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Ordinary human perceivers know that visual objects are perceivable from standpoints other than their own. The aim of this paper is to provide an explanation of how perceptual experience equips perceivers with this knowledge. I approach the task by discussing a variety of action-based theories of perception. Some of these theories maintain that standpoint transcendence is required for shape perception. I argue that this standpoint transcendence must take place in the phenomenal present and that it can be explained in terms of the experience of perceivers who jointly attend to an object. Joint perceivers experience objects as being perceived from standpoints other than their own. They operate in what I call "social space", in which they single out objects by triangulating targets' locations relative to their co-perceivers' standpoints on these targets. It is then possible to explain the public character of the objects of individual experience by appeal to what I call "public space". This is a spatial framework whose locations are presented as standpoints whence joint attention to the target would ensue, were they occupied by co-perceivers. If shape perception requires standpoint transcendence, then shape perceivers operate in public space and are thus capable of singling out targets by triangulating their locations from standpoints other than their own. If it doesn't, then the introduction of a public spatial framework is an additional step whose introduction explains how perceivers come to experience objects as perceivable from standpoints other than their own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Doris Lessing’s novel, Mara and Dann: An Adventure reflects a multi-layered exploration of trauma’s enduring impact on both individuals and their environments. In Lessing’s novel, the shattered world left by the apocalypse continues to breed a multitude of traumas: war, violence, discrimination, and the enduring wounds of inequality. This article explores how the novel employs space as a tool to create a powerful metaphor, where both physical landscapes and the body serve as maps representing profound traumas. Drawing on theories of trauma and postcolonial ecocriticism and inspired by the idea that the novel is an “epistemological narrative form” (Tally, 11), that “projects, describes, and figuratively maps the social spaces” (96), this article examines how Lessing utilizes spatial imagination to enable the characters in her novel, particularly the protagonist Mara, to create new maps: physical, mental, and social. These maps enable them to bear witness to the past traumas of land annihilation and cultural loss, as well as the present traumas of bodily violation, ultimately providing a context for trauma resilience. Lessing’s spatial stance ultimately seeks to empower marginalized groups and open pathways for realizing untapped potentials in African narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores self-visual presentation practices by female political candidates on Facebook during Kenya's political campaigns that culminated in the national elections of 2022. The unit of analysis is the Facebook profile image of the women leaders. Image-centrism is operationalized as the extent to which 'the image' becomes the primary mode of self-presentation in political communication discourse. The study adopts a social semiotic approach to image interpretation postulated by Roland Barthes (1972. Mythologies. (A. Lavers. Trans) (Original work published 1957), 1977. Rhetoric of the image. In Image, music, text (pp. 32–51). Hill and Wang) and Kress and van Leeuwen (1996. Reading images: The grammar of visual design. Routledge, 2006. Reading images: The grammar of visual design (2nd ed.). Routledge). Using Kress and van Leeuwen's approach, images are studied as 'linguistic codes' that have their own 'grammatical' structure. Barthes's approach explores the cultural dimension of the images. The argument here is that visual communication is context-bound, and the theoretical premise laid is that politics is given direction, shape, and impetus by the culture of a people. In order to understand visual political communication in Kenya, therefore, the study analyses and interprets images from the lens of the wider African cultural contexts within which this communication takes place. The overarching questions in this study include: How did female politicians in Kenya strategically use Facebook images for self-representation during the political campaigns in 2022? How have women politicians in Kenya interwoven cultural ideology with visual political communication on their Facebook pages? The ultimate conclusion is that political images not only serve as discourses for communicating political ideas and making political statements, but they also serve as self-representation modes as well as cultural manifestation codes that illuminate specific societal concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People form impressions about others during daily social encounters and infer personality traits from others' behaviors. Such trait inference is thought to rely on two universal dimensions: competence and warmth. These two dimensions can be used to construct a 'social cognitive map' organizing massive information obtained from social encounters efficiently. Originating from spatial cognition, the neural codes supporting the representation and navigation of spatial cognitive maps have been widely studied. Recent studies suggest similar neural mechanism subserves the map-like architecture in social cognition as well. Here we investigated how spatial codes operate beyond the physical environment and support the representation and navigation of social cognitive map. We designed a social value space defined by two dimensions of competence and warmth. Behaviorally, participants were able to navigate to a learned location from random starting locations in this abstract social space. At the neural level, we identified the representation of distance in the precuneus, fusiform gyrus, and middle occipital gyrus. We also found partial evidence of grid-like representation patterns in the medial prefrontal cortex and entorhinal cortex. Moreover, the intensity of grid-like response scaled with the performance of navigating in social space and social avoidance trait scores. Our findings suggest a neurocognitive mechanism by which social information can be organized into a structured representation, namely cognitive map and its relevance to social well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the intersection of culture, ethnicity, gender, and religion, this paper offers insights into the lived experiences of Nigerian women by adopting Nkomo and Ngambi’s multilevel framework on African women’s leadership to understand their work-family experiences in the Nigerian banking sector. Employing data from interviews with eleven Northern women and ten Southern women who live in the following states: Kano, Kaduna; Akure, Lagos, Ibadan; and Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory, the findings confirm the existence of patriarchal systems at the macro (social), meso (organizational), and micro (individual) levels of social action that shape Nigerian women’s work-family experiences. Nevertheless, as tradition and modernity interact to provide a hybrid social space within which these women negotiate the different levels, they demonstrated the ability to redefine femininity and womanhood and reject constraints that confine them. The women from both regions resisted conformity to the patriarchal systematic ideologies and cultural processes that placed them in a disadvantaged position. Despite social and cultural criticisms that restrict women’s movement and career options, their