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Background: Both attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders with a high prevalence. They are often comorbid and both exhibit abnormalities in sustained attention, yet common and distinct neural patterns of ASD and ADHD remain unidentified.AimsTo investigate shared and distinct functional connectivity patterns in a relatively large sample of boys (7- to 15-year-olds) with ADHD, ASD and typical development matched by age, gender and IQ.Method: We applied machine learning techniques to investigate patterns of surface-based brain resting-state connectivity in 86 boys with ASD, 83 boys with ADHD and 125 boys with typical development.Results: We observed increased functional connectivity within the limbic and somatomotor networks in boys with ASD compared with boys with typical development. We also observed increased functional connectivity within the limbic, visual, default mode, somatomotor, dorsal attention, frontoparietal and ventral attention networks in boys with ADHD compared with boys with ASD. In addition, using a machine learning approach, we were able to discriminate typical development from ASD, typical development from ADHD and ASD from ADHD with accuracy rates of 76.3%, 84.1%, and 79.3%, respectively.Conclusions: Our results may shed new light on the underlying mechanisms of ASD and ADHD and facilitate the development of new diagnostic methods for these disorders.Declaration of interestJ.K. holds equity in a startup company, MNT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maturity group (MG) system is a widely recognized and effective approach for assessing the photothermal sensitivity of soybean cultivars and determining their optimal adaptation zones. In China, soybean have been cultivated extensively for thousands of years, evolving into various ecotypes through natural and artificial selection. In this study, the relative maturity groups (RMGs) of a total of 766 soybean cultivars collected from the Northeast Spring Planting Sub-region (NE), Huang-Huai-Hai Summer Planting Region (HH), Northwest Spring Planting Sub-region (NW,), and South Multiple Cropping Region (SC) of China were evaluated using linear regression models at 36 sites nationwide. The results show that the RMGs of Chinese soybean cultivars range from MG m1.6 to MG 9.5. Among all the identified soybean cultivars, MG III cultivars account for the largest proportion of 22.19 %, followed by MG II (21.67 %) and MG I (18.54 %). Conversely, MG IX has the fewest number of cultivars, representing only 0.26 % of all cultivars. The MG ranges for spring- and summer-sowing cultivars are MG 000-V and MG II-IX, respectively. The adaptive soybean MG zones across China were mapped using the method of Kriging interpolation based on the soybean RMGs data from 816 sites of 29 soybean-producing provinces. Cultivars of MG 0 and earlier groups are primarily distributed in the NE, and MG III and MG IV are the major MGs in HH and NW. The cultivars in MG V and later groups mainly distribute in SC. This study realizes the unification and normalization of the MG system between China and other major soybean- producing countries worldwide. Such unification and standardization will facilitate global germplasm exchanges and assist soybean producers in making more informed decisions when selecting cultivars. • The relative maturity groups (RMGs) of Chinese soybean cultivars cover a wide range. • MG III cultivars account for the largest proportion in Chinese soybean varieties. • GIS map showed the adaptive soybean MG zones across China. • The distribution of MG zones in China and the US differs in areas south of 42°N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a common itchy skin disease. Despite its prevalence, the neuropathology of CSU is uncertain. In this study, we explored resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) changes in CSU, as well as how the symptom changes following intervention can modulate rs-FC. Forty patients and 40 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Following an intervention, 32 patients participated in a second scan approximately 6 weeks after the first scan. Compared with healthy controls, CSU subjects exhibited higher regional homogeneity (ReHo) values in the cerebellum, which were positively associated with urticaria activity scores over 7 days (UAS7) at baseline. After an intervention accompanied with clinical improvement, we found that ReHo values decreased at the cerebellum and increased at the bilateral primary somatosensory cortex (SI)/primary motor cortex (MI)/supplementary motor area (SMA). Using the cerebellum as a seed, CSU subjects exhibited increased rs-FC with reward regions when compared with HCs and exhibited decreased rs-FC at the right orbitofrontal cortex and right sensorimotor region following the intervention. The improvement rate values were positively associated with reduced rs-FC values in the two regions. Using the cluster of SI/MI/SMA as a seed, CSU patients exhibited decreased rs-FC with the left putamen, caudate, accumbens, and thalamus following the