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The identity of Metochus abbreviatus Scott, 1874 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhyparochromidae: Rhyparochrominae: Rhyparochromini) is clarified based on reexamination of the lectotype. The subjective synonymy of Dieuches kreyenbergi Breddin, 1906 with M. abbreviatus is confirmed. The following new subjective synonymies are proposed: Rhyparochromus erosus Walker, 1872 = Metochus abbreviatus Scott, 1874, syn. nov. = Metochus holsti Distant, 1918, syn. nov. Bibliographies of the names are provided and it is demonstrated that the name M. abbreviatus is in prevailing usage. Reversion to the senior name Rh. erosus is considered to be undesirable, therefore an application has simultaneously been submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to give the specific name abbreviatus precedence over the specific name erosus. The diagnostic characters, bionomics and distribution of the species are briefly reviewed.

A reassessment was made for the status of the poorly known Vietnamese gecko, Gekko palmatus Boulenger 1907, by comparing the holotype and additional specimens of the species with those of the closely resembling G. chinensis Gray 1842 from southeastern China. As a result, it was revealed that the two species differ from each other in several characters such as the size of internasal in relation to supernasal, and snout-vent length (SVL). On the other hand, the holotype and paratype of G. similignum Smith 1923, a species described from Hainan Island but subsequently synonymised to G. chinensis, showed several characteristics such as the greater scale row count at midbody and smaller SVL when compared with G. chinensis. The types also differed from G. palmatus in having internasal as large as or larger than supranasal. smaller SVL and fewer preanal pores. Therefore, the specific name G. similignum was resurrected as valid.

The Galah ( Eolophus roseicapilla ) is a pink-and-grey cockatoo, widespread in and endemic to Australia, and now familiar as a cage bird world-wide. It has three currently recognised subspecies: roseicapilla Vieillot, 1817 in the Australian west, kuhli Mathews, 1912 in the far north, and albiceps Schodde, 1989 in the east (Schodde 1997; Higgins 1999; Dickinson & Remsen 2013; del Hoyo & Collar 2014; Engelhard et al . 2015). The northern subspecies, kuhli , is not involved in the issue of type identity of roseicapilla , and so is not considered further here. First to distinguish east and west subspecies was G.M. Mathews (1912). Without explanation then or later, Mathews arbitrarily applied the senior specific name, Cacatua roseicapilla Vieillot, 1817 and its two objective synonyms based on the same type— eos Kuhl, 1820 and rosea Vieillot, 1822—to the eastern subspecies, and introduced the new name assimilis for the then supposedly undescribed western form. Mathews’ lead was followed unquestioningly until the late 1980s when Schodde (1989) and Rowley (1990: 3) concluded that the type of Vieillot’s roseicapilla was of the western subspecies, collected by the Baudin expedition in the region of Shark Bay on the mid-western Australian coast. Rowley ( l.c .), but not Schodde ( l.c .) contrary to Rowley’s reference, went further to claim that it had been taken by Francois Peron in 1803, presumably on the brief return visit of Baudin in Le Geographe to Shark Bay en route to France. This left the eastern subspecies un-named, which Schodde ( l.c .) accordingly described as albiceps .

The paper discusses the use of names that are used to refer to Helsinki, the capital of Finland. Three research questions are studied: Firstly, which name variants do the Helsinkians claim they use about their own home city? Secondly, how do they rationalize and explain their name use or non-use? And thirdly, in what ways do the self reported use and the spontaneous use of name variants differ from each other? The explanations for the use or non-use of specific name variants are often attached to the speaker's identity.

Fish species have local names, but all formally described species have a scientific or Latin name that is used by the international scientific community. All described species have a single valid scientific name. The binomial, scientific name, as first proposed by Linnaeus, is composed of two parts, the first of these is the genus, as in Homo, and the second is the species, as in sapiens. The redeye piranha or piren (S) is Serrasalmus rhombeus. The generic name Serrasalmus pertains to a group of closely related species that share a number of common features. The specific name rhombeus applies to a single entity that is distinguished from its relatives by a unique combination of characters. This chapter summarizes the classification of the redeye piranha. Internal structures, particularly those pertaining to skeletal elements, are often indicative of relationships at levels of higher classification (family, order, and class).Keywords:fish species; generic name; internal structures; scientific name; skeletal elements

Calliopsis rigormortis Dumesh & Packer, new species is described from high altitude in Maule Province in central Chile. It appears to be an Adesmia (Fabaceae) specialist and its specific name refers to its death posture which is similar to that found in other small bees that visit the same genus of plant. A key to the Chilean species of the genus is provided.

