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The principles to design a sustainable industrial process can be applied to the design of a new process or to evaluate an existing process and make it sustainable. Need to be considered for the design and evaluation raised by the Green Chemistry, Green Engineering, Cleaner Production and Industrial Ecology. This document is referenced production of sulfuric acid, a product used as raw material or input for the manufacture of a wide variety of products, such as fertilizers, dyes, catalysts, etc. The raw materials used for manufacturing are analyzed, highlighting the processes from petrochemical sulfur and roasting gases., Los principios fundamentales para el diseño de un proceso industrial sostenible se pueden aplicar para el diseño de un nuevo proceso o para evaluar un proceso ya existente y hacerlo sostenible. Es necesario considerar para el diseño y la evaluación lo planteado por la Química Verde, la Ingeniería Verde, la Producción Más Limpia y la Ecología industrial. En el presente documento se toma como referencia la producción del ácido sulfúrico, un producto utilizado como materia prima o insumo para la fabricación de una gran variedad de productos, tales como, fertilizantes, colorantes, catalizadores, etc. Se analizan las materias primas utilizadas para su fabricación, resaltando los procesos a partir de azufre petroquímico y de gases de tostación.

Battery separators based on electrospun membranes of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) have been prepared in order to study the effect of fiber alignment on the performance and characteristics of the membrane. The prepared membranes show an average fiber diameter of ~272 nm and a degree of porosity of ~87 %. The gel polymer electrolytes are prepared by soaking the membranes in the electrolyte solution. The alignment of the fibers improves the mechanical properties for the electrospun membranes. Further, the microstructure of the membrane also plays an important role in the ionic conductivity, being higher for the random electrospun membrane due to the lower tortuosity value. Independently of the microstructure, both membranes show good electrochemical stability up to 5.0 V versus Li/Li+. These results show that electrospun membranes based on PVDF are appropriate for battery separators in lithium-ion battery applications, the random membranes showing a better overall performance., This study was funded by FEDER funds through the ‘‘Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade – COMPETE" and by national funds by FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, project references Project PTDC/CTM/69316/2006, NANO/NMed-SD/0156/2007 and Pest-C/QUI/UIO686/2011 and Grant SFRH/BD/68499/2010 (C.M.C) and SFRH/BD/66930/2009 (J.N.P.) SFRH/BPD/63148/2009 (V.S). The authors also thank Celgard, LLC for kindly supplying their high quality membranes.

[EN] The aim of this study is to analyze the mobility of polymer chains in semicrystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). PVDF crystallizes from the melt in the crystalline phase. The transformation from the phase to the electroactive phase can be induced by stretching at temperatures in the range between 80 and 140 ◦C. The spherulitic structure of the crystalline phase is deformed during stretching to form fibrils oriented in the direction of the strain. The amorphous phase confined among the crystalline lamellae is distorted as well and some degree of orientation of the polymer chains is expected. Dynamicmechanical and dielectric spectroscopy measurements were performed in PVDF films stretched to strain ratios up to 5 at temperatures between 80 and 140 ◦C. Dynamic-mechanical measurements were conducted between −60 ◦C and melting and in this temperature range the relaxation spectra show the main relaxation of the amorphous phase (called -relaxation) and at higher temperatures a relaxation related to crystallites motions (c-relaxation). Although the mean relaxation times of the -relaxation are nearly equal in PVDF before and after crystal phase transformation, a significant change of shape of the relaxation spectrum proves the effect of chain distortion due to crystal reorganization. In stretched PVDF the elastic modulus of the polymer in the direction of deformation is significantly higher than in the transversal one, as expected by chain and crystals fibril orientation. The recovery of the deformation when the sample is heated is related with the appearance of the c-relaxation. Dielectric spectroscopy spectrum shows the main relaxation of the amorphous phase and a secondary process (-relaxation) at lower temperatures. Stretching produces significant changes in the relaxation processes, mainly in the strength and shape of the main relaxation. The Havriliak-Negami function has been applied to analyze the dielectric response., This work is funded by FEDER funds through the "Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade-COMPETE" and by national funds by FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, project references NANO/NMed-SD/0156/2007, PTDC/CTM/69316/2006 and PTDC/CTM-NAN/112574/2009. V. S. thanks the FCT for the SFRH/BPD/63148/2009 grant. JLGR acknowledges the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through MAT2010-21611-C03-01 (including the FEDER financial support), and EUI2008-00126 projects and funding in the Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe in the field of Regenerative Medicine through the collaboration agreement from the Conselleria de Sanidad (Generalitat Valenciana), and the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministry of Science and Innovation). The authors also acknowledge support from the COST Action MP1003, 2010 "European Scientific Network for Artificial Muscles".

