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This work aimed to evaluate the influence of different acceleration systems on the properties of elastomeric compositions employed on the tire sidewall by means of the use of a lignin extracted from Eucalyptus as a substitute for oligomerized 2,2,4-trimethyl-quinoline (TMQ), a chemical additive of the rubber industry. For this purpose, six formulations were prepared varying the stabilizer type, TMQ or lignin for each acceleration system. The characterization was performed through rheological and mechanical properties, before and after accelerated aging in an oven and ozone chamber. In general, compositions with TMQ or lignin did not show significant differences in the results; however, different behaviors were observed in the three acceleration systems studied. The crosslink density decreased as the conventional acceleration system changed to semi-efficient and efficient. After accelerated aging, the specimens prepared with the semi-efficient and efficient systems showed the best retention results of the tear and tensile strength properties. In the ozone environment, samples prepared with the conventional and efficient system showed cracks on the surface. Therefore, it can be concluded that the semi-efficient system presented the best performance and that lignin can be used as a stabilizing additive, as it does not prejudice the natural rubber elastomeric compounds properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present report focuses on a rapid and convenient method applicable in the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using goji berry (Lycium barbarum—LB) extracts rich in antioxidant compounds, as well as on the structural analysis and evaluation of the induced antioxidant protection and anti-inflammatory effects of the synthesized gold nanoparticles upon endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to hyperglycemia. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), whereas the presence of bioactive compounds from the L. barbarum fruit extract on the surface of the nanoparticles was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antioxidant activity of the biosynthesized gold nanoparticles was evaluated on the HUVEC cell line. The results reveal that AuNPs with a predominantly spherical shape and an average size of 30 nm were obtained. The UV-Vis spectrum showed a characteristic absorption band at λmax = 536 nm of AuNPs. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids and carotenoids acting as capping and stabilizing agents of AuNPs. Both the L. barbarum extract and AuNPs were well tolerated by HUVECs, increased the antioxidant defense and decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines induced via hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work outlines the successful synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) stabilized with gum shellac (GS) and their use as photocatalyst for the enhanced degradation of dyes. Se NPs were synthesized by a simple and cost effective chemical reduction method using selenious acid, GS and sodium borohydride. Gum shellac was used as stabilizing agent. The orange red gum shellac-selenium nanoparticles (GS–Se NPs) were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The morphology of these particles appeared to be uniform and spherical as observed in SEM images. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic profile showed the presence of elemental selenium, carbon and oxygen. The synthesized GS–Se NPs were investigated for their photo-catalytic efficiency towards degradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dye in aqueous media. Absorbance was measured at λmax 665 nm and 455 nm for MB and MO, respectively. Maximum degradation of MB in-comparison with MO obtained at 50 mg/L were 81.72 % and 71.42 % respectively. A very slow degradation rate was observed for the MO and MB in the absence of synthesized photocatalyst whereas greater percentage degradation was observed for the GS–Se NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using microencapsulation technology and the natural antimicrobial properties of aloe-emodin, the antimicrobial microcapsules were prepared by in situ polymerization using urea-formaldehyde resin as the wall material and aloe-emodin as the core material. The antimicrobial microcapsules were mixed into waterborne coatings to improve the antimicrobial ability of waterborne paint films against bacteria for better protection of substrates. The purpose of this study was to optimize the preparation process of aloe-emodin antibacterial microcapsules. With the variety and concentration of emulsifiers as the changing factors, three different emulsifiers, namely sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate SDBS, OP-10, and Tween-80, were selected to explore the effects of emulsifier type and microcapsule loading on the physicochemical and the antibacterial properties of waterborne paint films, and the morphology, chemical composition, antibacterial properties, optical properties, and roughness of the paint films were tested and analyzed. The results showed that all the emulsifiers with 3.0% concentration in the microencapsulation preparation were better than 1.0%. The performance of the microencapsulated varnish films prepared with the addition of the three emulsifiers had advantages and disadvantages, with the highest antibacterial rates of 77.1%, 55.4%, and 65.9% for Escherichia coli and 70.0%, 63.9%, and 60.7% for Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The antibacterial properties of the microencapsulated varnish film prepared by adding SDBS emulsifier were slightly above those of the other two groups. The three sets of paint films' color differences rose, the gloss reduced, the rate of light loss increased, the rate of light transmission fell, and the roughness increased with an increase in microencapsulated content. Aloe-emodin microcapsules enable the water-based coating to have antibacterial properties, expanding the application range of water-based coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Fitzpatrick et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18172 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18226 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Fitzpatrick et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18172 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18222 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Fitzpatrick et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18172 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18266 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] An efficient and green protocol for the A3 coupling reaction of aldehyde, amine and alkyne involves the use of copper nanoparticles and β-cyclodextrin in water. The copper nanoparticles are generated in situ by reduction with green and cheap sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (rongalite) while β-cyclodextrin serves as a stabilizing agent and a phase-transfer catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, pure and Fe-doped h-MoO3 microrods were successfully synthesized via the hydrothermal method using (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O and concentrated HNO3 as the raw materials. Various technologies, such as XRD, FESEM-EDS, TEM, and SAED pattern, were adopted to characterize the resulting products. The result showed that the optimum conditions for the controllable synthesis of pure h-MoO3 microrods were 150 °C, 16 h, and with a solid–liquid ratio of 1 : 2. Due to the similar ionic radius of Fe3+ and Mo6+, it was discovered that adding a small amount of Fe dopant (1–5 mass%) would not lead to an obvious change in the lattice parameters; however, the particle size of the as-synthesized