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The starting point of this paper is based on the interrelation between the political and legal elements that make up and sustain the global trade governance, understanding that it is linked to environmental law and tax law. These subjects are linked each other with the international trade and, at the same time, they are interlinked through the international trade. Our purpose is to determine the dialogues that emerge from these relationships. El punto de partida de este trabajo se basa en la interrelación que existe entre los diferentes elementos políticos y jurídicos que sustentan la gobernanza comercial global, entendiendo que está vinculada al derechoambiental y al derecho tributario. Estas áreas están ligadas cada una con el comercio internacional y, a la misma vez, están interconectadas a través del comercio internacional. Nuestro objetivo consiste en determinar los diálogos que emergen de dichas relaciones.

In animals and humans, behavior can be influenced by irrelevant stimuli, a phenomenon called Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT). In subjects with substance use disorder, PIT is even enhanced with functional activation in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and amygdala. While we observed enhanced behavioral and neural PIT effects in alcohol-dependent subjects, we here aimed to determine whether behavioral PIT is enhanced in young men with high-risk compared to low-risk drinking and subsequently related functional activation in an a-priori region of interest encompassing the NAcc and amygdala and related to polygenic risk for alcohol consumption. A representative sample of 18-year old men (n = 1937) was contacted: 445 were screened, 209 assessed: resulting in 191 valid behavioral, 139 imaging and 157 genetic datasets. None of the subjects fulfilled criteria for alcohol dependence according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TextRevision (DSM-IV-TR). We measured how instrumental responding for rewards was influenced by background Pavlovian conditioned stimuli predicting action-independent rewards and losses. Behavioral PIT was enhanced in high-compared to low-risk drinkers (b = 0.09, SE = 0.03, z = 2.7, p < 0.009). Across all subjects, we observed PIT-related neural blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the right amygdala (t = 3.25, p(SVC) = 0.04, x = 26, y = -6, z = -12), but not in NAcc. The strength of the behavioral PIT effect was positively correlated with polygenic risk for alcohol consumption (r(s) = 0.17, p = 0.032). We conclude that behavioral PIT and polygenic risk for alcohol consumption might be a biomarker for a subclinical phenotype of risky alcohol consumption, even if no drug-related stimulus is present. The association between behavioral PIT effects and the amygdala might point to habitual processes related to out PIT task. In non-dependent young social drinkers, the amygdala rather than the NAcc is activated during PIT; possible different involvement in association with disease trajectory should be investigated in future studies.

In animals and humans, behavior can be influenced by irrelevant stimuli, a phenomenon called Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT). In subjects with substance use disorder, PIT is even enhanced with functional activation in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and amygdala. While we observed enhanced behavioral and neural PIT effects in alcohol-dependent subjects, we here aimed to determine whether behavioral PIT is enhanced in young men with high-risk compared to low-risk drinking and subsequently related functional activation in an a-priori region of interest encompassing the NAcc and amygdala and related to polygenic risk for alcohol consumption. A representative sample of 18-year old men (n = 1937) was contacted: 445 were screened, 209 assessed: resulting in 191 valid behavioral, 139 imaging and 157 genetic datasets. None of the subjects fulfilled criteria for alcohol dependence according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TextRevision (DSM-IV-TR). We measured how instrumental responding for rewards was influenced by background Pavlovian conditioned stimuli predicting action-independent rewards and losses. Behavioral PIT was enhanced in high-compared to low-risk drinkers (b = 0.09, SE = 0.03, z = 2.7, p < 0.009). Across all subjects, we observed PIT-related neural blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the right amygdala (t = 3.25, p(SVC) = 0.04, x = 26, y = -6, z = -12), but not in NAcc. The strength of the behavioral PIT effect was positively correlated with polygenic risk for alcohol consumption (r(s) = 0.17, p = 0.032). We conclude that behavioral PIT and polygenic risk for alcohol consumption might be a biomarker for a subclinical phenotype of risky alcohol consumption, even if no drug-related stimulus is present. The association between behavioral PIT effects and the amygdala might point to habitual processes related to out PIT task. In non-dependent young social drinkers, the amygdala rather than the NAcc is activated during PIT; possible different involvement in association with disease trajectory should be investigated in future studies., Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe; 841

Dysfunktionale Lernvorgänge (wie z.B. Pawlowsche Konditionierung) können bei Patienten mit Alkoholabhängigkeit das Rückfallrisiko erhöhen, was innerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit mittels drei Studien untersucht wurde.