p. 1200-1208 Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2014-05-06T14:33:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 M.E. Bavia.pdf: 637074 bytes, checksum: 06a973f224db141d4116636cf965db26 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva (sivalda@ufba.br) on 2014-09-11T18:34:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 M.E. Bavia.pdf: 637074 bytes, checksum: 06a973f224db141d4116636cf965db26 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-11T18:34:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 M.E. Bavia.pdf: 637074 bytes, checksum: 06a973f224db141d4116636cf965db26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 No intuito de classificar a distribuição geográfica da procedência dos animais infectados e mensurar as áreas quanto ao risco de se contrair a cisticercose bovina, foi utilizada a análise espacial de varredura para identificação de aglomerados de risco a partir dos casos positivos para o Cysticercus bovis registrados no período de 2006 a 2007, provenientes de seis matadouros frigoríficos do Serviço de Inspeção Federal, distribuídos para fins administrativos em Territórios de Identidade do estado da Bahia. O número de bovinos abatidos foi de 825.951, dentre os quais (0,7%) 5.395 foram diagnosticados positivos para a doença, mediante a inspeção post mortem dos animais. A análise espacial de varredura, por meio do teste da razão de verossimilhança, demonstrou que a distribuição da cisticercose bovina se concentra, com menor probabilidade de ter ocorrido ao acaso, em área geográfica definida, com risco estimado em 13,6, englobando 101 municípios do estado pertencentes aos territórios de Itapetinga, Litoral Sul, Médio Rio de Contas, Vitória da Conquista e Extremo Sul.

Diets formulated with protein sources presenting different resistance to ruminal degradation were compared by evaluating ruminal parameters, production and microbial efficiency and nutrients flow to the omasum in goats. Eight rumen cannulated non-lactating, non-pregnant goats were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with two replicates. Treatments consisted of four diets where different sources of plant protein accounted for the major protein source named soybean meal, source of higher ruminal degradability, and three other sources of higher resistance of degradation: roasted soybean, corn gluten meal, and cottonseed cake. Amounts of rumen protein were similar among rations; however, flows of dry matter, protein and non-fiber carbohydrate to omasum were higher for diets with protein source with reduced rumen degradation rate. Higher values of rumen ammonia were obtained by using ration with soybean meal as major source of protein. Higher values of pH were obtained for rations with roasted soybean e cottonseed cake. Regarding kinetic of transit, similar values were found among rations. Diets with protein sources presenting reduced ruminal degradation increase nutrients flow to the omasum in goats and alter digestive parameters such as pH and ammonia without compromising bacteria growth and efficiency, which grants their use for dairy goats with similar efficiency to rations using more degradable sources of protein.

NiTi SMA is a promising material in the biomedical area due to its mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, the nickel in the alloy may cause allergic and toxic reactions and thus limiting its applications. It was evaluated the influence of surface modification in NiTi SMA by nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation (varying temperatures, and exposure time as follows

Surface Modification of Ni-Ti SMA by Nitrogen Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation – Tribology Preliminary Results

Corrosion Resistance of NiTi SMA Modified by Nitrogen Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation

Microstructural Evaluation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII)

Na região de Segura, os filões aplito-pegmatíticos litiníferos Variscos intruíram o Complexo Xisto-Grauváquico, Câmbrico. Osfilões pegmatíticos são do tipo REL-Li e incluem-se na família dos pegmatitos LCT. A ocorrência de lepidolite, montebrasite, microlite, cassiterite e minerais do grupo da columbite primários sugerem um elevado grau de diferenciação nestes filões. A montebrasite primária é heterogénea e a lacroixite secundária ocorre nas suas zonas enriquecidas em Na. A cassietrite é zonada com alternância de zonas escuras e zonas claras e possui Mn > Fe, o que é raro. As zonas escuras são fortemente pleocróicas, com zonamento oscilatório, e possuem teores mais elevados de Nb e Ta do que as zonas claras. As inclusões de moscovite, apatite, ferrotapiolite, ixiolite e microlite foram encontradas em ambas as zonas de cassiterite, mas as exsoluções de ferrocolumbite, ferrocolumbite manganífera e manganocolumbite ocorrem nas zonas escuras.

