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A repeat Pap smear is sometimes necessary after a short time interval or even immediately, when patients seek for a second opinion or due to study participation. Only limited information is available on the possible impact of a short interval between two Pap smears. Most institutions therefore practice a minimum time span of 6–8 weeks before obtaining a second smear since a short interval is commonly believed to be associated with an increase of false negative results in the second smear. Two consecutive Pap smears were obtained from 81 women. 41 smears were processed using the conventional technique, whereas liquid-based cytology was used in the remaining 40 women. Smears were independently evaluated by four different cytopathologists. We analyzed the effect of time interval, both processing techniques and inter-observer variance in cytological evaluation. While the result of the second smear shows a tendency towards a more benign outcome (odds ratio (OR) 1.436, 95% CI 0.972–2.121), this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). No significant differences were observed between conservative and liquid-based cytology (OR 1.554, 95% CI 0.659–3.667, p = 0.31). There was considerable inter-observer variability, and the observer was a strong predictor of the cytological result (OR 0.632–5.083, 95% CI 0.355–8.975, p

The weighted Selberg integral is a discrete mean-square, that is a generalization of the classical Selberg integral of primes to an arithmetic function $f$, whose values in a short interval are suitably attached to a weight function. We give conditions on $f$ and select a particular class of weights, in order to investigate non-trivial bounds of weighted Selberg integrals of both $f$ and $f\ast\mu$. In particular, we discuss the cases of the symmetry integral and the modified Selberg integral, the latter involving the Cesaro weight. We also prove some side results when $f$ is a divisor function., Comment: Through an optimal Lemma 3 we correct our Theorem 1 proof

Cyanide is one of the few chemicals known as a “knock down” agent, owing to its short interval from ingestion until symptom onset. In this case, a 22-year-old female attempted suicide by consuming cyanide. This chapter discusses manifestations of cyanide, diagnostic clues, and management strategies for treating acute cyanide toxicity.

Acute ingestion of thyroid hormone preparations is a common intoxication, with 181 cases in children 0.1 g/kg, a short interval since ingestion, symptomatic presentation, and/or a fT4 >100 pmol/l should be monitored in the hospital during at least 48–72 h post-ingestion and on an outpatient basis for 14 d.

Numerous studies have been carried out to inves- tigate the hypergravity effect on plants, where seedlings (4-5 days old) were continuously exposed and grown under hypergravity condition. Here, we have used a novel 'short- term hypergravity exposure experimental method' where imbibed caryopses (instead of seedlings) were exposed to higher g values ranging from 500 g to 2500 g for a short interval time of 10 minutes and post short-term hypergrav- ity treated caryopses were grown under 1 g conditions for five days. Changing patterns in caryopsis germination and growth, along with various photosynthetic and biochemi- cal parameters were studied. Results revealed the significant inhibition of caryopsis germination and growth in short- term hypergravity treated seeds over control. Photosynthesis

Press working is a chip-less manufacturing process on sheet metal through the application of immense force with the help of press tools for short interval and hence results in shearing or deformation of the work material. It is a chip-less manufacturing process by which various components are made from sheet metal. A compound die is one that is used for cutting operations only, and the operation is completed by a single-press stroke. In this article, a die was designed to serve the purpose of cutting down the blades for paddy weeder and clearances to be provided in the die were calculated so as to reduce the material consumption with reduction in production cycle time. The die thus designed served for the purpose with 73% reduction in production time, with enhanced quality and helped in enabling mass production by eliminating several processes such as marking, cutting done with the help of a cutter, shaping, and so on.

Recently, several bounds have been obtained on the number of solutions of congruences of the type $$({x_1} + s) \cdots ({x_v} + s) \equiv ({y_1} + s) \cdots ({y_v} + s)\not \equiv 0{\text{ (mod }}p{\text{),}}$$ where p is prime and variables take values in some short interval. Here, for almost all p and all s and also for a fixed p and almost all s, we derive stronger bounds. We also use similar ideas to show that for almost all p, one can always find an element of a large order in any rather short interval.

