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Background Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by resting tremor, dementia, and gait disorder. Previous studies have indicated that long noncoding RNA participates in the regulation of the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. The study aimed to reveal the effects of long noncoding RNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+)–induced human neuroblastoma cell injury and the underlying mechanism. Methods The expressions of NEAT1, microRNA (miR)-519a-3p, and transcription factor specific protein 1 (SP1) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The protein expressions of SP1 and inflammation-related factors were determined by Western blot. Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell apoptosis was investigated by flow cytometry analysis. The targeting relationship between miR-519a-3p and NEAT1 or SP1 was predicted by starBase online database and verified by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results NEAT1 and SP1 expressions were significantly upregulated, whereas miR-519a-3p was downregulated in MPP+-treated neuroblastoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner when compared with control groups. NEAT1 knockdown restrained MPP+-induced repression of cell viability and promotion of cell apoptosis and inflammation. Additionally, NEAT1 served as a sponge of miR-519a-3p and regulated MPP+-caused cell injury by interacting with miR-519a-3p. Also, SP1, a target gene of miR-519a-3p, rescued miR-519a-3p–mediated actions under MPP+ treatment. Importantly, NEAT1 stimulated SP1 expression through interaction with miR-519a-3p. Conclusions NEAT1 silencing protected against MPP+-induced neuroblastoma cell injury by regulating the miR-519a-3p/SP1 pathway. This finding provides a novel direction for the development of therapeutic strategies for Parkinson disease.

Due to the proliferation of biomedical imaging modalities, such as Photoacoustic Tomography, Computed Tomography (CT), Optical Microscopy and Tomography, etc., massive amounts of data are generated on a daily basis. While massive biomedical data sets yield more information about pathologies, they also present new challenges of how to fully explore the data. Data fusion methods are a step forward towards a better understanding of data by bringing multiple data observations together to increase the consistency of the information. However, data generation is merely the first step, and there are many other factors involved in the fusion process like noise, missing data, data scarcity, and high dimensionality. In this paper, an overview of the advances in data preprocessing in biomedical data fusion is provided, along with insights stemming from new developments in the field.

Recently, in most existing studies, it is assumed that there are no interaction relationships between drugs and targets with unknown interactions. However, unknown interactions mean the relationships between drugs and targets have just not been confirmed. In this paper, samples for which the relationship between drugs and targets has not been determined are considered unlabeled. A weighted fusion method of multisource information is proposed to screen drug-target interactions. Firstly, some drug-target pairs which may have interactions are selected. Secondly, the selected drug-target pairs are added to the positive samples, which are regarded as known to have interaction relationships, and the original interaction relationship matrix is revised. Finally, the revised datasets are used to predict the interaction derived from the bipartite local model with neighbor-based interaction profile inferring (BLM-NII). Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method has greatly improved specificity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy compared with the BLM-NII method. In addition, compared with several state-of-the-art methods, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the area under the precision-recall curve (AUPR) of the proposed method are excellent.

Background Individuals with psychiatric disorders perceive the world differently. Previous studies indicated impaired color vision and weakened color discrimination ability in psychotic patients. Examining the paintings from psychotic patients can measure the visual-motor function. However, few studies examined the potential changes in the color painting behavior in these individuals. The current study aims to discriminate schizophrenia patients from healthy controls (HCs) and predict PANSS scores of schizophrenia patients according to their paintings. Methods In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed the paintings colored by 281 chronic schizophrenia patients and 35 HCs. The images were scanned and processed using series of computational analyses. Results The results showed that schizophrenia patients tend to use less color and exhibit different strokes compared to HCs. Using a deep learning residual neural network (ResNet), we were able to discriminate patients from HCs with over 90% accuracy. Further, we developed a novel convolutional neural network to predict PANSS positive, negative, general psychopathology, and total scores. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the prediction was low, which indicates higher accuracy of prediction. Conclusion In conclusion, the deep learning paradigm showed the large potential to discriminate schizophrenia patients from HCs based on color paintings. Besides, this color painting-based paradigm can effectively predict clinical symptom severity for chronic schizophrenia patients. The color paintings by schizophrenia patients show potential as a tool for clinical diagnosis and prognosis. These findings show potential as a tool for clinical diagnosis and prognosis among schizophrenia patients.

Background COVID-19 has caused 3.34m deaths till 13/May/2021. It is now still causing confirmed cases and ongoing deaths every day. Method This study investigated whether fusing chest CT with chest X-ray can help improve the AI's diagnosis performance. Data harmonization is employed to make a homogeneous dataset. We create an end-to-end multiple-input deep convolutional attention network (MIDCAN) by using the convolutional block attention module (CBAM). One input of our model receives 3D chest CT image, and other input receives 2D X-ray image. Besides, multiple-way data augmentation is used to generate fake data on training set. Grad-CAM is used to give explainable heatmap. Results The proposed MIDCAN achieves a sensitivity of 98.10±1.88%, a specificity of 97.95±2.26%, and an accuracy of 98.02±1.35%. Conclusion Our MIDCAN method provides better results than 8 state-of-the-art approaches. We demonstrate the using multiple modalities can achieve better results than individual modality. Also, we demonstrate that CBAM can help improve the diagnosis performance.

