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The addition of biochar-based organic fertilizer (BOF) can improve sugar beet yield, but its effects on the growth of sugar beet and on soil quality at different densities remain unclear. Six treatments, comprising two densities D1 and D2 (80,000 and 90,000 plant ha−1) and three application rates B1, B2, and B3 (2.75, 3.25, and 3.75 t ha−1) of BOFs + mineral fertilizer, respectively, are investigated in this research. The mineral fertilizers are typically used to supplement the total N, P2O5, and K2O deficiencies. The BOFs were used in the soil before sowing, and the mineral fertilizer was added to the soil after the first pair of true leaves was grown. At 160 days after sowing (DAS), the root-to-shoot ratio under the D2B2 treatment was significantly higher than that under the other treatments. The effect of density on the photosynthesis rate of sugar beet was not significant. The BOF application amount and density exerted interaction effects on soil physicochemical properties and the activities of different soil enzymes affecting each other. Both the D2B2 and D2B3 treatments reduced the content of NO3–-N in the 40–60 cm soil layer. Combined 90,000 plants ha–1 with 3.25 t ha−1 BOFs can increase the soil nutrient content of the 0–60 cm soil layer, improve the rhizosphere soil environment, promote the uniform distribution of dry matter, and increase sugar production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the business management and farmer practices in sugar beet farming enterprises in Muş province. In the study, the data obtained through face-to-face surveys in 2019 with 74 business owners producing sugar beet in Muş province were evaluated. In the evaluation, it has been determined that the majority of the producers produce on 25 decares or more of land, they produce an average of 6.1 t da-1 ton of sugar beet, the sugar beet obtained has an average annual polar rate of 17.7, and the sugar beet quota per producer is 388.3 tons. It has been determined that the producers have 10 years or more production experience, 89.2% of them do not have insurance for their products, 32.4% of them use credit and the majority of them (58.1%) decide according to the product prices for the product to be planted in the next year. 70.3% of the producers planted in April, 29.7% in May, 77% of them irrigated 6-12 times, 28.4% of them applied potassium before harvesting and 32.4% of them planted after September, 67.6% It was determined that they preferred the first week of October. In addition to obtaining sugar raw materials, sugar beet agriculture provides resources for many products such as silage production, yeast and alcohol production by processing products such as molasses, sugar beet pulp, sugar beet leaves and contributes to employment in the countryside. In addition to its great contributions to the Turkish economy, the production of sugar beet, which provides raw materials for many industries, should be more systematically sustainable (political, economic and agricultural practices) in all aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has increased the risk for infection of crops with insect-transmitted viruses. Mild autumns provide prolonged active periods to insects, which may spread viruses to winter crops. In autumn 2018, green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) were found in suction traps in southern Sweden that presented infection risk for winter oilseed rape (OSR; Brassica napus) with turnip yellows virus (TuYV). A survey was carried out in spring 2019 with random leaf samples from 46 OSR fields in southern and central Sweden using DAS-ELISA, and TuYV was detected in all fields except one. In the counties of Skåne, Kalmar, and Östergötland, the average incidence of TuYV-infected plants was 75%, and the incidence reached 100% for nine fields. Sequence analyses of the coat protein gene revealed a close relationship between TuYV isolates from Sweden and other parts of the world. High-throughput sequencing for one of the OSR samples confirmed the presence of TuYV and revealed coinfection with TuYV-associated RNA. Molecular analyses of seven sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) plants with yellowing, collected in 2019, revealed that two of them were infected by TuYV, together with two other poleroviruses: beet mild yellowing virus and beet chlorosis virus. The presence of TuYV in sugar beet suggests a spillover from other hosts. Poleroviruses are prone to recombination, and mixed infection with three poleroviruses in the same plant poses a risk for the emergence of new polerovirus genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske is the property of VUC Praha a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beets is an efficient alternative to conventional hot water extraction where overall soluble extraction is valued. The economic analysis of a sugar beet soluble sugar production plant was designed and developed using SuperPro Designer software. The commercial scale operation was sized to process 100 million metric ton (MT)/day of sugar beets. The base case process includes transportation, grinding, thermal pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, solid–liquid separation, and evaporation. The final product from the model was assumed to be a sugar syrup stream at 65% total solids content. Since the breakeven selling price was sensitive to the cost of enzymes, alternative scenario A added an ultrafiltration unit operation to separate the enzymes and reuse them in subsequent batches of hydrolysis. Steam was another major contributor to the operating cost. Alternative scenario B included a natural gas boiler to generate steam from biogas produced from a co‐located dairy manure digester. The breakeven selling price of the sugar syrup from the base case, alternative scenario A, and alternative scenario B were $965, $911, and $955 per metric ton, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the breakeven selling price is sensitive to the raw material cost, especially for the pectic enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) meets the 21% of world sugar production. Soil pollution, biotic and abiotic factors in production areas greatly reduce product quantity and quality. Sugar beet responds to biotic and abiotic stresses such as drought, salt, heat, light, and infections of nematode, bacteria and fungi at the molecular level. Understanding molecular mechanisms require comprehensive genomics studies in order to control these mechanisms to increase the yield and quality. Transcriptome studies performed under stress conditions can shed light on the responses of plants at the molecular level. In addition, meta-analysis can help to find common responses under different stress conditions. In this study four different stress-related transcriptome data were used: two of them are related with biotic stress (nematode and fungi infection) and two of them are related with abiotic stress (ABA treatment and salt stress). In this study, we performed meta-analysis of studies conducted under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Our results revealed 460 commonly regulated genes from biotic stress related data and 1031 commonly regulated