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Siobla pulchra Shinohara, Wei & Niu, sp. nov. (Figs 2 g–h, 5 o–p, 6g, 7g, 8g, p, 9 a–e, 10 a, e) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2 A07DDB 0-3 BA 3-4567 -BD 9 B- 5 F 4 D0A 67 CD 54 Siobla ferox: Naito et al., 2004: 56 (in part). Not Smith (1874). Siobla sp. 1: Tanaka & Tanaka, 2007: 109. Description. Female. Holotype (Figs 2 g, 5 o). Length 15.0 mm. Head and thorax black with following parts yellow white: clypeus, labrum, middle of mandible, antenna, posterior corner of pronotum, tegula, mesoscutellum, mesoscutellar appendage, metascutellum, minute stripe on middle of mesepimeron, and upper margin of metepimeron; palpi, narrow stripe on upper half of inner orbit, broad anterior stripe on upper half of hind orbit, and posterior part of postocellar area yellow brown. Abdomen yellow white with tergum 1 largely, small macula on tergum 3, most of terga 4 and 8 dorsally, terga 5–7 dorsally, and basal half of tergum 9 black. Legs yellow brown with base of fore coxa, middle and hind coxae, and apical 0.65 of hind femur black, and ventral side of hind tibia dark brown at apex. Body hairs yellow brown. Wings hyaline with weak yellow brown tinge, apical third distinctly infuscated, vein C and stigma yellow brown, other veins black brown. Apex of hind wing slightly grayish. Dorsum of head coarsely and densely punctured, interspaces between punctures on temple hardly recognizable, without microsculpture; clypeus shallowly and densely punctured, shiny; labrum shallowly and sparsely punctured; punctuation on dorsum of thorax similar to head; mesoscutellum matt, extremely densely punctured; mesoscutellar appendage polished, shiny, lateral corners microsculptured; metascutellum densely and coarsely punctured, anterior slope with linear interspaces between punctures; metapostnotum polished, shiny; mesepisternum feebly shiny, dorsal half coarsely and densely punctured and ventral half with small and shallow, dense, punctures; metepisternum with dorsal part densely punctured and ventral part sparsely punctured, shiny; middle and posterior part of metepimeron shiny, dorsal part of metepimeron coarsely and densely punctured; abdominal terga 1–3 strongly shiny, without microsculpture, other terga weakly microsculptured, terga 4–9 laterally and outer side of hind coxa shallowly and sparsely punctured. Hairs on temple straight, 1 × diameter of median ocellus. Clypeus 2.2 × as broad as long, with anterior margin truncate; malar space 1 × diameter of median ocellus; lower interocular distance 1.2 × eye height (Fig. 10 a); anterior margin of supraantennal tubercle elevated, small, posteriorly confluent with frontal ridge; middle fovea round and broad, deep; lateral fovea small and deep; interocellar furrow narrow and deep; postocellar furrows broad and shallow; postocellar area weakly elevated, as high as top of ocelli, with sharp middle carina, about 1.4 × as broad as long; lateral furrows deep, distinctly curved outwards in anterior half and subparallel posteriorly; head behind eyes slightly shorter than eyes in dorsal view, convex at basal 0.4 and distinctly narrowing posteriorly (Fig. 9 a). Antenna shorter than vein C of forewing, about as long as head, thorax and abdominal tergum 1 together; pedicel slightly longer than broad, antennomere 3 1.5 × as long as antennomere 4, subapical antennomeres slightly enlarged, antennomere 7 2 × as long as broad (Fig. 9 e). Middle furrow on pronotum deep; mesoscutellum weakly elevated, anterior slope quite flat, much longer than posterior slope, without peak and carina; mesoscutellar appendage almost flat, without middle carina; mesepisternum roundly elevated, ventral spur absent. Apex of hind tibia distinctly enlarged; metabasitarsus 3.8 × as long as broad, 1.1 × length of following 3 tarsomeres combined; hind inner tibial spur 0.5 × length of metabasitarsus; pulvilli small, distance between basal two pulvilli 2.5 × length of second pulvillus. Hind wing with petiole of anal cell 0.7 × length of cu-a. Abdominal tergum 1 with distinctly elongated carina just above spiracle; sternum 7 with each lateral part