COVID-19 pneumonia started in December 2019 and caused large casualties and huge economic losses. In this study, we intended to develop a computer-aided diagnosis system based on artificial intelligence to automatically identify the COVID-19 in chest computed tomography images. We utilized transfer learning to obtain the image-level representation (ILR) based on the backbone deep convolutional neural network. Then, a novel neighboring aware representation (NAR) was proposed to exploit the neighboring relationships between the ILR vectors. To obtain the neighboring information in the feature space of the ILRs, an ILR graph was generated based on the k-nearest neighbors algorithm, in which the ILRs were linked with their k-nearest neighboring ILRs. Afterward, the NARs were computed by the fusion of the ILRs and the graph. On the basis of this representation, a novel end-to-end COVID-19 classification architecture called neighboring aware graph neural network (NAGNN) was proposed. The private and public data sets were used for evaluation in the experiments. Results revealed that our NAGNN outperformed all the 10 state-of-the-art methods in terms of generalization ability. Therefore, the proposed NAGNN is effective in detecting COVID-19, which can be used in clinical diagnosis. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC

Affective computing is one of the key technologies to achieve advanced brain-machine interfacing. It is increasingly concerning research orientation in the field of artificial intelligence. Emotion recognition is closely related to affective computing. Although emotion recognition based on electroencephalogram (EEG) has attracted more and more attention at home and abroad, subject-independent emotion recognition still faces enormous challenges. We proposed a subject-independent emotion recognition algorithm based on dynamic empirical convolutional neural network (DECNN) in view of the challenges. Combining the advantages of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and differential entropy (DE), we proposed a dynamic differential entropy (DDE) algorithm to extract the features of EEG signals. After that, the extracted DDE features were classified by convolutional neural networks (CNN). Finally, the proposed algorithm is verified on SJTU Emotion EEG Dataset (SEED). In addition, we discuss the brain area closely related to emotion and design the best profile of electrode placements to reduce the calculation and complexity. Experimental results show that the accuracy of this algorithm is 3.53 percent higher than that of the state-of-the-art emotion recognition methods. What's more, we studied the key electrodes for EEG emotion recognition, which is of guiding significance for the development of wearable EEG devices.

Medical imaging is an essential medical diagnosis system subsequently integrated with artificial intelligence for assistance in clinical diagnosis. The actual medical images acquired during the image capturing procedures generate poor quality images as a result of numerous physical restrictions of the imaging equipment and time constraints. Recently, medical image super-resolution (SR) has emerged as an indispensable research subject in the community of image processing to address such limitations. SR is a classical computer vision operation that attempts to restore a visually sharp high-resolution images from the degraded low-resolution images. In this study, an effective medical super-resolution approach based on weighted least squares optimisation via multiscale convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has been proposed for lesion localisation. The weighted least squares optimisation strategy that particularly is well-suited for progressively coarsening the original images and simultaneously extract multiscale information has been executed. Subsequently, a SR model by training CNNs based on wavelet analysis has been designed by carrying out wavelet decomposition of optimized images for multiscale representations. Then multiple CNNs have been trained separately to approximate the wavelet multiscale representations. The trained multiple convolutional neural networks characterize medical images in many directions and multiscale frequency bands, and thus facilitate image restoration subject to increased number of variations depicted in different dimensions and orientations. Finally, the trained CNNs regress wavelet multiscale representations from a LR medical images, followed by wavelet synthesis that forms a reconstructed HR medical image. The experimental performance indicates that the proposed model SR restoration approach achieve superior SR efficiency over existing comparative methods

Extreme learning machine (ELM) is a training algorithm for single hidden layer feedforward neural network (SLFN), which converges much faster than traditional methods and yields promising performance. In this paper, we hope to present a comprehensive review on ELM. Firstly, we will focus on the theoretical analysis including universal approximation theory and generalization. Then, the various improvements are listed, which help ELM works better in terms of stability, efficiency, and accuracy. Because of its outstanding performance, ELM has been successfully applied in many real-time learning tasks for classification, clustering, and regression. Besides, we report the applications of ELM in medical imaging: MRI, CT, and mammogram. The controversies of ELM were also discussed in this paper. We aim to report these advances and find some future perspectives.