genes from abiotic stress related data. Our data also showed that expression of ten genes is controlled regardless of the type of stress condition. The data can be useful for understanding the molecular aspect of adaptive stress response in sugar beet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hacettepe University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Hacettepe Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economic & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2021, the United Kingdom Government granted the possibility of an emergency derogation for the use of the neonicotinoid seed treatment, thiamethoxam, on sugar beet in England. This was met with heavy criticism and controversy due to the body of evidence demonstrating toxicity of the insecticide to non-target species, particularly pollinators. However, many viewed this decision to be reasonable in this system, as sugar beet is a non-flowering crop, and derogations were only implemented if a set of conditions, including viral risk, were met. This research aims to understand the policy and the perspective of stakeholders in this debate, and identify key problems associated with thiamethoxam use on sugar beet. Semi-structured interviews combined with a modified policy analysis were used, incorporating framework analysis and comparative analysis. Political polarisation, whereby respondents felt that the debate had become anti-pesticide or pro-pesticide and lacked nuance, and the monopsony of British Sugar (a UK company that buys and processes sugar beet), were found to be the most prevalent issues currently impeding political progress and the enhancement of sustainable agriculture in this system. Virus forecasting was considered a successful strategy at the time of writing, although limitations to the model are also discussed. Non-chemical alternatives were found to be limited in this system due to the specificity of the pest system and the low threshold of virus yellows, while forecasting was considered to have the lowest net-environmental impact. Additional policy strategies to work alongside forecasting, such as public education and intergroup contact are also discussed. This study reflects a more general tug-of-war that often sets up a false dichotomy between food security and environmental sustainability. It highlights the importance of addressing the complexity of sustainable food production by opening up the discussion and taking a more nuanced and adaptive approach to policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Cell characteristics, including cell type, size, shape, packing, cell-to-cell-adhesion, intercellular space, and cell wall thickness, influence the physical characteristics of plant tissues. Genotypic differences were found concerning damage susceptibility related to beet texture for sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Sugar beet storage roots are characterized by heterogeneous tissue with several cambium rings surrounded by small-celled vascular tissue and big-celled sugar-storing parenchyma between the rings. This study presents a procedure for phenotyping heterogeneous tissues like beetroots by imaging. Results Ten Beta genotypes (nine sugar beet and one fodder beet) were included to establish a pipeline for the automated histologic evaluation of cell characteristics and tissue arrangement using digital image processing written in the programming language R. The identification of cells has been validated by comparison with manual cell identification. Cells are reliably discriminated from intercellular spaces, and cells with similar morphological features are assigned to biological tissue types. Conclusions Genotypic differences in cell diameter and cell arrangement can straightforwardly be phenotyped by the presented workflow. The presented routine can further identify genotypic differences in cell diameter and cell arrangement during early growth stages and between sugar storage capabilities.

The current study took place at Shandaweel, Sohag governorate, Egypt, (latitude of 24.54° N and longitude of 32.94° E) and included two seasons, 2019/2020 and 2020/2021, to study the efficacy of anti-transpiration on yield and quality of sugar beet subjected to water stress. Three replications in a split-plot randomized complete block design were used in the experiment. The treatments included three irrigation levels (100, 80, and 60% of the recommended irrigation) in cases 12, 10, and 7 irrigations were applied and given at an average interval of 15, 18, and 26 days, which were randomly in the main plots, while, three anti-transpirant substances (Chitosan, Glycerol, and Magnesium carbonate), as well as water-sprayed plants (control) were placed in subplots randomly. Plant growth, chlorophyll, relative water content, cell membrane stability index, sugar production, and quality index were all lowered by drought stress in both seasons. Furthermore, under drought conditions, proline, free radical scavenging activity, and sucrose levels all increased significantly. In both seasons, the application of anti-transpiration substances had a substantial effect on improving the examined features when compared to the control. Foliar spray of chitosan or glycerol had a beneficial effect on physiological, morphological, and quality characteristics of the examined plants, compared to the control treatment. Generally, anti-transpirants reduced water use and increased water production in general when irrigation water was scarce. Furthermore, spraying anti-transpirants, which were responsible for lowering water use, considerably enhanced most of the growth and yield measures as well as quality.

Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) has emerged as an alternative to sugarcane. It is mainly utilized for sugar extraction and has significant industrial value with great nutritional impact. Different kinds of biotic and abiotic stresses are considered to be major barriers for sugar beet cultivation. As per the current scenario, every year sugar beet production suffers huge yield losses due to various stresses. The conventional breeding technique is a time-consuming lengthy procedure which can be replaced by a genetic transformation technique to bring new transgenic traits within a short period of time. Sugar beet has proven to be excellent sample material for in vitro culture of haploid plants, protoplast culture, somaclonal variation, and single cell culture, among others. Agrobacterium mediated and PEG-mediated transformations are the most effective genomic transformations in the case of sugar beet. Development of new traits in terms of fungus/virus, pest/nematode tolerance, herbicide and salt tolerance are the most frequently expected traits in the current scenario of sugar beet production. Potential transgenic plants are viable alternatives to traditional expression systems for end product (protein) development with more accuracy. So, transgenic production through genome editing/base editing is presently considered to be one of the best tools for sugar beet tolerant traits development. Food safety and environmental impacts are two major concerns of genetic transformation in sugar beet and need to be appropriately screened for public health acceptability.