intervention. These results demonstrate the altered cerebellar activity and cerebellum-reward-sensorimotor loops in CSU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recrystallization behavior of a high-Mn high-Al lightweight steel (Fe-28.4Mn-8.3Al-1.27 C (wt%)) with 50% cold rolling deformation is investigated at the annealing temperature of 800 °C, 900 °C and 1000 °C. The detailed microstructure evolution is characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The partial recrystallized bimodal austenite grains and κ-phase (Fe, Mn) 3 AlC form at 800 °C, while fully recrystallized austenite grains without κ-phase appear at 900 °C and 1000 °C. With the increase in annealing temperature, the increased frequency of annealing twin boundaries reduces the average austenitic grain size and the dispersion of the austenite grain size effectively. The effect of austenite grain size on the tensile properties is discussed. The strain hardening behavior is also investigated by Hollomon analysis and C-J analysis, and the later one is better to explain the strain hardening behavior in different four stages. The recrystallization behavior significantly improves the tensile toughness from 59 MJ/m 3 to 436 MJ/m 3 at the expense of tensile strength decrease from 1460 MPa to 890 MPa, due to the homogenous fine austenite grains and high frequency of high misorientation angle. The steel with fully recrystallized austenite grains of 10.0 µm annealed at 900 °C exhibits the optimum mechanical properties with excellent tensile strength of 965 MPa, ductility of 48.3%, and good toughness of 400 MJ/m 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of nanoscale precipitates influences the uniform mechanical properties of steels. The precipitation behavior in a Ti‐bearing steel with 50% hot deformation is investigated at different continuous cooling rates, including 0.5, 2, and 5 °C s−1. It is found that both the random precipitation and the interphase precipitation are observed in the hot deformed steel by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At the cooling rate of 0.5 and 2 °C s−1, the interphase precipitation and the random precipitation occur even in the same ferrite grain. When the cooling rate is 5 °C s−1, the interphase precipitation disappears and only the random precipitates exist in the small ferrite grains. The morphologies of the interphase precipitation change from the irregular curved type (I‐CIP) to regular curved type (R‐CIP), and finally to the regular planar type (PIP) with the increase of the cooling rate. The interphase precipitation adjacent to the ferrite grain boundaries reveals its preferential occurrence in the final stage of the transformation. Compared with the isothermal heat treatment, the control of precipitation behavior via cooling rate adjustment is easier and less time‐consuming to obtain tailored mechanical properties of the steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the second phase on the tensile properties of a high‐Mn high‐Al austenitic lightweight steel processed by thin‐strip casting and subsequently aged at 600 °C for different times are studied. Depending on the aging time, the second phase includes short‐range ordered (SRO) phase, nanosized κ phase, and/or microsized κ phase. At aging time of 1 min, the 2 nm SRO phase precipitates and evolves into 6 nm intragranular κ phase when the time is 60 min, and microsized intergranular κ phases exist at austenite grain boundaries at aging time of 480 min. The precipitation of SRO phase increases the yield strength from 470 to 610 MPa, and the elongation only decreases from 55.9% to 52.1%, with ductile fracture for 380 MJ m−3. Although the precipitation of intragranular κ phase increases the yield strength to 910 MPa, but elongation decreases to 33.4%, there is a mixture of ductile and brittle fracture for 316 MJ m−3. The presence of intergranular κ phase increases the yield strength to 960 MPa, but reduces the elongation to only 3.6% with brittle fracture for 35 MJ m−3. All the second phases reduce strain hardening rate, and SRO has smaller effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen fertilizer affects rice endosperm protein, which in turn affects rice taste. However, study of nitrogen regulation of protein components is not sufficient. To clarify the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on rice protein components and related traits, we used two high albumin content and two low glutelin content rice varieties as test materials and analyzed the relationship between protein components and rice eating quality. The results showed that nitrogen application significantly affected prolamine and glutelin contents; moreover, a relationship was observed between variety and fertilization level. The protein components of the low glutelin content rice varieties were sensitive to nitrogen treatment; the albumin and globulin contents increased, whereas the prolamine and glutelin contents decreased following treatment with medium level nitrogen. Nitrogen treatment also significantly affected the apparent amylose content (AAC) of varieties except