roundly incised; ovipositor sheath 0.93 × length of middle tibia, apical sheath subequal in length to basal sheath (Fig. 9 d); lancet as in Fig. 6 g, middle serrulae as in Fig. 7 g. Male. Paratype from Nakayama-toge. Length 14.0 mm (Figs 2 h, 5 p). Head and thorax black, labrum, mesoscutellum, mesoscutellar appendage, metascutellum and dorsum of metepimeron yellow white; palpi and tegula yellow brown; antenna yellow brown, scape entirely and pedicel largely black; abdomen yellow brown, basal 0.65 of tergum 1 and dorsum of terga 5–8 black. Legs yellow brown; each coxa, broad and long inner stripe and outer apical 0.35 of hind femur black; dorsal stripe on fore and middle femora and ventral half of hind tibia black brown. Punctuation and structure similar to female except as follows: eyes large, shortest distance between eyes almost as long as height of eye; malar space 0.8 × diameter of lateral ocellus (Fig. 9 c); lateral side of temples strongly narrowed backward in dorsal view (Fig. 9 b); pulvilli minute; subgenital plate longer than broad, apex round; penis valve as in Fig. 8 p; gonoforceps as in Fig. 8 g, harpe broad, less than 2 × as long as broad. Etymology. The specific epithet, meaning beautiful, refers to the appearance of the new species. Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). Holotype (Figs 2 g, 5 o): ♀, [JAPAN: Honshu], Minoto, 1850m, Yatsugatake Mts., Nagano Pref. 25–29. VII. 2000, A. Shinohara, NSMT-I-HYM 68233, genitalia slide N 20131105 A (NSMT). Paratypes: 17 specimens (6 ♀ and 9 ♂, see Appendix). Variation. The length varies from 13.5 to 15.0 mm in the female and 12.5 to 14.0 mm in the male. The female specimens examined show little variation in colour pattern. The valvifer 2 (basal sheath) is subequal in length to or slightly longer than the valvifer 3 (apical sheath). Five males from Hyogo Prefecture, western Honshu, have the broad anterior margin of the clypeus pale yellow medially and the hind femur largely black. The ranges of some ratio variations are given in the key. Remarks. This new species belongs to the ferox group defined by Niu & Wei (2010) and is similar to S. fulvomarginata Wei & Nie, 1999, from Henan and Hunan Provinces, China. Siobla pulchra differs from S. fulvomarginata in the following features: head and thorax in both sexes largely black with a few yellow white maculae; eyes small, shortest distance between them longer than height of eye; postocellar area with distinct middle carina; dorsum of mesoscutellum flat, below top of mesoscutum; tergum 1 with distinct carina just lateral of spiracle; dorsum of head and thorax coarsely and densely punctured; apical 0.3 of forewing distinctly infuscate; tergum 1 and dorsum of terga 5–8 largely black and male subgenital plate longer than broad. Siobla pulchra differs from the Japanese congeners in the following characters. Female: clypeus, entire antenna, mesoscutellum, mesoscutellar appendage, metascutellum, and valvifer 2 (basal sheath) yellowish white; upper hind orbit and postocellar area marked with yellowish brown; postocellar area with distinct middle carina; forewing apically distinctly infuscated; mesoscutellum weakly raised; hind tibia mostly orange, with only obscure black spot near apex; tergum 1 largely black; abdominal segments 4 to 7 mostly whitish or pale orange ventrally; sternum 7 with each lateral part roundly incised; valvifer 2 (basal sheath) subequal in length to or slightly longer than valvifer 3 (apical sheath). Male: Clypeus entirely black or with broad anterior margin pale yellow medially; antenna yellowish white, with scape and most of pedicel black, and flagellomere 1 partly darkened; mesoscutellum, mesoscutellar appendage and metascutellum whitish yellow; mesoscutellum weakly swollen; forewing apically distinctly infuscated; hind tibia mostly orange, with only obscure black spot near apex; tergum 1 with basal half black. Tanaka & Tanaka (2007) noted that their Siobla sp. 1 “resembles S. ferox but the apex of the forewing is dark and there is a difference in hind tibia” (original in Japanese, p. 109; see also fig. 1 in p. 113). This species is probably S. pulchra.