agency was evident in their narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nikhil Anand (2020:50), in a discussion of the modernization of water systems in Mumbai, conceptualizes urban infrastructure as a network of "political assemblages" that can be deconstructed to understand how power is articulated within spaces. Following Anand, we analyze the technopolitics of utility infrastructure and waste disposal in the New Orleans neighborhood that became Storyville, the city's famed red-light district (1897–1917). Storyville, as a byproduct of the city's Progressive Era efforts to engineer physically and morally salubrious urban spaces, was built on an inherent contradiction: it attempted to racially segregate social space, even as it also reserved sex across the color line as a privilege of white men. The material record helps to demonstrate the dissonance between the facades of the imagined Storyville and the diversity of everyday life there, even as that dissonance has reverberated through cycles of urban redevelopment in the neighborhood during the century since the district closed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes how African migrants are confronted in Europe with contrasting mobility rules. We argue that mobility rules not only come from formalized immigration bureaucracies but also emerge from people's transnational social spaces. From there, we first seek to capture the particular mobility regimes and the social imaginaries that produce desirable and undesirable mobility. Subsequently, we ethnographically engage with people's actual responses to particular formal and informal mobility rules. These insights construct a highly dynamic and trans local topology whereby bureaucracies and social life worlds intersect, which makes questions of success/failure, good migranthood as well as mobility/immobility highly diffuse. We use these insights to reflect on uncertainty in the light of shifting im/mobility itineraries and consider migrant navigations as political acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships between students and teachers are a critical protective factor for all students, especially for Black, Indigenous, and youth of color (BIYOC). Critical racial consciousness is the ability to recognize and resist racism. This study explores how teacher critical racial consciousness contributes to shaping learning environments, how teachers perceive their interactions with BIYOC, and BIYOC perceptions of their relationships with their teachers and how their teachers create environments that foster belonging. Data collection consisted of interviews with school teachers (White, n = 7; Black, Indigenous, and people of color, n = 4) and BIYOC (n = 5). Conventional content analysis was used to analyze data. Results indicated that teachers who demonstrated evidence of critical racial consciousness did so by acknowledging their privileged identities, approaching and participating in racial conversations, and handling concerns of race and racism from both BIYOC and other teachers. In turn, students reported feeling a sense of school belonging when teachers created opportunities for BIYOC to raise any concerns surrounding racism and included positive racial/ethnic representation in classroom activities. Study findings provide insights into the importance of teacher critical racial consciousness in creating racially/ethnically inclusive environments that promote school belonging and enhance the quality of relationships between BIYOC and their teachers. Practitioner points: Teachers' critical racial consciousness impacts their skills to navigate conversations about race/racism, their ability to incorporate culturally responsive elements in their teaching practices, and the quality of the social environment they are able to craft for Black, Indigenous, and youth of color (BIYOC).BIYOC develop a sense of belonging in learning spaces that positively represent them—in both the messages delivered to them and in their learning experiences.Teachers' critical racial consciousness influences the quality of relationship they are able to hold with BIYOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Analyzing urban form patterns and their differentiation from a multi-dimensional and large-scale perspective is the basis for studies of urban patterns, processes and effects, but the subject remains a great challenge. Methods: We construct a multi⁃dimensional characterization system of urban form by integrating urban physical space and social space perspectives, which include indices on land use, building distribution, transport network, population distribution and urban function distribution. We further propose a pattern identification method based on principal component analysis and clustering algorithm. Results: Taking 2 475 natural cities in China, the United States, and Europe as examples, we identify six major urban morphological patterns which include high-density (HD), high-aggregation with low-density (HALD), low-aggregation with low-density (LALD), multi-center with high-concentration (MCHC), multi-center with high-mixed (MCHM) and multi-center with low-mixed (MCLM). Chinese cities are mostly HD cities and MCHC cities, and the distribution of patterns has a significant difference between northwest and southeast areas. In the United States, there are mostly HALD cities, LALD cities and MCLM cities, while showing difference between east and west areas. The cities in Europe are mostly MCHM cities with a few other types of cities along the western and southern coastlines. Conclusions: Multi⁃dimensional characterization can classify cities into categories in a comprehensive, refined and reasonable way, and urban form patterns can provide support for cross-regional urban comparison studies, urban pattern and process effects, and urban simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evelyn Waugh's novel Decline and Fall features a circular narrative structure, with the unjust expulsion of Paul from Oxford University at the beginning and his enigmatic return at the end. Existing interpretations of this circularity, typically labelled as 'fruitless' or 'futile', have largely neglected the underlying tension between capitalist ideology and Paul's moral subjectivity, which governs his movements through various spaces in the novel. Drawing upon Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's conceptual framework of 'territory' and Henri Lefebvre's notion of 'social space', this article proposes an alternative understanding of Paul's three-part adventure as a process of 'territorialization', 'deterritorialization' and 'reterritorialization'. These stages correspond to Paul's moral development: moral decline, moral awakening and further moral growth. With his return to Oxford, Paul's adventure constitutes, instead of an apparent 'fruitless circularity', a tortuous process of moral growth. Waugh thereby depicts the early twentieth-century British capitalist social space as a 'vanity fair' and explores the possibilities for individual growth within a territory of general moral decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the influence of a small group of agents (i.e., a lobby) that is trying to spread a rumor in a population by using the known model proposed by Serge Galam. In particular, lobbies are modeled as subgroups of individuals who strategically choose their seating in the social space in order to protect their opinions and influence others. We consider different social gatherings and simulate, using finite Markovian chains, opinion dynamics by comparing situations with a lobby to those without a lobby. Our results show how the lobby can influence opinion dynamics in terms of the prevailing opinion and the mean time to reach unanimity. The approach that we