Standards of identity are a mandatory set of requirements related to the nature, composition, and essential characteristics (e.g., manufacturing, appearance) of a food that must be met in order to be marketed under a specific name.

The status of the specific name of the Southern sea lion is controversial; currently two names are in use: Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800) and Otaria byronia (de Blainville, 1820). The former was based on a two-foot-long yellowish otariid collected in the Strait of Magellan and the latter on a skull stated to have been collected on the Tinian Island (Marianas Archipelago); unfortunately both holotypes are lost. Otaria flavescens has date priority over Otaria byronia, but its identification was uncertain. This paper focuses on analyzing the main features of Shaw's holotype (body length, ear size, and hair color), which fit with the features of a Southern sea lion pup. As this was a tangible specimen from a valid locality and has priority over other available epithets, the specific name of the Southern sea lion should be Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800).

The Andean Swallow is a relatively little-known species inhabiting the Puna zone (3,100-4,600 m) of the Andes of Peru, northern Chile, and Bolivia, and possibly northwestern Argentina (FjeldsA and Krabbe 1990). It was described by Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny in 1837 from a Bolivian specimen in the Paris Museum and, like most swallow species, was originally placed in the all-encompassing Linnaean swallow genus Hirundo, with the specific name andecola. It is a mediumsized swallow (mass 14-19 g; Turner and Rose 1989), weakly iridescent bluish or greenish above, and grayish-white below with a brownish throat. Since its original description, the Andean Swallow has been moved about in a number of genera and its relationships debated. Sharpe (1885) synonymized andecola with the Brown-bellied Swallow, which he identified with the Hirundo cinerea of Gmelin, 1789, and placed in the genus Atticora, then a sort of wastebasket genus for a miscellany of Neotropical swallows. Hellmayr (1935) considered Gmelin's name to be unidentifiable, and used the next oldest species name for the Brown-bellied Swallow (Petrochelidon murina Cassin, 1853), while adopting for it the generic name Orochelidon proposed by Ridgway (1903). Although Ridgway mentioned only murina in differentiating Orochelidon from Atticora, Neochelidon, and Notiochelidon, Peters (1960) pointed out that, in a later publication, Ridgway (1904) included andecola in his new genus as well. Peters could find no characters to separate Orochelidon from Notiochelidon, and placed the Brown-bellied Swallow, but not the Andean Swallow, in Notiochelidon, where it remains in the modern literature (Turner and Rose 1989). Meanwhile Berlepsch and Stolzmann (1896) had demonstrated that Sharpe was in error in synonymizing andecola with "cinerea Gmelin" (=murina Cassin), and that andecola was a good species. Possibly influenced by Sharpe, they placed andecola in Atticora. That large genus subsequently has been reduced to the extent that it now includes only two species, fasciata and melanoleuca, both of which differ from andecola in several ways, including possession of long, forked tails. Chapman (1924) divided andecola into two subspecies, naming oroyae based on three adults and an immature bird from Oroya and Chipa, Peru, using color characters and the greater bill width of oroyae in his diagnosis. With only a pair before him, Hellmayr (1935) was skeptical about the validity of oroyae. Zimmer (1955) reexamined the type series and not only verified Chapman's color characters, but found that oroyae had a significantly longer wing, a difference overlooked by both Chapman and Hellmayr. In his description of oroyae, Chapman (1924:12) made the following comments: "The cliff swallows form such an obviously natural group that I hesitate to add to their genus a species that does not wear their distinctive pattern of marking and which is not known to build their peculiar type of nest. But the facts that I cannot find one good generic character separating this species from Petrochelidon and that in juvenal plumage andecola has the upper tail-coverts strongly tinged with ochraceous-tawny indicate that it may be placed in this genus without undue violence to either systematic or biologic ornithology." Todd (1929), definitely a "splitter" at the generic level, pointed out that Ridgway (1904; erroneously cited by Todd as 1902) had "dismembered the old genus Atticora Boie," placing each species in a monotypic genus except for andecola, which, as mentioned above, he placed in his recently described genus Orochelidon. Todd completed the dismemberment of the old Atticora by creating a new monotypic genus, Haplochelidon, for andecola. Todd stated he could not follow Chapman in referring this species to Petrochelidon, "the very points he brings up arguing against such a disposition." Nevertheless, all subsequent authors have followed Chapman rather than Todd, and kept andecola either in Petrochelidon (Peters 1960) or in a broadened Hirundo that included Petrochelidon (Turner and Rose 1989, Sibley and Monroe 1990). Chapman (1924) had pointed out that it was not then known whether andecola built a typical Petrochelidon mud-pellet nest. In a landmark paper, Mayr and Bond (1943) presented a tentative reclassification of the swallows, giving major importance to nest structure as a character. They mentioned the fact that the nesting habits of andecola were unknown, and went on to say: "Its nidification should either prove or disprove its relationship with typical 'Petrochelidon.' If the nesting habits of this swallow are like those of the species included above under 'A', the recognition of Todd's Haplochelidon would seem justified." Their category "A" included species with the "nest placed in a crevice among rocks or in a building, hole in a tree, or in a burrow; no mud used in construction." The first description of the nesting habits of the Andean Swallow appeared in the first Spanish-language edition of Las Aves de Chile by Goodall et al.