Siobla sturmii (Klug, 1817) (Figs 3 a���b, 4 j���l, 5 q���r, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, q, 10g, 12 f���i) Tenthredo sturmii Klug, 1817: 116. Macrophya pacifica Smith, 1874: 378, syn. nov. Siobla pacifica: Nakagawa, 1899: 204; Takeuchi, 1936: 86 (in part);?Abe and Togashi, 1989: 555; Lelej &Taeger, 2007: 958; Taeger et al., 2010: 585; Lelej, 2012: 100. ��� Siobla ruficornis Cameron?���: Takeuchi, 1919 b: 13 (in part). Siobla sturmii var. pacifica: Malaise, 1931 a: 121; Malaise, 1934: 24, 26. Siobla sturmii: Takeuchi, 1931: 31;?Naito, 1982: 574; Takeuchi, 1956: 77 (in part); Lee et al., 2000: 119; Katayama, 2004: 96 (in part); Naito et al., 2004: 57 (in part); Lee et al., 2010: 165; Taeger et al., 2010: 585; Niu & Wei, 2010: 50. Siobla ruficornis: Takeuchi, 1936: 85 (in part);?Togashi, 1965: 246; Naito, 1982: 574; Abe and Togashi, 1989: 555 (in part); Yoshida, 2006: 91;?Togashi, 2008: 490. Not Cameron (1876). Siobla sturmii sturmii: Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev, 1996: 368. Siobla sturmii subsp. pacifica: Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev, 1996: 368. [Only East Asian references are given.] Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, southern Kuriles, Honshu, Kyushu), Korea, Russian Far East (Primorskiy kray; Sakhalin), Siberia, Europe. New records from Kyushu and Sakhalin. Primary type examined. Lectotype of Macrophya pacifica hereby designated (Fig. 4 j���l): ♀, ��� Type H. T.��� ���B. M. TYPE HYM. 1.246 ��� ��� Macrophya pacifica, Type, Smith��� ���Kb.��� ���t. 9 / 17.��� ���BMNH(E) # 651765 ��� (BMNH). Other material examined (see Appendix). 165 specimens (57 ♀ and 108 ♂). Variation. The length varies from 9.5 to 12.5 mm in the female and 9.5 to 12.0 mm in the male. The Japanese specimens examined are quite variable in colour pattern, those from Hokkaido usually being darker than those from Honshu and Kyushu. In the female, the clypeus, the metapleuron, and the hind coxa, trochanter and trochantellus are usually entirely black in the Hokkaido specimens, whereas ventral half of the clypeus and the other parts given above are frequently marked with reddish brown (Fig. 12 h, i) in the Honshu and Kyushu specimens, particularly in the specimens from southwestern Honshu. The abdomen in the Hokkaido specimens has only the tergum 2 and part of the tergum 3 reddish brown, while the abdomen in the Honshu specimens has the terga 2 and 3 mostly reddish brown and sometimes the posterior margin of the tergum 1 and the anterior margin of the tergum 4 are also reddish brown. The abdomen in the Kyushu specimens has the terga 2 to 4 almost entirely reddish brown. The male shows some colour variation almost only in the extent of reddish brown areas on the abdomen. The Hokkaido and northern Honshu specimens tend to be darker but variable; the darkest specimens have only parts of the terga 2 and 3 narrowly reddish brown, whereas the lightest specimens have the terga 2 to 4 almost entirely reddish brown. The males from southwestern Honshu and Kyushu almost constantly have the terga 2 to 5 (and often anterior part of 6) reddish brown. Remarks. This species belongs to the S. sturmii group (Niu & Wei 2010). The Japanese specimens are variable in colouration as discussed above. They are usually similar to normal European specimens, such as Klug���s lectotype (see photographs in Taeger & Blank 2011), but some specimens resemble S. ruficornis (Fig. 12 a ���e). Siobla sturmii can be distinguished from S. ruficornis by the shape of the head in dorsal view (Fig. 12 f) and that of the sawsheath in lateral view (Fig. 12 g). The features of the lancet, harpe and penis valve are also different. Among the Japanese congeners, S. sturmii looks similar to S. jucunda and S. japonica, but S. sturmii is separated from these species by the colour of the antenna and hind femur. In S. sturmii, the female antenna is entirely or almost entirely reddish brown, the male antenna has the scape, pedicel, and base of the flagellomere 1 black and the