take overcomes some of the problems that behavioral economics and psychology have recently struggled with in terms of replicability. This approach is related to the methodological revolution that is slowly changing the dominant perspective in psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an overview of the existing literature, this paper aims to provide a holistic and coherent conceptualisation and understanding of the complexity of educators' professional learning. First, the way in which professional development, professional learning and everyday learning have been configured in contemporary research is combined with an initial practice theory perspective. Consequently, we conceptualise professional learning as learning in and for professional practice. Subsequently, the theory of practice architectures, a practice theory developed in educational settings, is presented. Based on the authors' previous work, aspects of relatings, that is, the social space in which educators relate to each other in the mediums of power and solidarity, are highlighted. These include power, trust, recognition and agency. The paper ends by presenting a framework for understanding the complexity of learning in and for professional practice, consisting of two complementary perspectives: a site-based and time-bounded focus on professional action and an open-ended process of educators' professional and human growth. Brought together these perspectives enable an understanding of the complexity of professional learning in terms of praxis development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the little written about educational exclusion, much of it considers exclusion as disabled students experiencing less access, opportunities and participation in education when compared to their nondisabled same-aged peers. Our article aims to move beyond these narrow, parochial, and reductive postulates by centering the inter- and intra-subjectivities of disabled students to conceptualize exclusion as experiences with internalized ableism and psycho-emotional disablement that may (or may not) be experienced in any or all material and social spaces in education. We cast light on ableism and psycho-emotional disablement in education so that we and others can challenge, disrupt, and transform it given that it can impact negatively on the wellbeing of disabled students. We end by encouraging researchers to explore how ableism permeates the ideologies, discourses, logics, and traditions of education systems, and for policy makers, school leaders, and teachers to experience anti-disablism training and to adopt an anti-ableist perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses an interdisciplinary approach and concepts of path dependencies, legacies, mental maps and social spaces to analyse the role of railway experts in the process of construction of national space in interwar Southeast Europe on the example of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia as a case study. The spatial analysis of this case study is based on primary and secondary sources: archival material, contemporary journals and newspapers, and contemporary expert's studies. The article analyses the role of transport infrastructure and railway experts in the construction of Yugoslav transport and national space, claiming that the old infrastructure and institutional path dependencies prevented construction of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By transcending the boundaries of the science of archaeology, uncovering new conceptions of the world, providing answers to complex prehistoric questions, expanding our understanding of civilizations, and grasping the language of symbols, Marija Gimbutas opened the gates of eternity for the cultures of the Neolithic Bronze Age as a distinct whole of a world and its visions. By identifying "Old Europe" as an ideal era, Gimbutas introduced this cultural reality ancl thus shed light on an extraordinary period in prehistoric Europe. The time of 6500 BC - the start of the feminine era - remains for the present day an inspiration for change and a foundation for value priorities, as a form of peaceful, tranquil, egalitarian, and nature-honoring coexistence. Marija Gimbutas' ideas swept the world and became the basis for ever new ideas, insights, and creative projects. Her pertinent and meaningful insights, scientific hypotheses, and discoveries of symbols have ensured her relevance today. Digital and traditional media in the twenty-first century - the Internet, virtual space and social media, television and film, press and publishing, and the visual arts - continue to develop tile Lithuanian-American archaeologist's ideas, continuing the interactive power of wisdom and impact, meaning and discovery, that is inherent in the thoughts, ideas, and work of Marija Gimbutas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The smart city concept has taken center stage as a paradigm shift in urban governance, promising innovation, sustainability, and strategic upgrades, and drawing the attention of researchers globally. However, existing frameworks for assessing smart cities remain incomplete and simplistic. This paper aims to address the following question: what is the process and current situation of 30 capitals in China after the implementation of smart city construction, especially from the new perspective of social, physical, and informational space development? To this end, we focus on 30 national and provincial capitals in China, proposing a novel, tri-dimensional SPI model—Social, Physical, and Information space—for smart city spatial development assessment. Employing a robust methodological approach, including entropy weighting, coupled coordination degree models, and the Dagum Gini coefficient, we conduct a spatial development and coordination analysis of these cities from 2011 to 2021. In addition, we utilize BP neural networks to evaluate the contribution of each indicator to the spatial coupled coordination. Our findings indicate a steady increase in the spatial coupled coordination development level of smart capitals in China, alongside a narrowing disparity in development speeds across regions, resulting in a staggered spatial distribution pattern. Specifically, the Information space subsystem represents the most influential driver of coupled coordination. The significance of this research lies in its unique tri-dimensional spatial perspective, offering valuable insights into the spatial development and coordination discrepancies in the smart city concept. These insights offer evidence-based support for regional planning and optimization strategies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the essential dynamics of social networks, specifically examining the phenomenon of information confrontation among users. The goal of the research is the development of a novel simulation methodology that integrates game-theoretic principles with probabilistic techniques to provide a robust model for these interactions. The theoretical framework of the study is founded on the conceptualization of user conflicts as a strategic game between two players. The primary objective for each player in this game is to exert influence and control over as many nodes within the network as possible. To capture the essence of these strategic interactions, we have introduced an innovative algorithm that facilitates dynamic strategy adaptation. This algorithm is pivotal in allowing players to modify their decision-making processes in real-time, based on the continually changing conditions of the network. For practical implementation and validation of the methodology, we used the Facebook Researcher open dataset, with a particular focus on its Kazakhstani segment. This dataset provides a rich source of empirical