Structure and Tribological Properties of the Aged Inconel 718 Superalloy by Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation

p.682-690 Submitted by Texeira Ana (atanateixeira@gmail.com) on 2012-07-03T13:39:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva, M.M.C..pdf: 218011 bytes, checksum: 2cdcade9abba49c0ec1e55e2d8fbd6cf (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-03T13:39:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva, M.M.C..pdf: 218011 bytes, checksum: 2cdcade9abba49c0ec1e55e2d8fbd6cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06 O alto polimorfismo encontrado no lócus do gene da αS1-caseína em caprinos, classificado em quatro níveis de expressão - alto, médio, baixo e nulo -, está associado à produção de 3,6; 1,6; 0,6 e 0g/L/alelo, respectivamente. O estudo foi realizado para investigar possíveis variações na produção de leite e seus constituintes, no perfil de caseínas e na lipólise da gordura. Quarenta e quatro cabras foram distribuídas em cinco genótipos: dois homozigotos, um para alta (AA) e outro para produção intermediária (EE), e três heterozigotos chamados AE, AF e EF, para αs1-caseína. Para a lipólise, o leite foi subamostrado em quatro alíquotas que sofreram tratamento térmico no momento da ordenha e após 24h de resfriamento. Diferenças entre genótipos foram observadas para a produção de caseína e de suas frações. As demais variáveis não diferiram entre genótipos. O genótipo AA apresentou os maiores conteúdos de caseína (28,6g/L) e de αS1-cn (22,3%). Os demais genótipos apresentaram média de 20,4g/L. Os grupos AE e AF apresentaram média de 12,1, EE-10,1 e EF-9,1% de αS1-cn. O resfriamento do leite por 24 horas aumentou a taxa de lipólise no leite. A genotipagem das cabras para αS1-cn pode ser usada como ferramenta de seleção com objetivo de obter produtos lácteos com distintos perfis de proteínas. Belo Horizonte

Modificação da Superfície da Liga Ni-Ti Pela Implantação Iônica por Imersão em Plasma

Sewage sludge has predominantly organic composition and can improve soil characteristics, such as fertility and erosion resistance. Therefore, its application as an amendment for agriculture is an adequate alternative for its final disposal. However, there is a lack of information concerning soil enrichment with radionuclides in long-term experiments in tropical areas. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of soil biosolid amendment on the concentration of 210Pb, 226Ra, 228Ra, U, Th, and other elements in maize grown in a Brazilian Ferralsol. The results obtained showed that radionuclide concentrations in maize grains were not significantly influenced by either the applied biosolid doses, or biosolid origin, or the interaction of these two factors. Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-24T00:31:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 radiopro2009.pdf: 162690 bytes, checksum: 5e9ccab1f04bf1d8500d4cc88bfce959 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-03

Resumo ? O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre potencialidades da utilização de subprodutos da indústria de biodiesel na alimentação de caprinos e ovinos. O cenário atual e futuro da produção de biodiesel no Brasil indicam um crescimento significativo do setor até o ano de 2011, com a implantação da obrigatoriedade de inclusão de 5% deste combustível no óleo diesel gerando, por conseguinte, grande quantidade de co-produtos com potencial de utilização na alimentação de pequenos ruminantes. Esses co-produtos poderão subsidiar a produção animal na região onde serão gerados. Dentre os ingredientes, podem ser destacados como fontes de proteína: farelo de amendoim, farelo de mamona, nabo forrageiro, farelo e torta de algodão. Outros são alimentos alternativos volumosos como: casca de soja, casca de mamona, farelo e torta de babaçu, torta de dendê. A pesar deste cenário promissor, deve-se atentar para os níveis adequados de utilização, observando-se o teor de óleo dos ingredientes e a presença de elementos tóxicos, especialmente nos co-produtos de mamona e pinhão manso. Há necessidade de mais investimento em pesquisa sobre a utilização destes co-produtos na alimentação de ruminantes, contribuindo para a geração de renda e desenvolvimento não somente para a cadeia produtiva do biodiesel, mas para toda a região onde estão inseridos. Potentialities of the use of by-products of the biodiesel industry in the feeding of goats and sheep. Abstract - This work presents a review on potentialities of the by-products of the biodiesel industry in feeding of goats and sheep. The current and future settings of the biodiesel production in Brazil indicates a significant growth of the sector by the year 2011, with the implementation of the mandatory inclusion of 5% of this fuel in the diesel oil generating, therefore, a large amount of co-products with potential for use in the feeding of small ruminants. These co-products could support the animal production in the region where they are generated. Among the ingredients, can be highlighted as sources of protein: peanut meal, castor meal, radish, meal and cake of cotton. Others are bulky alternative foods as: soybean hulls, castor hulls, meal and cake of babassu, palm kernel cake. Despite this promising scenario, one must pay attention to the appropriate levels of use, observing the oil content of the ingredients and the presence of toxic factors, especially in the coproduct of castor and jatropha. There is a need for more investment in research on the use of co-products in the feeding of ruminant, contributing for generation of income and development not only for the production chain of biodiesel, but for the entire region where they are inserted. Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-10T00:02:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 APIPotencialidadesdautilizacao.pdf: 273460 bytes, checksum: 24ecbc5dae478ac25cef2bbd4e0e59b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-08

