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Background Studies of children with food allergy typically only include the mother, and have not investigated the relationship between the amount of allergen needed to elicit a clinical reaction (threshold) and health-related quality of life (HRQL). Our aims were 1) to compare self-reported and parent-reported HRQL in different age groups, 2) to evaluate the impact of severity of allergic reaction and threshold on HRQL, and 3) to investigate factors associated with patient-reported and parent-reported HRQL. Methods Age-appropriate Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaires (FAQLQ) were completed by 73 children, 49 adolescents, and 29 adults with peanut, hazelnut or egg allergy. Parents (197 mothers, 120 fathers) assessed their child's HRQL using the FAQLQ-Parent form. Clinical data and threshold values were obtained from a hospital database. Significant factors for HRQL were investigated using univariate and multivariate regression. Results Female patients reported greater impact of food allergy on HRQL than males did. Egg and hazelnut thresholds did not affect HRQL, but lower peanut threshold was associated with worse HRQL. Both parents scored their child's HRQL better than the child's own assessment, but whereas mother-reported HRQL was significantly affected by limitations in the child's social life, father-reported HRQL was affected by limitations in the family's social life. Severity of allergic reaction did not contribute significantly to HRQL. Conclusion The risk of accidental allergen ingestion and limitations in social life are associated with worse HRQL. Fathers provide a unique perspective and should have a greater opportunity to contribute to food allergy research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND: Beneficial roles for glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)/GLP-1R signaling have recently been described in diseases, where low-grade inflammation is a common phenomenon. We investigated the effects of GLP-1 in Brunner's glands and duodenum with abundant expression of GLP-1 receptors, as well as GLP-1 effect on colonic inflammation.METHODS: RNA from Brunner's glands of GLP-1R knockout and wild-type mice were subjected to full transcriptome profiling. Array results were validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in wild-type mice and compared with samples from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and controls. In addition, we performed a detailed investigation of the effects of exogenous liraglutide dosing in a T-cell driven adoptive transfer (AdTr) colitis mouse model.RESULTS: Analyses of the Brunner's gland transcriptomes of GLP-1R knockout and wild-type mice identified 722 differentially expressed genes. Upregulated transcripts after GLP-1 dosing included IL-33, chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), and mucin 5b. Biopsies from IBD patients and controls, as well as data from the AdTr model, showed deregulated expression of GLP-1R, CCL20, and IL-33 in colon. Circulating levels of GLP-1 were found to be increased in mice with colitis. Finally, the colonic cytokine levels and disease scores of the AdTr model indicated reduced levels of colonic inflammation in liraglutide-dosed animals.CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that IL-33, GLP-1R, and CCL20 are deregulated in human IBD, and that prophylactic treatment with 0.6 mg/kg liraglutide improves disease in AdTr colitis. In addition, GLP-1 receptor agonists upregulate IL-33, mucin 5b, and CCL20 in murine Brunner's glands. Taken together, our data indicate that GLP-1 receptor agonists affect gut homeostasis in both proximal and distal parts of the gut.

Schistosomiasis is a waterborne, infectious disease with high morbidity and significant economic burdens affecting more than 250 million people globally. Disease control has, with notable success, for decades focused on drug treatment of infected human populations, but a recent paradigm shift now entails moving from control to elimination. To achieve this ambitious goal more sensitive diagnostic tools are needed to monitor progress towards transmission interruption in the environment, especially in low-intensity infection areas. We report on the development of an environmental DNA (eDNA) based tool to efficiently detect DNA traces of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni directly in the aquatic environment, where the non-human part of the parasite life cycle occurs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the successful detection of S. mansoni in freshwater samples using aquatic eDNA. True eDNA was detected in as few as 10 cercariae/L water in laboratory experiments. The field applicability of the method was tested at known transmission sites in Kenya, where comparison of schistosome detection by conventional snail surveys (snail collection and cercariae shedding) with eDNA (water samples) showed 71% agreement between the methods. The eDNA method furthermore detected schistosome presence at two additional sites where snail shedding failed, demonstrating a higher sensitivity of eDNA sampling. We conclude that eDNA provides a promising new tool to significantly improve the environmental surveillance of S. mansoni. Given the proper method and guideline development, eDNA could become an essential future component of the schistosomiasis control tool box needed to achieve the goal of elimination.SignificanceAccurate detection and delineation of schistosomiasis transmission sites will be vital in on-going efforts to control and ultimately eliminate one of the most neglected tropical parasitic diseases affecting more than 250 million people worldwide. Conventional methods to detect parasites in the environment are cumbersome and have low sensitivity. We therefore developed an environmental DNA (eDNA) based method for schistosome detection in aquatic environments. Aquatic eDNA showed higher sensitivity than conventional snail surveys. We conclude that eDNA is a promising non-invasive and sensitive tool for environmental surveillance of schistosomiasis transmission. As the efforts and aims to control the disease are transitioning towards complete transmission interruption, this could be the robust and cost-effective surveillance tool needed in the “end game” of schistosomiasis.