Fe-doped h-MoO3 would be increased gradually. Also, the photocatalytic performances of the Fe-doped h-MoO3 increased first and then decreased with increasing the amount of Fe dopant. NH4+ and OH− existing in the system played crucial roles on the formation of h-MoO3 microrods, likely by acting as structure-directing and stabilizing agents for h-MoO3 crystalline. In addition, it was found that the transformation process from h-MoO3 microrods to α-MoO3 nanofibers obeyed the dissolution–recrystallization mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile one-pot approach to synthesize copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) using epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as a stabilizing agent for the first time is reported in this study. The prepared blue-emitting EGCG–Cu NCs were uniform in size and were quite stable. Significantly, the prepared EGCG–Cu NCs were first used to detect troxerutin (trihydroxyethylrutin). The EGCG–Cu NCs were efficiently and selectively quenched by troxerutin, as a result of the inner filter effect (IFE). The detection limit was 0.34 μM in the range of 1–200 μM. This novel troxerutin sensor was used successfully to detect troxerutin in real samples of troxerutin tablets and injections with satisfactory recoveries. Additionally, the fluorescence of EGCG–Cu NCs responded to the changes in temperature. The EGCG–Cu NCs showed a good linear relationship, reversibility, and reproducibility under heating and cooling treatments in a wide range from 5 to 80 °C, which may enable them to be employed as a smart nanothermometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the efficient and cost-effective synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts, which have versatile and non-toxic applications. The research objectives include synthesizing AgNPs from readily available plant extracts, optimizing their production and multi scale characterization, along with exploring their use for enzyme immobilization and mitigation of poultry feather waste. Among the plant extracts tested, the flower extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (HF) showed the most potential for AgNP synthesis. The synthesis of HF-mediated AgNPs was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) for efficient and environment friendly production. Additionally, the keratinase enzyme obtained from Bacillus sp. NCIM 5802 was covalently linked to AgNPs, forming a keratinase nanocomplex (KNC) whose biochemical properties were evaluated. The KNC demonstrated optimal activity at pH 10.0 and 60 °C and it displayed remarkable stability in the presence of various inhibitors, metal ions, surfactants, and detergents. Spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, UV–visible, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were employed to investigate the formation of biogenic HF-AgNPs and KNC, confirming the presence of capping and stabilizing agents. The morphological characteristics of the synthesized AgNPs and KNC were determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analysis. The study highlighted the antimicrobial, dye scavenging, and antioxidant properties of biogenic AgNPs and KNC, demonstrating their potential for various applications. Overall, this research showcases the effectiveness of plant extract-driven green synthesis of AgNPs and the successful development of keratinase-laden nanocomplexes, opening possibilities for their use in immobilizing industrial and commercial enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dihydromyricetin (DMY)/α-lactoalbumin (α-La) covalent complex was prepared and characterized, and its application in nano-emulsions was also evaluated in this study. The results suggested that the covalent complex could be obtained using the alkaline method. The UV and IR spectra confirmed the formation of the covalent complex, and the amount of DMY added was positively correlated with the total phenol content of the complex. The complex had an outstanding 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)-radical-scavenging ability, reducing power and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, which were positively related to its total phenol content. The complex could be used as an emulsifier to stabilize the β-carotene-loaded nano-emulsion. The stability and β-carotene-protective capacity of the nano-emulsion stabilized by the complex were also positively related to the total phenol content of the complex, being higher than those of the nano-emulsion developed using α-La. Our results provide a reference for the construction of a new food delivery system and extend the applications of α-La and DMY in foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matrine is an efficient, low-toxicity, and environmentally friendly botanical pesticide; however, it is mainly applied as a soluble concentrate (SL) with a limited utilization rate that is unsuitable for ultra-low-volume spraying and unmanned aerial vehicles. Therefore, a matrine formulation (such as an oil-based suspension concentrate, OD) is more effective. In this study, matrine ODs were prepared with three kinds of emulsifiers (VO/02N, VO/03, and VO/01). The storage stability, suspensibility, viscosity, surface tension, contact angle, droplet density, fraction of coverage, maximum retention, indoor control, effect of adhesion tension, and adhesion work of matrine ODs were studied. All three types of matrine ODs had favorable stability, and the wetting and spraying performance of the matrine ODs were more effective than those of the matrine SLs. Among the three types of matrine ODs, the viscosity, wettability, spray performance, and maximum retention of the suspension made with emulsifier VO/03 were superior to those of the other two emulsifiers, and they were more effective in controlling Spodoptera frugiperda. Increasing the solution concentration improved the spreading velocity of the droplets on the solid surface and the wettability. The matrine OD prepared from emulsifier VO/03 had the most effective wettability and spraying properties, and it can be used for ultra-low-volume spraying and aerial application. This study offers new insights into the efficient use of plant-based pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discharged slag not only occupies a large amount of land for disposal, but also causes serious environmental pollution. The use of alkali-activated slag (AAS) instead of cement as a soil-stabilization agent is beneficial for industrial waste disposal and energy conservation, which complies with the concept of green and low-carbon sustainable development in the construction industry. In this study, the compressive strength, water permeability coefficient, chloride migration coefficient and sulfate resistance of alkali-activated slag-stabilized soil (AASS) were evaluated, and compared with those of cement-stabilized soil (CSS). The hydrated crystalline phases and microscopic pore structures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests, respectively. The results indicate that, compared with CSS, AASS exhibits a higher compressive strength, lower water permeability, chloride migration coefficient and better resistance to sulfate attack, with the optimum dosage higher than 10 wt.