Work on a revision of the continental African species of Fernandoa by one of us (Bidgood) has focussed attention again on one of the most celebrated or most infamous of nomenclatural cases concerning orthographic variants. In successfully sorting out the problem of the spelling of the generic name, Milne-Redhead (1948) failed to apply the same logic fully to the specific name. It seems useful to explain the background and review the arguments. Welwitsch collected the plant concerned in Angola in 1855 and, as usual, wrote extensive unpublished Latin notes which are now preserved on his specimen at LISU with copies transcribed exactly onto the duplicate at BM see Britten (1895). The specimen concerned bears no fewer than seven labels all headed No. 488. Three labels bear the name Bignonia ferdinandi with a reference to the valid publication of this name in Welwitsch's Apontamentos in 1859, but another label reads "Habitu et forsan genere valde aff. Stereospermo Cham." and the name "Fernandoa superba Welw.". On one label headed B. ferdinandi Welwitsch wrote "Nomen specificum clariss. Dom Fernando, Lusitanorum regem indigitat", and on another "Nomen specificum praeclar. Senhor Dom Fernando, qui semper itineris mei africani fautor atque protector fuit, indigitat". It is thus clear that he derived both his new generic name and his first specific epiphet from the name of the king of Portugal, also referred to by Heine (1964) as "prince Ferdinand-Auguste-Franqois-Antoine de Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld-Kohary", who had financed his expedition. The use of both the Portuguese spelling "Fernando" and the neo-Latin "Ferdinandus" for the king by Welwitsch, combined with the deliberate or merely careless propagation of variants of his generic name Fernandoa by later botanists, has resulted in publication of the spellings Ferdinandia by Seemann (1865), Ferdinandoa by Seemann (1870), Ferdinanda by Bentham & Hooker (1876, in synon.) and Fernandia by Baillon (1888), as well as the typographical errors Ferninandoa, Ferdinandio and Ferdinandi by Milne-Redhead (1948, in synon.) and Fernandora by Steenis (1976: 135). Welwitsch did not publish his proposed new generic name but Seemann (1865) adopted the name, inadvertently publishing it as Ferdinandia. Sprague (1929: 44) first pointed out that Seemann later (1866) corrected his spelling