To examine and compare the effects of acute moderate-intensity continuous and accumulated exercise with different intervals on arterial stiffness in humans. Healthy young men (n = 16) participated in four trials in a randomized crossover design: complete rest control (CON), continuous exercise (CE, 30-min cycling), accumulated exercise with 20 min of interval (AE20, 2 × 15-min cycling) and accumulated exercise with 60 min of interval (AE60, 2 × 15-min cycling). Exercise was performed at intensity of 50 % heart rate reserve. Measurements of cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), an indicator of systemic arterial stiffness in humans, were performed at baseline (BL), immediately (0 min) and 60 min after exercise in exercise trials, and at corresponding time points in CON trial. CAVI remained unaltered throughout the procedure in CON trial (6.8 ± 0.1, 6.9 ± 0.1, 6.9 ± 0.2 at BL, 0 and 60 min, respectively). Similar CAVI reductions were observed in CE, AE20 and AE60 trials at 0 min compared to CON trial (P

Music, along with its attached rhythm, has been with man for centuries, developing and evolving along with him. Its influence on human behavior and mood can reach levels whose limits are still unknown, especially in everything related to perception, where the whole nervous system is involved. Thus, physiology and psychology become strongly connected areas, while technology, through, for example, the production of music by electronic means, appears as a new unexpected ingredient that traditional composers and musicians of older times could not imagine. Obviously, bioengineering and its multiple branches are not absent either [1]?[4]. The literature is enormous with several specialized journals. When one looks back in time at the evolution of this complex area, the appearance of some kind of sudden jump (as a step function), which took place within a relatively recent short interval, is evident: music is now much more than what it used to be, and rhythm has made a step forward as if resurrecting and renewing the ancient Indian or African drums.

The Taishu Group, a marine formation with a thickness of >5400 m, crops out on Tsushima Island, located in the southwestern Japan Sea. The group, which is generally regarded as early Eocene to early Miocene in age, provides important information about the tectonic setting of the Japan Sea. In this study, we present new SHRIMP U–Pb dates for igneous zircons from the Kunehama Tuff, which is in the basal part of the Taishu Group, and the Oobaura Tuff, which is in the uppermost part of the group. Results show that the Taishu Group was deposited rapidly, during the short interval of 17.9–15.9 Ma (early–middle Miocene), and is equivalent to other early–middle Miocene strata found in the Japan Sea region. Our results provide new constraints on the geological history of the Japan Sea and its islands.

We evaluated the prevalence and geographic variation of short-interval (repeated in under 2 years) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry tests (DXAs) among Medicare beneficiaries. Short-interval DXA use varied across regions (coefficient of variation = 0.64), and unlike other DXAs, rates decreased with payment cuts. The American College of Rheumatology, through the Choosing Wisely initiative, identified measuring bone density more often than every 2 years as care “physicians and patients should question.” We measured the prevalence and described the geographic variation of short-interval (repeated in under 2 years) DXAs among Medicare beneficiaries and estimated the cost of this testing and its responsiveness to payment change. Using 100 % Medicare claims data, 2006–2011, we identified DXAs and short-interval DXAs for female Medicare beneficiaries over age 66. We determined the population rate of DXAs and short-interval DXAs, as well as Medicare spending on short-interval DXAs, nationally and by hospital referral region (HRR). DXA use was stable 2008–2011 (12.4 to 11.5 DXAs per 100 women). DXA use varied across HRRs: in 2011, overall DXA use ranged from 6.3 to 23.0 per 100 women (coefficient of variation = 0.18), and short-interval DXAs ranged from 0.3 to 8.0 per 100 women (coefficient of variation = 0.64). Short-interval DXA use fluctuated substantially with payment changes; other DXAs did not. Short-interval DXAs, which represented 10.1 % of all DXAs, cost Medicare approximately US$16 million in 2011. One out of ten DXAs was administered in a time frame shorter than recommended and at a substantial cost to Medicare. DXA use varied across regions. Short-interval DXA use was responsive to reimbursement changes, suggesting carefully designed policy and payment reform may reduce this care identified by rheumatologists as low value.

The objective of this study was to determine if data derived from a system that electronically monitors feeding behavior could be used to identify competitive interactions of dairy cows at the feed bunk. A short interval between successive feeding events of 2 cows at 1 feed bin was predicted to be associated with a competitive replacement: when one cow displaced a feeding cow and then took her position at the bin. To identify the interval between feeding events that best predicted these replacement events, the feeding activity of 5 Holstein dairy cows was monitored using an electronic feeding system and video recordings. The number of times a cow was replaced at the feed bunk over 3 consecutive 24-h periods was determined using video analysis and these events were paired with the corresponding feeding events recorded by an electronic feeding system (Roughage Intake Control system; Insentec B.V., Marknesse, the Netherlands). A pooled analysis of all 5 cows showed that the optimal interval for predicting replacements at the feed bunk was 26s (sensitivity=86% and specificity=82%); this interval was termed the replacement criterion. This criterion was then applied to feeding data from a sample of 24 independent Holstein dairy cows, each observed for 3d during the week following calving. Video had previously been used to measure the number of times each cow was an actor and reactor of a displacement (when one cow displaced a feeding cow but did not necessarily take her position at the bin). Despite the differences in measures, the number of replacements (as estimated by our algorithm) was positively correlated with the number of displacements [as measured using video; correlation coefficient (r)=0.63 as actor, r=0.69 as reactor]. Estimates of an index of success in competitive interactions (number of times actor/number of times actor = number of times reactor) generated using the 2 methods were highly correlated (r=0.94). These results suggest that competitive behavior at the feed bunk can be automatically quantified using data derived from an electronic feeding system.