%. The results of the MIP analysis show that the addition of AAS reduces the porosity by 6.47%. The combined use of soil and AAS proves to be a viable and sustainable method of waste utilization and carbon emission reduction in the construction industry, which provides a practical path towards carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) have many biomedical applications as both therapeutic agents and delivery systems. The bio-functionality and toxicity of Se NPs are defined by their size, morphology, and surface chemical composition, which are associated with the capping layer on the surface of NPs. Capping agents can modify the characteristics of NPs and make them appropriate candidates for biomedical use. They play a critical role in preventing over-growth and aggregation of NPs, which is one of the major obstacles in NPs preparation. Capping agents stabilize the NPs interface, where is in contact with the surrounding medium and are responsible for the physicochemical and biological properties of NPs. A wide range of compounds with different sources can be used as capping agents for Se NPs synthesis to improve their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Each capping agent has its unique characteristics leading to a particular NP formation. In this narrative review, different types of capping agents based on their sources and their effects on physicochemical and biological aspects of Se NPs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simplistic green synthesis route for the platinum nanoparticles has been successfully identified by using chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate (H2PtCl6.6H2O) as the metal precursor and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the reducing agent at room temperature. Chitosan was used in minute quantities as capping and stabilizing agent. The visual observation of a black coloured colloidal suspension, the characteristic XRD peaks and the absorption peak in the range of 200-300nm confirmed the production of Pt nanoparticles. The average crystallite size calculated using Debye-Scherrer equation is about 19 ± 2 nm and a less intense absorption peak was found at 246nm and 281nm. The FTIR spectroscopy was used to confirm the capping with chitosan molecules. Zeta-potential calculation gave a surface charge of -23.8mV, and this high negative value, then validated the stability of the nanoparticle. The synthesis of platinum nanoparticles is very significant for their catalytic activity and biomedical applications in industrial as well as healthcare sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ophthalmic drops for ocular delivery exhibit inadequate residence time, which often requires multiple daily dosing that may result in patient non-adherence. In this study, the development of a once-daily-dosed chitosan-coated metronidazole (MTZ)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for ocular delivery was undertaken. Melt emulsification and ultrasonication were used to manufacture MTZ-loaded SLN, which were subsequently coated with chitosan (CS) by mechanical stirring using a 0.1% w/v solution. Gelucire® 48/16 and Transcutol® HP were used as the solid lipid and synthetic solvent, respectively, with Tween® 20 included as a stabilizing agent. The critical quality attributes (CQA) of the optimized CS-coated SLN that was monitored included particle size, polydispersity index, Zeta potential, % entrapment efficiency, % MTZ loading, pH, and osmolarity. The optimized coated nanocarriers were evaluated using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and were determined to be stable, with particle sizes in the nanometre range. In vitro mucoadhesion, MTZ release and short-term stability, in addition to the determination of the shape of the optimized CS-coated SLN, were undertaken. The mucoadhesive properties of the optimized CS-coated MTZ-loaded SLN demonstrated increased ocular availability, which may allow dose reduction or longer intervals between doses by improving precorneal retention and ocular availability. Overall, our findings suggest that CS-coated MTZ-loaded SLNs have the potential for clinical application, to enhance ocular delivery through the release of MTZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents studies on the precipitation of Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ru nanoparticles (NPs) from model and real multicomponent solutions using sodium borohydride, ascorbic acid, sodium formate, and formic acid as reducing agents and polyvinylpyrrolidone as a stabilizing agent. As was expected, apart from PGMs, non-precious metals were coprecipitated. The influence of the addition of non-precious metal ions into the feed solution on the precipitation yield and catalytic properties of the obtained precipitates was studied. A strong reducing agent, NaBH4 precipitates Pt, Pd, Rh, Fe and Cu NPs in most cases with an efficiency greater than 80% from three- and four-component model solutions. The morphology of the PGMs nanoparticles was analyzed via SEM-EDS and TEM. The size of a single nanoparticle of each precipitated metal was not larger than 5 nm. The catalytic properties of the obtained nanomaterials were confirmed via the reaction of the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (NPh) to 4-aminophenol (NAf). Nanocatalysts containing Pt/Pd/Fe NPs obtained from a real solution (produced as a result of the leaching of spent automotive catalysts) showed high catalytic activity (86% NPh conversion after 30 min of reaction at pH 11 with 3 mg of the nanocatalyst). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel polymeric cationic asphalt emulsifiers modified respectively by polyoxyethylene ether [named as polyether-type cationic asphalt emulsifier (PEAE)] and polystyrene [named as polystyrene-type cationic asphalt emulsifier (PSAE)] via free radical polymerization were synthesized by using cumene hydrogen peroxide as the initiator and 3-mercaptopropionic acid as the chain transfer agent. The investigation was conducted on the effects of polyoxyethylene ether dosage, initiator dosage, monomer molar ratio, acid/amine ratio, emulsifier dosage, and pH value on the high- and low-temperature performance of emulsified asphalt and storage stability at room temperature. The molecular structures of emulsifiers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their surface activity and emulsifying performance were evaluated. The results demonstrate that the indexes of PEAE and PSAE satisfied the Chinese national standard regulations, and displayed excellent emulsifying capacity, low-temperature performance, and storage stability at room temperature. Both emulsifiers belong to slow cracking cationic asphalt emulsifiers. PEAE and PSAE can reduce the side effect of traditional small molecular cationic asphalt emulsifier on the low-temperature ductility of emulsified asphalt and improve the low-temperature performance of emulsified asphalt. PSAE was found to serve as an asphalt modifier and could improve the high-temperature performance of emulsified asphalt. The emulsified asphalt prepared using PEAE and PSAE shows promising applications in slurry seal coat construction and microsurface treatment. It is conducive to solving the problem that the traditional small molecular cationic asphalt emulsifier has large negative effect on the low-temperature performance of emulsified asphalt, which can open the window of the subsequent synthesis of polymeric cationic asphalt emulsifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are of great interest due to their antimicrobial properties, but their reactivity and toxicity pose a significant risk to aquatic ecosystems. In biological systems, AgNPs tend to aggregate and dissolve, so they are often stabilized by agents that affect their physicochemical properties. In this study, microalga Chlorella vulgaris was used as a model organism to evaluate the effects of AgNPs in aquatic habitats. Algae were exposed to AgNPs stabilized with citrate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) agents and to AgNO3 at concentrations that allowed 75% cell survival after 72 h. To investigate algal response, silver accumulation, ROS content, damage to biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and DNA), activity of antioxidant enzymes (APX, PPX, CAT, SOD), content of non-enzymatic antioxidants (proline and GSH), and changes in ultrastructure were analyzed. The results showed that all treatments induced oxidative stress and adversely affected algal cells. AgNO3 resulted in the fastest death of algae compared to both AgNPs, but the extent of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzymatic defense was similar to AgNP-citrate. Furthermore, AgNP-CTAB showed the least toxic effect and caused the least oxidative damage. These results highlight the importance of surface-stabilizing agents in determining the phytotoxicity of AgNPs and the underlying mechanisms affecting aquatic organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the chemical industry, 1,4-diethylene dioxide, commonly called dioxane, is widely used as a solvent as well as a stabilizing agent for chlorinated solvents. Due to its high miscibility, dioxane is a ubiquitous water contaminant. This study investigates the effectiveness of catalyst- and ultrasound (US)-assisted persulfate (PS) activation with regard to degrading dioxane. As a first step, a composite catalyst was prepared using zeolite. A sonochemical dispersion and reduction method was used to dope zeolite with iron nanoparticles (FeNP/Z). In the subsequent study, the reaction kinetics of dioxane degradation following the single-stage and two-stage addition of PS was examined in the presence of a catalyst. Using GC-MS analysis, intermediate compounds formed from dioxane degradation were identified, and plausible reaction pathways were described. Upon 120 min of sonication in the presence of a catalyst with a two-stage injection of PS, 95% 100 mg/L dioxane was degraded. Finally, the estimated cost of treatment is also reported in this study. Sonolytically activated PS combined with a FeNP/Z catalyst synergizes the remediation of biorefractory micropollutants such as dioxane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to explore the influence of proteins type and antioxidants on the physicochemical properties, in vitro digestion, and bioaccessibility of β‐carotene laden emulsions. The combination of rutin and whey protein isolate provides optimal bioaccessibility while also stabilizing the emulsion system and effectively preventing β‐carotene degradation. This is due to the amphiphilic rutin adsorbed into the interface of the emulsion stabilized by whey protein, resulting in partially replacing and further improving the physical and oxidative stability of the β‐carotene emulsion. Meanwhile, the rutin emulsions remain stable and carotene content is still higher (22.38–32.07%) than others even after digestion. Hence, these emulsions show great potential to be applied for delivering β‐carotene based on oil‐in‐water emulsions. This study provides valuable information to build up stable excipient emulsions for functional foods and nutraceuticals. Practical applications: β‐carotene is being exploited for a range of biomedical applications. Concentrate on the blend of antioxidants and proteins displaying various properties in β‐carotene O/W emulsions that can more likely convey β‐carotene to the body and better keep up with natural movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Anisotropic particles with a high aspect ratio led to favorable interfacial adhesion, thus enabling Pickering emulsion stabilization. Herein, we hypothesized that pearl necklace-shaped colloid particles would play a key role in stabilizing water-in-silicone oil (W/S) emulsions by taking advantage of their enhanced interfacial attachment energy. We fabricated hydrophobically modified silica nanolaces (SiNLs) by depositing silica onto bacterial cellulose nanofibril templates and subsequently grafting alkyl chains with tuned amounts and chain lengths onto the nanograins comprising the SiNLs. The SiNLs, of which nanograin has the same dimension and surface chemistry as the silica nanospheres (SiNSs), showed more favorable wettability than SiNSs at the W/S interface, which was supported by the approximately 50 times higher attachment energy theoretically calculated using the hit-and-miss Monte Carlo method. The SiNLs with longer alkyl chains from C6 to C18 more effectively assembled at the W/S interface to produce a fibrillary interfacial membrane with a 10 times higher interfacial modulus, preventing water droplets from coalescing and improving the sedimentation stability and bulk viscoelasticity. These results demonstrate that the SiNLs acted as a promising colloidal surfactant for W/S Pickering emulsion stabilization, thereby allowing the exploration of diverse pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe environmental problems caused by electrolytic manganese residue（EMR） have aroused extensive concern of scholars at home and abroad, and it is urgent to treat EMR harmlessly. Magnesium phosphate cement（MPC） was used as curing agent to stabilize EMR. The variation of compressive strength of MPC-EMR solidified body with different MPC content and different ages was studied; the curing efficiency of MPC for heavy metals and ammonia nitrogen in EMR was investigated; XRD,SEM and EDS were used to compare and analyze the phase composition and micro morphology of the cured body; at the same time, the internal mechanism of pollutants in MPC stabilized EMR was discussed. The results show that the compressive strength of the solidified body with 5%～15% MPC content is positively related to the MPC content, while the change rule of the compressive strength of the solidified body with 15%～60% MPC content is not obvious; at 15% MPC dosage, the compressive strength of the solidified body at 3,7,28 d and 56 d is 0.51,0.9,8.5,10.92 MPa respectively. The leaching concentrations of Mn2+ and NH+4-N in the raw slag are 1 220 mg/L and 140 mg/L respectively, which are 610 times and 9.3 times of the Class I discharge standard in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard（GB 8978--1996）. The curing efficiency of Mn2+ and NH+4-N in the 28 d curing body can be as high as 99.98% and 98.68% with the addition of 5% MPC.After MPC curing, the soluble Mn2+ in EMR is finally stabilized and solidified with insoluble compounds such as Mn（OH）2,Mn3（PO4）2·3H2O,and then further consolidated by adsorption of struvite gel or encapsulation of crystal structure network; NH+4-N is mainly solidified by struvite crystal（NH4MgPO4·6H2O）.Under alkaline environment, part of NH+4-N will be converted into NH3 and escape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foam mat drying is a widely used technique for liquid products because it has a number of advantages; however, for an efficient process, the choice of additives and temperatures is extremely important. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of additives and drying temperatures on the powders obtained from the blend of tropical red fruits, such as acerola, guava, and pitanga. The foam formulations were prepared by mixing the pulps of the three fruits in equal proportions (1:1:1), all added with 6% albumin and 1% stabilizing agent: E1, gum Arabic; E2, guar gum; E3, gelatin. The combinations were subjected to beating, and subsequently, they were dried in an oven with forced air circulation at four temperatures (50 to 80 °C), with a mat thickness of 0.5 cm. The obtained powders showed low levels of water and water activity and high levels of bioactive compounds, colors with a predominance of yellow, intermediate cohesiveness, poor fluidity, and solubility above 50%. The best temperature for obtaining the powders was 60 °C. The formulation that produced the best results for the production of the tropical red fruit blend powder was the combination of albumin and gelatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a simple green method was followed to prepare ZrO2/ZnO/AC nanocomposite with the aid of plant extract as a capping and stabilizing agent for the nanoparticles. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized with different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and nitrogen adsorption for surface area. The successful formation of ZrO2/ZnO and loading it on the surface of activated carbon (AC) was confirmed by XRD, UV-Vis, EDS, and SEM images. Different degradation tests were performed under different conditions including the mass of the catalyst, pH, the concentration of dye solution and H2O2 used, and the catalyst. Blank tests ensured the necessity of both catalyst and H2O2 for the degradation to start. ZrO2/ZnO/AC was the best compared to ZrO2/ZnO, and AC with a degradation of 68% compared to 3% and 36%, respectively. The performance of ZrO2/ZnO was almost negligible confirming the importance of combining nanoparticles with suitable support. Furthermore, the highest degradation efficiency using ZrO2/ZnO/AC was achieved at a pH of 2 with degradation of 80% compared to 67% at a pH of 10, since the surface will be positively charged leading to a higher reaching rate of MO anions to the surface. Also, the highest performance was achieved when 0.8% of H2O2 was used with degradation of 91%. Despite the lower degradation in this work compared to what has been reported in the literature, it is still very promising since it was achieved under a stagnant and dark environment, which makes it a promising candidate for treating huge bodies of wastewater stored in dark places or containers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lyocell dopes for cellulosic fiber manufacture, i.e., cellulose solutions in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide monohydrate, are commonly stabilized by propyl gallate, or alternatively by recently proposed gallic acid amide derivatives. In this study, the analysis of the stabilizer and its major degradation products, ellagic acid and ellagoquinone, is investigated. The stabilizer-derived compounds are readily extracted from the dopes with polar aprotic solvents without solvent or cellulose interference. This is followed by the derivatization of the OH groups with a phosphitylation agent and subsequent 31P NMR analysis—an approach frequently used to differentiate and quantify OH groups in lignins. The chemical shifts of the resulting phosphites are reported and structures of the stabilizer derivatives are discussed. The 31P NMR approach offers a straightforward way to analyze the stabilizer chemistry in the Lyocell process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyester pseudo-poly(amino acid)s due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility are promising materials for the development of dispersed systems for drug delivery. It is essential for drug delivery systems to reach the target site within a certain period before they are eliminated or degraded. Biodegradable materials should meet the following criteria: (1) possess surface-active properties; (2) be non-toxic; (3) form self-stabilized dispersions with the size of the dispersed phase in the range of 10–100 nm. Polyesters based on N-derivatives of dicarboxylic α-amino acids and hydrophilic PEG diols modified with phosphate group meet the requirements to the dispersed drug delivery systems. Obtained polyesters have a complex architecture consisting of hydrophilic fragments, which stabilize the system, and lipophilic fragments, which solubilize biologically active substances. The phosphate group introduced into the hydrophilic chain of polyoxyethylene glycol provides chemisorption of a number of biologically active substances due to the formation of ionic bonds between them. Synthesized polyesters form self-stabilized dispersed systems, which do not require additional stabilizing agents when used for medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the possible usage of beeswax oleogels instead of milk fat as a fat source in ice cream production and konjac gum as a stabilizer instead of salep. For this aim, 12 different ice cream samples were prepared using various fat and oil sources (milk fat and oleogel), stabilizers (salep and konjac gum), and emulsifiers (monoglyceride (MG), Palsgaard (PG), and no emulsifier/emulsifier-free (NE)). It was determined that the overrun ratio of ice cream samples containing milk fat was higher than that of samples containing oleogel, and the viscosity of the ice cream mix containing Palsgaard and oleogel was greater than that of the mix with other treatments (milk fat, MG, and NE). While the first dripping time of the samples with PG and konjac gum was longer compared to the samples without emulsifier (NE) or monoglyceride (MG), the complete melting times of the samples were close to each other. Whereas the dissolution rate of the samples with salep was higher than that of the samples with konjac gum, the fat destabilization ratios of the samples with oleogel and konjac gum were lower than those of the samples with milk fat and salep. The fat destabilization ratio of samples containing PG as an emulsifier was statistically higher (p < 0.01) than that of samples containing MG and NE. It was found that the unsaturated fatty acid (C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3) content of the samples containing oleogel was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that of the samples containing milk fat. However, butyric and caproic acids, which are aliphatic fatty acids, were found to be deficient in the samples to which oleogel was added instead of milk fat. As to the microscopic appearance, while water and oil particles were not homogeneously dispersed in the ice cream samples with oleogel, they were fully homogeneously dispersed in the milk fat-added ice cream samples. In addition, it was determined that panelists preferred the samples with added milk fat as fat source, salep, and PG as emulsifier. Among the samples with added oleogel as the oil source, they liked the sample added with oleogel as fat source, konjac gum, and no emulgator more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternatives to oils with high saturated fatty acid content are often liquid oils (high in unsaturated fatty acids) that have a modified structure created either through additives or processing. Emulsifiers are additives that can be used as structuring agents of liquid fats; this process results in products such as oleogels, which can broaden the applications of these oils. This study assessed and compared the effects of mono- and diglycerides at 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% w/w on the mechanical and thermal properties of high-oleic palm oil (HOPO) oleogels. HOPO was heated to 75 °C and mixed with mono- or diglycerides at those four concentrations. The thermomechanical properties of the melted oleogels were assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The melted oleogels were cooled to final temperatures of 5 °C, 10 °C and 15 °C under identical cooling rates, after which a puncture test (via a texture analyzer) was used to assess their textures. Finally, polarized light microscopy was used to assess the mechanical changes induced through emulsifier addition. The results showed that the use of mono- and diglycerides significantly modified the thermal and mechanical properties of the oleogels. The addition of saturated monoglycerides promoted a higher-temperature nucleation stage that did not previously occur in HOPO. The onset crystallization temperature increased with the addition of diglycerides, promoting crystallization at higher temperatures of the high-melting fraction of HOPO. The hardness of the oleogel generally increased with emulsifier addition and a reduction of the temperature. The effect of the temperature on the hardness was significantly greater in the diglyceride oleogel than in the monoglyceride oleogel. This study shows that the