Yinguang. The eating characteristics of the high albumin content varieties differed significantly among nitrogen treatments, and the two varieties tasted better following treatment with high concentrations of nitrogen. In conclusion, the short chain of amylopectin in the endosperm had a greater direct effect on taste, but the effect was opposite in the two varieties. Furthermore, globulin was found to affect the taste of low glutelin content varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martensite decay in bearing steels manifested as dark etching regions (DERs) under rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is modelled. The proposed model is established based on a dislocation-assisted carbon migration mechanism. The proposed model is capable of predicting the progress of DER formation and the corresponding mechanical property evolution with increasing number of cycles, in good agreement with the experimental data reported throughout seventy years. The effects of RCF testing conditions on DER formation are studied and a useful tool, DER% maps, is developed for illustrating the temperature, contact pressure and number of cycles for DER occurrence. Moreover, an atom probe tomography study is carried out, revealing the nature of DER ferrite and obtaining strong evidence supporting the postulated DER formation mechanism. The successful application of the dislocation assisted carbon migration mechanism to DER formation provides a plausible explanation to the phenomenon of martensite decay under rolling contact fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Crude protein, oil and 11 categories of functional components were quantified in 1792 soybean samples collected from a vast range of soybean planting regions across China. • The geographic distributions of soybean nutritional compositions were mapped. • Regions with high seed protein, oil and functional components were highlighted. • A significant regionalization scheme of soybean seed quality for guiding high-quality edible soybean production was proposed. As one of major food crops, soybean is grown over a broad ecological region in China with considerable variations in environmental conditions, and the seed compositions of soybeans are diverse among different regions. To clarify the spatial patterns of soybean seed compositions, crude oil, protein, and 11 categories of functional components were quantified in 1792 soybean samples collected from a vast range of soybean planting regions across China spanning from 2010 to 2017. The Kriging interpolation maps presented a clear north-to-south (high latitude to low latitude) increasing trend in contents of crude protein and dietary fiber and decreasing trend in contents of crude oil, phospholipids, saponins, and carotenoids. Soybeans with high-level of total oligosaccharide were concentrated in the central region. Based on the geographical distribution of soybean nutritional components, weather conditions, and cultivation systems, the soybean production areas in China were divided into three regions and 10 subregions. This study highlights the geographic distribution of soybean nutritional compositions and provides scientific evidence for guiding the construction of high-quality edible soybean production bases in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the Fe–5Mn–2Al–0.1C (wt%) and micro‐alloyed Fe–5Mn–2Al–0.1C–0.1Nb–0.2V (wt%) medium Mn steels are processed by a novel flash‐austenite‐reverse‐transformation (ART) annealing. The core–shell Mn‐gradient in austenite is observed and compositionally characterized at near‐atomic scale by using atom probe tomography. Compared with the conventional ART annealing, flash‐ART process doubled the austenite fraction in both materials, based on electron backscattering diffraction measurement. The rapid austenite reversion in flash‐ART annealed MMnS is attributed to the negligible partitioning local equilibrium controlled austenite kinetics at the flash temperature. The formation of core–shell Mn‐gradient is due to the different austenite growth kinetics and interface mobilities. Microalloying elements are found to form nano‐carbides, which leads to decelerating austenite reversion because of depleted carbon content in the initial martensitic microstructure, and retarding austenite growth according to pinning effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the characterization of high carbon bearing steel 100Cr6 using electron microscopy and atom probe tomography in combination with multi-component diffusion simulations. Scanning electron micrographs show that around 14 vol pct spheroidized carbides are formed during soft annealing and only 3 vol pct remain after dissolution into the austenitic matrix through austenitization at 1123 K (850 °C) for 300 seconds. The spheroidized particles are identified as (Fe, Cr)C by transmission electron microscopy. Atom probe analysis reveals the redistribution and partitioning of the elements involved, i.e., C, Si, Mn, Cr, Fe, in both, the spheroidized carbides and the bainitic matrix in the sample isothermally heat-treated at 773 K (500 °C) after