Peripheral nerve stimulation inhibits the motor cortex, and the process has been termed short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of ∼20 ms. The objective of the present study was to test how SAI interacts with short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) under different stimulation conditions. We studied 20 healthy volunteers. Surface electromyogram was recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Using paired- and triple-pulse paradigms, we investigated how SAI interacts with SICI under these different conditions. The effects of different conditioning stimulus (CS) intensities (0.6–0.9 active motor threshold), SAI latencies (23 and 25 ms), and ISIs (2 and 3 ms) for SICI were examined in rest and active conditions. SAI had inhibitory interactions with SICI at different CS intensities for rest or active SICI, at SAI latencies of 23 and 25 ms. This interaction occurred at weak CS intensities for SICI when there was no inhibition, and SICI became facilitatory in the presence of SAI. This can be explained by SICI inhibiting SAI and not by saturation of inhibition. The interaction between SAI and SICI was greater for SICI at ISI of 3 ms than for ISI of 2 ms, suggesting that different circuits may be activated at these ISIs. We conclude that SAI and SICI have inhibitory interactions that are influenced by factors such as ISI and muscle activities, which should be considered in design and interpretation of cortical interaction studies.

Superparasitism in solitary parasitoids results in fatal competition between the immature parasitoids, and consequently only one individual can emerge. In the semisolitary ovicidal parasitoid Echthrodelphax fairchildii (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), 2 adults can emerge under superparasitism with a short interval (

Background: Variable detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA can result in misclassification of infection status, but the extent of misclassification has not been quantitatively evaluated. Methods: In 2005–2007, 33 women of ages 22 to 53 years self-collected vaginal swabs twice per week for 16 consecutive weeks. Each of the 955 swabs collected was tested for 37 HPV types/subtypes. Assuming that a woman's underlying infection status did not change over the short study period, biases in prevalence estimates obtained from single versus multiple swabs were calculated. Using event history analysis methods, time to recurrent gain and loss of at least one HPV type was determined, separately. Baseline any-type and high risk–type HPV prevalence was 60.6% and 24.2%, respectively. Cumulative any-HPV and high-risk HPV prevalence over the 16-week period was 84.8% and 60.6%, separately. Results: Overall, there were 319 events of detection and 313 events of loss of detection. Median times to a recurrent detection and loss of detection were 11 and seven days, respectively. Neither vaginal sex nor condom use during follow-up was associated with recurrent viral detection or loss of detection. Assuming the cumulative 16-week prevalence reflects the true prevalence of infection, the baseline any-HPV prevalence underestimated infection status by 24.2%, with a bootstrapped mean of 20.2% [95% confidence interval (CI), 8.9%–29.6%]. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a substantial proportion of HPV-infected women are misclassified as being uninfected when using a single-time DNA measurement. Impact: Short-term variation in detectable HPV DNA needs to be considered while interpreting the natural history of infections using single samples collected at long intervals. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(1); 200–8. ©2013 AACR.

The contributions of William Timberlake to the sciences of animal behaviour have been many and varied. These include important theoretical, empirical and institutional advances. One secret to Timberlake’s success has been his focus on understanding the animals, rather than following conventional thinking. Work contributed to a Festschrift for William Timberlake is previewed, with the aim of highlighting some of the ways Timberlake continues to influence the sciences of behaviour. We describe the major theories—disequilibrium and behaviour systems—succinctly in an early section, but return to these theories throughout the following sections in the context of how they were used by the contributors. Behaviour systems theory is an especially large part of the special issue, including work on sex and anti-predator defence, new extensions to play, emotion and consciousness, new quantitative extensions, and new connections with other approaches, including Gibsonian ecological psychology and other systems approaches. Timberlakean answers to the data of choice studies, adjunctive behaviour, and timing research are represented, including short interval timing and circadian timing. The contributions to the special issue continue Timberlake’s legacy of innovation.