addition of mono- and diglycerides allows companies to customize their formulations to achieve desired results that may not previously have been possible, thereby facilitating novel uses for these oils within the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remediation of soil contaminated by heavy metals has long been a concern of academics. This is due to the fact that heavy metals discharged into the environment as a result of natural and anthropogenic activities may have detrimental consequences for human health, the ecological environment, the economy, and society. Metal stabilization has received considerable attention and has shown to be a promising soil remediation option among the several techniques for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. This review discusses various stabilizing materials, including inorganic materials like clay minerals, phosphorus-containing materials, calcium silicon materials, metals, and metal oxides, as well as organic materials like manure, municipal solid waste, and biochar, for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. Through diverse remediation processes such as adsorption, complexation, precipitation, and redox reactions, these additives efficiently limit the biological effectiveness of heavy metals in soils. It should also be emphasized that the effectiveness of metal stabilization is influenced by soil pH, organic matter content, amendment type and dosage, heavy metal species and contamination level, and plant variety. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the methods for evaluating the effectiveness of heavy metal stabilization based on soil physicochemical properties, heavy metal morphology, and bioactivity has also been provided. At the same time, it is critical to assess the stability and timeliness of the heavy metals' long-term remedial effect. Finally, the priority should be on developing novel, efficient, environmentally friendly, and economically feasible stabilizing agents, as well as establishing a systematic assessment method and criteria for analyzing their long-term effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil washing is a well-established remediation technology for treating soil contaminated with heavy metals. It involves the separation of contaminants from the soil using acidic washing agents. Nevertheless, the application of washing agents at high concentrations may lead to soil acidification and the destruction of the clay structure. To avert this problem, recently, a soil washing variant has been presented, which solely employs high-pressure water without any chemical solvents. However, the fine soil generated from soil washing at a high-pressure contains high levels of heavy metals and requires proper treatment. This study examines the use and applicability of natural aquaculture materials as stabilizing agents for treating heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) in fine soil generated by high-pressure soil washing. Three aquaculture materials were assessed, namely, cockle shells (CKS), scallop shells (SLS), and Asterias amurensis starfish (ASF). Each material was processed to yield three types of stabilizing agents: natural type (-#10 mesh), natural type (-#20 mesh), and calcined(C) type (-#10 mesh). Each stabilizing agent was added to the contaminated soil at a ratio of 0 to 10 wt%, and then, mixed with an appropriate amount of water. After wet curing for 28 days, the stabilization efficiency of Cu, Pb, and Zn was evaluated using 0.1 N HCl solution. The elution of heavy metals showed a decreasing trend with higher dosages of stabilizing agents. The calcined type (-#10) showed the highest stabilization efficiency, followed by the natural type (-#20) and natural type (-#10). In addition, a comparison of the efficiency of the different stabilizing agents showed that calcined ASF (CASF) had the highest stabilization efficiency, followed by calcined SLS (CSLS), calcined CKS (CCKS), natural ASF (NASF), natural SLS (NSLS), and natural CKS. Finally, analysis of samples exhibiting the highest stabilization efficiency by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDX) confirmed that the pozzolanic reaction contributed to the stabilization treatment. The results of this study demonstrate that heavy metal-contaminated fine soil, generated by high-pressure washing, can be remediated by stabilizing Cu, Pb, and Zn using waste aquaculture materials (CKS, SLS, and ASF), which are often illegally dumped into the sea or landfills and cause environmental damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The blending of surfactants might change the properties of alginate-based oil encapsulation preparations. Herein, the effects of Tween series (Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80) blending on the fish oil-encapsulated sodium alginate dispersions and calcium alginate capsules were studied. The results suggested Tween 80 showed better emulsifying properties than Span 80 for the alginate/surfactant emulsions. All the Tween series induced higher creaming stability than the sodium alginate-stabilized dispersion. Tween series blending did not change the sizes, decreased the water contents, and induced similar particle-like protrusions of calcium alginate capsules. Loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of fish oil were dependent on the hydrophilic heads and fatty acid moieties of the Tween series. Tween series blending could increase the fish oil oxidative stability of the capsules. In the in vitro digestion process, Tween with saturated fatty acid moieties increased the free fatty acid release percentages. This work provided potential innovative processing technologies for improving the biological potency of fish oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally amiable biogenic strategy for in‐situ one‐step synthesis of Pd‐NPs decorated on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and its synthetic utility for C−H activation of benzamides to access isoquinolones has been reported for the first time. The phytochemicals present in Gliricidia sepium leaves extract was found to be serve as a reducing agent to reduce Pd (II) to Pd (0) and subsequently acts as a stabilizing agent. The formation of Pd@CNTs was confirmed by P‐XRD, FE‐SEM, EDX and ICP‐OES analysis technique with active Pd content 42.82 % w/w. In addition, DFT study of phytochemicals found in Gliricidia sepium leaves extract were conducted. The catalytic activity was showcased for the cost‐effective, step and atom economic synthesis of isoquinolones via C−H and N−H bond activation without the aid of external ligands. A series of isoquinolone derivatives were synthesized in good to excellent yields under air as a sole oxidant. In addition, catalyst recyclability and mechanistic experiments were deliberated. The Pd@CNTs unveiled superior catalytic activity and high durability towards hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic media. The Pd@CNTs attains the current density of 10 mA/cm2 at an over potential of 127 mV with a small Tafel slope of 41 mV/dec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide variety of surfactants are available in the market with different Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values; therefore, one must choose suitable surfactants and their concentration to give maximum effect in the final product in an early stage of formulation development. The required HLB value of the oil phase was determined by experiments and the emulsifier selected of the same HLB value reduced the number of formulations with increased stability and minimum quantity of emulsifier. This study reviews the importance of the required HLB system and methods of determining it. Further, it also provides the surfactants application in the production of coconut