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201. Gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry of prostaglandin Facyclic boronate derivatives

Author

Smith, Andrew G. and Brooks, Charles J. W.

Abstract

The electron impact mass spectra of prostaglandins F1a, F2aand F3amethyl ester cyclic 9,11-methane-, n-butane-, cyclohexane- and benzeneboronate 15-trimethylsilyl ethers show base peaks corresponding to [M – (C-16—C-20)]+, i.e. [M - 71]+for prostaglandins F1aand F2abut [M - 69]+for prostaglandin F3ayielding identical ions in the latter two cases. Derivatives of prostaglandin F2aand F3aare difficult to separate by gas chromatography, so that the use of this ion type for single ion monitoring of either prostaglandin (as has been reported) is ambiguous. The chemical ionization mass spectra of these cyclic boronates, however, show distinctive base peaks for prostaglandins F1a, F2aand F3aat m/e317, 315 and 313 respectively, corresponding to [M - RBO2H2- TMSO]+. Fragmentation patterns have been investigated by the use of [3,3,4,4-2H4]prostaglandin F2aand by the formation of [2H9]trimethylsilyl ethers and a [2H3]methyl ester. Cleavage of the C-15—C-16 bond is of minor importance under chemical ionization conditions. The possible value of the [M - RBO2H2– TMSO]+ions for single ion monitoring is explored: specificity is aided by the formation of the same ions from a series of boronates of characteristic retention indices.

Published
1977
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202. Trimethylsilyl group migration during electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry of the trimethylsilyl ethers of 20-hydroxy-5a-pregnan-3-ones and 20-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-ones

Author

Smith, Andrew G., Gaskell, Simon J., and Brooks, Charles J. W.

Abstract

The electron impact and chemical ionization (isobutane) mass spectra of the TMS derivatives of 20-hydroxy-5a-pregnan-3-ones and 20-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-ones include ions [M ? 44]+? attributable to loss of a CH3CHO fragment from C-17 with migration of the TMS group to the charge-retaining fragment. Mass spectra of isotopically labelled ([3-18O], [20-18O] and [2H9-TMS]) analogues are consistent with this mechanism; [2H9-TMS] labelling further indicates that subsequent loss of a methyl group from [M ? 44]+? ions does not involve the TMS group. Corresponding ions are not observed at significant abundance in the spectra of 20ß-trimethyl-silyloxy-5a-pregnane and 20ß-trimethylsilyloxy-4-pregnen-3-one 3-O-methyloxime. In the electron impact mass spectrum of the t-butyldimethylsilyl ether of 20ß-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, an ion is observed corresponding to loss of 44 atomic mass units from the intense [M ? C4H9]-ion.

Published
1976
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203. Mass spectra of ?4- and 5a-3-ketosteroids formed during the oxidation of some 3ß-hydroxysteroids by cholesterol oxidase

Author

Smith, Andrew G. and Brooks, Charles J. W.

Abstract

Thirty-six ?5- and 5a-3ß-hydroxysteroids have been oxidized with cholesterol oxidase to give the corresponding ?4- and 5a-3-ketosteroids, respectively. The mass spectral characteristics of the products (or their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives, in the case of 3-keto-hydroxysteroids) varied considerably, depending especially on the nature of the C-17 sidechain. The ion of m/e124 (or its equivalent) from cleavage of ring B was frequently a major fragment from ?4-3-ketosteroids, but in some instances was of insignificant abundance. Trimethylsilylation of the product of the oxidation of neoergosterol gave neoergosterone enol-trimethylsilyl ether. Fragmentations of the sidechain oredominated in the mass spectra of the 5a-3-ketosteroids.

Published
1976
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204. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry of trimethylsilyl ethers of sidechain hydroxylated ?4-3-ketosteroids. Long range trimethylsilyl group migration under electron impact

Author

Gaskell, Simon J., Smith, Andrew G., and Brooks, Charles J. W.

Abstract

The electron impact mass spectrum (70 eV) of 26-trimethylsilyloxy-4-cholesten-3-one shows a base peak at m/e196, attributable to combination of the trimethylsilyl group with a fragment of m/e123 produced by cleavage across ring B. 18O labelling confirms that the fragment of m/e196 contains the 3-oxygen atom, and 2H labelling indicates retention of the trimethylsilyl moiety. Similar ions are observed from other ?4-3-ketones with sidechain trimethylsilyloxy groups: abundances depend on the site of substitution. The corresponding enol trimethylsilyl ethers are readily separable from the keto forms by gas-liquid chromatography, and afford mass spectra in which the molecular ions are abundant, while ions of m/e196 are of only moderate intensity.