Current approaches to fatigue life prediction are mostly based on classical fracture mechanics and it is difficult to predict lifetime under different loading conditions, particularly under overload spectrums. A thermodynamic entropy-based approach is less sensitive to variability in loading conditions and provides a dependable measure of damage. Volumetric thermodynamic entropy is utilized in this study to measure damage. Digital Image Correlation-DIC is used to measure plastic deformation in close vicinity of the notch in AA7075-T6 specimens. The plastic deformations are converted to a corresponding thermodynamic entropy, using a modified Clausius-Duhem inequality. A comparison of thermodynamic entropy generation using global measurement consisting of load frame data and Linear Variable Differential Transformer-LVDT extensometer, and local measurement using DIC data is done. The entropic-endurance level for fatigue crack initiation regardless of loading spectrums is shown to scatter within a short interval and is represented by a Weibull distribution.

One of the common problems experienced by animal farmers is heat stress or cold stress caused by changes in the environment. This resulted in a decrease in the productivity of livestock, cattle. Early monitoring needs to be done to avoid problems through monitoring tools for temperature, heart rate, and internet-based location of things (IoT). The monitor receives the value through the paired sensor and is sent to the web server. Users or breeders get information about the condition of farm animals and observe changes in value through graphs through the android application. The system built is able to receive values in a short interval time (10 seconds) so that the value obtained is the most recent value. Based on observations on the graph, the user can identify drastic changes, both decreases or increases, in the temperature and heart rate of the animal's condition and take precautions as early as possible.

To determine whether there are any changes in brain metastases or resection cavity volumes between planning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radiosurgery (RS) treatment and whether these led to a change in management or alteration in the RS plan.Patients undergoing RS for brain metastasis or tumor resection cavities had a standardized planning MRI (MRI-1) performed and a repeat verification MRI (MRI-2) 24 hours before RS. Any change in management, including replanning based on MRI-2, was recorded.Thirty-four patients with a total of 59 lesions (44 metastases and 15 tumor resection cavities) were assessed with a median time between MRI-1 and MRI-2 of 7 days. Seventeen patients (50%) required a change in management based on the changes seen on MRI-2. For patients with 7 days or less between scans, 41% (9 of 22) required a change in management; among patients with 8 days or more between scans, 78% (7 of 9) required a change in management. Per lesion, 32 out of 59 lesions required replanning, including 7 of 15 (47%) cavities and 25 of 44 (57%) metastases, with the most common reason (23 lesions) being an increase in gross target volume (tumor) or clinical target volume (tumor cavity).Measurable changes occur in brain metastasis over a short amount of time, with a change in management required in 41% of patients with 7 days between MRI-1 and MRI-2 and in 78% of patients when there is a delay longer than 7 days. We therefore recommend that the time between planning MRI and RS treatment be as short as possible.

The main feature in the location based on advertising is sending the latest ads from POIs nearest the user. To accomplish the task, the device should transmit the current location at interval time to LBA server, LBA server will provide the latest ads nearest location received from the user. With short interval this procedure will run out the power of a device quickly and high internet bandwidth. To solve this long interval can be used. But another problem arises with fast moving users. User received POIs at a location that has been leaved. We proposed predict next user's location for long interval push strategy. The results of our experiments show received POIs more accurate and with long interval will help reduce waste of energy and internet bandwidth in mobile advertising.

We carry out a new paleomagnetic study across stratigraphic layer TD7 of Gran Dolina Site, Atapuerca, and reassess the existing absolute ages (thermoluminescence, electron spin resonance) obtained at this site. The new and more detailed magnetostratigraphic record of the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary, combined with absolute ages, enables further constraint on the age of the underlying human-bearing level or Aurora Stratum. Paleomagnetism of the studied silts and sandstones reveals stable, dual polarity Characteristic Remanent Magnetization directions. A new normal magnetic polarity short interval is found at several consecutive sampling localities in the upper part of TD7, providing a new ante quem date for the human-bearing sediments of 0.9 Ma, possibly formed during MIS 25.

We prove that almost all integers N satisfying some necessary congruence conditions are the sum of almost equal fourth prime powers.