Background and aims: One of the objectives of the ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V survey is to determine how well European guidelines on the management of dyslipidaemias are implemented in coronary patients. Methods: Standardized methods were used by trained technicians to collect information on 7824 patients from 130 centers in 27 countries, from the medical records and at a visit at least 6 months after hospitalization for a coronary event. All lipid measurements were performed in one central laboratory. Patients were divided into three groups: on high-intensity LDL-C-lowering-drug therapy (LLT), on low or moderate-intensity LLT and on no LLT. Results: At the time of the visit, almost half of the patients were on a high-intensity LLT. Between hospital discharge and the visit, LLT had been reduced in intensity or interrupted in 20.8% of the patients and had been started or increased in intensity in 11.7%. In those who had interrupted LLT or had reduced the intensity, intolerance to LLT and the advice of their physician were reported as the reason why in 15.8 and 36.8% of the cases, respectively. LDL-C control was better in those on a high-intensity LLT compared to those on low or moderate intensity LLT. LDL-C control was better in men than women and in patients with self-reported diabetes. Conclusions: The results of the EUROASPIRE V survey show that most coronary patients have a less than optimal management of LDL-C. More professional strategies are needed, aiming at lifestyle changes and LLT adapted to the need of the individual patient.

Bakgrund: Mängden äldre ökar i befolkningen. Av dessa är många äldre kvinnor på grund av deras högre genomsnittlig livslängd. Relationer förändras med en högre ålder och de sociala förutsättningar som finns. Sexuella revolutionen under 1900-talet har påverkat deras liv och möjligheter till fri sexualitet. Menopaus är en naturlig åldersrelaterad påverkan för biologiska kvinnor som innebär kroppsförändringar med symtom som påverkar sexualiteten. Välbefinnandet och hälsan påverkar sexualiteten. När livet förändras måste människan förändra sin livsvärld och anpassas till nya förutsättningar. Andra faktorer som religion, kultur, samhälle påverkar sexualiteten och hur kvinnan uttrycker den. Sjuksköterskan kan vägleda äldre kvinnor i sin sexualitet genom att vara professionella. Syfte: Att belysa äldre kvinnors upplevelse av sexualiteten och olika faktorer som påverkar den. Metod: Kvalitativ forskningsanalys av åtta artiklar. Resultat: De äldre kvinnorna från studierna var en grupp med stor mångfald, med flera unika berättelser och upplevelser. Ur denna mångfald har fyra kategorier kunnat urskiljas som belyser kvinnors sexualitet och de faktorer som påverkar den. Dessa kategorier var: Miljö, Självkänsla och självbild, Partner, Intimitet och Sexualitet. Slutsats: Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan beaktar sexualiteten för att kunna möta människan i hennes situation, när det kommer till ett svårt och känsligt ämne som sexualitet. Background: The amount of the elderly increasesin the population. Of these, many are older women because of their longer average life expectancy. Relationships change with a higher age and the social conditions that exist. The Sexual Revolution of the 20th century has affected their lives and opportunities for free sexuality. Menopause is a natural age-related impact for biological women, which involves bodily changes with symptoms that affect sexuality. When life changes, people must change and adapt to new conditions. Other factors such as religion, culture, society affect sexuality and how the woman expresses it. The nurse can guide older women in their sexuality by being professional. Purpose: To highlight older women's experiences of sexuality and various factors that affect it. Method: Qualitative research analysis of eight articles. Result: The older women from the studies were a group of great diversity, several unique stories and experiences. From this diversity, four categories have been distinguished which shed light on women's sexuality and the factors that affect it. These categories were: Environment, Self-esteem and Self-image, Partner, Intimacy and Sexuality. Conclusion: It is important that the nurse takes into account sexuality in order to be able to meet the woman in her situation, when it comes to a difficult and sensitive subject such as sexuality.