Cercospora beticola Sacc. is an ascomycete pathogen that causes Cercospora leaf spot in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) and other related crops. It can lead to significant yield losses if not effectively managed. This study aimed to assess rhizosphere bacteria from sugar beet soil as a biological control agent against C. beticola and evaluate their effect on B. vulgaris. Following a dual-culture screening, 18 bacteria exhibiting over 50% inhibition were selected, with 6 of them demonstrating more than 80% control. The bacteria were identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene, revealing 12 potential species belonging to 6 genera, including Bacillus, which was represented by 4 species. Additionally, the biochemical and molecular properties of the bacteria were characterized in depth, as well as plant growth promotion. PCR analysis of the genes responsible for producing antifungal metabolites revealed that 83%, 78%, 89%, and 56% of the selected bacteria possessed bacillomycin-, iturin-, fengycin-, and surfactin-encoding genes, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of a lipopeptide structure in the bacterial supernatant filtrate. Subsequently, the bacteria were assessed for their effect on sugar beet plants in controlled conditions. The bacteria exhibited notable capabilities, promoting growth in both roots and shoots, resulting in significant increases in root length and weight and shoot length. A field experiment with four bacterial candidates demonstrated good performance against C. beticola compared to the difenoconazole fungicide. These bacteria played a significant role in disease control, achieving a maximum efficacy of 77.42%, slightly below the 88.51% efficacy attained with difenoconazole. Additional field trials are necessary to verify the protective and growth-promoting effects of these candidates, whether applied individually, combined in consortia, or integrated with chemical inputs in sugar beet crop production.

Northern China faces water scarcity, restricting water usage in place across Inner Mongolia’s western region. The integrated irrigation and fertilization model for sugar beet is undergoing rapid development and application in production. However, there is a concerning trend in production where the frequency of irrigation and fertilization is being increased blindly, resulting in the wastage of valuable water and fertilizer resources. Limiting water and fertilizer usage is an effective approach to improve sugar beet production efficiency. Sugar beets are a significant sugar crop in China. A split-plot design was employed to examine the impact of reducing water and fertilizer use on sucrose metabolism in sugar beet root. Our study was performed at the Ulanqab Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences in Inner Mongolia from 2022 to 2023. Three levels of fertilization and irrigation were utilized. We investigated the interactions between irrigation and fertilization on sucrose accumulation in sugar beet root. We examined key enzyme activities involved in sucrose metabolism alongside their gene expression levels. The findings suggested that reducing irrigation by 15%, fertilization by 10%, or both irrigation by 15% and fertilization by 10%, increased sucrose concentrations of sugar beets compared to the control group administered conventional water and fertilizer. Over the two-year period, the average sucrose concentration increased by 0.45, 0.57, and 0.65 degrees, respectively, under each treatment. Subsequent research verified that appropriately reducing water and fertilizer can regulate the expression of enzyme genes, thus influencing enzyme activity. Moreover, due to the higher efficiency of enzyme synthesis compared to decomposition, it contributed to an increase in net enzyme activity. These findings suggest that an appropriate reduction of water and fertilizer can improve sucrose synthesis rates and increase the sucrose concentration in sugar beets, providing a theoretical basis for environmentally friendly generation and enhanced efficiency in sugar beet growth.

Waterlogging has been shown to have a significant inhibitory effect on plant growth. However, the response mechanisms of the soil environment of sugar beet seedlings under waterlogging conditions still need to be fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of waterlogging treatments on the content of effective nutrients and the microbial communities in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere using high-throughput sequencing. We set up waterlogging and non-waterlogging treatments, sampled sugar beet seedlings after 10 days of waterlogging, determined the effective soil nutrients in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of the plants, and analyzed the differences in microbial diversity at ten days of waterlogging. The results showed that waterlogging significantly affected available potassium (AK) content. The Ak content of waterlogged soil was significantly higher than that of non-waterlogged soil. Waterlogging caused no significant difference in available nitrogen (AN) content and pH. Moreover, the plant growth-promoting bacteria Pseudomonas was significantly enriched in sugar beet waterlogged rhizospheres compared with the non-waterlogged ones. Similarly, the harmful fungi Gibellulopsis and Alternaria were enriched in sugar beet non-waterlogged rhizosphere. The network analysis revealed that waterlogging built a less complex root-microbial network than non-waterlogging. These findings implied that sugar beets subjected to waterlogging stress were enriched with beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere, potentially alleviating the stress.