Published
1975
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205. Disseminated cutaneous and vascular invasion byFusarium moniliforme in a fatal case of acute lymphocytic leukemia

Author

Smith, Andrew G., Bustamante, Carlos I., and Wood, Colin

Abstract

A 35 year old female patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed fusariosis in which dissemination appeared to be limited to cutaneous and vascular invasion. The first evidence of fungemia occurred nearly seven months after initial hospitalization. The fungus was identified asFusarium sp. and was considered a contaminant. Two weeks later blood cultures were again positive forFusarium sp. and the patient was placed on amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine therapy. The following day developing lesions were noted on her forearms and face; lesions ultimately spread to her trunk, abdomen, and lower extremities. Skin lesion biopsy sections revealed abundant septate and branching hyphae throughout the dermis and within capillaries. Twenty-six days after the initial isolation the patient died. Post-mortem blood cultures gave rise to the same fungus, which was identified asFusarium monoliforme. Postmortem cultures and stains of spleen, liver, lung, and brain specimens were all negative for fungi. The primary source and portal of entry of the organism remained undetermined.

Published
1993
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206. Sterol biosynthesis by the sea urchin Echinus esculentus

Author

Smith, Andrew G. and Goad, L. John

Abstract

1. The 4-demethyl sterols of Echinus esculentus consisted of cholesterol as the major component, with lower concentrations of nine other C26, C27, C28 and C29 Δ5sterols. 2. [2-14C]Mevalonic acid was readily incorporated by the urchin into squalene, lanosterol and desmosterol but only to a small extent into cholesterol. 3. [26-14C]Desmosterol did not appear to be reduced to give cholesterol, but conversion of 5α-[2-3H2]lanost-8-en-3β-ol into cholesterol was observed. 4. No C-24 dealkylation of [4-14C]sitosterol or metabolism of [4-14C]cholesterol could be detected.

Published
1974
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213. Heightened resistance to host type 1 interferons characterizes HIV-1 at transmission and after antiretroviral therapy interruption

Author

Gondim, Marcos V. P., Sherrill-Mix, Scott, Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic, Russell, Ronnie M., Trimboli, Stephanie, Smith, Andrew G., Li, Yingying, Liu, Weimin, Avitto, Alexa N., DeVoto, Julia C., Connell, Jesse, Fenton-May, Angharad E., Pellegrino, Pierre, Williams, Ian, Papasavvas, Emmanouil, Lorenzi, Julio C. C., Salantes, D. Brenda, Mampe, Felicity, Monroy, M. Alexandra, Cohen, Yehuda Z., Heath, Sonya, Saag, Michael S., Montaner, Luis J., Collman, Ronald G., Siliciano, Janet M., Siliciano, Robert F., Plenderleith, Lindsey J., Sharp, Paul M., Caskey, Marina, Nussenzweig, Michel C., Shaw, George M., Borrow, Persephone, Bar, Katharine J., and Hahn, Beatrice H.

Abstract

Interferon-mediated pressures vary throughout HIV-1 infection but are the highest during viral rebound after treatment interruption.

Published
2021
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217. Bubble CPAP and oxygen for child pneumonia care in Malawi: a CPAP IMPACT time motion study.

Author

Sessions, Kristen L., Mvalo, Tisungane, Kondowe, Davie, Makonokaya, Donnie, Hosseinipour, Mina C., Chalira, Alfred, Lufesi, Norman, Eckerle, Michelle, Smith, Andrew G., and McCollum, Eric D.

Subjects
CHILD care, CONTINUOUS positive airway pressure, CARDIOPULMONARY fitness, NASAL cannula, OXYGEN, BUBBLES
Abstract

Background: In some low-resource settings bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) is increasingly used to treat children with pneumonia. However, the time required for healthcare workers (HCWs) to administer bCPAP is unknown and may have implementation implications. This study aims to compare HCW time spent administering bCPAP and low-flow nasal oxygen care at a district hospital in Malawi during CPAP IMPACT (Improving Mortality for Pneumonia in African Children Trial).Methods: Eligible participants were 1-59 months old with WHO-defined severe pneumonia and HIV-infection, HIV-exposure, severe malnutrition, or hypoxemia and were randomized to either bCPAP or oxygen. We used time motion techniques to observe hospital care in four hour blocks during treatment initiation or follow up (maintenance). HCW mean time per patient at the bedside over the observation period was calculated by study arm.Results: Overall, bCPAP required an average of 34.71 min per patient more than low-flow nasal oxygen to initiate (bCPAP, 118.18 min (standard deviation (SD) 42.73 min); oxygen, 83.47 min (SD, 20.18 min), p < 0.01). During initiation, HCWs spent, on average, 12.45 min longer per patient setting up bCPAP equipment (p < 0.01) and 11.13 min longer per patient setting up the bCPAP nasal interface (p < 0.01), compared to oxygen equipment and nasal cannula set-up. During maintenance care, HCWs spent longer on average per patient adjusting bCPAP, compared to oxygen equipment (bCPAP 4.57 min (SD, 4.78 min); oxygen, 1.52 min (SD, 2.50 min), p = 0.03).Conclusion: Effective bCPAP implementation in low-resource settings will likely create additional HCW burden relative to usual pneumonia care with oxygen.Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02484183 , June 29, 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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218. The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory

Author

Auger, Pierre, Aab, Alexander, Abreu, Pedro, Aglietta, Marco, Ahn, Eun-Joo, Al Samarai, Imen, Albert, Jean-Noel, Albuquerque, Ivone, Allekotte, Ingomar, Allen, Jeff, Allison, Patrick, Almela, Alejandro, Alvarez Castillo, Jesus, Alvarez-Muñiz, Jaime, Alves Batista, Rafael, Ambrosio, Michelangelo, Aminaei, Amin, Anchordoqui, Luis, Andringa, Sofia, Aramo, Carla, Aranda, Victor Manuel, Argirò, Stefano, Arisaka, Katsushi, Arneodo, Francesco, Arqueros, Fernando, Asch, Thomas, Asorey, Hernán Gonzalo, Assis, Pedro, Aublin, Julien, Ave, Maximo, Avenier, Michel, Avila, Gualberto, Awal, Nafiun, Badescu, Alina Mihaela, Balzer, Matthias, Barber, Kerri B., Barbosa, Ademarlaudo, Barenthien, Norbert, Barkhausen, M., Bäuml, Julia, Baus, Colin, Beatty, Jim, Becker, Karl Heinz, Bellido, Jose A., BenZvi, Segev, Berat, Corinne, Bergmann, Till, Bertaina, Mario Edoardo, Bertou, Xavier, Biermann, Peter, Bilhaut, Rene, Billoir, Pierre, Blaess, Simon G., Blanco, Miguel, Bleve, Carla, Blümer, Hans, Boháčová, Martina, Bolz, Heike, Boncioli, Denise, Bonifazi, Carla, Bonino, Raffaella, Boratav, Murat, Borodai, Nataliia, Bracci, F., Brack, Jeffrey, Brancus, Iliana, Bridgeman, Ariel, Brogueira, Pedro, Brown, William C., Buchholz, Peter, Bueno, Antonio, Buitink, Stijn, Buscemi, Mario, Caballero-Mora, Karen S., Caccianiga, Barbara, Caccianiga, Lorenzo, Camin, Daniel, Candusso, Marina, Caramete, Laurentiu, Caruso, Rossella, Castellina, Antonella, Castera, Alain, Cataldi, Gabriella, Cazon, Lorenzo, Cester, Rosanna, Chavez, Alan G., Chiavassa, Andrea, Chinellato, Jose Augusto, Chiosso, Michela, Chudoba, Jiri, Cilmo, Marco, Clark, Paul, Clay, Roger W., Cocciolo, Giuseppe, Colalillo, Roberta, Coleman, Alan, Collica, Laura, Colombo, Eduardo, Colonges, Stéphane, Coluccia, Maria Rita, Conceição, Ruben, Contreras, Fernando, Cooper, Mathew J., Cordier, Alain, Courty, Bernard, Coutu, Stephane, Covault, Corbin, Cronin, James, Curutiu, Alex, Dallier, Richard, Daniel, Bruno, Dasso, Sergio, Daumiller, Kai, Dawson, Bruce R., De Almeida, Rogerio M., De Domenico, Manlio, De Donato, C., De Jong, Sijbrand J., De Mello Neto, Joao, De Mitri, Ivan, De Oliveira, Jaime, De Souza, Vitor, De Vries, Krijn, Del Peral, Luis, Deligny, Olivier, Dembinski, Hans, Dhital, Niraj, Di Giulio, Claudio, Di Matteo, Armando, Diaz, Johana Chirinos, Díaz Castro, Mary Lucia, Diogo, Francisco, Dobrigkeit, Carola, Docters, Wendy, D'Olivo, Juan Carlos, Dolron, P., Dorofeev, Alexei, Dorosti Hasankiadeh, Qader, Dova, Maria Teresa, D'Urso, D., Ebr, Jan, Engel, Ralph, Epele, Luis N., Erdmann, Martin, Erfani, Mona, Escobar, Carlos O., Espadanal, Joao, Etchegoyen, Alberto, Facal San Luis, Pedro, Falcke, Heino, Fang, Ke, Farrar, Glennys, Fauth, Anderson, Fazzini, Norberto, Ferguson, Andrew P., Fernandes, Mateus, Ferrero, Armando, Fick, Brian, Figueira, Juan Manuel, Filevich, Alberto, Filipčič, Andrej, Fox, Brendan, Fraenkel, Eric Daniel, Fratu, Octavian, Freire, Martín Miguel, Fröhlich, Uwe, Fuchs, Benjamin, Fulgione, Walter, Fujii, Toshihiro, García, Beatriz, Garcia-Gamez, Diego, Garcia-Pinto, Diego, Garilli, Gianpaolo, Gascon Bravo, Alberto, Gate, Florian, Geenen, Heiko, Gemmeke, Hartmut, Genolini, Bernard, Ghia, Piera Luisa, Giaccari, Ugo, Giammarchi, Marco, Gibbs, Kenneth, Giller, Maria, Giudice, Nunzio, Glaser, Christian, Glass, Henry, Gómez Berisso, Mariano, Gómez Vitale, Primo