As drivers of biogeochemical cycles and nutrient recycling, such as carbon turnover, the microbial community is essential in sustaining functioning ecosystems. Together with the metazoan community, the microbial community constitute the majority of all life in the benthos. Environmental change in biotic and abiotic factors may influence the dynamics of these communities, for example through a sorting or driving effect on the community structure through assembly processes. Environmental change, e.g. change in dissolved oxygen concentration, salinity and temperature, can directly or indirectly affect community composition. How, in what way, and to what extent, benthic bacterial and meiofaunal community composition in the eutrophied, brackish benthic environments, in the Baltic Sea sub-basin the Baltic Proper, respond to environmental change is understudied, both at local and seascape scale. This thesis aimed to study and understand the effects of environmental variation on the diversity and biogeographic patterns of Baltic Sea sediment bacterial and meiofaunal communities. A further aim was to understand the links between the different community levels by studying the interaction between meiofaunal- and macrofaunal communities in relation to environmental variation. Community diversity was analysed along a latitudinal transect of national environmental monitoring stations in the Baltic Proper using a framework of metapopulation and metacommunity theory. The analyses were based on environmental genomics, with high-throughput sequencing, bioinformatics and statistics. The total community genome was analysed using phylogenetic marker gene fragments as a proxy for taxonomic diversity, to investigate diversity, community structure and dynamics. Salinity and oxygen were found to be the main abiotic environmental drivers of benthic community composition and alpha- and beta-diversity patterns. Furthermore, macrofauna-meiofauna interactions were significantly more complex in higher salinity environments. Results also showed that both enhanced environmental gradients and dispersal following a major inflow of saline and oxygenated water from the Atlantic Ocean, influenced the composition of sediment bacterial communities at the seascape scale of the Baltic Sea, as shown by a reduced beta-diversity and increased alpha-diversity, and the development of a significant distance-decay of community similarity. This study also identified strong metapopulation dynamics of the benthic sediment bacterial communities with many satellite and a few core taxa. The outcomes from this study contribute to the understanding of how environmental variation and environmental change relate to changes in Baltic Sea benthic community diversity and composition, and important factors and processes governing community dynamics.

Coastal benthic biodiversity is under increased pressure from climate change, eutrophication, hypoxia, and changes in salinity due to increase in river runoff. The Baltic Sea is a large brackish system characterized by steep environmental gradients that experiences all of the mentioned stressors. As such it provides an ideal model system for studying the impact of on‐going and future climate change on biodiversity and function of benthic ecosystems. Meiofauna (animals

Blockchain seems to be the future of all cross-company business applications. Similar to the adoption of machine learning into all novel and existing business applications and processes we can see the same trend for blockchain. Nearly every application tries to leverage blockchain technology to improve the application related process chains. Is this just a hype or is blockchain really the solution to all problems, in which applications rely on an intelligent and secure data distribution / sharing? What are the most relevant qualities of blockchain needed in modern business applications and which role can a traditional database play in this? Wouldn’t be an integration of some of the qualities into traditional databases a better approach to build the so called ‘distributed business applications’? What is the relationship and overlap between core blockchain and core database concepts like (redo) logging, security features like auditing and encryption, distributed (query) processing, as well as stored procedures/smart contracts? This talk discusses how blockchain can be integrated into existing business applications and processes, what the biggest challenges are and which role a traditional database can play in this context.