austenitization. Homogeneous distribution of C and a Cr gradient were detected within the spheroidized carbides. Due to its limited diffusivity in (Fe, Cr)C, Cr exhibits a maximum concentration at the surface of spheroidized carbides (16 at. pct) and decreases gradually from the surface towards the core down to about 2 at. pct. The atom probe results also indicate that the partially dissolved spheroidized carbides during austenitization may serve as nucleation sites for intermediate temperature cementite within bainite, which results in a relatively softer surface and harder core in spheroidized particles. This microstructure may contribute to the good wear resistance and fatigue properties of the steel. Good agreement between DICTRA simulations and experimental composition profiles is obtained by an increase of mobility of the substitutional elements in cementite by a factor of five, compared to the mobility in the database MOBFE2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the knowledge of the heterogeneity and sorption behavior of biochars on hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), pristine biochars (PBCs, 400 and 700 °C) were fractionated into four particulate fractions (S f BCs) and dissolved organic matter derived from biochars (DBC), then the sorption capacities of them towards phenanthrene were examined. Results showed that the OC-normalized sorption distribution coefficients (K oc) of PBCs were generally at intermediate levels among that of S f BCs and DBCs. The log K oc values of S f BCs increased as particle sizes decreased. By virtue of the higher micropore volume, specific surface area, aromaticity and hydrophobicity, the lowest S f BCs (0.45–10 µm, BC 0.45–10) exhibited remarkably higher log K oc. Besides, although S f BCs from 700 °C generally showed larger log K oc than counterparts from 400 °C, almost no difference was observed for log K oc values of BC 0.45–10 fractions from 400 and 700 °C. We thus speculated that particle size might have stronger effect on their sorption capacity than pyrolysis temperature. Although DBCs exhibited dramatically lower log K oc values than nano-scale S f BCs, they were interestingly comparable to large-sized S f BCs. Our findings thus suggested the importance of small particulate biochar species and DBCs on HOCs transport should be both highlighted since these fractions were highly dynamic in the environment. [Display omitted] • Properties of particulate sized biochars (S f BCs) and DBCs differed remarkably. • Lower-sized S f BCs showed stronger adsorption capacity. • Effect of pyrolysis temperature on lower-sized S f BCs sorption was attenuated. • Compared with particulate S f BCs, DBC had a weaker adsorption capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The striatum plays an important role in controlling motor function in humans, and its degeneration has the ability to cause severe motor disorders. More specifically, previous studies have demonstrated a disruption in the connectivity of the cortico-striatal loop in patients suffering from motor disorders caused by dopamine dysregulation, such as Parkinson's disease. However, little is known about striatal functional connectivity in patients with motor dysfunction not caused by dopamine dysregulation. In this study, we used early-state Bell's palsy (BP) patients (within 14 days of onset) to investigate how functional connectivity between the striatum and motor cortex is affected by peripheral nerve injury in which the dopamine system remains fully functional. We found a significant increase in the connectivity between the contralateral putamen, and the ipsilateral primary sensory (S1) and motor cortex (M1) in BP patients compared to healthy controls. We also found increased connectivity between the ventral striatum and supplementary motor area (SMA), and the dorsal caudate and medial prefrontal lobe in BP patients compared to healthy controls. Our results demonstrate that the entirety of the striatum is affected following acute peripheral nerve injury, and suggests that this disrupted striatal functional connectivity may reflect a compensatory mechanism for the sensory-motor mismatch caused by BP.

The cracking behavior of sulfide stress cracking resistant C110 steel in O 2 -contaminated H 2 S environment was investigated by cracking and corrosion simulation tests. With the increase of O 2 partial pressure, the cracking susceptibility and corrosion rate of C110 steel significantly increased. The O 2 ingress affects the whole cracking behaviour involving a multi-stage process: the oxidation reactions of H 2 S, the corrosion reactions on the metal surface and the degradation and cracking of martensitic multiscale boundaries. The cracking mechanism of C110 steel in H 2 S and O 2 -containing environment is attributed to the combined effect of hydrogen embrittlement and anodic dissolution. [Display omitted] • Cracking susceptibility and corrosion rate of C110 steel significantly increase with the increase of O 2 partial pressure. • The ingress of O 2 into H 2 S-containing solution induces oxidation reactions of H 2 S. • Dissolution