The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the validity of automated monitoring systems as assessment method for the behavioral activity of dairy cows compared with video recording, and 2) determine the sampling intervals required to obtain reliable estimates of the daily behavior. To determine lying, standing, and walking, 12 cows were equipped with automatic recording devices (IceTag = 12 cows, HOBO Pendant G = 5 cows), and their behavior was simultaneously recorded using a video recording system. The correspondence between the IceTag, HOBO logger, and video recording data was analyzed using 2 × 2 contingency tables, and we determined the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value (positive and negative). Both types of loggers demonstrated high sensitivity (Sen ≥ 0.961) and specificity (Sp ≥ 0.951) for lying and standing behaviors with predictive values near 1.00. The HOBO logger can accurately describe the laterality of lying behavior, whereas the IceTag device inadequately recorded walking, with probability predictive values ≤ 0.303. Daily behaviors of the dairy cows were compared for 10 different sampling intervals (1 s, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min) collected by the IceTag, using linear regression. A strong relationship (R(2) ≥ 0.978) was found between the total lying times from data on a per-second basis and estimates obtained by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 15 min sampling intervals. The sampling intervals of 1 and 2 min were comparable for all aspects of lying behavior (R(2) ≥ 0.813; P > 0.05 for slope = 1, intercept = 0). Long sampling intervals (30 and 60 min) showed positive relationship for estimating time spent lying and standing (R(2) ≥ 0.774), but were inappropriate for predicting these behaviors, because they lacked accuracy and precision. Both the IceTag and HOBO logger accurately measured all aspects of lying and standing behavior. Reliable estimates of lying and standing time can be generated using relatively short interval lengths (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 10, or 15 min). Shorter sampling intervals (≤ 2 min) are required to accurately measure aspects of lying behavior such as number of lying bouts per day. The automated monitoring systems are time- and labor-saving tools that can be used by research or on farm to assess cow comfort related to lying behavior.

Let p be a prime, χ denote the Dirichlet character modulo p and $L(p)=\{a\in {\mathbb{Z}}^{+}|(a,p)=1,a\bar{a}\equiv 1(\bmod\ p),|a-\bar{a}|\le H\}$ . We study the distribution of elements in the set L(p) in character over the short interval. In this paper, we use the analytic method and show the distribution property of $$ \sum\limits_{n\le N\atop n\in L(p)}\chi(n), $$ and give a non-trivial estimate.

We examined the effect of temporal context on discrimination of intervals marked by auditory, visual and tactile stimuli. Subjects were asked to compare the duration of the interval immediately preceded by an irrelevant "distractor" stimulus with an interval with no distractor. For short interval durations, the presence of the distractor affected greatly the apparent duration of the test stimulus: short distractors caused the test interval to appear shorter and vice versa. For very short reference durations (≤ 100 ms), the contextual effects were large, changing perceived duration by up to a factor of two. The effect of distractors reduced steadily for longer reference durations, to zero effect for durations greater than 500 ms. We found similar results for intervals defined by visual flashes, auditory tones and brief finger vibrations, all falling to zero effect at 500 ms. Under appropriate conditions, there were strong cross-modal interactions, particularly from audition to vision. We also measured the Weber fractions for duration discrimination and showed that under the conditions of this experiment, Weber fractions decreased steadily with duration, following a square-root law, similarly for all three modalities. The magnitude of the effect of the distractors on apparent duration correlated well with Weber fraction, showing that when duration discrimination was relatively more precise, the context dependency was less. The results were well fit by a simple Bayesian model combining noisy estimates of duration with the action of a resonance-like mechanism that tended to regularize the sound sequence intervals.

Wide swath SAR (WSM) has some characters such as wider swath and short interval so that it can be applied widely to monitor deformation, especially it has largo foreground for monitoring slowness deformation.Depessing baseline and DEM error is a key choke point for ScanSAR interferometry.In this paper, ScanSAR imaging principle and error elements are analyzed, in allusion to wide swath SAR interferogram of bam earthquake, influence magnitude of SRTM3 and GDEM for ScanSAR interferometry is compared each other.,at the same time, results of ScanSAR interferometry which use Envisat orbit data ofthree different kinds are studied, in the end ,some referenced and important conclusions are gained.

Examination of Upper Miocene–Lower Pliocene sediments at IODP Site U1338, in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, provided new data on the distribution range of the calcareous nannofossil genus Catinaster. In addition to the the well-known occurrence of Catinaster coalitus and Catinaster calyculus in the early Late Miocene, we document Catinaster mexicanus in both the mid-late Miocene and the Early Pliocene. We confirm its taxonomic validity, rejecting previous interpretations of Pliocene C. mexicanus specimens as the result of dissolution of Discoaster altus. Instead, the Pliocene appearance of C. mexicanus seems to originate from the D. altus lineage. The short interval of occurrence (c. 50 ka) in the Late Miocene may document a preliminary evolutionary emergence of C. mexicanus that lacks any relationship with the other Catinaster species. Clear ancestor species to validate its independent origin from Discoaster are, however, missing. In the stratigraphic intervals where Catinaster species are found, their co-occurrence with Discoaster species bearing a prominent star-shaped boss on one side is noteworthy. This suggests that Catinaster and Discoaster at times developed a common morphological feature (a stellate structure, with or without hexaradiate symmetry), possibly under recurrent changes in climatic/environmental conditions. The data presented on C. mexicanus suggest a wider geographical distribution than previously thought, extending from the tropical Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico, equatorial Atlantic and tropical Indian oceans.