data, reflecting diverse user interactions and network configurations, which are essential for testing the model. This approach stands out by offering significant improvements in computational efficiency and resource management. By dynamically tracking and updating the network’s status, the proposed method reduces the computational resources required, thereby enhancing the scalability of the simulation. In comparing our methodology with other existing models in the field, it becomes evident that it not only matches but in several respects surpasses these methodologies in terms of flexibility. This study makes substantial contributions to the field of social network analysis by providing a sophisticated tool that can be effectively employed to navigate and analyze the complexities of information confrontation in digital social spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studio pedagogy has undergone unprecedented changes in the last few years of the pandemic. The increased use of online has added new interactive spaces for critical conversations that affect the construction of design students' tacit knowledge. This article documents the research in the interactive environment of the design studio by building on a previous study of critical conversations in the design studio. A mixed method approach was used for data collection based on the prominent epistemological stance of constructivism. Tutors from different geographical locations were questioned on their perceptions and perspectives of critical conversations as a pedagogical tool for design students' tacit knowledge construction. The findings revealed five interactive spaces in the social environment of the design studio. Guidelines are suggested to tutors to facilitate critical conversations in these spaces. The study also finds applications in nondesign disciplines in the use of critical conversations to develop twenty-first-century soft skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keluarga Cemara [Cemara's family], a series by Arswendo Atmowiloto, displays how the wealthy characters stigmatise the characters living in poverty. The series centres on a petite-bourgeois family shifting from riches to rags, but it entails no downgrading shift from their class to the working class. The depiction of the family members and their interaction with other people shows that, despite the shift of economic capital, the family maintains their habitus as the petit bourgeoisie. The series presents a further problem in the way that this poverty-stricken family responds to the stigmatisation by accepting their dispossession of economic capital but objecting that of cultural capital, showing an exercise of agency in negotiating their position in the petit-bourgeois class. The wealthy disapprove of their cultural capital and marginalise them, revealing the desire of the wealthy to be distinct from them. We argue that in presenting the marginalisation practised by the wealthy and the agency by the low-wealth family, the series portrays the field of struggle where both try to maintain their position in social space. As such, the series clears an open textual space that allows the young adult readership to question the social structural imaginary that they inhabit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of city lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 pandemic exposed some social inequalities in Mexico. The paper evaluates the effects of the closure of the Alameda Central, a public park in the Historic Centre of Mexico City. It examines how its closure affected some vulnerable populations, including homeless people, beggars, street vendors, buskers, and male sex workers, to the extent that they resisted leaving or found ways to return to public space. The research shows how Mexican COVID-19 policies tended to overlook the diversity of populations making use of public space, and their various necessities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into an investigation of urban public outdoor spaces (POSs) from a health-oriented perspective, recognizing varied health needs encompassing physical, psychological, social, and environmental aspects. In this study, POSs of two typical government service centers (GSCs) were analyzed based on their structure, user demographics, and user satisfaction, revealing several problems with the current GSC POS designs. To address these problems, principles for GSC POS design were proposed for natural, playing, and social spaces and applied to redesign the Wuchang GSC. Firstly, through on-site surveys, questionnaire surveys, and data analysis, the existing problems in promoting residents' health in the GSC POSs were revealed, such as the insufficient greening of natural spaces, lack of interest in playing spaces, and unreasonable design of the scale of social spaces. Based on the above analysis, a health design optimization principle based on Maslow's theory is proposed. Firstly, improvement solutions were proposed and implemented for green spaces, such as using more diversified natural elements, zone differentiation, and landscape improvements to promote the health of users. Secondly, the leisure and sports needs of different age groups can be met simultaneously by diversifying the layout and functional settings of playing spaces. Finally, public spaces suitable for social interaction were redesigned to promote the psychological health of citizens in social activities by optimizing the scale of communication spaces. The proposed design optimization strategies for GSCs not only provide theoretical support for the healthy design of POSs but also provide useful references for the healthy development of urban public spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the social dynamics of space in Geetanjali Shree's Tomb of Sand (2021), originally published as Ret Samadhi, and translated into English by Daisy Rockwell. Tomb of Sand revolves around Ma, an eighty year old woman, who rises from a deep trance as new and develops a taste for transgression. The objective of this research essay is to evaluate the social implications of animation of places like doors, thresholds, boundaries, and walls in the novel, and to analyse the role of spatial dimension in the transgressive activities of characters. The research is significant in that it highlights the treatment of space as a physical entity that has a cognition of its own. The paper argues that the places in the novel are alive due to their social soul, and they put forth the ideologies and thoughts of the prominent actors who inhabit them. Places, therefore, become indicators of characters' transgression since they represent the social expectations with regards to gender, age or class. For instance, the door of Bade's home (in the text under scrutiny) "knows that it must remain open" as he has a responsibility towards every social class as a civil servant. However, the case is different for Beti whose departure from Bade's home is viewed as a sign of transgression. This research employs the concept of place by Tim Cresswell in his book In Place/Out of Place: Geography, Ideology and transgression (1996). Appropriating the tools of interpretive phenomenological analysis of the text, the research contributes to the interdisciplinary domain of GeoHumanities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In harmony with other aspects of civilization, Iranian cities, in the face of modernity, have taken a new step in their existence and, alongside the physical transformation and the emergence of architectural and urban spaces with a new configuration, have experienced a novel dimension of social space. Baharestan Square is a tangible example of this new spatial arrangement, which at the end of the Qajar era, outside the established order, transformed