Linnacus described 166 nominal species of Noctuoidea, of which 144 (86.7%) are currently used as valid names, 18 are synonyms, one is a homonym and three taxa remain unknown. Seven taxa were described solely from illustrations in contemporary literature. Lectotypes are designated for 139 (87.4%) of the 159 remaining taxa, 122 of them from the Linnaean collection in London, 13 from the Queen Ludovica Ulrica's collection in Uppsala, Sweden, and four from other contemporary collections. Two Linnaean senior synonyms are introduced: Hada plebejacomb. nov. (Linnaeus, 1761) for the current H. nana (Hufnagel, 1766) and Oeonistis altica (Linnaeus, 1768) comb. nov. for Oe. entella (Cramer, 1779). Erebus occiduus (Linnaeus, 1758) syn. nov. is a junior subjective synonym of E. crepuscularis (Linnaeus, 1758); L. marmorides (Cramer, 1775) stat. rev. should be reinstated for Letis occidua auct. In two species pairs the Linnaean names have been interpreted incorrectly. The lectotype designation of Phalaena prasinana Linnaeus, 1758, by Lempke (1947) is invalid because the specimen is not syntypic. According to the new lectotype, Pseudoips prasinanus (Linnaeus, 1758) comb. nov. replaces P. faganus (Fabricius, 1781), and Bena bicolorana (Fuessly, 1775) comb. nov. is available for the other species. Abrostola triplasia (Linnaeus, 1758) stat. rev. replaces A. trigemina (Werneburg, 1864), and for the other species A. tripartita (Hufnagel, 1766) should be reinstated. One neotype designation [Eilema complanum (Linnaeus, 1758)], one lectotype designation [Xylena exsoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)], and precedence of a junior synonym [Ophideres fullonia (Clerck, 1764)] over its unused senior synonym are to be referred to the ICZN; until their decision the current usage must be followed. The identity of Mesapamea secalis (Linnaeus, 1758) stat. rev. corresponds to current usage, but, under presence of syntypic material, the recent neotype designation by Lempke (1988) will be referred to the ICZN. The revision is mainly based on the discovery that the insect pins and the way specimens are prepared give evidence of the authenticity of the material. Contrary to the views of earlier authors, Linnaeus had his labels with the specific name pinned against the bottom of the drawers by the specimen pin. Because the labels have been moved twice during subsequent curations, their present position is less indicative of the authenticity than has been previously suggested. The origin of the so-called n-labels is discussed.

TO THE EDITOR: Prescribing and dispensing generic medicines is an option to reduce costs in the community and is also common practice in public hospitals. In addit ion to the i s sue s d i scus sed by McLachlan, we have noted a concerning trend in the “branding” of many new generic medicines that has the potential to add to the confusion for patients, prescribers and pharmacists. Medicines with special release properties are branded with suffixes as a reminder of their longer duration of action, such as Sustained Release (eg, Tramal SR; CSL Limited) or eXtended Release (eg, Efexor-XR; Wyeth Australia). Different formulations may also use a suffix to indicate distinguishing properties, such as “dispersible” in Rulide D (Sanofi-Aventis) or “osmotic release oral system” in Adalat OROS (Bayer Schering). However, these suffixes, while meaningful, can be a source of misunderstanding about dosing intervals and length of action, leading to errors. A standard nomenclature does not exist, even for formulation descriptors. Adding to this confusion, generic medicine manufacturers are now marketing products with prefixes or suffixes, not to denote a modified formulation but to place their “brand” on the medicine. Ascent Pharmaceuticals has three different suffixes/prefixes for its generic products, reflecting the names of previous manufacturers (eg, Quinapril-GA, GN-Carvedilol), and two suffixes for simvastatin (GA and DP). Spirit Pharmaceuticals adds its name to some products (eg, Simvastatin-Spirit). Taking an oral medication history becomes challenging when patients state they use “Spirit” medication for their cholesterol, “GN” tablets for their heart and “GA” tablets for their high blood pressure. With the many generic “brands” now available (eg, 22 simvastatin products), packs with similar labelling lined up on the pharmacy or patient’s shelves increase the risk of wrong selection. Although no reports have been published to date, similarities in brand prefixes may cause medication errors in electronic prescribing and dispensing systems, when an incorrect medication is selected from a dropdown menu. Entering “Apo” in some systems selects more than 40 products manufactured by Apotex, which uses a naming pattern of the generic drug prefixed by Apo (eg, Apo-Alendronate), as well as APO-go (Hospira), which is apomorphine (and does not contain “go”). This situation could be avoided in future if the National E-Health Transition Authority’s Australian Medicines Terminology and its editorial principles are adopted in systems. These rules require that all medicines are represented by descriptions that list the generic name first, with the sponsor’s name following in parentheses (Paul Frosdick, Chief Terminologist, National E-Health Transition Authority, personal communication, 25 August 2010). The Food and Drug Administration in the United States and the Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia have developed documents outlining approved medicines terminology, but there are no official lists of approved suffixes or prefixes. The Institute for Safe Medication Practices, a nonprofit US-certified patient safety organisation internationally regarded as an expert in medication safety, has recognised this problem and maintains a list of products with drug name suffixes and their meanings. With more generic options available, good communication between medical and pharmacy clinicians and patients is essential to clarify the indication, along with the specific name, of medications prescribed. Pharmaceutical manufacturers need to consider the impact of meaningless prefixes and suffixes, which add to the confusion and potentially contribute to medication errors. National authorities should improve overall governance of labelling of generic medicines, to prevent errors reaching patients.