WOS: 000468732700018, PubMed ID: 31054483, Background and aims: One of the objectives of the ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V survey is to determine how well European guidelines on the management of dyslipidaemias are implemented in coronary patients. Methods: Standardized methods were used by trained technicians to collect information on 7824 patients from 130 centers in 27 countries, from the medical records and at a visit at least 6 months after hospitalization for a coronary event. All lipid measurements were performed in one central laboratory. Patients were divided into three groups: on high-intensity LDL-C-lowering-drug therapy (LLT), on low or moderate-intensity LLT and on no LLT. Results: At the time of the visit, almost half of the patients were on a high-intensity LLT. Between hospital discharge and the visit, LLT had been reduced in intensity or interrupted in 20.8% of the patients and had been started or increased in intensity in 11.7%. In those who had interrupted LLT or had reduced the intensity, intolerance to LLT and the advice of their physician were reported as the reason why in 15.8 and 36.8% of the cases, respectively. LDL-C control was better in those on a high-intensity LLT compared to those on low or moderate intensity LLT. LDL-C control was better in men than women and in patients with self-reported diabetes. Conclusions: The results of the EUROASPIRE V survey show that most coronary patients have a less than optimal management of LDL-C. More professional strategies are needed, aiming at lifestyle changes and LLT adapted to the need of the individual patient., ESC - EORP; AmgenAmgen; Eli LillyEli Lilly; PfizerPfizer; SanofiSanofi-Aventis; Ferrer; Novo NordiskNovo Nordisk, The EUROASPIRE V survey was carried out under the auspices of the ESC - EORP. Since the start of EORP, the following companies have supported the programme: Amgen, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Sanofi, Ferrer and Novo Nordisk. The sponsors of the EUROASPIRE surveys had no role in the design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, decision to publish, or writing the manuscript.

This paper presents a mapping review of status and trends in research of citizen science, crowdsourcing or community-driven research from 2013–2018. Understanding this field is central in relation to the current trend of developing games for citizen science. The focus of the review has been on identifying themes, trends and gaps in this knowledge collaboration field in general and in relation to learning and education in specific. 240 studies were identified through iterative searches and screening processes, and 15 themes were identified through grounded-theory inspired analysis: 1. Motivation; 2. Evaluation; 3. Education and learning; 4. Man-machine collaboration; 5. Participant experience; 6. Impact on research; 7. CS technologies; 8. Big data; 9. System or project design; 10. Social media; 11. Participant development of research; 12. Behaviour; 13. Ethics; 14; Cross-disciplinary partnerships; 15. Organizational change. Because our focus was on learning, we defined themes with a focus on traditional educational activity and new forms of learning in the field. The review both reveals central discussions on the potentials of technology in citizen science learning and application of new types of technologies. Results related to citizen science learning showed that value is added in to knowledge generation by the collective process of a crowd with multiple competences. This is specifically through two types of processes: social learning, and learning from experience. These results point to that it is central to focus on defining various groups of participant skills when designing citizen science systems and determining what processes users are able to participate in and what additional training or education are needed for participants to contribute to more sophisticated processes. The review also reveals that technologies will play an increasingly greater role in crowd sourcing in both research and business. There are central discussions on whether the active input and participation of users will be transformed to more passive inputs with involvement of passive sources of data generated by existing and new types of sensor technologies, bots, artificial intelligence and other types of technology. In the context of this review, the IOT development of what is called ‘the next generation of CrS’ also raises a number of questions in relation to learning. With a focus on types of participation in learning and educational processes the ‘active’ versus ‘passive’ input becomes a challenge that must be addressed. The results presented in this paper are central as a background study in relation to technology involving communities such as the current trend of developing citizen science games. This paper presents a mapping review of statuses and trends in citizen science, crowdsourcing and community-driven research from 2013-2018. Understanding these fields is central in relation to the current trend of developing games for citizen science. The review focuses on identifying general themes, trends and gaps regarding knowledge collaboration and specific themes, trends and gaps regarding learning and education. This mapping is central in understanding and developing Citizen Science games, where gamers in science or other professions can collaborate. Two hundred and forty studies were identified through iterative searches and screening processes, and 11 themes were identified through grounded theory-inspired analysis. These themes are: 1. motivation, 2. evaluation, 3. education and learning, 4. man-machine collaboration, 5. participant experience, 6. impact on research, 7. CS technologies, 8. big data, 9. system or project design, 10. social media, and 11. participant development of research. Because our focus was on learning, we defined themes with a focus on traditional educational activity and new forms of learning in the field. The review reveals central discussions on both the potential of technology in citizen science learning and the application of new types of technology. Results related to citizen science learning showed that value is added into knowledge generation by the collective process of a crowd with multiple competences. Specifically, this occurs through two types of processes: social learning and learning from experience. These results indicate that it is important to focus on defining various groups of participant skills when designing citizen science systems, determining what processes users are able to participate in and what additional training or education is needed for participants to contribute to more sophisticated processes. The review also reveals that technology will play an increasing role in crowd sourcing in both research and business. There are central discussions on whether the active input and participation of users will be transformed to more passive input with the involvement of passive sources of data generated by existing and new types of sensor technologies, bots, artificial intelligence and other types of technology. In the context of this review, the IoT development of 'the next generation of crowdsourcing' also raises a number of questions in relation to learning. With a focus on types of participation in learning and educational processes, 'active' versus 'passive' input becomes a challenge that must be addressed. The results presented in this paper are central as a background study regarding the involvement of technology in communities, such as the current trend of developing citizen science games.