F., Gonçalves, Patrícia, Gonzalez, Javier G., González, Nicolás, Gookin, Ben, Góra, Dariusz, Gordon, Jacob, Gorgi, Alessio, Gorham, Peter, Gotink, W., Gouffon, Philippe, Grebe, Stefan, Griffith, Nathan, Grillo, Aurelio, Grubb, Trent D., Grygar, Jiri, Guardone, Nunzio, Guarino, Fausto, Guedes, Germano, Guglielmi, Laurent, Habraken, R., Hampel, Matías Rolf, Hansen, Patricia, Harari, Diego, Harmsma, Sybren, Harrison, Thomas A., Hartmann, Sebastian, Harton, John, Haungs, Andreas, Hebbeker, Thomas, Heck, Dieter, Heimann, Philipp, Herve, Alexander E., Hill, Gary C., Hojvat, Carlos, Hollon, Nicholas, Holt, Ewa, Homola, Piotr, Hörandel, Jörg, Horneffer, Andreas, Horvat, Matej, Horvath, Pavel, Hrabovský, Miroslav, Huber, Daniel, Hucker, Helmut, Huege, Tim, Iarlori, Marco, Insolia, Antonio, Isar, Paula Gina, Jandt, Ingolf, Jansen, Stefan, Jarne, Cecilia, Johnsen, Jeffrey A., Josebachuili, Mariela, Kääpä, Alex, Kambeitz, Olga, Kampert, Karl Heinz, Kasper, Peter, Katkov, Igor, Kégl, Balazs, Keilhauer, Bianca, Keivani, Azadeh, Kelley, John, Kemp, Ernesto, Kieckhafer, Roger, Klages, Hans, Kleifges, Matthias, Kleinfeller, Jonny, Knapp, J., Kopmann, Andreas, Krause, Raphael, Krohm, Nicole, Krömer, Oliver, Kümpel, Daniel, Kunka, Norbert, LaHurd, Danielle, Latronico, Luca, Lauer, Robert, Lauscher, Markus, Lautridou, Pascal, Le Coz, Sandra, Leão, Milton, Lebrun, Didier, Lebrun, Paul, Leigui De Oliveira, Marcelo Augusto, Letessier-Selvon, Antoine, Lhenry-Yvon, Isabelle, Link, Katrin, López, Rebeca, López Casado, Aida, Louedec, Karim, Lozano Bahilo, Julio, Lu, Lu, Lucero, Agustin, Ludwig, Marianne, Malacari, Max, Maldera, Simone, Mallamaci, Manuela, Maller, Jennifer, Mandat, Dusan, Mantsch, Paul, Mariazzi, Analisa, Marin, Vincent, Mariş, Ioana, Marsella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, Martin, Lilian, Martinez, Humberto, Martinez, Nolberto, Martínez Bravo, Oscar, Martraire, Diane, Masías Meza, Jimmy, Mathes, Hermann-Josef, Mathys, Sebastian, Matthews, James, Matthews, John, Matthiae, Giorgio, Maurel, Detlef, Maurizio, Daniela, Mayotte, Eric, Mazur, Peter, Medina, Carlos, Medina-Tanco, Gustavo, Meissner, Rebecca, Melissas, Maximilien, Mello, Victor, Melo, Diego, Menichetti, Ezio, Menshikov, Alexander, Messina, Stefano, Meyhandan, Rishi, Mićanović, Saša, Micheletti, Maria Isabel, Middendorf, Lukas, Minaya, Ignacio A., Miramonti, Lino, Mitrica, Bogdan, Molina-Bueno, Laura, Mollerach, Silvia, Monasor, Maria, Montanet, François, Morello, Carlo, Mostafá, Miguel, Moura, Celio A., Muller, Marcio Aparecido, Müller, Gero, Müller, Sarah, Münchmeyer, Moritz, Mussa, Roberto, Navarra, Gianni, Navas, Sergio, Necesal, Petr, Nellen, Lukas, Nelles, Anna, Neuser, Jens, Nguyen, Phong H., Nicotra, Domenico, Niechciol, Marcus, Niemietz, Lukas, Niggemann, Tim, Nitz, Dave, Nosek, Dalibor, Novotny, Vladimir, Nožka, Lyberis, Ochilo, Livingstone, Ohnuki, Tohru, Oikonomou, Foteini, Olinto, Angela, Oliveira, Micael, Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M., Pacheco, Noelia, Pakk Selmi-Dei, D., Palatka, Miroslav, Pallotta, Juan, Palmieri, Nunzia, Papenbreer, P., Parente, Gonzalo, Parra, Alejandra, Patel, Mansukh, Paul, Thomas, Pech, Miroslav, Pękala, Jan, Pelayo, Rodrigo, Pepe, Iuri, Perrone, Lorenzo, Petermann, Emily, Peters, Christine, Petrera, Sergio, Petrinca, Paolo, Petrov, Yevgeniy, Phuntsok, Jamyang, Piegaia, Ricardo, Pierog, Tanguy, Pieroni, Pablo, Pimenta, Mário, Pirronello, Valerio, Platino, Manuel, Plum, Matthias, Porcelli, Alessio, Porowski, Czeslaw, Porter, Troy, Pouryamout, Jahan, Pouthas, Joel