When we encounter the following words: ‘A few moments ago, I think, you heard Plato saying that there is no specific name for the art which deals with the body’, it is easy to put these into a literary context. We may imagine some kind of fictional dialogue, in which out of two or more partners one reminds another of what a few minutes ago Plato had said to them about a particular subject. Whether Plato is still present or has left the room, we do not yet know, and we hope to get this information from the rest of the book. The book might be an historical novel by, say, Mary Renault. So much is clear, and with our knowledge of the Classics we are sure that the book is not by a Classical author.

Rafinesque (1838a) based the unispecific Riddelia on material sent to him from New Orleans, Louisiana, by Dr. John Leonard Riddell (1807-1865), a botanist, chemist, physician, and inventor who settled in New Orleans in 1836 (Stafleu & Cowan, 1983; see also Dexter, 1988, and Ewan, 1963, 1969, for additional biographical information and references). Rafinesque considered the genus to belong to his "family Cleomides" (i.e., Capparaceae) and he described R. antiphyla Raf. He also proposed an alternative generic name, Antiphyla Raf., and an alternative specific name, A. serrata Raf., for his new genus and species, respectively. Dalla Torre & Harms (1900-1907) listed Riddelia and Antiphyla as taxonomic synonyms of Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae). Perhaps Riddelia Raf. was misinterpreted as yet another orthographic variant of Riedlea Vent. (= Melochia), along with

The specific name Alcyonium digitatum Linnaeus (Octocorals) in fact corresponds to a complex of genetically isolated populations, perhaps representing sibling species, one of which is found on the coasts of Nord‐Finistere, a second in the Pas‐de‐Calais, and a third in Sweden. i

The Maya writing system originated and evolved in an area currently covered by south-eastern Mexico (states of Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo), Belize, Guatemala, and the western parts of Honduras and El Salvador. The decipherment of Maya writing started more or less with the discovery, description, and publication of important texts in the nineteenth century. This chapter presents several examples of Maya writing in which Maya scribes provided both simple and complex sign combinations to record specific name phrases of local kings. The written renditions of the names of several kings during the Classic Maya period included the sign for jaguar, the most powerful land predator in the area. In Mayan languages, there is more than one word for "jaguar." The human hand is a versatile instrument and the Classic Maya seem to have explored many of the possible postures and gestures. Keywords: Guatemala; human hand; jaguar; Maya writing

