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For analyzing incidence data on diabetes and health problems, the bivariate geometric probability distribution is a natural choice but remained unexplored largely due to lack of models linking covariates with the probabilities of bivariate incidence of correlated outcomes. In this paper, bivariate geometric models are proposed for two correlated incidence outcomes. The extended generalized linear models are developed to take into account covariate dependence of the bivariate probabilities of correlated incidence outcomes for diabetes and heart diseases for the elderly population. The estimation and test procedures are illustrated using the Health and Retirement Study data. Two models are shown in this paper, one based on conditional-marginal approach and the other one based on the joint probability distribution with an association parameter. The joint model with association parameter appears to be a very good choice for analyzing the covariate dependence of the joint incidence of diabetes and heart diseases. Bootstrapping is performed to measure the accuracy of estimates and the results indicate very small bias. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Ekonomik değişkenler arasındaki dinamik ve karmaşık ilişki araştırmacıların her zaman ilgi odağı olmuştur. Bu çalışmada BİST Banka, Döviz Kuru, Altın Fiyatları (ons) ve Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla (GSYİH) arasındaki ilişki ampirik olarak incelenmektedir. Bu amaçla 2002/Q1 ve 2019/Q4 arasındaki dönem ele alınarak değişkenler arasındaki ilişki Hacker & Hatemi-J (2006) bootstrap nedensellik analizi ve Hatemi-J (2012) asimetrik nedensellik analizi ile test edilmiştir. Serilerin durağanlık dereceleri, öncelikle ADF ve KPSS birim kök testleri ile ardından yapısal kırılmaları göz önüne alan LS (2004) testi ile belirlenmiştir. Bootstrap nedensellik analizine göre %5 anlamlılık düzeyinde sadece GSYİH’dan BİST Banka’ya doğru tek yönlü nedensellik olduğu saptanmıştır. Asimetrik nedensellik analizinin sonuçlarına göre dolar kurundaki negatif yönlü bir şokun, BİST Banka’daki pozitif yönlü şokun nedeni olduğu, BİST Bankadaki pozitif yönlü şokun, GSYİH’daki pozitif yönlü şokun nedeni olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca BİST Banka ve altın fiyatları arasındaki nedensellik incelendiğinde, altın fiyatlarındaki pozitif yönlü şokun, BİST Banka’nın hem pozitif hem de negatif yönlü şoklarının nedeni olduğu belirlenmiştir.

This study conducted to evaluate the effect of additional dried moringa leaves on bread and their effects on the chemical and biological of rats fed it. Wheat flour with dried moringa leaves powder (DMLB) is used at different levels (6 and 9%) to produce moringa bread. We performed a sensory evaluation of wheat bread substituted with dried moringa leaves, chemical properties (approximate composition and antioxidants), microbiology (total bacteria, spore-forming bacteria, fungi, and yeast) and biological analysis (Triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL, ALT, AST, urea, creatinine). Therefore, histopathology examination for kidney and livers of male albino rats fed fortified bread with dried moringa leaves compared with the control sample. The results of the approximate analysis showed significant differences by adding moringa leaves and the percentage of ash, protein, fat, and fiber increased with the moisture content. Moreover, carbohydrates decreased from fortified bread with dried moringa leaves compared to the control sample. The best treatment was fortified bread with 6% dried moringa leaves for all sensory evaluations compared to the other samples and moringa bread (DMLB 9%) helped reduce the microbial load during storage. The effect of moringa bread on liver cirrhosis was evaluated in rats induced by carbon tetrachloride CCl4. We found out that the effect of moringa leaves on liver and kidney functions in a state of improvement, as for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the proportion of LDL was less than HDL compared to the control sample. At the same time, moringa leaves have a significant effect on reducing cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and creatinine in the serum of rats, which may be attributed to the presence of biologically active plant components. It can be concluded that moringa leaves can improve biological and histological of rats feed it.