Armand Marin, Prado, Raul Ribeiro, Privitera, Paolo, Prouza, Michael, Pryke, Clement, Purrello, Victor, Quel, Eduardo J., Querchfeld, Sven, Quinn, Sean, Randriatoamanana, Richard, Rautenberg, Julian, Ravel, Olivier, Ravignani, Diego, Revenu, Benoît, Ridky, Jan, Risse, Markus, Ristori, Pablo, Rizi, Vincenzo, Robbins, S., Roberts, Michael, Rodrigues De Carvalho, Washington, Rodriguez Fernandez, Gonzalo, Rodriguez Rojo, Jorge Rubén, Rodríguez-Frías, Maria Dolores, Rogozin, Dmytro, Ros, Germán, Rosado, Jaime, Rossler, Tomas, Roth, Markus, Roulet, Esteban, Rovero, Adrian, Saffi, Steven J., Saftoiu, Alexandra, Salamida, Francesco, Salazar, Humberto, Saleh, Ahmed, Salesa Greus, Francisco, Salina, Gaetano, Sánchez, Federico, Sanchez-Lucas, Patricia, Santo, Catarina E., Moura Santos, Edivaldo, Santos, Eva, Sarazin, Fred, Sarkar, Biswaijt, Sarmento, Raul, Sato, Ricardo, Scharf, Nils Sven Sebastian, Scherini, Viviana, Schieler, Harald, Schiffer, Peter, Schmidt, Adrian, Schmidt, David, Scholten, Olaf, Schoorlemmer, Harm, Schovánek, Petr, Schreuder, F., Schröder, Frank G., Schulz, Alexander, Schulz, Johannes, Schumacher, Johannes, Schüssler, Fabian, Sciutto, Sergio, Segreto, Alberto, Sequeiros, Guillelmo, Settimo, Mariangela, Shadkam, Amir, Shellard, Ronald C., Sidelnik, Iván, Sigl, Guenter, Sima, Octavian, Śmiałkowski, Andrzej, Šmída, Radomir, Smith, Andrew G. K., Snow, Gregory, Sommers, Paul, Sorokin, J., Speelman, R., Spinka, Hal, Squartini, Ruben, Srivastava, Yogendra N., Stanič, Samo, Stapleton, J., Stasielak, Jaroslaw, Stephan, Maurice, Stutz, Anne, Suarez, Federico, Suomijärvi, Tiina, Supanitsky, A. Daniel, Sutherland, Michael, Sutter, Michael, Swain, John, Szadkowski, Zbigniew, Szuba, Marek, Taborda, Oscar Alejandro, Tapia, Alex, Tcherniakhovski, Denis, Tepe, Andreas, Theodoro, Vanessa Menezes, Timmermans, Charles, Tkaczyk, Wieslaw, Todero Peixoto, Carlos J., Toma, Gabriel, Tomankova, Lenka, Tomé, Bernardo, Tonachini, Aurelio, Torralba Elipe, Guillermo, Torres Machado, Diego, Travnicek, Petr, Trovato, Enrica, Trung, T. N., Tunnicliffe, Vance, Tusi, E., Ulrich, Ralf, Unger, Michael, Urban, Martin, Valdés Galicia, Jose F., Valiño, Ines, Valore, Laura, Van Aar, Guus, Van Bodegom, Patrick, Van Den Berg, Ad M., Van Velzen, Sjoert, Van Vliet, Arjen, Varela, Enrique, Vargas Cárdenas, Bernardo, Varnav, D. M., Varner, Gary, Vasquez, Rafael, Vázquez, Jose R., Vázquez, Ricardo, Veberič, Darko, Verkooijen, H., Verzi, Valerio, Vicha, Jakub, Videla, Mariela, Villaseñor, Luis, Vitali, G., Vlcek, Brian, Vorenholt, H., Vorobiov, Serguei, Voyvodic, Louis, Wahlberg, Hernan, Wainberg, Oscar, Walker, Peter, Walz, David, Watson, Alan, Weber, Marc, Weidenhaupt, Klaus Frank, Weindl, Andreas, Werner, Felix, Westerhoff, Stefan, Widom, Allan, Wiebusch, Christopher, Wiencke, Lawrence, Wijnen, Thei A. M., Wilczyńska, Wilczyńska, Wilczyński, Henryk, Wild, N., Winchen, Tobias, Wittkowski, David, Wörner, Günter, Wundheiler, Brian, Wykes, Sarka, Yamamoto, Tokonatsu, Yapici, Tolga, Yuan, Guofeng, Yushkov, Alexey, Zamorano, Bruno, Zas, Enrique, Zavrtanik, Danilo, Zavrtanik, Marko, Zepeda, Arnulfo, Zhou, Jing, Zhu, Yue, Zimbres Silva, Marcelo, Zimmermann, Benedikt, Ziolkowski, Michael, and Zuccarello, Francesca