Based on literature data and my extensive material from along the coast, the distribution of shell bearing marine, benthic gastropods known from Norwegian waters, is outlined. The geographic area covered goes down to c. 1200 m on the continental slope, and extends from the Swedish border in the south to the Russian border in the north-east. On the slope the distribution is restricted to an area east of 0°, and south of 72° N. Neither the North Sea nor the western ‘slope’ of the Norwegian Trench are included. Systematics and nomenclature follow Clemam (Check List of European Marine Mollusca) closely. The emphasis is on the distribution of each species within the designated area, but taxonomic and nomenclaturial problems are discussed wherever considered relevant. Altogether 365 species level taxa are included, of which 326 are considered as definitely belonging to the Norwegian fauna. The rest are recorded as doubtful, either because only empty shells have been found, or their confirmed distribution falls outside the limits here defined. Of the ‘species’ included, I consider at least 18 to be undescribed, while another 16 were described from Norwegian material after Høisæter (1986) was published. The northern distributional limit is extended for 47 species, while 11 species have received a new southern limit. Sixty six species have a generic name diferent from the one used in Høisæter (1986), while 35 species have another specific name. All changes are listed in the main part of the article, and references are given to the sources for the changes. Four faunal components are recognized: a slope component, species mainly found in negative temperatures on the continental slope, between 500 and 1200 m; an Arctic component, species in Norway almost exclusively found in East Finnmark; a group of species in Norway found only or mainly on the Skagerrak coast or in Oslofjorden; and finally the main group found along most of the coast. publishedVersion

Summary. — A Calliphorid fly which appears not to have been collected in France for about a century has been found in the eastern Pyrenees. Its genitalia suggest that it bridges the gap between the genera Pollenia Robineau-Desvoidy and Dexopollenia Townsend. It may be a relict of a group once widespread across Eurasia and the Far East. A replacement name, Pollenia malochi nomen novum, is proposed for a Malaysian Pollenia whose specific name is preoccupied by Pollenia bicolor Robineau-Desvoidy., Blackith R.E. Pollenia bicolor Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 ; un Diptère énigmatique du Midi de la France (Dipt. Calliphoridae). In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 96 (3), août 1991. pp. 271-274.

Diestrammena (Gymnaeta) was erected by Adelung in 1902 (Adelung 1902). The type species is Gymnaeta berezowskii Adelung, 1902. Presently, the subgenus Gymnaeta includes 9 species (Eades et al., 2007). In the present paper, one new species D. (G.) caverna sp. n., the male of D.(G.) brevicauda (Karny, 1933), and the male of D.(G.) tianmushanensis (Liu & Zhang, 2001), D.(G.) borutzkyi Gorochov, 2004 are described. The specific name Gymnaeta brevicauda Karny, 1933 is resurrected. A key to the Chinese species of Diestrammena (Gymnaeta) is given. All the materials are deposited in the Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Science.

The present paper discusses the evaluation and description of the landscape characteristics of a sample of healing gardens from the USA and England. Healing gardens are designed in such a way as to influence the visitor by provoking positive emotions and to help relieve the symptoms of stress or depression. The aim of the paper is to analyse a sample of healing gardens on the basis of eight characteristics that, according to the literature, should be present in a garden for it to be classified as a healing garden and that may also be considered some of the fundamental building blocks of parks and gardens in general. The term “room” is used to convey a sense that each garden consists of a set of distinct spaces that are separated from each other and which are experienced by visitors as part of a sequence. Rooms can be generally described using a specific name to which a set of characteristics is attached. Each room type (Serene, Wild, Rich in Species, Space, the Common, the Pleasure garden, Festive, Culture) was evaluated in terms of the degree to which the characteristics were present using the following scale: 0 – not present, 1– weak, 2 – medium, 3 – strong. Following this a description of the design characteristics was carried out from the point of view of landscape design elements and structure, including an assessment of presence of the sense of the personal/impersonal. The purpose of the investigation is to determine which characteristics are mostly frequently used in the design of healing gardens, which characteristics most strongly feature and to analyse the main design elements. In total, 40 healing gardens were visited, 20 from England (summer 2005) and 20 from various states in New England in the USA (summer 2006). There were no apparent differences between the characteristics of healing garden rooms between the countries (t-test). Correlations were found between the types “Rich in Species” and “Festive” (0.85) and “Culture” (0.85) which tends to be found together in the gardens. The types “Space” and “The Common” had a high correlation (0.8) in England. “Rich in Species” and “Festive” had a correlation (0.9) in the USA. Of the gardens studied, the types “Rich in Species” and “the Common” are distinguished by the strongest presence. The personal characteristic was found to be present less than the impersonal. The characteristic “The Pleasure garden” does not exist in most of the gardens – it is possibly an expensive solution. The existence of the characteristics in the gardens does not depend on the idea of the design as a whole, and the strength of the characteristics will tend to influence the users the most.