into a center of social activism and the libertarianism of the constitutionalists. This study, within the framework of a critical paradigm, seeks to explore the factors and forces that have shaped Baharestan Square as a civic space in modern urban order in the historical space-time of Tehran during the constitutional era. It aims to give voice to the overlooked aspects of this experience by narrating its social space, contrary to one-sided physical or symbolic analyses. Civic space, as the final layer of urban public space, is a living space that, with society's dominance over it, becomes a discursive and socio-political platform for citizens, allowing the free spirit of society to regenerate through the support of its institutions. Based on the interpretation of this study, Baharestan Square, during the constitutional era, became the possession of the constitutionalists, backed by urban independence and detachment from the cohesive network of public spaces, creating a discursive platform through the presence of the progressive institution of the parliament, associations, and affiliated organizations, as well as the diversity and multiplicity resulting from the formation of a modern society, and also, pursuing demands and litigations with the establishment of the dualism of the government and the nation, which, along with fundamentally disrupting the traditional governing order, brought the social life of the city into a completely novel existence and introduced a new experience of placemaking in the public spaces of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, the UK government was the first to introduce a statutory obligation, also known as the "Prevent duty", on all education institutions, including Higher and Further Education, universities and colleges, in England and Wales, to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism. The duty, promoted by the UK Home Office as another safeguarding measure, acted as an extension to the UK's Prevent Strategy (CONTEST), first published in 2006. The duty in schools came under scrutiny as national security measures of surveillance and reporting conflict with what education stands for, that is, a space for social, intellectual growth and the formation of one's identity. There is little literature examining how secondary school teachers attempt to prevent radicalisation through teaching practices. To fill this gap, interviews were carried out with 13 secondary school teachers, teaching different subjects at Key Stage 3/4 in England to investigate their views on what informs their choice of pedagogical methods to prevent radicalisation and how they engage with the curriculum to enact the duty. To contrast teachers' views, 14 Prevent Practitioners in England were interviewed to examine whether correct interpretation and implementation of the Prevent duty was taking place. Findings show that whilst the duty's main objective in schools is for teachers to signal and report potential radicalised students, teachers feel that Prevent policy and training requires strengthening to equip them with a sound knowledge of what violent radicalisation entails, and pedagogical tools to help them prevent radicalisation through educational teaching practices and their subject curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Originally a biogeographic term, "Indo-Pacific" is increasingly replacing "Asia-Pacific" in political discourse. This is not merely a linguistic matter but also has political implications. However, the meaning of "Indo-Pacific" remains unclear, and its implications are contested. While it has attracted the attention of a wide spectrum of political pundits, the regional designation "Indo-Pacific" is used to describe a space of global cooperation and geopolitical competition. This study makes two contributions by reexamining this debate. First, it helps lift the fog around the Indo-Pacific to gain a deeper understanding and encourage reflection on its current rise. Thus, it is situated within a growing body of literature that excavates the complex history of the Indo-Pacific by revisiting its Japanese wartime origins. Second, drawing on the emergent literature on multiplicity, this study shows how the term has historically invoked two different kinds of international relations in Japan. This suggests the importance of examining multiple socio-spatial imaginations internalized by diverse collectivities in the social space of international politics that goes beyond modern European state borders. Introduced by the Japanophile German geopolitician Karl Haushofer, the term was originally used to express the area of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, a region that aimed to create a world order that differed from the Western one. This significantly contradicts contemporary usage by the Japanese government, which claims that universal values exist in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liang Hong's "Liang zhuang" series are true records of Liang zhuang's great changes in the process of urbanization in her capacity as the daughter of Liang zhuang. In this series, she no longer continues the tone of the "decay" theory of the countryside, but comprehensively shows the countryside world in the midst of modernization and change. Behind the hollowing out of the villages, the villages are increasingly renewed; in the pursuit of material prosperity, the villagers yearn for human contact; and in the midst of their inner uncertainty, they search for their first spiritual support. In the context of transition, whether it is the physical space where the old and the new are mixed together, the social space where people change, or the spiritual space where the rupture continues, the rural society contains vitality and vigor, and presents a diversified and complex appearance, which is also the real scene of the rural society, and a new expression of the urban-rural relationship in the context of the era of change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the concept of social space in the writings of three sociologists, Georg Simmel, Robert E. Park, and Erving Goffman, this article examines the classic theoretical formulations of social spaces in the tradition of the Chicago School of Sociology For Simmel and the Chicago School, the foundation of social spaces lies in the social interactions among actors, and social entities and structures emerge from these interaction processes. This theoretical tradition emphasizes the interdependence of physical space and social space, highlighting two featured assumptions about social space: endogeneity and temporality. It also focuses on the relationship between spaces and human emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focusses on the play Pequeños animales abatidos by Alejandro Sieveking, a text written by the Chilean playwright upon his arrival in Costa Rica to 1974. The text is understood as a literature of exile throughout the author communicated socio-political situations from Chile before coup d'etat, and in this act of memory, he was positioning against the repression of the dictatorship. The analysis persuades that the referentiality of the play is biographical and historical, because of time, space and social actors who were known or lived by Sieveking. As part of his discursive strategies, the author uses the intertextuality to refer to the political affiliations of the characters; the parody or satire to criticize the contradictions from the right and the temporary games to lessen the discourses from the left with characters comparable to the politics of oblivion. The analysis concludes that characters are reduced to their animality, in which they are prisoners of violence and the impossibility of changing circumstances as well as protecting their own lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to reflect on the educational dimension of Social Work in social protection policy, which, although not an impossible mission, is quite complex and due to its multiple determinations, especially in the Angolan context. And the reflection arises from the interest in better understanding how it is effective in this reality, specifically in the Kuzola Children’s Home, starting from the logic of understanding universality to achieve (understand) the singularity, which is the Angolan territory our current space of intervention as a social worker. Even with limitations, this reflection was based on Marx’s theory of historical-dialectical materialism and is the result of a bibliographical and documentary research. The analysis indicates that the insertion of the social worker in the social protection policy, through the educational- pedagogical dimension, especially the emancipatory one, at the same time that it produces and reproduces the prevailing ideology, can provide a space to make the working class aware of the need for a continuous struggle for their rights and to break with this degrading system. undertaking a revolutionary break towards human emancipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations by the press have revealed that Operation Car Wash, an anti-corruption task force, received support from the FBI, the American federal agency of criminal investigation. This paper analyses the transnational connections between Brazilian and American law enforcement officers, which led to the formulation and conduction of Operation Car Wash, reconstituting its transnational dimensions, which have yet to receive much attention in the specialised literature. To accomplish this, we have mobilised the field thinking tool developed by Pierre Bourdieu and his interpreters in International Relations, enabling us to reflect on the interactions between police within a specialised social space promoter of socialisation, competition, and cooperation. Beginning with documental research, we have identified the national and international actors involved in the operation, the power relationships between them, their patterns and spaces of interaction, and potential political impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the place that Cristina Fernández Cubas occupies in the Spanish artistic field. Through the character of the writer, it focuses on the tensions between female writing and literary institution that several of her stories stage. To this end, I rely on the concept of «paratopy» («paratopie»), developed by Dominique Maingueneau (2004), which alludes the author’s paradoxical place respect to social space, positioned simultaneously inside and outside of it. The variety of paratopic representations reveals an evolution in the authorship of Fernández Cubas: from her earliest fantastic stories, where the protagonists manifest the «anxiety of creation» (Planté 2019, 137), to the latest ones, where the non-realistic is combined with the autofictional, and the authorization of the writer – legitimized by the literary institution – is inversely proportional to her visibility as a female subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According Maingueneau (2004; 2017), writers exist within the literary discourse, which invariably occupies a paratopic space. Despite being part of society, they occupy a special status that sets them apart from the rest of the elements of the social space. This distinctiveness is especially connoted in the case of women writers, principally in the theatre due to the immediacy of the scene. The primary objective of this paper is to analyze how female playwrights, such as Marina Otero in Love Me (2022) and Bibiana Monje in Lacura (2017), portray themselves in autofictional drama plays, with fully aware of their paratopic position. They not only include episodes of their lives in the diegesis, but also, they use this opportunity to articulate critical discourses against different social problems, such as misogyny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media practices are situated within the contexts that people are located in, including family and peer relationships. LGBTQIA+ young people carefully curate social media spaces to find similar others in careful ways. However, less is understood about how existing connections to families of origin (re)shape social media practices. Drawing on interview and focus group data with 65 LGBTQIA+ young people, we examine family considerations in social media practices and curation strategies. Findings reveal that considerations about familial relations play an important role in how young people use social media for maintaining and fostering ties with family members. Young LGBTQIA+ people narrativise their social media practices as intensely affective experiences, where issues of care, concern, and love for family, (re)shapes their social media use. We argue that queer young people's social media practices can be conceptualised as family practices and consider the implications this has for making sense of social media for queer young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed Mars missions will expose astronauts to long durations of social isolation (SI) and space radiation (SR). These stressors have been shown to alter the brain's macrostructure and microenvironment, including the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Breakdown of the BBB is linked to impaired executive functions and physical deficits, including sensorimotor and neurocognitive impairments. However, the precise mechanisms mediating these effects remain unknown. Additionally, the synergistic effects of combined exposure to SI and SR on the structural integrity of the BBB and brain remain unknown. We assessed the BBB integrity and morphology in the brains of male rats exposed to ground-based analogs of SI and SR. The rats exposed to SR had enlarged lateral ventricles and increased BBB damage associated with a loss of astrocytes and an increased number of leaky vessels. Many deficits observed in SR-treated animals were attenuated by dual exposure to SI (DFS). SI alone did not show BBB damage but did show differences in astrocyte morphology compared to the Controls. Thus, determining how single and combined inflight stressors modulate CNS structural integrity is crucial to fully understand the multiple pathways that could impact astronaut performance and health, including the alterations to the CNS structures and cell viability observed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Territorial space is not only a physical space for human survival and development, but also a social and power space that contains the production and reproduction of social relations. This means that territorial spatial planning is no longer just a technical tool for intervening in spatial production but has become a way of governance that reflects national will and government goals. As a public policy, legalization is the necessary route for territorial spatial planning to obtain legitimacy and is also an important way to prove the legitimacy of public power intervening in private rights. The essence of the legalization of territorial spatial planning is 'good laws and good governance.' 