and oxidation of mackinawite result in the formation of porous corrosion product films. • Cracking mechanism is attributed to the combined effect of hydrogen embrittlement and anodic dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the atomic interactions among Cu, Al, and Ni elements in body‐centered cubic (BCC) ‐iron matrix, focusing on the formation mechanism of nano‐sized core–shell Cu precipitates, are investigated. In this study, using a combination of atom probe tomography, density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular dynamics simulations, insights into the atomic‐scale migration tendencies of these elements in the supersaturated solid solution surrounding Cu precipitate in the martensite phase of a medium‐Mn steel are provided. In the results, it is shown that Ni and Al atoms are not expelled by Cu atoms but are instead attracted to the bcc‐iron matrix, forming a stable co‐segregation in the outer shell. This phase effectively surrounds the nano‐sized Cu precipitate and prevents its rapid growth, contributing to improved mechanical properties. In these findings, a theoretical method is offered for developing Cu‐contaminated circular steels by utilizing DFT calculations to unravel bonding preferences and assess the potential for forming a stable precipitation phase around nano‐sized Cu precipitates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Migraine is a prevalent neurological disorder affecting 14.1% of the global population. Despite advances in genetic research, further investigation is needed to identify therapeutic targets and better understand its mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to identify drug targets and explore the relationships between gene expression, protein levels, and migraine pathophysiology. Methods: We utilized cis-pQTL data from deCODE Genetics, combined with migraine GWAS data from the GERA + UKB cohort as the discovery cohort and the FinnGen R10 cohort as the replication cohort. SMR and MR analyses identified migraine-associated protein loci. Brain eQTL data from GTEx v8 and BrainMeta v2 were used to explore causal relationships between gene expression, protein levels, and migraine risk. Mediation analysis assessed the role of metabolites, and PheWAS evaluated potential side effects. Results: Four loci were identified: PNKP, MRVI1, CALCB, and INPP5B. PNKP and MRVI1 showed a high level of evidence and opposing effects at the gene and protein levels. PNKP gene expression in certain brain regions was protective against migraine, while its plasma protein levels were positively associated with migraine risk. MRVI1 showed protective effects at the protein level but had the opposite effect at the gene expression level. Mediation analysis revealed that the glutamate to pyruvate ratio and 3-CMPFP mediated PNKP's effects on migraine. PheWAS indicated associations between PNKP and body composition traits, suggesting drug safety considerations. Conclusion: PNKP and MRVI1 exhibit dual mechanisms of action at the gene and protein levels, potentially involving distinct mechanistic pathways. Among them, PNKP emerges as a promising drug target for migraine treatment, supported by multi-layered validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A highly stable and reversible Zn metal anode was achieved via a novel functional electrolyte additive (EDA). • EDA interacts weakly with Zn2+, but it is preferentially adsorbed on the surface of the zinc anode, preventing water molecules from attacking zinc anode. • In situ electrochemical formation of gradient organic/inorganic SEI layers containing SO 3 2-, Zn-S based compounds. • The synergistic effect of the electrolyte shielding layer and the SEI layer limits the two-dimensional diffusion of Zn2+ and achieves uniform deposition of zinc ions. Due to the poor reversibility and stability of the zinc anode of aqueous zinc ion batteries, the practical application has been seriously restricted. Herein, a highly stable and reversible Zn metal anode was achieved via a novel functional electrolyte additive (1,2-Ethanedisulfonic acid (EDA)), which can construct a dual protective layer of electrolyte additive barrier and in-situ interface. Different from other functional additives, EDA interacts weakly with Zn2+, but it has strong adsorption energy with zinc anode, preventing water molecules from attacking zinc anode. Importantly, an organic/inorganic SEI layer containing SO 3 2-, ZnS-based compounds was electrochemical in-situ formed, which can induce uniform Zn2+ deposition with a limiting 2D diffusion of Zn2+ (within 15 s). These were evidenced by the density functional theory (DFT) calculation, etching X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technology, etc. As a result, a cyclic life of 2940 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1mAh cm−2 could last for Zn||Zn symmetric cell, while a more than 2000 cycles for Zn|| NH 4 V 4 O 10 full cell. This work provides new insights into the in-situ SEI film in collaboration with electrolyte additive shield layer to stabilize zinc anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]