Cyberattack prevention factors have a significant impact on the perception of social and moral values in the business context. Despite leaders’ significant role in encouraging and enculturating cybersecurity practices in their organizations, there is a noticeable gap in the literature to highlight empirically how leaders and top management in organizations foster organizational cybersecurity. Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of cybersecurity leadership in financial organizations in preventing cyberattacks and investigate other human and non-technical factors related to the individual in financial organizations. Based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), the research framework was developed with the tallying of new variables focusing on the role of an organization’s cybersecurity leadership, training frequency, and the role of government frequent alerting. This research employed a quantitative research method. The data were collected through a questionnaire from 310 financial executive officers from selected banks in UAE that use digital technology to enhance their daily banking operations. Using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), the results indicated (1) a significant association between all investigated independent variables and cybersecurity leadership through hypothesis (H8–H14); (2) cybersecurity leadership mediates the relationship between investigated independent variables and cyberattack prevention, from hypothesis (H15, and H16–H22); (3) no significant association between investigated independent variables and cyberattack prevention from hypothesis (H1–H6), except hypothesis (H4 and H7), which show a significant association. The coefficient of cybersecurity leadership in this study is viewed as a prevention element against cyberattacks based on the findings. With greater cybersecurity leadership success, the implementation of cyberattack prevention increases. This study emphasizes the importance of cybersecurity leadership in a cyberspace environment that protects against cyberattacks and promotes cybersecurity awareness within financial organizations and society in UAE.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the Er:YAG laser on the clinical success of a hydrophilic fissure sealant over 12 months. Subject and methods: This study was conducted on 132 permanent first molars from 44 (19 girls and 25 boys) patients aged 7-11 years. The teeth were divided into three groups. The first group (Group A-control) of teeth were etched with phosphoric acid, the second group of teeth (Group L) were etched with an Er:YAG laser, and the third group of teeth (Group A+L) were etched with both the Er:YAG laser and phosphoric acid. Clinical evaluations were performed at baseline and at 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-month follow-up visits. The data were analyzed with Pearson chi-square tests, Cochran Q tests and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: At the end of the 12 months, total retention rates were 72.7%, 59.1%, and 65.9% in the acid group, the laser group and the laser and acid group, respectively. Although there was no statistically significant difference between group retention rates (p>0.05), the lowest retention rate was found in the laser group at the end of the 12-month follow-up period. No new caries were observed in any group during the study period. Conclusion: Etching with the Er:YAG laser, phosphoric acid or a combination of both methods provided similar results for the clinical success of hydrophilic based fissure sealant.

Aim:The study aims to determine features, morbidities and mortality of adolescent pregnants and their hospitalized newborns in the neonatal period.Methods:Six hundred forty-one adolescent pregnants were enrolled and compared to 309 non-adolescent pregnants. Demographic characteristics of mothers and complications of delivery, demographic characteristics of newborns, morbidities, and mortality of infants admitted to hospital during neonatal period were recorded.Results:The mean age of adolescent and non-adolescent pregnants were 17.2±0.8 and 27.0±4.3 years, respectively. Education levels, being housewife, extramarital birth-giving, cesarean section rate, and twin pregnancy were higher in adolescent pregnants. The mean height, head circumference, and weight of newborns in adolescent pregnants were significantly lower. Even though neonatal mortality was similar in both pregnants, early neonatal morbidities were more common in adolescent pregnants. Duration and rate of hospitalization, and morbidities causing hospitalization during the neonatal period were similar in the babies of both pregnants. Among babies admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, mortality rates were higher in babies born to non-adolescent mothers.Conclusion:Worse neonatal outcome of babies born to adolescent pregnants, and higher mortality in the neonatal period in non-adolescent pregnants were found. But characteristics and morbidities of babies hospitalized in the neonatal period were similar in both groups.