By using the analytic methods, the mean value of the generalquadratic Gauss sums weighted by the first power mean of character sumsover a short interval is investigated. Several sharp asymptotic formulaeare obtained, which show that these sums enjoy good distributive prop-erties. Moreover, interesting connections among them are established. 1. Introduction and main resultsFor any integer n, the general quadratic Gauss sums G(n,χ;q) is defined asG(n,χ;q) =X qa=1 χ(a)e na 2 q ,where e(y) = e 2πiy . This summation is very important, since it is the general-ization of the classical quadratic Gauss sums. But we still know little aboutthe properties of G(n,χ;q), we do not even know how large G(n,χ;q) is. Sincethe value of |G(n,χ;q)| is irregular as χ varies, one can only get some upperbound estimates. For example, for any integer n with (n,q) = 1, from thegeneral result of Cochrane and Zheng [1] we can deduce that|G(n,χ;q)| ≤ 2 ω(q) q 12 ,where ω(q) denotes the number of distinct prime divisors of q. The case thatq is prime is due to A. Weil [2].However, weighted sums [4] involving G(n,χ;q) enjoys many good valuedistribution properties, through which interesting connections among them areestablished. Now we shall use analytic methods to study the mean value of thegeneral quadratic Gauss sums weighted by the first power mean of character

It is extremely important to evaluate transverse wicking behaviour of elastic knitted fabric while the fabric simulated in different body motions. In this paper, the effects of short interval dynamic extension and recovery on fabric transverse wicking behaviour were evaluated as the samples were subjected to different rate of extension (speed), different percentage of cyclic extension and different liquid flow rate. For this application, a new cyclic stress instrument was designed and developed to apply repeated dynamic extension and recovery on the fabric. The developed instrument is operated through embedded micro controller programme. The effect of speed, percentage of cyclic extension and flow rate with respect to the dynamic transverse wicking behaviour of elastic knitted fabric has been studied using Box–Behnken experiment model. The experiment model identifies the principal experimental variables such as flow rate, percentage of cyclic extension which has the greatest effect on the transverse wicki...

The life-span of small volcanoes in terrestrial basaltic fields, commonly considered ‘monogenetic’, can be difficult to assess due to a paucity of datable materials capable of providing a 102–103-year age resolution. We have used microscopic tephra layers (crypto-tephra) in lake sediments to determine the longevity of Rangitoto volcano, a small shield that represents the most recent volcanism in the Auckland Volcanic Field (AVF), New Zealand. Previous studies suggested construction in a relatively short interval at ~ 550–500 cal yrs BP. In contrast, the tephra record shows evidence of intermittent activity from 1498 ± 140 to (at least) 504 ± 6 cal yrs BP, a longevity of ~ 1000 years. Rangitoto volcano is thought to represent about half the magma erupted in the 250-ka-history of AVF. Thus, the AVF has experienced a dramatic shift to prolonged and voluminous central-vent volcanism in its most recent history. This demonstrates the difficulty in determining time-erupted volume relationships in such fields. Previous AVF hazard-risk modeling based on isolated, short-lived (

To investigate whether a short interdelivery interval from cesarean section (CS) to a subsequent delivery is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes, and specifically uterine rupture.A retrospective study was conducted, comparing all patients who delivered following CS during the years 1988-2010. Time interval was defined as the time from the day of CS to the day of the subsequent delivery. Women with multiple gestations or more than one previous CS were excluded from the study.Three-thousand one-hundred and seventy-six deliveries were included in the study. Of these, 176 patients had an interval12 month, 728 had an interval of 13-18 months, 635 had an interval of 19-24 months and 1637 had an interval of more than 24 months. The rate of uterine rupture did not differ between the groups. Patients with short interval of less than 12 month had higher rates of preterm deliveries (11.9% versus 4.9-6.6% in the other groups; p0.001). The rate of post partum perinatal death was comparable between the groups.Short time interval is not a risk factor for major maternal and neonatal complications such as uterine rupture and post-partum death. However, in our population, it is a risk factor for preterm delivery.