oil emulsion with butter-like properties. The Griffin approach does the conventional way of determining the required HLB value of the oil phase. Various emulsions were prepared with emulsifier blends of Span and Tween, covering all the HLB range as per the final product and emulsion type, and observed regarding their separating/emulsifying properties with variable time or concentration. Interfacial Tension (IFT), Droplet Size, Zeta potential, centrifugal separation measurements of the emulsion prepared with food-grade emulsifiers like Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), Distilled Monoglycerides (DMG), and Lecithin, was carried out to identify the best suitable emulsifier and its concentration which gives better emulsion stability. The coconut and sunflower oil blend (70:30, w/w) shows, the required HLB value is 3.7 when it emulsified with 60% of water and found that PGPR + DMG blend gives maximum emulsion stability at 3% of emulsifier concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Camellia Sinensis leaf aqueous extract as a friendly reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized via the green process. The plausible mechanism for the ZnO NPs formation is proposed as the chelation of Zn, or metal complexation, under the thermally assisted energy from the annealing process. An inclusive study on the effect of the annealing process on the ZnO NPs is conducted from room temperature to 850 °C. The structural, morphological, thermal, and optical characteristics and their intercorrelation with annealing temperature are thoroughly studied. In particular, the change of crystalline texture coefficient contributed to the systematic perspective of the shape changes of the ZnO NPs. The (002)-oriented growth becomes preferred at 400–700 °C, corresponding to the increase of conical-shaped NPs from 150 to 250 nm in average size. With further temperature, the preferred growth transfers from (002) to (100) orientations, and polygonal spherical-shaped NPs can be obtained. Photoluminescence spectra reveal that singly and doubly ionized oxygen vacancies are the most dominant in the NPs. With the optimized green materials, implementing an eco-friendly memristor based on ZnO NPs found promising for electronic devices. The green synthesis of ZnO NPs using Camellia Sinensis leaf extract. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, cellulose-based nanocomposite films having trimetallic (Bi, Fe, and Sn) nanoparticles were prepared by green adaptive methodology using Terminalia arjuna leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Then, they were characterized by FTIR and SEM. The color change of microcrystalline cellulose films revealed the formation of the trimetallic (Bi, Fe, Sn) nanoparticles. Characteristics absorption peaks for reducing functional groups indicated the presence and role of the plant material used; moreover, the presence of various bands in FTIR spectra below 1000 cm−1 was indicative of the formation of (Bi, Fe, and Sn) nanocomposites. These synthesized nanomaterials were also tested for their antimicrobial potency against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Positive outcomes designated their potential to be adopted for biomedical applications and in food packaging as an alternative of synthetic plastics to control pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing an emulsifier, xylanase or a combination of both on the growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, microflora activity and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens fed triticale-based diets. A total of 480 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: control (CON), control with an added emulsifier (EMU), control with added xylanase (ENZ) and control with emulsifier and xylanase (EMU+ENZ). Xylanase supplemented groups had diminished feed intake (FI) and enhanced body weight gain (BWG) only within the starter period (p ≤ 0.05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the ENZ and ENZ+EMU groups was lower than CON during the whole experiment period. There was significant ENZ and EMU interaction in apparent metabolisable energy corrected to N equilibrium (AMEN) as well as NDF and DM retention. The viscosity of ileum digesta was the lowest in groups with enzyme addition. Interactions show that caecal galactosidase-α activity was higher in the CON group compared to EMU supplementation, but similar to ENZ and EMU+ENZ (p < 0.05). Activity of glucosidase-α was higher in the CON group related to inclusion of EMU or ENZ alone (p < 0.05) but did not differ from the combined supplementation of EMU+ENZ, whereas the glucosidase-β activity was higher in the CON group compared to all supplemented diets (p < 0.05). Caecal C2 concentration was greater in the CON group than supplemented diets (p < 0.05). The expression of FATP1, PEPT1 and SGLT1 in the ileum was downregulated after emulsifier addition (p ≤ 0.05). The addition of emulsifier and xylanase indicates a mutual effect on broiler chickens' performance and nutrient digestibility in triticale diets with palm oil during the first nutritional period. Additionally, concomitantly additives usage influenced intestinal microbiome activity, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present models for convection in a mixture of viscous fluids when the layer is heated from below and simultaneously the pointwise volume concentration of one of the fluids is heavier below. This configuration produces a problem of competitive double diffusion since heating from below promotes instability, but the greater density of fluid below is stabilizing. The fluids are of linear viscous type which may contain Kelvin–Voigt terms, but density gradients due to the mixture appear strongly in the governing equations. The density gradients give rise to Korteweg stresses, but may also be described by theory due to Kazhikhov and Smagulov. The systems of equations which appear are thus highly nonlinear. The instability surface threshold is calculated and this is found to have a complex nonlinear shape, very different from the linear ones found in classical thermohaline convection in a Navier–Stokes fluid. It is shown that the Kazhikhov–Smagulov terms, Korteweg terms and Kelvin–Voigt term play a key role in acting as stabilizing agents but the associated effect is very nonlinear. Quantitative values of the instability surface are displayed showing the effect Korteweg terms, Kazhikhov–Smagulov terms, and the Kelvin Voigt term have. The nonlinear stability problem is addressed by means of a generalized energy theory deriving different results depending on which underlying theory is employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fireworks are composed of flammable and explosive materials, and during manufacture, transportation, and related processes, these materials are susceptible to static electricity, impact, friction, and explosion degradation, causing fire- and explosion-related accidents. Sorbitan monooleate (SPAN-80) is a widely used emulsifier in emulsion explosives. This study used differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis to characterise the propellant reaction kinetics in fireworks to explore the safety effects of emulsifiers on propellants. Additionally, the intensity of the thermal decomposition reaction of the propellant after the addition of the emulsifier was compared. Simulation models were used to simulate the thermal hazards of propellants and emulsified propellants. The results reveal that the emulsifier affected the decomposition process of the propellant, and the presence of the emulsifier reduced the sensitivity of the propellant. This paper also outlines the thermal hazard parameters of fireworks by using a thermokinetic model, which can serve as a reference for