The photolysis of diclofenac (DCF), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), carbamazepine (CBZ), and trimethoprim (TMP) was investigated using a low-pressure (LP) mercury ultraviolet (UV) lamp (254 nm) and a combination of UV with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). For each experiment, 5 mg/L of each pharmaceutical was prepared in pure water and individually degraded by either UV alone or UV/H2O2. DCF and SMX were highly susceptible to UV treatment and completely degraded to below their LC-MS detection limit (1 μg/L) after only 8 min of UV irradiation. TMP and CBZ were more resistant to UV treatment, with only 58.2 and 25.2% degradation (after 1 h UV exposure). The combination of H2O2 addition (up to 0.2 g/L) with UV significantly improved the removal rate of TMP and CBZ up to 91.2 and 99.7% of the initial concentration, respectively. A number of novel transformation compounds were identified as UV or UV/H2O2 degradation products using LC-MS. The range and amount of these transformation compounds strongly depended on the applied treatment conditions. The toxicity of each pharmaceutical solution before and after treatment was also evaluated and all parent compounds were non-toxic at the tested concentration (i.e. 5 mg/L). DCF, in particular, but also CBZ and SMX, showed an increase in solution toxicity after treatment with UV only, indicating the presence of photolytic degradation products that are more toxic than the parent compounds. Treatment with UV/H2O2 reduced the toxicity of all solutions to below the detection limit of the assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a simple multiband antenna is introduced for wireless communication applications. The proposed antenna covers LTE700/GSM900/DCS1800/PCS1900/UMTS2100/ WIMAX/WLAN bands. The proposed antenna consists of a two meandered strip antenna which occupies a compact area of only 30 mm x 23 mm X1.5 mm. The antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity 4.5 and tangent loss 0.025. This planar antenna has a bandwidth of 10% at the 700 MHz and a bandwidth of 8.9% at the 900MHz band. In order to cover the low frequency bands, the outer meander strip line is utilized due to its compact size. The partial ground plane gives enhancement in a band width. Moreover, the stub is used for enhancement the matching at high frequency band start from 2.55 GHz to 3 GHz. The SAR calculations are calculated using the CST 2015 commercial package. Good agreement is presented between the experimental and the simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we propose the finite mixture of two Burr Type-III distributions (MTBIIID). First, we formulate the proposed model with some properties and prove the identifiability property. Next, we obtain the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the unknown parameters of MTBIIID under classified and unclassified observations. Also, we estimate the nonlinear discriminant function of the underlying model. In addition, we calculate the total probabilities of misclassification as well as the percentage bias. Further, we investigate the performance of the all results through series of the simulation experiments by the means of the relative efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to investigate patient falls occurred after a fall prevention program implemented in a university hospital. METHODS: This is a retrospective study conducted to investigate patient falls that occurred in a foundation (private) university hospital located in Ankara. The sample consisted of patients (n: 103) who fell from a height in a foundation university hospital in Turkey. The Fall Prevention program has been revised over time. Itaki Fall Risk Scale, Enviromental Risk Assesment Form, Falling Patient Monitoring Form, Incident Report Form, Data Collection Form were used. RESULTS: While the rate of patient falls decreased from 0.16% to 0.12%, fall risk of the patients increased from 25.3% to 67.6%. The 63.1% of the patient falls were caused by intrinsic factors. Patients' age, risky medication(s), balance problem, confusion, fatigue, dizziness and failure to ask for help during mobilization were found as the determinants of the fall risk. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In the study, fall prevention programs can be improved considering all risk factors. Considering the results of this study; making adjustments for improving functional strength and balance, providing adequate information on fall prevention measures and closer monitoring can be suggested. With the help of health team, the program can further focus on the exercises, contributing to the reduction of falls by strengthening the patients in this way.