Schistosomiasis is a water-based, infectious disease with high morbidity and significant economic burdens affecting >250 million people globally. Disease control has, with notable success, for decades focused on drug treatment of infected human populations, but a recent paradigm shift now entails moving from control to elimination. To achieve this ambitious goal, more sensitive diagnostic tools are needed to monitor progress toward transmission interruption in the environment, especially in low-intensity infection areas. We report on the development of an environmental DNA (eDNA)-based tool to efficiently detect DNA traces of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni directly in the aquatic environment, where the nonhuman part of the parasite life cycle occurs. This is a report of the successful detection of S. mansoni in freshwater samples by using aquatic eDNA. True eDNA was detected in as few as 10 cercariae per liter of water in laboratory experiments. The field applicability of the method was tested at known transmission sites in Kenya, where comparison of schistosome detection by conventional snail surveys (snail collection and cercariae shedding) with eDNA (water samples) showed 71% agreement between the methods. The eDNA method furthermore detected schistosome presence at two additional sites where snail shedding failed, demonstrating a higher sensitivity of eDNA sampling. We conclude that eDNA provides a promising tool to substantially improve the environmental surveillance of S. mansoni. Given the proper method and guideline development, eDNA could become an essential future component of the schistosomiasis control tool box needed to achieve the goal of elimination.

Den tradisjonelle seterdrifta har lenge vært i tilbakegang, men seterlandskapet er høyt verdsatt som fritidsområde. Konsekvenser av bruksendringen er beitelandskap som gror igjen, seterbygninger som endres eller forfaller, utvidet veinett og nye bygningsmiljøer.

Stua, eller selet, er budeias bolig. Her foregikk også produksjon og lagring av melkeprodukter. Der setringen har opphørt brukes gjerne selet videre som fritidsbolig, men mange sel er fjernet og erstattet av hytter.