Acquisition of the pathogenicity plasmid pPATH that encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS) and effectors (T3Es) has likely led to the transition of a nonpathogenic bacterium into the tumorigenic pathogen Pantoea agglomerans. P. agglomerans pv. gypsophilae (Pag) forms galls on gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata) and triggers immunity on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), while P. agglomerans pv. betae (Pab) causes galls on both gypsophila and sugar beet. Draft sequences of the Pag and Pab genomes were previously generated using the MiSeq Illumina technology and used to determine partial T3E inventories of Pab and Pag. Here, we fully assembled the Pab and Pag genomes following sequencing with PacBio technology and carried out a comparative sequence analysis of the Pab and Pag pathogenicity plasmids pPATHpag and pPATHpab. Assembly of Pab and Pag genomes revealed a ~4 Mbp chromosome with a 55% GC content, and three and four plasmids in Pab and Pag, respectively. pPATHpag and pPATHpab share 97% identity within a 74% coverage, and a similar GC content (51%); they are ~156 kb and ~131 kb in size and consist of 198 and 155 coding sequences (CDSs), respectively. In both plasmids, we confirmed the presence of highly similar gene clusters encoding a T3SS, as well as auxin and cytokinins biosynthetic enzymes. Three putative novel T3Es were identified in Pab and one in Pag. Among T3SS-associated proteins encoded by Pag and Pab, we identified two novel chaperons of the ShcV and CesT families that are present in both pathovars with high similarity. We also identified insertion sequences (ISs) and transposons (Tns) that may have contributed to the evolution of the two pathovars. These include seven shared IS elements, and three ISs and two transposons unique to Pab. Finally, comparative sequence analysis revealed plasmid regions and CDSs that are present only in pPATHpab or in pPATHpag. The high similarity and common features of the pPATH plasmids support the hypothesis that the two strains recently evolved into host-specific pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The threatening impact of conventional agriculture (CA) on soils could be due to the detrimental effects on soil microbial communities. Conversely, organic agriculture (OA) is envisaged as potentially enhancing helpful microbial communities and is proposed as environmentally sustainable. The soil microbiome influences soil health and quality, hence, it requires deeper investigation and understanding. In this study, applying 16S metabarcoding and qPCR techniques, we compared the microbial patterns of long-term organically and conventionally managed soils to explore their similarities and differences. Results: Total DNA quantification showed an over 20-fold higher amount of DNA in OA soils (mean = 22.1 ± 3.92 μg g−1), compared to CA soils (mean = 0.95 ± 0.17 μg g−1). While 16S metabarcoding evidenced the absence of significant differences among communities of the two farming systems in terms of ecological indices, the qPCR analyses targeting functional genes reported a significantly higher abundance of all considered targets in OA sites spanning up to four-fold log increases. While OA and CA did not appear to affect overall bacterial diversity or evenness per se, qPCR-based functional analysis in OA showed a consistently higher abundance of all the salient microbial genes tested, when compared to CA, underlying a potentially beneficial impact on soil fertility and sustainability. Conclusions: In essence, the sequencing-based analysis of absolute bacterial diversity could not differentiate the farming systems based on the amount of diversity but identified a unique set of taxa defining each. Hence, pairing this evaluation with the qPCR-based functional gene analyses can be a suitable approach to distinguish the exerted effects of CA or OA on soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar beet is one of the greatest sources for producing sugar worldwide. However, a group of bacteria grows on beets during the storage process, leading to a reduction in sucrose yield. Our study focused on identifying common bacterial species that grow on beets during manufacturing and contribute to sucrose loss. The ultimate goal was to find a potential antibacterial agent from various plant extracts and oils to inhibit the growth of these harmful bacteria and reduce sucrose losses. The screening of bacterial species that grow on beet revealed that a large group of mesophilic bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus xylosus, Enterobacter amnigenus, and Aeromonas species, in addition to a dominant thermophilic species called Bacillus thermophilus, were found to be present during the manufacturing of beets. The application of 20 plant extracts and 13 different oils indicated that the extracts of Geranium gruinum, Datura stramonium, and Mentha spicata were the best antibacterials to reduce the growth of B. thermophilus with inhibition zones equal to 40, 39, and 35mm, respectively. In contrast, the best active oils for inhibiting the growth of B. thermophilus were Mentha spicataand Ocimum bacilicum, with an inhibitory effect of 50 and 45mm, respectively. RAPD-PCR with different primers indicated that treating sugar juice with the most effective oils against bacteria resulted in new recombinant microorganisms, confirming their roles as strong antibacterial products. The characterization of Mentha spicata and Ocimumbacilicumoils using GC/MS analysis identified cis-iso pulegone and hexadecanoic acid as the two main bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial activity. An analysis of five genes using DD-PCR that have been affected due to antibacterial activity fromthe highly effective oil fromMentha spicata concluded that all belonged to the family of protein defense. Our findings indicate that the application of these pure antibacterial plant extracts and oils would minimize the reduction of sucrose during sugar production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was found out from the literature that sugar beet and the products obtained from its processing are rich in organic and inorganic substances. Sugar beet is a quality raw material used not only in the food industry, but also in feed production, alcohol industry and other fields in terms of animal husbandry development. Sugar beet is richer in sucrose, which is a representative of carbohydrates. It is impossible to produce high-quality sugar from sugar beets, which are rich in protopectin. Because protopectin is poorly soluble in water, it causes turbidity in the juice. This has a negative effect on the quality of the finished product. Unlike unripe sugar beet, the juice obtained from ripe sugar beet contains almost no protopectin. They participate in the synthesis of amino acids, amines and amides by undergoing various transformations during the sugar beet processing process. Amides are formed due to the substitution of OH of the carboxyl group with an amino group (NH2). Sugar beet is also rich in semi-substituted amino acids. The human and animal body's need for them is partially met, and only a certain part is met through food. Semi-metabolized amino acids include arginine, tyrosine and histidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sucrose, obtained from either sugar beet or sugarcane, is one of the main ingredients used in the food industry. Due to the same molecular structure, chemical methods cannot distinguish sucrose from both sources. More practical and affordable methods would be valuable. Sucrose samples (cane and beet) were collected from nine countries, 25% (w/w) aqueous solutions were prepared and their absorbances recorded from 200 to 1380 nm. Spectral differences were observable in the ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) region from 200 to 600 nm due to impurities in sugar. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), classification and regression trees, and soft independent modeling of class analogy were tested for the UV–Vis region. All methods showed high performance accuracies. LDA, after selection of five wavelengths, gave 100% correct classification with a simple interpretation. In addition, binary mixtures of the sugar samples were prepared for quantitative analysis by means of partial least squares regression and multiple linear regression (MLR). MLR with first derivative Savitzky–Golay were most acceptable with root mean square error of cross‐validation, prediction, and the ratio of (standard error of) prediction to (standard) deviation values of 3.92%, 3.28%, and 9.46, respectively. Using UV–Vis spectra and chemometrics, the results show promise to distinguish between the two different sources of sucrose. An affordable and quick analysis method to differentiate between sugars, produced from either sugar beet or sugarcane, is suggested. This method does not involve complex chemical analysis or high‐level experts and can be used in research or by industry to detect the source of the sugar which is important for some countries' agricultural policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar beet is one of the most profitable crops in Serbia. The charcoal root rot is an emerging disease of sugar beet that significantly reduces yield and affects the economic viability of production. The objectives of this research were to determine the antagonist activity of selected Trichoderma harzianum isolates (T1 to T13) on two Macrophomina phaseolina isolates in vitro using a dual culture test and a volatile compounds test, as well as in vivo. The efficacy of these treatments was compared to two commercial biopesticides (Bacillomix® Original and Trifender Pro®) and one synthetic fungicide (Funomil 700 WG®). The strongest inhibition in the dual culture test was observed in the treatment with T. harzianum T2 against both tested M. phaseolina isolates. Also, the volatile compounds produced by isolates T2 and T12 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on M. phaseolina isolates (from 48.22 to 62.75%). Differences in efficacy were found not only between tested Trichoderma isolates, but also between M. phaseolina isolates used for inoculation which indicates different susceptibility of pathogen population to bioagent. The in vivo test confirmed the strong antagonistic effect of the T. harzianum T2 and T12 isolates. Bacillomix® Original, Trifender Pro® and Funomil® 700 WG did not express satisfactory effects in pathogen control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: Although sugar beet is a salt- and drought-tolerant crop, high salinity, and water deprivation significantly reduce its yield and growth. Several reports have demonstrated stress tolerance enhancement through stress-mitigating strategies including the exogenous application of osmolytes or metabolites, nanoparticles, seed treatments, breeding salt/drought-tolerant varieties. These approaches would assist in achieving sustainable yields despite global climatic changes. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an economically vital crop for ~ 30% of world sugar production. They also provide essential raw materials for bioethanol, animal fodder, pulp, pectin, and functional food-related industries. Due to fewer irrigation water requirements and shorter regeneration time than sugarcane, beet cultivation is spreading to subtropical climates from temperate climates. However, beet varieties from different geographical locations display different stress tolerance levels. Although sugar beet can endure moderate exposure to various abiotic stresses, including high salinity and drought, prolonged exposure to salt and drought stress causes a significant decrease in crop yield and production. Hence, plant biologists and agronomists have devised several strategies to mitigate the stress-induced damage to sugar beet cultivation. Recently, several studies substantiated that the exogenous application of osmolytes or metabolite substances can help plants overcome injuries induced by salt or drought stress. Furthermore, these compounds likely elicit different physio-biochemical impacts, including improving nutrient/ionic homeostasis, photosynthetic efficiency, strengthening defense response, and water status improvement under various abiotic stress conditions. In the current review, we compiled different stress-mitigating agricultural strategies, prospects, and future experiments that can secure sustainable yields for sugar beets despite high saline or drought conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress seriously inhibits the physiological development of agricultural plants. Melatonin regulates physiological processes and improves tolerance to stress. In our study, the physiological and biochemical mechanism of exogenous melatonin for improving drought resistance of sugar beet seedlings was studied by spraying different concentrations of melatonin solution on the leaves. The results showed that under drought stress, compared with the treatment without spraying melatonin (Drought), different concentrations of melatonin increased the dry and fresh weight of sugar beet seedlings, and 100 μmol·L−1 melatonin increased the biomass by up to 47%. Leaf relative water content and water potential value increased by 61.92% and 13.67%, respectively, which was not significantly different from to control. Exogenous melatonin also significantly decreased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content in sugar beets, reduced soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and free proline contents, and maintained cell stability. In addition, melatonin increased the activities of enzymatic antioxidants in the leaves by 89.35% at the highest and maintained low reactive oxygen species under drought stress. Melatonin promoted leaf gas exchange, increased chlorophyll content, and promoted photosynthesis under drought stress. These results indicate that exogenous melatonin improves the ability of sugar beet seedlings to grow under drought stress, mainly by reducing the level of membrane lipid peroxidation, increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and promoting chlorophyll synthesis. Melatonin could be applied as a plant growth regulator at a large-scale field level for plants under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) pollution adversely affects the sustainable development of agriculture. Owing to its abundant biomass, strong adaptability and energy characteristics, sugar beet has great potential in heavy metal pollution bioremediation. Glutathione S-transferases (GST) has certain detoxification ability to help plant cope with heavy metal toxify. Here, we characterized the sugar beet Tau class GST gene BvGSTU9 and analysed its function under cadmium. It was found that the CDS of the BvGSTU9 gene is 675 