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:32:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_2833_DissertacaoMestradoMaxMauroOliveiraSilva.pdf: 3763196 bytes, checksum: 2d85717ef3309d7be2262f6947e6f494 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-04 O padrão IEEE 802.16 foi desenvolvido no intuito de padronizar as redes metropolitanas de acesso sem fio de banda larga. Ele introduz diversas vantagens, incluindo mecanismos de suporte a QoS na camada MAC. Para garantir qualidade de serviço a diferentes tipos de aplicações é preciso definir um algoritmo para distribuir de forma eficiente recursos entre as conexões. Considerando a natureza dinâmica e imprevisível das redes convergentes atuais, este trabalho propõe uma nova abordagem para distribuir recursos no canal downlink em redes 802.16. Como uma alternativa µas soluções analíticas tradicionais, a proposta apresentada baseia-se em lógica fuzzy. Comparada µa modelagem analítica, a abordagem fuzzy proporciona maior flexibilidade e generalidade às soluções devido à sua baixa especificidade e por permitir a inclusão de decisões ad-hoc.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-04-09T13:57:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1232008003rbof1231191242008.pdf: 210191 bytes, checksum: 4a2286f1dca9510f2b8895b491f26200 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-25

We have performed high temperature nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) of Ti6Al4V by heating the samples for up to 800 °C, using tungsten filaments inside the sample holder. Ion implantation was done with the high voltage pulser at 5 kV, 40 μs duration and 400 Hz frequency, and a nitrogen glow discharge as the plasma source. Nanoindentation analysis of the treated surface indicated an improvement of 5 times in hardness for PIII treatment of 120 min. X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of Ti2N. Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) showed that the peak concentration is greater than 30% in the implanted nitrogen with the maximum penetration of 150 nm for the sample treated during 120 min.

p. 57-86 Submitted by RI Repositorio (repositorio@ufba.br) on 2011-07-18T22:23:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 706-2734-2-PB.pdf: 354517 bytes, checksum: 0def85edfaf2692ed020012b0306ee6d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2011-07-18T22:23:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 706-2734-2-PB.pdf: 354517 bytes, checksum: 0def85edfaf2692ed020012b0306ee6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 A fase de cria na bovinocultura de corte corresponde não só aos bezerros e bezerras, mas também às matrizes, às novilhas aptas à cobertura e aos reprodutores. A melhor época de nascimento coincide com o período seco, quando é baixa a incidência de doenças, como a pneumonia, e de parasitos, como carrapatos, bernes, moscas e vermes. A nutrição da vaca de corte é a grande responsável pela resposta adequada em kg de bezerro desmamado/ano. Deste modo, a recomendação é que o rebanho de matrizes tenha em média 5 a 7 pontos de escore de condição corporal ao parto. O creep feeding pode ser definido como a administração de concentrado suplementar a bezerros antes do desmame e é utilizado para poupar as reservas da matriz e obter bezerros mais robustos. Outras técnicas de manejo durante o aleitamento e as formas de desmama também auxiliam a elevação das taxas de fertilidade das matrizes, contudo, devem ser observados cuidados para se diminuir o impacto do estresse sobre o desenvolvimento das crias. Os produtores e técnicos devem buscar novas tecnologias para superar os desafios inerentes à bovinocultura de corte atual. Deste modo, é de suma importância que se volte a atenção para a fase de cria, pois é daí que se obtêm os produtos, podendo ser maximizados os índices reprodutivos de suas vacas. Salvador

High Temperature Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation of Ti6Al4V

Surface modification of Ti6Al4V alloy by duplex plasma processing

Nitrogen Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation in Ti6Al4V with treatment temperatures ranging from 400 to 800°C

Thermal or radiation enhanced diffusion of nitrogen are extensively utilized for the surface hardening of metallic components. Plasma-immersion ion implantation (PIII) is a newly developed technology, which provides ion implantation at moderate energy (10-50 keV), and thereby allowing penetration depths deeper than the surface oxide barrier. The damage caused by ion implantation together with the surface sputtering may create favorable boundary conditions for an efficient subsequent diffusive treatment such as nittiding. Surface modification of aluminum alloy 5052, Ti6A14V alloy and steels (AISI 304 and H13) by a combination of PIII and plasma nitriding (PN) has been investigated. Nitrogen ions were implanted into specimens at 15 W and then ion nitrided at low pressure with bias of - 800 V. Compared to the untreated samples the hardness of Ti6Al4V alloy and AISI 304 steel could be improved significantly. The hardness of H13 steel can be increased by 20+ACU- using a duplex process with 4-h nitriding time. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results have shown some structural modification of the metallic samples and formation of a double-layer structure in AISI 304, treated by PIII and PN. Nitrogen depth profile of the same stainless steel sample, obtained by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), shows two rather well-defined nitrogen enriched regions with different N contents: high (25-30 at.+ACU-) in a surface layer and medium (similar to 10+ACU-) in a subsurface layer.