The types and other specimens of Agnostus fallax Linnarsson 1869 are examined and reinterpreted. It is shown that the application of this specific name to many specimens from around the world is largely in error. The species is considered sufficiently different from the type species of Peronopsis, P. integra (Beyrich, 1845) to warrant erection of a new genus Axagnostus with A. fallax as the type species.

The taxonomy of five species of the genus Longchuanacris Zheng et Fu, 1989 is revised. L. bilobatus, sp. nov. and L. curvifurculus, sp. nov. are described as new species. Caryanda bidentata Zheng et Liang, 1985 and C. macrofurcula Mao et Ou, 2000 are transferred to Longchuanacris as new combination, and the male of the former is newly described. The specific name C. macrofurcula Mao et Ou, 2000 is replaced with L. viridus Mao et Ou, nomen nov.. A revised generic diagnosis and a key to the male of known species are given. All five species, including type species L. macrofurculus Zheng et Fu, 1989, are distributed in southwestern Yunnan, China. All specimens are deposited in the College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Dali University (CLDU), Yunnan Province, China.

"A Groningen Hypothesis" is an attempt coherently to relate to each other the apparently contradictory data furnished by the Dead Sea manuscripts as to the primitive history of the Qumran Community. Josephus, who tells us more than anyone else about the Essene movement, first brings them onto the political scene in Palestine in the time of Jonathan together with the Sadducees and Pharisees. This seems to imply that he sees the Essene movement, like that of the Pharisees and Sadducees, as a typically Palestinian phenomenon. At the origins of the particular development within Essenism which is to issue in the formation of the Qumran sect can be found the powerful figure whom, for lack of a specific name, we call by the title attributed to him by the sectarian writers: the Teacher of Righteousness. Keywords: Dead Sea manuscripts; Essene movement; Groningen hypothesis; Palestinian phenomenon; Qumran Community; Qumran sect

The nominal species Temognatha duponti (Boisduval, 1835) and T. barbiventris (Carter, 1916) are considered conspecific. The specific name barbiventris (Carter, 1916) syn. nov. is a subjective synonym of the name duponti (Boisduval, 1835). The nominal species Temognatha stevensii (Gehin, 1855) is not considered conspecific with Temognatha duponti (Boisduval, 1835). The specific name stevensii (Gehin, 1855) is revalidated as the name of the species Temognatha stevensii (Gehin, 1855). The specific name tibialis (Waterhouse, 1874) is a subjective synonym of the name stevensii (Gehin, 1855). The prevailing usage (ICZN, Article 33.3.1) of the name stevensii over stewensii is preserved for the species Temognatha stevensii (Gehin, 1855). Both valid species are diagnosed/redescribed and illustrated, and their relationships, biology and distributions are discussed. Complete synonymies and references, and photos/illustrations of some diagnostic head, elytral and genitalic structural features, are also provided. The Temognatha grandis and T. stevensii species-groups are defined. Lectotypes are designated for Buprestis duponti Boisduval, 1835 and Stigmodera tibialis Waterhouse, 1874.

In the just-published edition of the influential Howard & Moore global checklist of birds (Dickinson & Christidis 2014, Appendix 8), David and Dickinson introduced the novel spelling bichenoii to replace the specific name for the Double-barred Finch. This finch, which is endemic to Australia and familiar as a cage bird world-wide, is currently known as Taeniopygia bichenovii (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827). The name was spelled bichenovii in its original description by Vigors & Horsfield (1827, p. 258), in the combination Fringilla bichenovii . Until David & Dickinson ( l.c .), that spelling had been in unvaried use, in a multitude of checklists, manuals, regional Australian lists and field guides, as well as in hundreds of scientific and natural history papers both printed and electronic. Vigors & Horsfield had explicitly named the finch for James E. Bicheno, then secretary of the Linnean Society. This in turn led David & Dickinson ( l.c. , p.10) to replace bichenovii with bichenoii under Article 32.5.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, hereafter the Code (ICZN 1999).