Most intelligent algorithms used for recognizing epilepsy electroencephalogram (EEG) have two major deficiencies. The one is the lack of interpretability and the other is unsatisfactory recognition results. In response to these challenges, we propose a dedicated model called multi-view Takagi–Sugeno–Kang (TSK) fuzzy system (MV-TSK-FS) for the epilepsy EEG detection. Our contributions lie in three aspects. First, TSK-FS is selected as the basic model. As one of the most famous fuzzy systems, TSK-FS has the advantage of nice interpretability and thus meets the requirement of clinic trials and applications. Second, MV-TSK-FS uses a multi-view framework to collaboratively handle the collective feature data extracted from diverse extraction perspectives, which strives to avoid the potential performance degradation commonly incurred with single feature extraction. Third, we propose a view-weighted mechanism based on the quadratic regularization to distinguish the importance of each view. The more important the view, the larger the corresponding weight is. The final decision is consequently figured out with the weighted outputs of all views. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared with other epilepsy EEG detection ones, our proposed method has better classification performance as well as more satisfied interpretability on results.

Blood cells play an important role in the metabolism of the human body, and the status of blood cells can be used for clinical diagnoses, such as the ratio of different blood cells. Therefore, blood cell classification is a primary task, which requires much time for manual analysis. The recent advances in computer vision can be beneficial to free doctors from tedious tasks. In this paper, a novel automated blood cell classification model based on the shifted window vision transformer (SW-ViT) is proposed. The SW-ViT architecture is firstly pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset and fine-tuned on the blood cell images for classification. Two transfer strategies are employed to generate better classification results. One is to fine-tune the entire SW-ViT, and the other is to only fine-tune the linear output layer of the SW-ViT while all the other parameters are frozen. A public dataset named BCCD_Dataset (Blood Cell Count and Detection) is utilized in the experiments. The results show that the SW-ViT outperforms several state-of-the-art methods in terms of classification accuracy. The proposed SW-ViT can be applied in daily clinical diagnosis.

Semantic segmentation and depth estimation play important roles in the field of autonomous driving. In recent years, the advantages of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have allowed these two topics to flourish. However, people always solve these two tasks separately and rarely solve them in a united model. In this paper, we propose a Mutual Encouragement Network (MENet), which includes a semantic segmentation branch and a disparity regression branch, and simultaneously generates semantic map and visual disparity. In the cost volume construction phase, the depth information is embedded in the semantic segmentation branch to increase contextual understanding. Similarly, the semantic information is also included in the disparity regression branch to generate more accurate disparity. Two branches mutually promote each other during training phase and inference phase. We conducted our method on the popular dataset KITTI, and the experimental results show that our method can outperform the state-of-the-art methods on both visual disparity generation and semantic segmentation. In addition, extensive ablation studies also demonstrate that the two tasks in our method can facilitate each other significantly with the proposed approach.

Cerebral microbleed (CMB) is related to cerebral vascular diseases. In this paper, we propose the use of deep convolutional neural network to implement CMB automatic diagnosis based on brain susceptibility-weighted images (SWIs). First of all, a sliding neighborhood method was employed to get 13,031 samples for training and testing. Then, an 18-layer CMB-Net was designed to classify the samples as CMB or non-CMB. The CMB-Net was trained by RMSprop based on the five-fold cross- validation. The total running time of the five-fold cross-validation was merely 184.79 s, and the average testing accuracy reached 98.39%, which was better than several recently published methods. The results suggested that our CMB-Net was accurate in detecting CMB.

In the clinical study of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) with neuroimaging data, it is challenging to identify the progressive Mild Cognitive Impairment (pMCI) subjects from the stableMCI (sMCI) subjects (i.e., the pMCI/sMCI classification) in an individual level because of small inter-group differences between two groups (i.e., pMCIs and sMCIs) as well as high intra-group variations within each group. Moreover, there are a very limited number of subjects available, which cannot guarantee to find informative and discriminative patterns for achieving high diagnostic accuracy. In this paper, we propose a novel sparse regression method to fuse the auxiliary data into the predictor data for the pMCI/sMCI classification, where the predictor data is structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) information of both pMCI and sMCI subjects and the auxiliary data includes the ages of the subjects, the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) information of the predictor data, and the structural MRI information of AD and Normal Controls (NC). Specifically, we incorporate the auxiliary data and the predictor data into a unified framework to jointly achieve the following objectives: i) jointly selecting informative features from both the auxiliary data and the predictor data; ii) robust to outliers from both the auxiliary data and the predictor data; and iii) reducing the aging effect due to the possible cause of brain atrophy induced by both the normal aging and the disease progression. As a result, our proposed method jointly selects the useful features from the auxiliary data and the predictor data by taking into account the influence of outliers and the age of the two kinds of data, i.e., the pMCI and sMCI subjects as well as the AD and NC subjects. We further employ the linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) with the selected features of the predictor data to conduct the pMCI/sMCI classification. Experimental results on the public data of Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) show the proposed method achieved the best classification performance, compared to the best comparison method, in terms of four evaluation metrics.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) will become a global burden in the coming decades according to the latest statistical survey. How to effectively detect AD or MCI (mild cognitive impairment) using reliable biomarkers and robust machine learning methods has become a challenging problem. In this study, we propose a novel AD multiclass classification framework with embedding feature selection and fusion based on multimodal neuroimaging. The framework has three novel aspects: (1) An l 2 , 1 -norm regularization term combined with the multiclass hinge loss is used to naturally select features across all the classes in each modality. (2) To fuse the complementary information contained in each modality, an l p -norm ( 1 p ∞ ) regularization term is introduced to combine different kernels to perform multiple kernel learning to avoid a sparse kernel coefficient distribution, thereby effectively exploiting complementary modalities. (3) A theorem that transforms the multiclass hinge loss minimization problem using the l 2 , 1 -norm and l p -norm regularizations to a previous solvable optimization problem and its proof are given. Additionally, it is theoretically proved that the optimization process converges to the global optimum. Extensive comparison experiments and analysis support the promising performance of the proposed method.

