bentukan bulat anechoic di sebelah dorsal dari vesika urinaria sedangkan terlihatnya gambaran muskulus mengindikasikan kambing negatif bunting. Hasil pemeriksaan ini akan dikonfirmasi dengan angka kelahiran. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh akurasi diagnosis bunting adalah 94,3% sedang akurasi diagnosis tidak bunting adalah 100%. Dari 160 ekor kambing yang diperiksa, diperkirakan jumlah kambing yang bunting pada usia 1, 2, dan 3 bulan masing-masing adalah 19, 98, dan 7 ekor kambing.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran klinis sapi pyometra sebelum dan setelah diterapi dengan antibiotik dan prostaglandin. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan enam ekor sapi betina yang didiagnosis menderita piometra berdasarkan pemeriksaan secara klinis dan ultrasonografi pada organ reproduksi. Sapi tersebut dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok perlakuan, masing-masing 3 ekor sapi untuk tiap kelompok. Kelompok I diterapi dengan 5 ml antibiotik (gentamicine, flumequine) ditambah 15 ml NaCl fisiologis dan PGF2α (Luprostiol) 12,5 mg secara intra uteri, sedangkan kelompok II diterapi hanya dengan menggunakan antibiotik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada sapi yang didiagnosis piometra ditemukan adanya cairan yang penuh mengisi uterus (100%), korpus luteum persisten pada salah satu ovarium (100%), discharge di sekitar ekor, perineum, dan vulva yang berwarna kuning (50%), krem (33,3%), dan hijau keabu-abuan (16,6%). Sapi yang diterapi dengan antibiotik dan PGF2α menyebabkan pengeluaran leleran yang lebih cepat dan lebih banyak dibandingkan sapi yang diterapi hanya dengan antibiotik.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui waktu terbaik untuk mendapatkan akurasi tertinggi pada pemeriksaan kimia urin untuk diagnosis kebuntingan dini pada sapi lokal. Pemeriksaan urin dilakukan sesuai prosedur yang dikembangkan oleh Cuboni-Lunaas.Waktu koleksi urin adalah pada bulan ke-1, 2, dan 3 setelah inseminasi. Hasil positip dari pemeriksaan ditunjukkan oleh terbentuknya fluoresensi pada larutan. Hasil pemeriksaan ini dikonfirmasi dengan pemeriksaan kebuntingan secara manual. Akurasi metode diagnosis dengan kimia urin pada waktu pemeriksaan pada bulan ke-1, 2 dan 3 pasca inseminasi masing–masing adalah 75,0; 87,5; dan 100% untuk mendiagnosis sapi bunting dan 0,0; 100,0; dan 100,0 % pada untuk mendiagnosis sapi yang tidak bunting. Waktu pemeriksaan dengan akurasi terbaik untuk diagnosis bunting diperoleh pada bulan ke-3 sedang untuk diagnosis tidak bunting diperoleh pada bulan ke-2 pasca inseminasi.

Honorific informative strategies play integral parts in Indonesian speech acts of the informed family of Makassar’s society. Those honorific informative strategies have their unique characteristics. This study was conducted to get the description and the explanation of honorific informative strategies in the Makassar’s informed family’s imperative speech acts. The design of this study was qualitative research by applying pragmatics theory design along with the ethnographic communication analysis model. The result of this study shows that honorific informative strategies were implemented through imperative and interrogative speech acts which used a variation of honorific alternatives based on different contexts suitable with their social and culture norms

The aim of this research was to determine the percentage of estrus, performance of estrus, and percentage of pregnancy in local goat which synchronized with seminal vesicles extract. The seminal vesicles used in this research were collected from the waste of Banda Aceh slaughter house. The goats were allotted into 2 groups. Goats in group were injected with 0.5 ml PGF2á intramuscularly, and goats in group II were injected with 5 ml seminal vesicles extract intrauterine. The injection was done twice with the interval of 11 days. The goats which perform estrus sign are mated naturally once in every observation. Pregnancy diagnosing was done using chemical urine method 2 months after mating. The estrus percentage and pregnancy data were analyzed with chi-square and the estrus performance (onset and estrus duration) were analyzed using student T test. The estrus onset of group I and II were 29.33±4.62 and 24.00±0.00 hours (P0.05). Estrus duration of group I and II were 26.67+4.62 and 20.00+11.97 hours respectively (P0.05). The estrus percentage of group I and II did not show any significant differences (P0.05), those are 60.0 and 40.0% respectively, whereas the percentage of estrus from both groups were 100.0 %.

The aim of this study is to determine the reproduction performance of local does in which theirestrous was induced by short synchronization system. In this study 10 healthy female, unpregnant andhave relatively homogenous body weights were used. All does were devided into 2 experiment groups.Group 1 consisted of 4 does as control and group II consisted of 6 does as treatment. Group I, were injectedwith 125 ?g cloprostenol intramuscular, twice in 11 days interval. Group II, was treated with shortsynchronization using 125 ?g cloprostenol intramuscular, and then followed by injection of 300 IU hCGand 0.5 mg estradiol benzoate after 12 hours later. The does were inseminated 10 hours after onset ofestrous and repeated 12 hours later. Parameters measured were oestrous percentage, pregnancy, andlitter size. Results showed that all does (100%) from both groups showed estrous. Percentage of pregnantdoes group I and II were 75.00% and 83.33% respectively, and the averages litter size were 2.0 ± 1.0 and 1.4± 0.3, respetively. Treatment with short synchronization can increase pregnancy and delivered percentagealthough litter size not affected.

Vector-borne diseases are among the most burdensome infectious diseases worldwide with high burden to health systems in developing regions in the tropics. For many of these diseases, vector control to reduce human biting rates or arthropod populations remains the primary strategy for prevention. New vector control interventions intended to be marketed through public health channels must be assessed by the World Health Organization for public health value using data generated from large-scale trials integrating epidemiological endpoints of human health impact. Such phase III trials typically follow large numbers of study subjects to meet necessary power requirements for detecting significant differences between treatment arms, thereby generating substantive and complex datasets. Data is often gathered directly in the field, in resource-poor settings, leading to challenges in efficient data reporting and/or quality assurance. With advancing technology, mobile data collection (MDC) systems have been implemented in many studies to overcome these challenges. Here we describe the development and implementation of a MDC system during a randomized-cluster, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the protective efficacy of a spatial repellent intervention in reducing human infection with Aedes-borne viruses (ABV) in the urban setting of Iquitos, Peru, as well as the data management system that supported it. We discuss the benefits, remaining capacity gaps and the key lessons learned from using a MDC system in this context in detail.