bp, encoding 224 amino acids, and BvGSTU9-GFP was localized in the cytoplasm. When suffering from Cd toxicity, the GST activity, GSH content and BvGSTU9 transcripts were upregulated in both leaves and roots of sugar beet. We introduced BvGSTU9 into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the heterologously expressed cells exhibited better growth performance and tolerance and higher GST activity than the control strains under Cd treatment. These results suggest that BvGSTU9 is involved in the response of sugar beet to Cd and functions through detoxification to improve cell survivability and could be used in Cd-tolerant plant development and bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the histone deacetylase RPD3/HDA1 family play an important role in regulating plant development and stress tolerance. This study aimed to identify RPD3/HDA1 members in sugar beet using HMMsearch. The physicochemical properties, genetic evolution, subcellular localization, and expression pattern in response to stresses were also analyzed. A total of eight RPD3/HDA1 genes were identified. The theoretical molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric points of RPD3/HDA1 proteins were from 36.5 to 71.4 kDa and from 5.0 to 6.4, respectively. Based on the maximum likelihood tree, three, four, and one genes were classified into Class I, II, and IV, respectively. Four and one collinearity gene pairs were identified in the RPD3/HDA1 family comparing beet with Arabidopsis and rice. Among 67 classes of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) predicted in the promoters, 16, 4, and 8 were related to light, stresses, and hormones. BvHDAC6, BvHDAC7, and BvHDAC9 were exclusively localized in the nucleus, whereas BvHDAC4 was located near the nucleus. BvHDAC1, BvHDAC2, BvHDAC5, and BvHDAC8 were also detected in the cytoplasm. According to the STRING database, RPD3/HDA1 proteins could interact with WD repeat-containing protein, PHD finger protein, lysine-specific demethylase, and histone acetyltransferase. The expression of BvHDAC6 significantly changed under salt stress (300 mM NaCl), drought (6% PEG-6000), and cold (4 ℃), suggesting a wide range of responses to different stresses. Additionally, BvHDAC1, BvHDAC4, and BvHDAC8 responded to salt stress and cold. In Class IV, BvHDAC2 had a specific response to salt stress. Hence, this study comprehensively identified and analyzed the characteristics of RPD3/HDA1 genes in sugar beet, providing essential information for further studies on the epigenetic regulation of stress response mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Beet filter cake (BFC) is a by-product of sugar beet processing, which is difficult to dispose of and involves severe environmental concerns. Spirulina platensis is a microalga with a high protein content essential for human and animal nutrition. The present study aimed to utilize the beet filter cake extract (BFCE) to produce Spirulina platensis commercially. However, the cultivation of S. platensis on BFCE to produce economically single-cell protein has not been reported previously. Results: The batch experiment revealed the maximum dry weight at Zarrouk's medium (0.4 g/L) followed by 0.34 g/L in the treatment of 75% BFCE. The highest protein content was 50% in Zarrouk's medium, followed by 46.5% in 25% BFCE. However, adding a higher concentration of 100% BFCE led to a protein content of 31.1%. In the adaption experiment, S platensis showed an increase in dry cell weight and protein content from 25 to 75% BFCE (0.69 g/L to 1.12 g/L and 47.0% to 52.54%, respectively) with an insignificant variation compared to Zarrouk's medium (p ≤ 0.05), indicating that S. platensis can be economically produced when cultivated on 75% BFCE The predicated parameters from response surface methodology were NaNO3 (2.5 g/L), NaHCO3 (0.67 g/L), BFCE (33%) and pH = 8, which resulted in biomass yield and protein content (0.56 g/L and 52.5%, respectively) closer to that achieved using the standard Zarrouk's medium (0.6 g/L and 55.11%). Moreover, the total essential amino acid content was slightly higher in the optimized medium (38.73%) than SZM (36.98%). Conclusions: Therefore, BFCE supplemented medium could be used as a novel low-cost alternative growth medium for producing a single-cell protein with acceptable quantity and quality compared to the standard Zarrouk's medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt is one of the most important environmental factors in crop growth and development. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an epigenetic modification that regulates plant–environment interaction at transcriptional and translational levels. Sugar beet is a salt-tolerant sugar-yielding crop, but how m6A modification affects its response to salt stress remains unknown. In this study, m6A-seq was used to explore the role of m6A modification in response to salt stress in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Transcriptome-wide m6A methylation profiles and physiological responses to high salinity were investigated in beet roots. After treatment with 300 mM NaCl, the activities of peroxidase and catalase, the root activity, and the contents of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in the roots were significantly affected by salt stress. Compared with the control plants, 6904 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 566 differentially methylated peaks (DMPs) were identified. Association analysis revealed that 243 DEGs contained DMP, and 80% of these DEGs had expression patterns that were negatively correlated with the extent of m6A modification. Further analysis verified that m6A methylation may regulate the expression of some genes by controlling their mRNA stability. Functional analysis revealed that m6A modifications primarily affect the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, transport, signal transduction, transcription factors, and cell wall organization. This study provides evidence that a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism mediates gene expression during salt stress by affecting the stability of mRNA in the root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of plant density on the formation of sugar beet crop, we weighed and determined the masses of the leaves and root fruits of the plants extracted from the experimental plots on the dates of July, August and September 15. Thus, in the sample taken in July at a density of 71,000 plants, the root fruit weight was 122.4 g, and the leaf mass was 210.5 g. 451.55 g, and the mass of the leaf was 198.6 g. In the second variant, the relevant masses were as follows for alars: in July, the mass of the root fruit was 195.5 g, the mass of the leaf was 332.3 g, in August, the mass of the root fruit was 356.8 g, the mass of the leaf was 413.8 g, and in September, 497.47 g of the root fruit and the mass of the leaf was 223.8 g. At a density of 47,000 plants, the mass of the root fruit in July is 193.7 g, the mass of the leaf is 329.2 g, in August, the mass of the root fruit is 348.3 g and the mass of the leaf is 397.1 g, and in September, the mass of the root fruit is 448.21 g and the mass of the leaf is 226,2 gr. Based on all the results obtained, the best plant density for sugar beet is to maintain 57,000 plants per hectare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root rot diseases of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) caused