The accelerating power of deep learning in diagnosing a disease and analyzing medical data will empower physicians and speed up decision-making in clinical environments. Applications of modern medical instruments and digitalization of medical care have generated large amounts of biomedical information in recent years. These pose challenges, demands, and opportunities for new AI methods and computational models for efficient data processing, analysis, and modeling with the generated data that are important for clinical applications and in understanding the underlying biological process.

(Aim) COVID-19 is an ongoing infectious disease. It has caused more than 107.45 m confirmed cases and 2.35 m deaths till 11/Feb/2021. Traditional computer vision methods have achieved promising results on the automatic smart diagnosis. (Method) This study aims to propose a novel deep learning method that can obtain better performance. We use the pseudo-Zernike moment (PZM), derived from Zernike moment, as the extracted features. Two settings are introducing: (i) image plane over unit circle;and (ii) image plane inside the unit circle. Afterward, we use a deep-stacked sparse autoencoder (DSSAE) as the classifier. Besides, multiple-way data augmentation is chosen to overcome overfitting. The multiple-way data augmentation is based on Gaussian noise, salt-and-pepper noise, speckle noise, horizontal and vertical shear, rotation, Gamma correction, random translation and scaling. (Results) 10 runs of 10-fold cross validation shows that our PZM-DSSAE method achieves a sensitivity of 92.06% +/- 1.54%, a specificity of 92.56% +/- 1.06%, a precision of 92.53% +/- 1.03%, and an accuracy of 92.31% +/- 1.08%. Its F1 score, MCC, and FMI arrive at 92.29% +/- 1.10%, 84.64% +/- 2.15%, and 92.29% +/- 1.10%, respectively. The AUC of our model is 0.9576. (Conclusion) We demonstrate "image plane over unit circle" can get better results than "image plane inside a unit circle." Besides, this proposed PZM-DSSAE model is better than eight state-of-the-art approaches.

Here, we use multi-type feature fusion and selection to predict COVID-19 infections on chest computed tomography (CT) scans The scheme operates in four steps Initially, we prepared a database containing COVID-19 pneumonia and normal CT scans These images were retrieved from the Radiopaedia COVID-19 website The images were divided into training and test sets in a ratio of 70:30 Then, multiple features were extracted from the training data We used canonical correlation analysis to fuse the features into single vectors;this enhanced the predictive capacity We next implemented a genetic algorithm (GA) in which an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) served to assess GA fitness Based on the ELM losses, the most discriminatory features were selected and saved as an ELM Model Test images were sent to the model, and the best-selected features compared to those of the trained model to allow final predictions Validation employed the collected chest CT scans The best predictive accuracy of the ELM classifier was 93 9%;the scheme was effective

COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic disease. To make more accurate diagnosis on COVID-19 than existing approaches, this paper proposed a novel method combining DenseNet and optimization of transfer learning setting (OTLS) strategy. Preprocessing was used to enhance, crop, and resize the collected chest CT images. Data augmentation method was used to increase the size of training set. A composite learning factor (CLF) was employed which assigned different learning factor to three types of layers: frozen layers, middle layers, and new layers. Meanwhile, the OTLS strategy was proposed. Finally, precomputation method was utilized to reduce RAM storage and accelerate the algorithm. We observed that optimization setting "201-IV" can achieve the best performance by proposed OTLS strategy. The sensitivity, specificity, precision, and accuracy of our proposed method were 96.35 ± 1.07, 96.25 ± 1.16, 96.29 ± 1.11, and 96.30 ± 0.56, respectively. The proposed DenseNet-OTLS method achieved better performances than state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosing COVID-19.