We study the number of solutions in Goldbach's problem, where the primes are taken from arithmetic progressions as well as from short intervals. For this, we show mean value theorems in the style of Bombieri-Vinogradov's theorem and apply them in a sieve argument to get results for Goldbach's problem with primes from short intervals such that pi + 2, i = 1, 2, 3, are almost-primes. Binary mean value theorems and ternary consequences Corollaries using Sieve Theory The limits when putting conditions on the primes A binary theorem of Kawada As a special case of [Kawada 1993], the following is known: Theorem: Let X 2/3 1 L < Y , Q ≤ YX 2 L−B , X2 +Y ≤ X1. Then ∑

Background The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is the most widely used measure of disability in MS, however because of its limitations surrogate markers of clinical disability progression are of high interest. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures of demyelination and cortical excitability correlate with disability levels in MS. Objective Aim of this study was testing whether paired pulse (pp) TMS represents a reliable surrogate marker to measure clinical disability in MS. Methods ppTMS measures of intracortical synaptic transmission such as short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), long interval intracortical inhibition (LICI), short interval intracortical facilitation (SICF) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were collected from 74 patients affected by MS. Correlation of EDSS scores with ppTMS measures was analyzed. Results EDSS scores correlated with patient’s age, disease duration, Motor Evoked Potentials latency and thresholds and SICF measures but not with age of onset, SICI, ICF and LICI. Conclusions These findings support a possible use of SICF and MEP latency as surrogate markers of disability in MS. Further research is warranted to determine the role of SICF in the follow up of disease progression and to validate its use as an endpoint in multiple sclerosis clinical trials.

Age-related declines in neuromuscular function are well-documented, though the mechanisms underlying these deficits are unclear. Specific changes in corticospinal and intracortical neurophysiology may contribute, but have not been well studied, especially in lower extremity muscles. Furthermore, variations in physical activity levels may potentially confound the interpretation of neurophysiologic findings. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify differences in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures of corticospinal and intracortical excitability of the quadriceps between healthy, active older and younger adults. Twenty younger (age: 25.2 ± 2.4 years; body mass index [BMI]: 22.1 ± 3.0 kg/m(2); 11 males and 9 females) and twenty older (age: 67.7 ± 5.5 years; BMI: 26.8 ± 3.8 kg/m(2); 11 males and 9 females) subjects who exercised regularly (at least 30 min, 3 times/week) completed testing. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were measured by superficial electromyographic recordings of the vastus lateralis (VL). Measures of corticospinal excitability using a double cone TMS coil included resting motor thresholds (RMT), resting recruitment curves (RRCs) and silent periods (SP). Intracortical excitability was measured using paired pulse paradigms for short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF). No statistically significant differences between older and younger adults were found for RMT, RRC slopes, SP, SICI or ICF measures (p>0.05). The physically active nature of the older adults included in this study may have contributed to the lack of differences in corticospinal and intracortical excitability since physical activity in older adults attenuates age-related declines in neuromuscular function.

This paper discusses the importance and effectiveness of structured hands-on STEM-related project-based engineering laboratory activities in the critical entry-level course, First-Year Seminar in Engineering, for undergraduate engineering majors at ABET-accredited institutions of higher education. At our institution, the First-Year Seminar in Engineering is offered once each year during the fall term. The enrollment in this course ranges from ninety to hundred first-year students who are expected to graduate with engineering degrees from the four-year ABET-accredited programs. One component of this course comprises hands-on engineering laboratory activities in sessions of short duration (fifty-five minutes apiece) in disciplines such as Biomedical Engineering (BME), Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Environmental Engineering (ENV), and Mechanical Engineering (ME). In the short interval of time allotted for STEM-based laboratory experiences, the motivation, commitment, and level of engagement can range from total indifference to unbridled enthusiasm with the desire to do and learn more. The broad goal is to deliver key aspects of the engineering design process, from concept-to-product (the E in STEM), during this short interval of time. Therefore, it behooves us to develop STEM-based, project-oriented laboratory activities that focus the student on well-defined, easy-to-attain, yet insightful experimental objectives.

Until recently the genus Macrocixius Matsumura, 1914 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) contained two species: M. giganteus Matsumura, 1914 (the type species) and M. grossus Tsaur & Hsu, 1991. Two recent papers revised the genus within a short interval of time. Both Zhang & Chen (2013) and Orosz (2013) provided redescriptions of the genus and its two previously included species; Zhang & Chen (2013) described two new species from China; Orosz (2013) described five new species from Nepal, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Indonesia.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of time passed from parturition to milking, and from these data propose a scheme that can be used at smaller farms to increase the likelihood of harvesting colostrum with a high content of antibodies., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2016

In this paper we have developed the mechanism to remove unwanted low or high amplitudes from the given input speech. The input speech is divided into many small segments of very short interval. These segments are checked against the given amplitude. The unwanted amplitude segments are filtered out while the desired amplitude segments are selected. All selected segments are combined to produce the output. The comparison of accepted and rejected segments for various cases is very much significant to measure the percentage of input speech lying between two amplitude values. The hearing dimensions of the deaf patients vary so this mechanism can be imposed in the speech processor of Blue Hearing System, which is an artificial hearing system for severely deaf or inhospitably hard of hearing people. The proposed algorithm and all experimental works have been implemented in MATLAB.