by a complex of pathogens includes Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Phoma betae, Aphanomyces cochlioides, Pythium aphanidermatium, Phytophthora drechsleri, Rhizopus stolonifer, Sclerotium rolfsii, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. avenaceum, etc. The disease leads to significant economic losses associated with a decrease in root yield (up to 50-60%), a drop in the percentage of sugar and a deterioration of sugar juice purity (low white sugar recovery). Many of these pathogens also cause postharvest losses in storage piles (up to 100%). Until now, there is no disease resistant cultivars and the pathogens causes beet root rot in hybrids of all breeding companies on the market. Heat and drought contribute to the spread of the disease. The fight against the disease is very complicated by the fact that the fungus, under certain conditions, switches to saprotrophic nutrition, thereby maintaining its population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to obtain new breeding genotypes containing a nuclear genome of a sugar beet sterility maintainer and sterile cytoplasm of wild beet (Beta patula L.). The donors of a new sterile cytoplasm of B. patula plants were selected by the indirect cytological traits of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), especially pollen sterility, abnormal development of the anthers, mosaic patterns of anthers and flowers. The anthers were examined for morphological traits of pollen and microspore degeneration in CMS. During reciprocal crosses, (i) the expression of recessive alleles of the nuclear genes of the CMS sterility maintainers was analysed, (ii) the peculiarities of hybridisation of the experimental genotypes with sterile B. patula cytoplasm were studied, and (iii) the selection of linked genes for hypocotyl colour Rr and one- or two-year growth cycle Bb was carried out. The obtained backcross offspring of BC3S B. patula had 95% fertility, 100% CMS-0 type sterility, and sugar content between 19.5% and 21.5%. Recombination in the locus of linked genes of the one- and two-year growth cycles and hypocotyl colour RB rb in hybrids F1, B. patula and backcross offspring was detected. At the same time, the oneand two-year growth cycle in seed plants was restored only in the 4th cycle of backcross. Recombinant genotypes with a red hypocotyl and two-year growth cycle BC3S B. patula had multi-seed fruits, single or branched stems of seed plants and were chimerical by sterility (CMS-1 and CMS-0 types). The obtained alloplasmic introduced lines containing the cytoplasm of B. patula have economically valuable properties as parent components for the development of new triploid hybrids. The experimental triploid hybrids had root sugar content from 19.5% to 20.5% and dry matter content from 25% to 29%. Alloplasmic lines with the new CMS of B. patula are recommended for sugar beet breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske is the property of VUC Praha a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tubercle disease or a bacterial pocket disease of sugar beets are names used to describe one of the gall-malformed diseases of sugar beet roots. Xanthomonas beticola is the historical name of the pathogen supposedly causing bacterial pocket disease. There were no isolates deposited in any collection corresponding to the originally isolated bacteria, except two strains from the NCPPB (National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, UK). However, both isolates were identified as related to Bacillus pumilus, which raised doubts about their pathogenicity. In our laboratory, greenhouse, and preliminary field experiments, we demonstrated that such strains are not pathogenic to sugar beets. Furthermore, both strains promoted their growth, improved their yield quality, and partly protected them against Rhizoctonia solani in a field experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Erciyes Agriculture & Animal Science is the property of Erciyes Tarim ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm, Abees Region, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt, during 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 seasons to investigate the response of sugar beet (Karam) to humic acid and some Biositmulants substances under saline soil conditions. The experimental design was a split-plot design with three replicates, where three humic acids (HA) levels (0, 12 and 24 kg HA/ha) were allocated to the main plots, and 8 biostimulants treatments, randomly arranged within the sub-plot (Untreated (Zero control), Salicylic acid 100 mg / L, Fulvic acid 1.2 kg /ha, Hydroxyproline 1000 mg/L, Salicylic acid 100 mg / L + Fulvic acid 1.2 kg /ha, Salicylic acid 100 mg /L + Hydroxyproline 1000 mg/L), Fulvic acid 1.2 kg/ha + Hydroxyproline 1000 mg/L, and Salicylic acid 100 mg / L + Fulvic acid 1.2 kg /ha + Hydroxyproline 1000 mg/L). The results exposed that soil application of HA, spraying of bio stimulators and their interaction significantly affected the growth characteristics of sugar beet under salinity conditions, where to get the highest growth of sugar beet, it could be fertilized sugar beet with HA at a rate of 24 kg/ha as a soil application along with sprayed some of fluvic acid (FA), hydroxyproline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein-based biostimulants (PBBs) have a positive effect on plant development, although the biological background for this effect is not well understood. Here, hydrolyzed wheat gluten (HWG) and potato protein film (PF) in two levels (1 and 2 g/kg soil) and in two different soils (low and high nutrient; LNC and HNC) were used as PBBs. The effect of these PBBs on agronomic traits, sugars, protein, and peptides, as well as metabolic processes, were evaluated on sugar beet in comparison with no treatment (control) and treatment with nutrient solution (NS). The results showed a significant growth enhancement of the plants using HWG and PF across the two soils. Sucrose and total sugar content in the roots were high in NS-treated plants and correlated to root growth in HNC soil. Traits related to protein composition, including nitrogen, peptide, and RuBisCO contents, were enhanced in PBB-treated plants (mostly for HWG and PF at 2 g/kg soil) by 100% and >250% in HNC and LNC, respectively, compared to control. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that genes associated with ribosomes and photosynthesis were upregulated in the leaf samples of plants treated with either HWG or PP compared to the control. Furthermore, genes associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were largely down-regulated in root samples of HWG or PF-treated plants. Thus, the PBBs enhanced protein-related traits in the plants through a higher transcription rate of genes related to protein- and photosynthesis, which resulted in increased plant growth, especially when added in certain amounts (2 g/kg soil). However, sucrose accumulation in the roots of sugar beet seemed to be related to the easy availability of nitrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a valuable sugar-providing crop accounting for around 25% of global white sugar production. It is an integral part of the food industry. Several factors cause a decrease in the yield of this food crop. The infection of phytopathogenic fungi is one of the most hazardous. Though several methods to control Rhizoctonia solani have been developed, the problem is still not solved. Thus, the goal of this work was to investigate the effect of abiotic factors (pH, Eh, presence or absence of O2) and biotic ones (microbial community) on the fungal pathogen R. solani AG 2-2IIIB for its control and sugar beet protection. Microbiological methods were used to conduct the research. Thermodynamic calculations were applied to determine the conditions necessary for suppression of R. solani AG 2-2IIIB. As a result, a comparison of the effect of abiotic and biotic mediated factors on the efficiency of the growth of Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2IIIB was carried out. Obtained data showed the following: mainly the abiotic factors provided via chemical buffers or removal of oxygen caused the inhibition of R. solani; the values of 5.5 ≤ pH ≤ 8.5, Eh ≤ −200 mV, and oxygen absence inhibited its growth. The maintenance of these factors via microbial communities enhanced the suppressive effect, bringing about the death of mycelium. The study of microbial strains revealed the inhibitory effect of microbial metabolites and provided more effective control of Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2IIIB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of plant-associated bacteria is vast and can be determined by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. Fewer of them have plant-beneficial properties. To harness their benefits for plants, we must isolate them. This study aimed to check whether 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding has predictive power in identifying the majority of known bacteria with plant-beneficial traits that can be isolated from the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) microbiome. Rhizosphere and phyllosphere samples collected during one season at different stages of plant development were analyzed. Bacteria were isolated on rich unselective media and plant-based media enriched with sugar beet leaves or rhizosphere extracts. The isolates were identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene and tested in vitro for their plant-beneficial properties (stimulation of germination; exopolysaccharide, siderophore, and HCN production; phosphate solubilization; and activity against sugar beet pathogens). The highest number of co-occurring beneficial traits was eight, found in isolates of five species: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Bacillus australimaris, B. pumilus, Enterobacter ludwiigi, and Pantoea ananatis. These species were not detected by metabarcoding and have not previously been described as plant-beneficial inhabitants of sugar beets. Thus, our findings point out the necessity of a culture-dependent microbiome analysis and advocate for low-nutrient plant-based media for high-yield isolation of plant-beneficial taxa with multiple beneficial traits. A culture-dependent and -independent approach is required for community diversity assessment. Still, isolation on plant-based media is the best approach to select isolates for potential use as biofertilizers and biopesticides in sugar beet cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm faculty of agriculture, New Valley University, New Valley Governorate, Egypt during the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021seasons, to study impact of various rates from normal and nano boron on growth, yield and quality of some sugar beet cultivars. Seven foliar applications of boron (borax) Na2B4O7.10 H2O (11% B) and nano boron oxide were sprayed on sugar beet after 60 and 90 days from sowing). for each boron form spraying (control, 100,200,300 ppm borax and 100,200,300 ppm nano boron oxide twice at 60 and 90 days from sowing). was arranged horizontally. as well as sugar beet cultivars (Gazelle, Kawemira and Hossam) were distributed in vertically. The obtained results revealed that boron foliar application at the rate of 300 ppm nano boron oxide fed-1twice at 60 and 90 days from sowing. recorded the highest significant mean values of root length(cm), root diameter(cm), single root weight(kg/plant), leaves weight/plant (kg plant-1), root yield (ton fed-1), sucrose percentage, sugar recovery percentage and sugar yield (ton fed-1) traits in the two growing seasons. Meantime, Hossam cultivar was superior to the others of all studied traits. All interaction effects showed significant differences for traits in the two growing seasons. Were obtained from Hossam cultivar with 300 ppm nano boron oxide fed-1 twice at 60 and 90 days from sowing.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is cultivated in temperate climates worldwide to produce sugar. The production of sugar beet and other plants is in danger due to the world’s increasingly salinized soils. Although different sugar beet genotypes exist at various ploidy levels, most of them are diploid (2X) with 18 chromosomes. The majority of polyploid plants have different variations, morphologies, and anatomy. Diploid and polyploid plants especially have different morphology, physiology, cellularity, and biochemistry. As a result, polyploidy has been identified as an essential component in determining plant salt tolerance. To evaluate the effects of salt (NaCl) stress on sugar beet genotypes, diploid (2X), triploid (3X), and tetraploid (4X) genotypes were exposed to 0 (control), 50, and 150 mM NaCl concentrations for seven weeks. Under control conditions, the diploid (2X) genotype showed higher growth performance compared to the tetraploid (4X) and triploid (3X) genotypes, respectively. Regarding germination and early-stage growth performance, a reduction of about 50% was observed in the diploid (2X) genotype under salt stress compared to the control condition. The diploid (2X) genotype showed higher germination, a greater salt tolerance index, and better seedling growth performance than the other ploidy levels. Late-stage growth, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, cytological findings, and total chlorophyll content were all shown to be higher and less reduced (around 30%) under salt stress in diploid (2X) genotypes. Even though all of the findings in this study showed a decrease when plants were exposed to salt (NaCl), the diploid (2X) ploidy level plants displayed more robust growth and development than the triploid (3X) and tetraploid (4X) genotypes.

This study assesses the effects of Azotobacter biopriming on the early development of sugar beet. Azotobacter chroococcum F8/2 was screened for plant growth promoting characteristics and biopriming effects were estimated through germination parameters and the structural changes of the root tissues. A. chroococcum F8/2 was characterized as a contributor to nitrogen, iron, and potassium availability, as well as a producer of auxin and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxilic acid deaminase. Applied biopriming had reduced mean germination time by 34.44% and increased vigor I by 90.99% compared to control. Volatile blend comprised 47.67% ethanol, 32.01% 2-methyl-propanol, 17.32% 3-methyl-1-butanol, and a trace of 2,3-butanedione. Root micromorphological analysis of bioprimed sugar beet revealed a considerable increase in primary, secondary xylem area, and vessels size. Obtained results determine A. chroococcum F8/2 as a successful biopriming agent, and active participant in nutrient availability and hormonal status modulation affecting root vascular tissue.