Siguiendo los lineamientos reglamentarios sobre el trabajo que desarrolla anualmente, el Instituto de Derecho Internacional público y Derecho de la Integración de la academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba, seleccionó como tema para tratar durante las sesiones académicas del año 2016 “los Derechos humanos a cincuenta años de adopción de el pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y políticos y del pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales”. Palabras preliminares / Ernesto J. Rey Caro -- El principio de non-refoulement a 50 años de la adopción del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos / Zlata Drnas de Clément -- La Carta Internacional de Derechos Humanos: su valor en el derecho internacional y en la práctica de las Naciones Unidas / Luciano Pezzano -- Particularidades de los pactos internacionales sobre los derechos humanos / María Cristina Rodríguez de Taborda -- El Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos de Naciones Unidas: retrospectivas a 50 años de su aprobación / Christian G. Sommer --Reflexiones acerca del Protocolo Facultativo al Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales / Guillermo Daniel Costilla -- Los pactos internacionales de derechos humanos y el derecho humano a la paz / José A. Musso -- La libertad de expresión en la era digital / María Pilar Llorens -- El asilo y el refugio a la luz de los derechos humanos / Graciela R. Salas – publishedVersion Fil: Rey Caro, Ernesto J. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil: Drnas de Clément, Zlata. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil:Pezzano, Luciano. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil: Rodríguez de Taborda, María Cristina. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil: Sommer, Christian G.. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil: Costilla, Guillermo Daniel. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil: Musso, José A.. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil: Llorens, María Pilar. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil: Salas, graciela R. Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba; Argentina.

Los procesos de reclamación sobre imprescriptibilidad de delitos de lesa humanidad en el ámbito latinoamericano han implicado en las últimas décadas un avance en la garantía de justicia para las víctimas de graves violaciones a derechos humanos en las últimas dictaduras militares. pero ese avance en el ámbito penal no ha sido acompañado con medidas judiciales que habiliten reclamaciones civiles a los autores de los graves crímenes, y particularmente al estado como responsable institucional de los agentes estatales que los cometieron. La imprescriptibilidad de las acciones civiles en el marco del nuevo régimen de responsabilidad de estado en Argentina plantea nuevos debates sobre su regulación legal, acorde con las obligaciones internacionales asumidas por el Estado., Fil: Sommer, Christian Guillermo. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina

Summary Insertion of reporter cassettes into the Lgr5 locus has enabled the characterization of mouse intestinal stem cells (ISCs). However, low cell surface abundance of LGR5 protein and lack of high-affinity anti-LGR5 antibodies represent a roadblock to efficiently isolate human colonic stem cells (hCoSCs). We set out to identify stem cell markers that would allow for purification of hCoSCs. In an unbiased approach, membrane-enriched protein fractions derived from in vitro human colonic organoids were analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry. Protein tyrosine pseudokinase PTK7 specified a cell population within human colonic organoids characterized by highest self-renewal and re-seeding capacity. Antibodies recognizing the extracellular domain of PTK7 allowed us to isolate and expand hCoSCs directly from patient-derived mucosa samples. Human PTK7+ cells display features of canonical Lgr5+ ISCs and include a fraction of cells that undergo differentiation toward enteroendocrine lineage that resemble crypt label retaining cells (LRCs)., Highlights • Ex vivo cultured human colon stem cells (hCoSCs) express the surface marker PTK7 • hCoSCs with highest PTK7 surface abundance display highest self-renewal capacity • Antibodies against PTK7 enable purification of hCoSCs from patient samples • A fraction of PTK7+ hCoSCs display genetic features of crypt label retaining cells, In this article, Batlle and colleagues show that the protein pseudo-kinase 7 (PTK7) represents a highly specific marker for human colonic stem cells (hCoSCs). PTK7 surface abundance can be used to enrich for hCoSCs from in vitro colonic organoid cultures and patient-derived mucosa samples. PTK7+ hCoSC fractions display genetic features of canonical Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells and slow cycling crypt label retaining cells (LRCs).

Background: Studies in humans and animals suggest a shift from goal-directed to habitual decision-making in addiction. We therefore tested whether acute alcohol administration reduces goal-directed and promotes habitual decision-making, and whether these effects are moderated by self-reported drinking problems. Methods: Fifty-three socially drinking males completed the two-step task in a randomised crossover design while receiving an intravenous infusion of ethanol (blood alcohol level=80 mg%), or placebo. To minimise potential bias by long-standing heavy drinking and subsequent neuropsychological impairment, we tested 18- to 19-year-old adolescents. Results: Alcohol administration consistently reduced habitual, model-free decisions, while its effects on goal-directed, model-based behaviour varied as a function of drinking problems measured with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. While adolescents with low risk for drinking problems (scoring