Subjects
Hybrid observatory, detector: performance, Air fluorescence detectors, air: fluorescence, Water Cherenkov detectors, Pierre Auger Observatory, detector: network, cosmic radiation: interaction, 7. Clean energy, Auger, cosmic radiation: detector, detector: fluorescence, High energy cosmic rays, cosmic radiation: VHE, detector: design
Abstract

Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research / A 798, 172-213 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.nima.2015.06.058, Published by North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam

219. Operations of and Future Plans for the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

Abraham, Jorge Alberto, Abreu, Pedro, Aglietta, M., Aguirre, Carlos, Ahn, Eun-Joo, Allard, Denis, Allekotte, Ingo, Allen, Ronald J., Allison, Patrick, Alvarez-Muniz, Jaime, Ambrosio, Michelangelo, Anchordoqui, Luis Alfredo, Andringa, Sofia, Anzalone, Anna, Aramo, Carla, Arganda, E., Argiro, Stefano, Arisaka, Katsushi, Arneodo, F., Arqueros, Fernando, Asch, T., Asorey, Hernan, Assis, Pedro, Aublin, Julien, Ave, Maximo, Avila, Gualberto, Bacher, A., Backer, T., Badagnani, Daniel Omar, Barber, Kerridwen B., Barbosa, A. F., Barbosa, Henrique J. M., Barenthien, Norbert, Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, Brian, Bauleo, Pablo Miguel, Beatty, James J., Beau, Tristan, Becker, Bernard Raymond, Becker, Karl-Heinz, Belletoile, Arnaud, Bellido, Jose Alfredo, Benzvi, Segev, Berat, Corinne, Bernardini, Paolo, Bertou, Xavier, Biermann, Peter L., Billoir, Pierre, Blanch, Oscar, Blanco, Francisco, Bleve, Carla, Blumer, Hans, Bohacova, Martina, Bollmann, E., Bolz, H., Bonifazi, Carla, Bonino, Raffaella, Borodai, N., Bracci, F., Brack, Jeffrey, Brogueira, P., Brown, William C., Bruijn, Ronald, Buchholz, Peter, Bueno, Antonio, Burton, R. E., Busca, Nicolas Guillermo, Caballero-Mora, Karen Salome, Camin, Daniel V., Caramete, L., Caruso, Rossella, Carvalho, Washington R., Castellina, Antonella, Castro-Tirado, A. J., Catalano, O., Cazon, Lorenzo, Cester, Rosanna, Chauvin, Joel, Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, Jose Augusto, Chou, Aaron S., Chudoba, Jiri, Chye, James D., Clark, Paul D. J., Clay, Roger William, Colombo, Eduardo, Conceicao, R., Connolly, Brian M., Contreras, Fernando, Coppens, Jose, Cordero-Cid, Adriana, Cordier, Alain, Cotti, Umberto, Coutu, Stephane, Covault, Corbin E., Creusot, Alexandre, Criss, Adrienne, Cronin, James Watson, Cuautle, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, Sylvie, Dallier, Richard, Daudo, F., Daumiller, Kai, Dawson, Bruce R., Almeida, Rogerio Menezes, Domenico, Manlio, Donato, Cinzia, Jong, Sijbrand Jan, La Vega, G., Mello Junior, W. J. M., Mello Neto, Joao Ramos Torres, Mitri, Ivan, Souza, Vitor, Vries, K. D., Decerprit, G., Del Peral, Luis, Deligny, Olivier, Della Selva, Angelo, Delle Fratte, C., Dembinski, Hans, Di Giulio, Claudio, Diaz-Velez, J. C., Diep, P. N., Dobrigkeit, Carola, D Olivo, Juan Carlos, Dong, P. N., Dornic, Damien, Dorofeev, Alexei V., Costa Dos Anjos, Joao Carlos, Dova, Maria Teresa, D Urso, Domenico, Dutan, I., Duvernois, Michael A., Engel, Ralph, Erdmann, Martin Hans, Escobar, Carlos Ourivio, Etchegoyen, Alberto, Facal San Luis, Pedro, Falcke, Heino, Farrar, Glennys R., Fauth, Anderson C., Fazzini, N., Ferrer, Francesc, Ferrero, Armando, Fick, Brian E., Filevich, Alberto, Filipcic, Andrej, Fleck, Ivor, Fliescher, Stefan, Fonte, Roberto, Fracchiolla, Claudia E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fulgione, Walter, Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., Garcia, Beatriz, Garcia-Gamez, Diego, Garcia-Pinto, D., Garrido, Xavier, Geenen, Heiko, Gelmini, Graciela