related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has attracted many researchers due to their physical, chemical, optical, and biological properties, embracing a range of activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. The purpose of this work is to synthesize and characterize AgNPs using Argyreia nervosa (AN) plant leaf extract, as well as to test their antimicrobial applications. In this work, silver nitrate (AgNO3) at 0.1 mM concentration and stable AgNPs were synthesized and observed by monitoring the color change of the solution from light yellow to brown. The UV–Vis spectrum shows a peak at 445 nm, confirming the formation of AN-AgNPs and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results confirm the presence of chemical groups which act as reducing agents stabilizing the AN-AgNPs and antimicrobial capping agents enhancing antimicrobial properties of AN-AgNPs. The crystalline behavior of these AN-AgNPs is confirmed through X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD) peaks. The morphology of AN-AgNPs and their sizes were studied (sizes range from 10 to 40 nm) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The disk diffusion assay shows the antimicrobial activity over Escherichia coli pathogenic microorganisms of clinical interest. The obtained results confirm a more significant antimicrobial effect of the biogenic AN-AgNPs maintaining low cytotoxicity. This work presents a potential way to produce non-toxic biogenic AgNPs with enhanced antibacterial activity, which can meet the increasing global demand for biogenic AgNPs as an alternative to antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the mechanical, antibacterial, and non-cytotoxic performance of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) nanocomposites was evaluated when silanized TiO2 (sTiO2) nanoparticles deposited with AgNPs were used as filler. The synthesis and deposition on sTiO2 were carried out using the quercetin biomolecule as reducing and stabilizing agents, as green approach. One-step and two-step methods were compared, and two qualities of quercetin were used: reactive grade (99% purity) and dietary supplement (20% purity). Both methods were characterized by UV, TEM, EDX, XRD, and Z potential. For nanocomposites, iPP was prepared with sTiO2-AgNPs at two ratios, 0.5 and 1% w/w, to evaluate whether the nanoparticles can confer antimicrobial activity and improve their mechanical properties. The antibacterial activity was studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the mechanical properties were evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis. The best nanomaterial was prepared by the one-step method using quercetin dietary supplement, with the highest silver content (7.0%) and the most significant antibacterial activity, with an improvement of 40%. As for the nanocomposites, those prepared at 0.05% w/w with the one-step method presented the best dynamic mechanical properties, because the fillers were well dispersed and significantly improved the integration and stress dissipation, thus enhancing the antimicrobial capacity. Finally, cytotoxic activity evaluation found that nanocomposites of iPP with sTiO2-AgNPs are non-toxic, unlike single AgNPs. These findings open the possibility of using these nanocomposites with high antimicrobial power and without cytotoxic effects at industrial and commercial level in medicine, food, environment, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catechol is demonstrated as a versatile reducing agent/stabilizing agent for the facile and one pot synthesis of monometallic (Au, Se and Pd) and bimetallic nanoparticles in alkaline condition (pH = 11) based on the redox chemistry of catechol. Catechol-derived PdNPs and SeNPs exhibit laccase and peroxidase like activity, respectively. Catechol derived gold nanoparticles serving as an excellent support for enzyme immobilization with recyclable properties are also reported here. As a test model protienase k immobilized on gold nanoparticles exhibits significant biocatalytic activities without compromising the enzyme activity. In summary. this work offers a versatile reducing agent for nanoparticle synthesis and demonstrates new generation of artificial enzymes. Catechol is explored toward the synthesis of monometallic (Au, Pd, Se) and their corresponding bimetallic nanoparticles and they are found to behave like artificial enzymes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution presents a novel method for simple and rapid colorimetric detection of Hg(II) and Fe(II) ions in real samples using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs were green-synthesized in aqueous solution using γ-irradiated chitosan as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The γ-chitosan stabilized AgNPs were found to be spherical with a diameter of 11.39 ± 2.23 nm. The AgNPs are highly selective for Hg(II) and Fe(II) ions, and when Hg(II) is present in solution, the yellowish AgNPs solution is turned to light yellow, while in the presence of Fe(II) the color of the AgNPs solution is changed to dark brown. The change of solution color is proposed via (i) The reoxidation of Ag(0) in AgNPs to Ag(I) for the Hg(II) detection and (ii) The aggregation of AgNPs in solution for the Fe(II) detection. Under optimal conditions, the method exhibits good linearity from 0.5 to 5.0 ppm (r2 = 0.9965) for Hg(II) and from 0.05 to 10.0 ppm (r2 = 0.9994) for Fe(II). The limit of detections (LODs) for Hg(II) and Fe(II) analyses are 0.22 and 0.18 ppm, respectively. Tap waters spiked with both ions show excellent percentage recoveries (93.48–99.53%) with good precision (%RSD < 5%). The developed method was for the first time successfully applied to the assessment of Fe(II) contents in pharmaceutical products, and has potential to be developed as an effective detection kit for assessing Hg(II) and Fe(II) ions in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low bioavailability of iron in the presence of polyphenols can lead to its low uptake by the body resulting in iron-deficiency anaemia. Curcuminoids are polyphenols that possess anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties and if their iron chelation can be controlled, double fortification of foods with iron can overcome the problem of iron deficiency anaemia, while enhancing other healthy properties of foods. This study explored the co-delivery of ferric sodium EDTA or ferrous sulphate together with curcumin through double emulsions stabilized by protein-poly/oligosaccharide complexes as hydrophilic and PGPR as the lipophilic emulsifiers. The formed sodium caseinate (NaCas)-sodium alginate (NaAlg) and NaCas-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) complexes increased the stability of the emulsion interface and resulted in high bioaccessibility of both ferric iron (~ 86–92%) and curcumin (~ 76–86%) due to the presence of EDTA in the iron complex' molecular structure. The lower stability of emulsions stabilized with NaCas-ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD) was increased and the low intestinal bioaccessibility of curcumin (~ 33%) was enhanced to 69.5% when curcumin was incorporated inside ßCD cavity, positioned in the biopolymeric shell with the addition of NaAlg and formation of NaCas-NaAlg-ßCD-curcumin-inclusion complex (IC). Compared with ferric iron, low bioaccessibilities (~ 30%) were obtained for ferrous sulphate as iron was partially chelated with curcumin. For co-delivery of ferric sodium EDTA and curcumin, the emulsions stabilized by NaCas-NaAlg, NaCas-NaCMC, and NaCas-NaAlg-ßCD-curcumin-IC were stable during storage with negligible droplet coalescence, which suggests that co-fortification can be a valuable tool in improving the nutrition of iron deficient populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]