Woods and Piercy [3] suggest that amnesic memory can be simulated by normal forgetting and claim to have duplicated an earlier study by W ARRINGTON and W EISKRANTZ [1] by using a group of normal subjects tested after a long interval in place of an amnesic group tested after a short interval. The Woods and Piercy study, however, does not follow the over-all plan of the earlier study, and its results are also different in at least one important respect, a difference that is strongly reinforced by a more recent study by W ARRINGTON and W EISKRANTZ [2]. An experiment is also reported here using the methodology of the recent study [2] but carried out on normal subjects after a long or short retention interval. There was significant forgetting both with cued recall and recognition measures, but no suggestion of an interaction between retention interval and retrieval method. It is concluded, therefore, that Woods and Piercy's conclusion is not supported by the evidence. Finally, the implications of their study are pursued and it is suggested that even if their results were valid, the implications would not necessarily be inconsistent with a position put forward by Warrington and Weiskrantz.

We have studied ground deformation in the Osaka and Kanto plains, Japan, using ALOS/PALSAR and revealed unique deformations related to active faults. In order to clarify their evolution after 2011, we analyzed strip-map mode images of ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 acquired during 2014–2015. In Osaka, we did not find deformation observed before 2011 such as uplift in southern Kyoto and subsidence along the Arima-Takatsuki fault, even after we corrected altitude dependent error of phase for interferograms with quadratic functions. We found less than 1 cm/yr LOS changes, but correlation with deformation is poor possibly due to short interval. We also found anomalous LOS decrease in a basin in northwestern Kanto in summer, which might be attributed to dense water vapor concentration.

The purpose of this study is to assess whether 6-month imaging follow-up after benign core needle breast biopsy is important for patient outcomes and whether it depends on nonspecific versus definitive benign biopsy results.Consecutive breast biopsies from 2003 to 2010 were analyzed. Benign concordant lesions with at least 2 years of follow-up were assessed. Pathologic abnormalities were further characterized as having definitive or nonspecific features. A two-tailed Fisher exact test was used to assess the difference in pathologic features among lesions that had progressed.Of 3256 cases, 1705 biopsies in 1602 women were benign concordant and were recommended for 6-month imaging follow-up; the compliance rate was 94.9%. Of these, 1444 biopsies were confirmed as benign with long-term follow-up or excision. At pathologic analysis, 805 (55.7%) benign lesions had definitive features and 639 (44.3%) had nonspecific features. Thirty-four (2.4%) lesions progressed; this was similar for the lesions with definitive (2.6%) and nonspecific (2.0%) features (p = 0.60). The false-negative rate was 0.18%, with a mean of 5.0 cores sampled per lesion.For lesions with benign concordant biopsy results, selection of the follow-up interval should not be dictated by whether the pathologic features are definitive or nonspecific. The number of lesions that progress at imaging follow-up is low. The false-negative rate is low, regardless of modality or lesion type. A low false-negative rate is achievable with a reasonable number of core samples. The 6-month follow-up interval benefits only a small number of patients. Our results suggest that routine imaging after core needle biopsy is safe.

In the elections held on the dates November 1st, 2015 and June 7th, 2015 a very big electoral realignment was observed in record time. During this short interval of five months, the society was faced with intense political propaganda and social problems. In this study, a research was conducted for determining how much influence political propaganda and social events in association with political propaganda have on vote transition between parties. Within the scope of the study; Collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential methods. In addition, as a result of dunn tests made with Friedman chi-square and Post hoc comparisons, the correlation between the questions regarding transition from one party to another was examined and very obvious agglomerations were detected in some realignments.

Using a conditioned passive place avoidance paradigm, we investigated the relative importance of three experimental parameters on learning and memory in a salticid, Servaea incana. Spiders encountered an aversive electric shock stimulus paired with one side of a two-sided arena. Our three parameters were the ecological relevance of the visual stimulus, the time interval between trials and the time interval before test. We paired electric shock with either a black or white visual stimulus, as prior studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that S. incana prefer dark 'safe' regions to light ones. We additionally evaluated the influence of two temporal features (time interval between trials and time interval before test) on learning and memory. Spiders exposed to the shock stimulus learned to associate shock with the visual background cue, but the extent to which they did so was dependent on which visual stimulus was present and the time interval between trials. Spiders trained with a long interval between trials (24 h) maintained performance throughout training, whereas spiders trained with a short interval (10 min) maintained performance only when the safe side was black. When the safe side was white, performance worsened steadily over time. There was no difference between spiders tested after a short (10 min) or long (24 h) interval before test. These results suggest that the ecological relevance of the stimuli used and the duration of the interval between trials can influence learning and memory in jumping spiders.