Marka hakkına tecavüz fiilleri neticesinde marka hakkı sahibinin maddi ve manevi bütünlüğünün yanında doğrudan markanın itibarında da zarar ortaya çıkabileceğini öngören kanun koyucu, maddi ve manevi tazminat talepleri ile birlikte veya onlardan ayrı şekilde istenebilecek itibar kaybı tazminatını açıkça hükme bağlamıştır (SMK m.150/2). Markanın itibarı ile kastedilen, markanın tüketiciler nezdinde oluşturduğu saygınlık, güven duygusu, müşterilerin markaya olan rağbetidir. İtibar kaybı tazminatıyla marka imajında ortaya çıkan eksilmenin telâfi edilmesi amaçlanır. İtibar kaybı tazminatına hükmedilmesinde, tazminatın hukuki niteliği, şartları ve hesaplanması konuları büyük öneme sahiptir. Markanın, marka hakkı sahibinin mal varlığı değerlerine dâhil bir unsur olması gerekçesiyle markadaki itibar kaybının, marka hakkı sahibinin maddi; fakat dolaylı zararına yol açacağı düşünülmektedir. Markanın itibar kaybına yol açan tecavüz fiillerinin esas itibarıyla haksız fiil teşkil etmesi gerekçesiyle haksız fiil sorumluluğunun esaslarının geçerli olacağı kabul edilmektedir. Nihayet markanın, maddi olmayan mal varlığı unsuru olması gerekçesiyle itibarındaki kaybın hesaplanmasındaki güçlük, birtakım çözüm önerileri ile aşılmaya çalışılmış; bu hususta hâkime geniş bir takdir yetkisi verilmiştir. Bu çalışmamızda, borçlar hukuku temelli görüş ve değerlendirmelere markanın itibar kaybını ilgilendirdiği ölçüde temas edilmiş; bilhassa tazminatın hesaplanması konusunda uygulamaya ışık tutması amacıyla birtakım çözüm önerileri sunulmuştur.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, the relationship between the frequency of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, perinatal risk factors and other prematurity comorbidities were evaluated in very low birth weight infants. METHODS: A total of 872 very low birth weight infants' files were retrospectively reviewed. The effects of the clinical parameters, such as type of birth, small for gestational age, gender, antenatal steroids, early membrane rupture, chorioamnionitis, surfactant administration, respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, apnea, early and late sepsis on the frequency of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, were evaluated by binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate was 20.9%. After the first 28-day mortality reduction, the total bronchopulmonary dysplasia frequency was found to be 20.1%. The odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals of the factors affecting the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia were found to be as follows respectively: respiratory distress syndrome (OR 6.2, 95% CI 3.6–10.6, p

Historically, religion has played a key role in the destiny of human beings. It has provided reasons for its existence and shaped the social, cultural, economic, and political behavior of individuals and society. Specifically in the 21st century, the globe has become a multi-faith space with diverse religious philosophies, ways of religious expressions, norms, and values. For the young university students, it provides a space for critical reflection, awareness of one's self and an environment in which one's values and norms are tested and perhaps reshaped. Given the abstractness of the university environment and exposure to a vast range of beliefs and practices, it may challenge the religious belief structure of students to an extent that one may go on to question long held religious beliefs and practices. It is against the background of this context that this article tests the nature of religious associational life of on-campus black African Christian students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus. The methodological approach to the study embraced both qualitative and quantitative data gathering tools. Semi-structured self-administered questionnaires were used to gather data. A total of 123 respondents, selected purposively, participated in the study. The results of this study suggest that on-campus, religious associations play an integral role in reinforcing the religious and spiritual identity of students. It impacts both their personal and academic life. Additionally, the study highlights that although religious tolerance featured in the study, there was a need for inter-religious dialogue, given the diversity of faith groups in the country.

Background. Although incidences of gastric cancer have decreased in recent years, the disease remains a significant danger to human health. Lack of early symptoms often leads to delayed diagnosis of gastric cancer, so that many patients miss the opportunity for surgery. Treatment for advanced gastric cancer is often limited. Immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and the mRNA vaccine have all emerged as potentially viable treatments for advanced gastric cancer. However, our understanding of the immune microenvironment of gastric cancer is far from sufficient; now is the time to explore this microenvironment. Methods. In our study, using TCGA dataset and the GEO dataset GSE62254, we performed in-depth transcriptome and single-cell sequencing analyses based on public databases. We analyzed differential gene expressions of immune cells in metastatic and nonmetastatic gastric cancer and constructed a prognostic model of gastric cancer patients based on these differential gene expressions. We also screened candidate vaccine genes for gastric cancer. Results. This prognostic model can accurately predict the prognosis of gastric cancer patients by dividing them into high-risk and low-risk groups. In addition to this, we identified a candidate vaccine gene for gastric cancer: PTPN6. Conclusions. Our study could provide new ideas for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a type of tumour with a relatively poor prognosis. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PDL-1 inhibitors, have improved the treatment status of advanced tumours. However, the emergence of drug resistance has brought difficulties to clinical treatment, and new immune checkpoint research is imminent. The hypoxia-adenosine pathway, in which CD73 encoded by the NT5E gene is a key enzyme for adenosine production, has been identified as an immune checkpoint of great potential. Therefore, NT5E may play an important role in HNSCC. We performed a detailed bioinformatics analysis of NT5E in HNSCC, and the results showed that the overexpression of NT5E in HNSCC was associated with poor prognosis. Our further investigation of the coexpression pattern of HNSCC could provide a reference for drug resistance and immunotherapy studies.