B., Gemmeke, Hartmut, Ghia, Piera Luisa, Giaccari, Ugo, Gibbs, Kenneth, Giller, Maria, Gitto, J., Glass, Henry D., Goggin, Lisa M., Gold, Michael S., Golup, Geraldina T., Gomez Albarracin, F., Gomez Berisso, M., Gomez Vitale, P. F., Goncalves, Patricia, Goncalves Do Amaral, Marcia, Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gora, Dariusz, Gorgi, A., Gouffon, Philippe H., Grashorn, Eric W., Grassi, V., Grebe, Stefan, Grigat, Marius, Grillo, Aurelio F., Grygar, Jiri, Guardincerri, Y., Guardone, Nunzio, Guerard, Carlos, Guarino, Francesco, Gumbsheimer, Rainer, Guedes, G. P., Gutierrez, J., Hague, J. D., Halenka, V., Hansen, P., Harari, Diego, Harmsma, Sybren, Hartmann, Steffen, Harton, John L., Haungs, Andreas, Healy, Matthew D., Hebbeker, Thomas, Hebrero, G., Heck, Dieter, Hojvat, Carlos F., Holmes, Vanessa Catherine, Homola, Piotr, Hofman, G., Hoerandel, Joerg R., Horneffer, A., Horvat, Matje, Hrabovsky, Miroslav, Hucker, H., Huege, Tim, Hussain, M., Iarlori, Marco, Insolia, Antonio, Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jiraskova, S., Kaducak, Marc L., Kampert, Karl-Heinz, Karova, Tatiana, Kasper, Peter H., Kegl, B., Keilhauer, Bianca G., Kemp, Ernesto, Kern, H., Kieckhafer, Roger M., Klages, Hans O., Kleifges, Matthias, Kleinfeller, Jonny, Knapik, Robert, Knapp, Johannes, Koang, Dy-Holm, Kopmann, Andreas, Krieger, A., Kromer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, Daniel, Kuempel, Daniel, Kunka, Norbert, Kusenko, Alexander, La Rosa, Giovanni, Lachaud, C., Lago, B. L., Lautridou, Pascal, Leao, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, Paul L. G., Lee, Joong, Leigui Oliveira, Marcelo A., Lemiere, Anne, Letessier-Selvon, Antoine, Leuthold, Matthias J., Lhenry-Yvon, Isabelle, Lopez, Rebeca, Lopez Aguera, Angeles, Louedec, Karim, Lozano Bahilo, Julio, Lucero, A., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, Marie Concetta, Macolino, Carla, Maldera, Simone, Malek, Matthew Samir, Mandat, Dusan, Mantsch, Paul M., Marchetto, Flavio Pietro, Mariazzi, Analisa G., Maris, Ioana C., Marquez-Falcon, Hugo Raymundo, Martello, Daniele, Martineau-Huynh, O., Martinez Bravo, Oscar Mario, Mathes, Hermann-Josef, Matthews, J., Matthews, John A. J., Matthiae, Giorgio, Maurizio, Daniela, Mazur, Peter O., Mcewen, Megan, Mcneil, Roger Richard, Medina-Tanco, Gustavo A., Melissas, Maximilien, Melo, Diego G., Menichetti, Ezio A., Menshikov, Alexander, Meyhandan, Rishi, Micheletti, Maria Isabel, Miele, Gennaro, Miller, William, Miramonti, Lino, Mollerach, Silvia, Monasor, Maria, Monnier-Ragaigne, Delphine, Montanet, Francois, Morales, Benjamin Alejandro, Morello, C., Moreno, Juan Cruz, Morris, D. C., Mostafa, Miguel Alejandro, Moura, C. A., Mucchi, M., Mueller, S., Muller, M. A., Mussa, Roberto, Navarra, Gianni, Navarro, Jose Luis, Navas, Sergio, Necesal, P., Nellen, Lukas, Nerling, F., Newman-Holmes, Catherine, Newton, D., Nhung, P. T., Nicotra, Domenico, Nierstenhoefer, Nils, Nitz, David F., Nosek, Dalibor, Nozka, Libor, Nyklicek, M., Oehlschlager, J., Olinto, Angela V., Oliva, Pietro, Olmos-Gilbaja, Victor Manuel, Ortiz, Montserrat, Ortolani, Fabrizio, Osswald, B., Pacheco, N., Pakk Selmi-Dei, D., Palatka, Miroslav, Pallotta, J., Parente, Gonzalo, Parizot, Etienne, Parlati, S., Pastor, Sergio, Patel, M., Paul, Thomas Cantzon, Payet, Kevin, Pech, Miroslav, Pekala, J., Pepe, Iuri M., Perrone, Lorenzo, Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, Sergio, Petrinca, P., Petrolini, Alessandro, Petrov, Yuri V., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Pichel, A., Piegaia, Ricardo, Pierog, Tanguy, Pimenta, Mario, Pinto, Teguayco, Pirronello, Valerio, Pisanti, Ofelia, Platino, M., Pochon, Jonathan, Ponce, Victor