I denna studien har 97 företag på Stockholmsbörsens Large Cap undersökts för de finansiella åren 2016 och 2017. Syftet med studien har varit att förklara sambandet mellan nedskrivning av goodwill och börsvärde för företag på den svenska aktiemarknaden samt att analysera och jämföra studiens resultat med tidigare forskning som utförts på utländska marknader. Det innebär att goodwillnedskrivningens värderelevans har undersökts för att se om företagens börsvärde påverkas när nedskrivning av goodwill görs samt om informationen påverkar investerarens beslut. För att undersöka det har vi utgått från en modell som har tillämpats av andra forskare. Modellen innefattar variablerna börsvärde, eget kapital, resultat före skatt, redovisad goodwill och nedskrivning av goodwill; och information om dessa har inhämtats från företagens årsredovisningar. Undersökningen gjordes med hjälp av en multipel regressionsanalys. Det positiva sambandet mellan börsvärde och eget kapital och resultat före skatt som resultatet påvisade innebar att vi kunde anta att aktiemarknaden i stort är värderelevant. För att undersöka goodwillnedskrivningarnas värderelevans krävdes det att redovisad goodwill var en värderelevant variabel vilket resultatet visade. Ett positivt samband kunde påvisas mellan nedskrivning av goodwill och börsvärde, vilket indikerar att det inte är värderelevant. Detta tyder på att dessa nedskrivningar inte ger investerare någon tillförlitlig information i investeringsbeslut. In this study 97 companies from Nasdaq Stockholm´s Large Cap has been examined for the financial years 2016 and 2017. The purpose of the study has been to explain the correlation between goodwill impairment loss and market value for companies on the Swedish market and to analyze and compare the study´s results with previous research that has been found on foreign markets. This means that the value relevance of goodwill impairments has been examined to see if the companies´ market value is affected when goodwill impairment loss is made and if the information affects the investors decision. A model previously used by other researchers has been applied to examine this. The model includes the variables market value, book value, pre-tax profit, carrying value of goodwill and goodwill impairment loss; and information about these has been collected from the companies’ annual reports. The study was done using a multiple regression analysis. The positive correlation between market value and the variables of book value and pre-tax profit means that we could assume that the stock market is value relevant. In order to investigate the value relevance of goodwill impairment loss it was required that reported goodwill was a value relevant variable, which the result showed. A positive correlation could be demonstrated between impairment of goodwill and market capitalization, which indicates that it is not value relevant. This indicates that these impairment losses do not give investors any reliable information in investment decisions.

The exact impact of climate change on schistosomiasis, a disease caused by a blood fluke that affects more than 250 million people mainly in tropical and subtropical countries, is currently unknown, but likely to vary with the snail-parasite species' specific ecologies and the spatio-temporal scale of investigation. Here, by means of a systematic review to identify studies reporting on impacts of climate change on the agents of schistosomiasis, we provide an updated synthesis of the current knowledge about the climate change-schistosomiasis relation. We found that, despite a recent increase in scientific studies that discuss the potential impact of climate change on schistosomiasis, only a handful of reports have applied modelling and predictive forecasting that provide a quantitative estimate of potential outcomes. The volume and type of evidence associated with climate change responses were found to be variable across geographical regions and snail-parasite taxonomic groups. Indeed, the strongest evidence stems from the People's Republic of China pertaining to Schistosoma japonicum. Some evidence is also available from eastern Africa, mainly for Schistosoma mansoni. While studies focused on the northern and southern range margins for schistosomiasis indicate an increase in transmission range as the most likely outcome, there was less agreement about the direction of outcomes from the central and eastern parts of Africa. The current lack of consensus suggests that climate change is more likely to shift than to expand the geographic ranges of schistosomiasis. A comparison between the current geographical distributions and the thermo-physiological limitations of the two main African schistosome species (Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni) offered additional insights, and showed that both species already exist near their thermo-physiological niche boundaries. The African species both stand to move considerably out of their "thermal comfort zone" in a future, warmer Africa, but S. haematobium in particular is likely to experience less favourable climatic temperatures. The consequences for schistosomiasis transmission will, to a large extent, depend on the parasites and snails ability to adapt or move. Based on the identified geographical trends and knowledge gaps about the climate change-schistosomiasis relation, we propose to align efforts to close the current knowledge gaps and focus on areas considered to be the most vulnerable to climate change.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the implementation of the Safewards model reduces the frequency of coercive measures in adult psychiatric inpatient units. Data on all coercive measures performed in psychiatric hospitals in the Region of Southern Denmark 1/1/2012-31/3/2017 were collected retrospectively through The Register of Coercive Measures in Psychiatric Treatment. Interrupted time series analysis by segmented regressions with poisson models were performed on overall coercive measures (n = 12,660), mechanical restraint (n = 2948) and forced sedation (n = 4373). A 2% (95% CI: 1%-4%, p 0.001) decrease per quarter in the frequency of coercive measures and an 11% (95% CI: 8%-13%, p 0.001) decrease per quarter in the frequency of forced sedation were found after the implementation of the Safewards model. In conclusion, the implementation of the Safewards model in adult psychiatric inpatient units was associated with a decrease in forced sedation and potentially the overall use of coercive measures.