Introduction: Public awareness regarding COVID-19 plays an important role in controlling the virus’ spread and treating infected people. A high level of awareness among the public will help to implement preventive measures, particularly in the most populated regions, such as Makkah, Saudi Arabia. COVID-19 is an infectious disease and the Saudi Arabian government has taken serious precautions and implemented several preventive measures. In addition, The Ministry of Health (MOH) has launched many awareness campaigns and provided COVID-19 vaccines for free. The objectives: To assess the Public's level of health awareness and knowledge toward SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 vaccines among residents of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Makkah region from February 23 to March 2, 2021. The questionnaire was generated using a Google form and distributed online through social platforms such as Twitter and WhatsApp. The questionnaire consisted of five sections and six hundred participants have answered and completed all questions. Then, All data were imported into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using the statistical tools SAS version 9.4 and SPSS version 25 software. Results: A total of 600 participants from the Makkah region were found to have a high level of awareness and knowledge about all aspects of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 disease. For example, all participants considered coronavirus to be contagious, and 89.8% of them knew that COVID-19's symptoms are similar to those of seasonal flu. Most respondents showed a high level of awareness regarding the main factors of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Over 98.7% of respondents were aware of the role of gatherings and events in further spread of the virus. The participants showed a good level of awareness about other preventive measures, such as maintaining social distancing and wearing a mask. However, the respondents considered COVID-19 vaccines to be effective, but some of them were not aware of their side effects, and 38.8% planned to receive a vaccine. Conclusion: The residents of Makkah showed a high level of awareness about these aspects; an excellent awareness level was noted for SARS-CoV-2, means of transmission, disease symptoms and prevention of viral spread. On the other hand, the participants had less knowledge regarding COVID-19 vaccines; hence, more effort is required to educate people about the safety and benefits of the vaccines.

Antioxidants are used to prevent oxidative changes and flavor development in oils and fats. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant effect of adding thyme powder added on sunflower oil during frying at different temperature intervals (250 ± 1 °C). Thyme powders were added to sunflower oil at ratio of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%, and the frying period were estimated for 2 h at 250 ± 1 °C. The oil samples collected intervals were at 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 h and the potatoes were fried in each time. The antioxidant activity of thyme powders was 93.05 %, estimated using DPPH root scanning methods. The values of acid, peroxide and, the saponification, ​​and the fatty acid content were considered criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of thyme powder in improving the quality of sunflower oil during frying. Our results confirmed that the adding thyme powder to sunflower oil improved their chemical properties, leading to decrease the acid, peroxide, and saponification values, and unsaturated fatty acids increased. Examination of serum function of rats fed with fried potatoes in sunflower oil-added thyme powder decreased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides, while high-density lipoprotein increased. Moreover the results confirmed that thyme powder reduces liver and kidney functions compared to the control sample. Therefore, adding thyme to sunflower oil retards oxidative decomposition and improves its quality as a natural antioxidant to prolong oil stability.