Hugo, Pontz, Michael, Pouryamout, J., Prado, Luis, Privitera, Paolo, Prouza, Michael, Quel, E. J., Raia, G., Rautenberg, Julian, Ravel, Olivier, Ravignani, Diego, Redondo, A., Reis, H. C., Reucroft, Stephen, Revenu, Benoit, Seixas Rezende, Fabio Antonio, Ridky, Jan, Riggi, Simone, Risse, Markus, Riviere, Christophe, Rizi, Vincenzo, Robledo, C., Roberts, M. D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, Gonzalo, Rodriguez Martino, Julio Cesar, Rodriguez Rojo, J., Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodriguez-Frias, M. Dolores, Ros, German, Rosado, Jaime, Rossler, T., Roth, Markus, Rouille-D Orfeuil, Benjamin, Roulet, Esteban, Rovero, Adrian C., Salamida, Francesco, Salina, Gaetano, Sanchez, Federico, Santander, Juan Marcos, Santo, C. E., Moura Santos, Edivaldo, Sarazin, Fred, Subir Sarkar, Sato, Ricardo, Scharf, Nils, Scherini, Viviana, Schieler, Harald, Schiffer, Peter, Schleif, G., Schmidt, A. A., Schmidt, Fabian, Schmidt, Talianna, Scholten, Olaf, Schoorlemmer, Harm, Schovancova, J., Schovanek, Petr, Schroeder, F., Schulte, Stephan, Schussler, Fabian, Schuster, David, Sciutto, Sergio J., Scuderi, Mario, Segreto, A., Semikoz, Dmitri V., Sequieros, G., Settimo, Mariangela, Shellard, Ronald Cintra, Sidelnik, Ivan, Siffert, Beatriz B., Smialkowski, Andrzej, Smida, Radomir, Smith, Andrew G. K., Smith, Ben E., Snow, Gregory R., Sommers, Paul D., Sorokin, J., Spinka, Harold M., Squartini, Ruben, Strazzeri, Elisabetta, Stutz, Anne, Suarez, F., Suomijarvi, Tiina, Supanitsky, A. D., Sutherland, Michael S., Swain, John D., Szadkowski, Zbigniew, Tamashiro, Alejandro Andres, Tamburro, Alessio, Tarutina, T., Tascau, Oana, Tcaciuc, Rodica, Tcherniakhovski, Denis, Thao, Nguyen Thi, Thomas, David, Ticona, R., Tiffenberg, Javier, Timmermans, Charles, Tkaczyk, Wieslaw, Todero Peixoto, C. J., Tome, Brigitte, Tonachini, Aurelio, Torres, I., Trapani, P., Travnicek, Petr, Tridapalli, Diogo B., Tristram, Gerard, Trovato, E., Tuci, V., Tueros, Matias, Tusi, E., Ulrich, Ralf, Unger, Michael, Urban, Marcel, Valdes Galicia, J. F., Valino, Ines, Valore, Laura, Den Berg, Ad M., Vazquez, J. R., Vazquez, Ricardo A., Veberic, Darko, Velarde, Alfonso, Venters, Tonia M., Verzi, Valerio, Videla, M., Villasenor Cendejas, Luis Manuel, Vitali, G., Vorobiov, Serguei, Wahlberg, Hernan Pablo, Wahrlich, Philip, Wainberg, O., Warner, Brian D., Westerhoff, Stefan, Whelan, B. J., Wild, N., Wiebusch, Christopher H., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, Lawrence R., Wilczynska, Barbara, Wilczynski, Henryk, Wileman, Christopher, Winnick, M. G., Worner, G., Wu, H., Wundheiler, B., Younk, Patrick, Yuan, Guofeng, Yushkov, Alexey V., Zas, Enrique, Zavrtanik, Danilo, Zavrtanik, Marko, Zaw, Ingyin, Ziolkowski, M., APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), APC - THEORIE, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut für theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg (UHH)-Universität Hamburg (UHH), PIERRE AUGER, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut für theoretische Physik, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut für theoretische Physik, and Research unit Astroparticle Physics

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM]
Abstract

Technical reports on operations and features of the Pierre Auger Observatory, including ongoing and planned enhancements and the status of the future northern hemisphere portion of the Observatory. Contributions to the 31st International Cosmic Ray Conference, Lodz, Poland, July 2009., Comment: Contributions to the 31st ICRC, Lodz, Poland, July 2009

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