'Good laws' are characterized by systemic integrity, scientific content, and guiding functions, while 'good governance' requires a holistic territorial spatial planning governance that is horizontally linked and a 'pressure-feedback' territorial spatial planning governance that is vertically transmitted. The legalization of territorial spatial planning in China is facing multiple challenges, including a lack of top-level design, a weak legal foundation for planning, and an unclear allocation of central and local authority, which are constrained by both internal and external factors. Rights and power inherent in territorial spatial planning and their complex relationships determine that the structuralism of Faquan (the unity of rights and power) centered on 'rights-power' has a more comprehensive explanatory power. The legalization of territorial spatial planning should follow the logic of 'spatial power-spatial rights.' Spatial power is the foundation for the legal construction of territorial spatial planning. The power system of territorial spatial planning includes the provision of spatial development rights, the allocation of spatial planning power, and the establishment of spatial management power. The allocation of power should reflect the requirements of integrity, correspondence, and publicness. The goal of the legalization of territorial spatial planning is the achievement of spatial rights. The spatial rights in territorial spatial planning include compound spatial rights consisting of spatial rights in the narrow sense (spatial property rights) and spatial human rights. The compound attributes of spatial rights and the lack of corresponding laws, as well as the difficulty of appealing for territorial spatial planning as an administrative action, imply that constructing a relief system for spatial rights with 'legislative relief-administrative relief-judicial relief' at its core is practical and necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the increase in challenges to materials in public schools and libraries in the United States, particularly in response to library programs and speakers with controversial views. It explores the complexities of including materials in library collections and the role of policies in translating values into actions. The controversy surrounding the interpretation of the ALA's meeting room policy is also discussed, as well as the concepts of endorsement and sponsorship in libraries. The article touches on the issue of platforming and the debates surrounding giving a platform to controversial viewpoints. It highlights the need for clear policies in libraries regarding displays, exhibits, and meeting rooms, and the importance of distinguishing between endorsement and sponsorship. The article concludes by emphasizing the significance of library policies in putting values into action and maintaining the unique role of libraries in serving individual information needs. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The professional and social spaces occupied by educated Black South African women are arenas marked by multifaceted challenges and struggles. This study looks into the resistance strategies employed by Professional Black Women (PBW) against patriarchal norms and the ways they navigate cultural, gender, and self-development barriers. Utilizing a qualitative research design grounded in the Interpretative Phenomenological Approach, the study aims to elucidate the lived experiences of PBW as they confront various barriers. The purposive sample comprises three professional Black women pursuing doctoral degrees and serving as lecturers within higher education institutions. This paper illuminates the familial and cultural patriarchal structures that impede PBW's journey towards self-development. Through their narratives, it becomes evident that PBW actively resist patriarchal influences within their cultural context, recognizing these norms as hindrances to their personal growth. Their resistance signifies a paradigm shift towards prioritizing self-development and forging independent identities. The study applies an intersectional lens to analyze the interconnectedness of themes, highlighting the complex interplay between intra-cultural patriarchal oppression and PBW's aspirations for self-realization. By focusing on familial and cultural barriers, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics shaping the experiences of Black South African women in their quest for empowerment and autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I investigate the benefits and potential risks associated with utilizing participant observation to gain a deeper understanding of sexual identity. Specifically, my focus is on examining how young, heterosexual, middle-class, cisgender individuals in South Africa perceive and understand their heterosexual identities, exploring how privilege and heteronormativity shape their experiences. In my ethnographic study, I employed various qualitative data collection methods, including participant observation, to analyze how normative practices were negotiated and sustained in contemporary South Africa. As a feminist researcher, I reflect on the epistemological and methodological choices I made in the study, with reflexivity and positionality playing crucial roles in data collection and analysis. Drawing on experiences in three distinct social spaces in Johannesburg—high-end nightclubs, Tupperware-style sex-toy parties, and traditional braais [barbecues]—I examine the advantages and challenges of participant observation. This paper contributes to the broader discussion on the method's use, highlighting its potential to offer a nuanced understanding of a normalized phenomenon while acknowledging associated risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pacha: Revista de Estudios Contemporáneos del Sur Global is the property of PACHA REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS CONTEMPORANEOS DEL SUR GLOBAL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The spatial organization within ancient settlements offers valuable insights into the evolution of social complexity. This paper examines spatially and chronologically contextualized architectural structures and artifacts uncovered at the Late Bronze Age Shirenzigou site to explore the relationship between the use of space and underlying social dynamics in the Eastern Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang (China). Central to our findings is a distinctive centripetal compound structure, consisting of a larger non-domestic building surrounded by smaller dwellings. This arrangement, along with the variety and distribution of the artifacts, reveals a complex interplay between private and communal spaces at the site, reflecting a growing complexity within the social fabric of the community. The formation of conglomerates of houses around a central communal structure which occurs across the Tianshan Mountains appears to be a strategic adaptation in response to environmental challenges and socio-political transformations across this region at the end of the second millennium BCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores how the phenomenon of Joint Attention (JA) drives certain core features of team sport and how sport illuminates the nature of JA. In JA, two or more agents focus on the same object in mutual awareness that the content of their experience is thus shared. JA is essential to joint sporting actions. The sporting context is particularly useful for illustrating the phenomenon of JA and provides a valuable lens through which to examine rival theoretical accounts of its workings. This paper draws novel connections between the respective philosophical literatures on JA and sport, suggesting prospects for mutually advantageous cross-pollination. I contend that the workings of JA within joint sporting action are misconstrued on intellectualistic and individualistic theories which posit reductive explanations in terms of the contents of individual minds. The best evidence and strongest philosophical arguments support 'relational' accounts whereby joint sporting actions exceed the sum of their parts. I reject the 'extensionalist' contention, associated with 'lean' versions of the relationalist approach, that objects of JA are individuated in terms of causal