Objective Conflicting evidence exists regarding the suppressive capacity of Treg cells in the peripheral blood (PB) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to determine whether Treg cells are intrinsically defective in RA. Methods Using a range of assays on PB samples from patients with chronic RA and healthy controls, CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127low Treg cells from the CD45RO+ or CD45RA+ T cell compartments were analyzed for phenotype, cytokine expression (ex vivo and after in vitro stimulation), suppression of Teff cell proliferation and cytokine production, suppression of monocyte-derived cytokine/chemokine production, and gene expression profiles. Results No differences between RA patients and healthy controls were observed with regard to the frequency of Treg cells, ex vivo phenotype (CD4, CD25, CD127, CD39, or CD161), or proinflammatory cytokine profile (interleukin-17 [IL-17], interferon-γ [IFNγ], or tumor necrosis factor [TNF]). FoxP3 expression was slightly increased in Treg cells from RA patients. The ability of Treg cells to suppress the proliferation of T cells or the production of cytokines (IFNγ or TNF) upon coculture with autologous CD45RO+ Teff cells and monocytes was not significantly different between RA patients and healthy controls. In PB samples from some RA patients, CD45RO+ Treg cells showed an impaired ability to suppress the production of certain cytokines/chemokines (IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-7, CCL3, or CCL4) by autologous lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes. However, this was not observed in all patients, and other cytokines/chemokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, or CCL5) were generally suppressed. Finally, gene expression profiling of CD45RA+ or CD45RO+ Treg cells from the PB revealed no statistically significant differences between RA patients and healthy controls. Conclusion Our findings indicate that there is no global defect in either CD45RO+ or CD45RA+ Treg cells in the PB of patients with chronic RA.

We present a systematic investigation of a novel series of star polymers consisting of arms made up from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate) (PNIPAAM-block-PAMPS) block copolymers. The polymers were synthesized as a 3-arm and 2-arm (i.e., a tetrablock copolymer) using a “core-first” method and a sequential atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) protocol. Using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AFFFF), Zetasizer, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), the phase behavior and nanostructure of the system in dilute solutions are studied in detail. While AFFFF equipped with a light scattering and refractive index detectors provides distribution of molecular weight and overall sizes in solution, we use SAXS combined with theoretical modeling to elucidate the inter- and intramolecular interactions of the star polymers. In particular, by employing a detailed model for a star-diblock copolymer assuming Gaussian chain statistics, we extract the chain conformatio...

Background/Aims: Murine nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) is a well-established model resembling chronic kidney disease. Investigating gene expression patterns separately in the glomerular and cortical tubulointerstitial structure could provide new knowledge about structure-specific changes in expression of genes in the NTN model. Methods: Glomerular, cortical tubulointerstitial and whole kidney tissues from mice subjected to nephrotoxic serum (NTS) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were collected on day 7, 21 and 42 using laser microdissection (LMD). Total RNA was extracted and subjected to nCounter NanoString. Histology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and/or quantitative real time PCR (qRT PCR) were performed to confirm regulation of selected genes. Results: LMD provided detailed information about genes that were regulated differently between structures over time. Some of the fibrotic and inflammatory genes (Col1a1, Col3a1 and Ccl2) were upregulated in both structures, whereas other genes such as Spp1 and Grem1 were differentially regulated suggesting spatial pathogenic mechanisms in the kidney. Downregulation of cortical tubulointerstitium genes involved in iron metabolism was detected along with iron accumulation. Conclusion: This study demonstrates several regulated genes in pathways important for the pathogenesis of the NTN model and that LMD identifies structure-specific changes in gene expression during disease development. Furthermore, this study shows the benefits of isolating glomeruli and cortical tubulointerstitium in order to identify gene regulation.

Liver flukes are very successful group of parasites that can infect many different hosts including humans. They can be found in different forms and sizes, and found almost all of the world. In Denmark, two species are found. The well-known "common liver fluke" has existed in Denmark since the Vikings, but is increasing again recently. Not so known is "the lancet fluke", which is also fascinating as it can make the ants behave like zombies.