Lactobacillus plantarum Bu-Eg5 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Bu-Eg6 showed a potential probiotic role in vivo and in vitro in a preliminary unpublished work. This study demonstrated that Lactobacillus plantarum Bu-Eg5 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Bu-Eg6 mediated modifications of the physicochemical properties of fermented skimmed cow’s milk. Skim milk was inoculated with 1% (w/v) of Lactobacillus plantarum Bu-Eg5 (T1), 1% (w/v) of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Bu-Eg6 (T2) and 1% (w/v) of 1:1 Lactobacillus plantarum Bu-Eg5 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Bu-Eg6 (T3). After that, fresh skimmed milk control (C), T1, T2, and T3 were freeze-dried (Zirbus Technology model: VaCo 5-D, S/N: COM98754, Germany). The resulting freeze-dried fresh and fermented milks powders were evaluated for their solubility index, bulk density and water holding capacity (WHC). The amino acids compositions of the freeze-dried treatments were analyzed using High Performance Amino Acid Analyzer (Biochrom 30). The microbiological quality of freeze-dried fresh and fermented milks powders was measured by enumerating lactic acid bacteria, yeast & mould and coliform bacteria. The total protein content of fresh freeze-dried skimmed milk (38.69%) was higher than that of fermented freeze-dried skimmed milk powders. The bulk density was 16.67 g/mL for all treatments. The solubility of fresh freeze-dried skimmed milk was the highest (100%), followed by the other treatments (78.95%). The WHC of fresh freeze-dried skimmed milks (11.16%) was lower than the other samples. The highest total essential amino acids were observed in fresh freeze-dried skimmed milk sample (17.26%) followed by the freeze-dried skimmed milk fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum Bu-Eg5 (16.22%) while the lowest recorded in the freeze-dried skimmed milk sample fermented with 1:1 Lactobacillus plantarum Bu-Eg5 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Bu-Eg6 (12.87%), there was a very low bacterial count in the control treatment (1.09 log CFU/ml). Yeast & mould and coliforms were not detected in all samples.

In this paper, 81 Turkish provinces with different development levels were ranked using the TOPSIS method. To evaluate the ranking with TOPSIS, we presented an improvement to Mahalanobis distances, by considering a robust MM estimator of the covariance matrix to deal with the presence of outliers in the dataset. Additionally, the homogenous subsets, which were obtained from the robust Mahalanobis distance-based TOPSIS were compared with robust cluster analysis. According to our findings, robust TOPSIS-M scores reflect the inter-class differences in economic developments of provinces spanning from the extremely low to the extremely high level of economic developments. Considering indicators of economic development, which are often used in the literature, İstanbul ranked first, Ankara second, and İzmir third according to the Robust TOPSIS-M method. Moreover, with the Robust Cluster analysis, these provinces were diagnosed as outliers and it was seen that obtained clusters were compatible with the ranking of Robust TOPSIS-M.

Satellite Earth Observation (EO) sensors are becoming a vital source of information for land surface monitoring. The concept of the Virtual Constellation (VC) is gaining interest within the science community owing to the increasing number of satellites/sensors in operation with similar characteristics. The establishment of a VC out of individual missions offers new possibilities for many application domains, in particular in the fields of land surface monitoring and change detection. In this context, this paper describes the Copernicus Sen2Like algorithms and software, a solution for harmonizing and fusing Landsat 8/Landsat 9 data with Sentinel-2 data. Developed under the European Union Copernicus Program, the Sen2Like software processes a large collection of Level 1/Level 2A products and generates high quality Level 2 Analysis Ready Data (ARD) as part of harmonized (Level 2H) and/or fused (Level 2F) products providing high temporal resolutions. For this purpose, we have re-used and developed a broad spectrum of data processing and analysis methodologies, including geometric and spectral co-registration, atmospheric and Bi-Directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) corrections and upscaling to 10 m for relevant Landsat bands. The Sen2Like software and the algorithms have been developed within a VC establishment framework, and the tool can conveniently be used to compare processing algorithms in combinations. It also has the potential to integrate new missions from spaceborne and airborne platforms including unmanned aerial vehicles. The validation activities show that the proposed approach improves the temporal consistency of the multi temporal data stack, and output products are interoperable with the subsequent thematic analysis processes.