properties not sensitive to how they are perceived. Siding instead with 'rich' versions of the view, I argue that team collaboration depends on convergence in terms of the 'aspectual shape' of the objects of JA. Finally, a further possible application for these ideas is suggested: that JA plays a central role in the constitution of sport-specific kinds. On this proposal, JA facilitates collective perceptual recognition of particular objects and situations as embodying the general types described in the rulebook, playing an important role in creating and sustaining the public 'social space' of sporting competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that joint attention solves the "base problem" as it arises for Schiffer's and Lewis's theories of common knowledge. The problem is that an account is needed of the perceptual base of some forms of common knowledge that gets by without itself invoking common knowledge. The paper solves the problem by developing a theory of joint attention as consisting in the exercise of joint know-how involving particular and sometimes distal targets and arguing that certain joint perceivers can always have a minimal form of propositional common knowledge about the location of these targets. On such a view, perceptual common knowledge is based on the experience of a process that is maintained by way of perceivers' exercise of an object-involving form of joint know-how. Some reductive theories of collective intentionality require that agents' intentions and subplans are common knowledge (or "out in the open") between them. For these theories the base problem arises again. The enacted theory of joint attention can solve the problem. The argument is exactly parallel to the common knowledge case. The openness of joint agents' intentions and meshing subplans is explained by appeal to their practical knowledge of how to maintain the process by way of which they pursue the collective intention. They can then make this knowledge explicit by linguistic communication. When they succeed in communicating knowledge of their meshing subplans as pursued in a joint action context, they necessarily have this knowledge in common. For theories of collective intentionality that include a common knowledge condition, the experience of participating in a perceptually constituted joint action provides the base that renders harmless the regress that otherwise threatens reductive analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the interiors of ancient Huizhou buildings in China, a profusion of wood carvings are employed for decoration, with traditional research interpreting their function from decorative and aesthetic perspectives. However, this research suggests that the role of Huizhou wood carvings in interior spaces surpasses mere decoration; they enhance the expression and experience of spatial concepts through narrative imagery. By analyzing the mechanism and intrinsic logic behind the spatial concepts formed in Huizhou residential buildings, this study investigates how wood-carving imagery contributes to shaping spatial concepts through narrative techniques, as well as their creativity and expressiveness in architectural design. Utilizing literature reviews, field surveys for case selection, and case analysis methods combined with observation, interviews, and measurements, this research ultimately employs image analysis to interpret the narrative structures and styles of wood-carving imagery in detail. This study reveals that (1) the spatial concepts of Huizhou residential buildings are influenced by traditional thought, social culture, and other factors, leading to an interweaving of material, cultural, and social spaces that results in a spatial concept characterized by harmony between heaven and humanity, clear hierarchy, and orderliness; (2) Huizhou wood-carvings, through their narrative images, actively engage in the production of spatial concepts, employing thematic juxtaposition narrative modes and utilizing singular-scene narration, composite-scene narration, and cyclical narration to articulate these concepts. These findings significantly deepen our comprehension of the relationship between the spatial concepts of Huizhou's traditional residential architecture and social culture. By integrating cultural elements with spatial production theory, this research addresses the limitations of existing studies and augments their theoretical interpretative power. Additionally, clarifying the connection between the cultural elements of wood-carving imagery and the formation of spatial concepts offers a novel perspective on the study of Huizhou wood carvings, moving beyond their longstanding categorization as purely decorative elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I examine the simultaneous expansion of urban sprawl and influx of middle‐class migrants in the context of Gurugram, India, to highlight how physical and social space plays an integral role in shaping class distinction among the migrant middle classes. I make a case for social class, generally, and migrant middle classes in neo‐urban contexts, specifically, to be understood as a sociospatial category. My arguments build primarily on Bourdieu's argument that both physical and social space operates on similar principles of reciprocal externality of positions in the context of social class distinction. I highlight how the migrant middle classes formulate and consolidate their social class distinction against competing claims over sociospatial dominance of the local ancestral agrarian community in neo‐urban Gurugram, India. My findings highlight how existing local sociopolitical fractures interact with global capitalist circuits of capital to shape the sociospatial context in which social class distinction is formulated. The article allows for grounding theorizations of social class to accommodate local sociopolitical and sociospatial dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his prominent Distinction, Bourdieu captured a homology between spaces of lifestyles and social positionings in 1960s France, in which he discerned a relationship between tastes of necessity and tastes of luxury, regarding numerous culturally-defined consumables, food included. Ever since, the relation between social actors' positionings, food consumption, and tastes has been explored in other European countries, but not yet in Italy. Against this background, from cultural-sociological and post-structuralist points of view, this study argues that to comprehend how food, invested with cultural and moral meanings, is being used to differentiate, it is necessary to map the homology between tastes and positions. It explores this relationship by using quantitative data from the Italian household budget survey, focusing on the expenditure on food. The study finds that regardless of previously recorded regional variations in foodways and cuisines, tastes of necessity and luxury can be identified. In the case of the former, consumed foods are predominantly associated with function, substantiality, cheapness, heaviness, and tradition, while in the case of the latter, it distances itself from necessity through foods that are exclusive, lighter, more expensive, fiddly to eat, exotic, and are consumed in all due form. Positioned relationally, such distinction through taste points towards a mechanism whereby ingesting said foods, social actors likewise embody the associated moral properties and participate in a constant struggle of worth. The article concludes with recommendations for the necessary further explorations of spaces of positionings and lifestyles in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano Regionales is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Soletras is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)