flagellomeres 2 to 9 entirely reddish brown, and the hind femur is basally reddish brown. In S. jucunda, the basal three antennomeres are mostly black in the female, the basal four antennomeres are mostly black in the male, and the hind femur is entirely black. In S. japonica, the antenna and the hind femur are entirely or almost entirely black. Smith (1874) described the female and male of Macrophya pacifica from North Japan, but Kirby (1882) was not able to locate any male specimens in the London collection and listed one female specimen as the type. Here we designate the female specimen as lectotype. An examination of the lectotype has revealed that it is conspecific with S. sturmii and we hereby propose to synonymize S. pacifica with S. sturmii. As discussed elsewhere, ��� Siobla ruficornis Cameron?��� of Takeuchi (1919 b) was a mixture of S. takeuchii and most probably the male of S. sturmii. Takeuchi (1956) listed four specimens from Maruyama, Kunashiri Island. This series of specimens kept in HU, Sapporo, comprises three specimens of S. sturmii and one specimen of S. jucunda (see Appendix). Mainly in local faunal lists, Togashi (1961, 1971, 1978, 1998b, 2002 b), Okutani (1972, 1974b), Togashi et al. (1980), Otsuka (1984), Nambu (1992, 1998), and Katayama et al. (2007) included ��� S. sturmii ��� and Nambu (1992, 1998) and Naito et al. (2004) referred to ��� S. ruficornis ���. These references may actually include S. japonica, S. jucunda, or S. sturmii. Examination of their original material is necessary to establish its true identity., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Wei, Meicai & Niu, Gengyun, 2013, Revision of Siobla (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) from Japan, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3746 (1) on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3746.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/285294

Shinohara, Akihiko, Wei, Meicai, Niu, Gengyun (2013): Revision of Siobla (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) from Japan. Zootaxa 3746 (1): 1-40, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3746.1.1

Siobla takeuchii Shinohara, Wei & Niu, sp. nov. (Figs 3 c���d, 5 s���t, 6 i, 7 i, 8 i, r, 10 c, 11 a���d) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 100 E 981 E- 7 E 8 A- 4 F 4 E- 9 DD0-A 3 D 48853 E0D 8 Description. Female. Holotype (Figs 3 c, 5 s). Length 15.0 mm. Body black, apical 0.65 of antennomere 2, antennomeres 3 and 4 entirely, antennomere 5 except extreme apex, palpi, narrow posterior margin of pronotum, narrow anterior margin of tegula, spots on both lateral sides of abdominal tergum 1, abdominal tergum 9 largely, abdominal tergum 10, apex of sheath, and cerci pale brown; abdominal terga 2 and 3 and sterna yellow brown. Legs black, apical 0.25 of fore femur, anterior stripe and apical 0.2 of middle femur, fore and middle tibiae and tarsi, hind trochanter, basal 0.25 of hind femur, basal 0.65 of hind tibia, and entire hind tarsus yellow brown. Hairs on dorsum of head and of thorax yellow brown, hairs on pleuron silver. Fore wings yellowish hyaline, vein C and stigma pale brown, cell Sc infuscated; hind wings hyaline. Dorsum of head densely punctured, frons coarsely punctured, matt; upper part of inner orbit, temple and postocellar area densely punctured without interspaces, feebly shiny. Most of propleuron sparsely punctured; mesonotum sparsely punctured, with narrow shiny interspaces; mesoscutellum densely punctured without interspaces, feebly shiny, with posterior slope coarsely punctured, matt; mesoscutellar appendage shiny at middle; punctures on middle of mesepisternum large and dense, without interspaces, punctures on anterior and posterior margins of mesepisternum sparse, punctures on ventral part of mesepisternum shallow and sparse, interspaces feebly microsculptured, shiny; part of katepimeron densely microsculptured but anterior and posterior margins shiny; metapostnotum microsculptured; metepisternum with dorsal part densely punctured and ventral part of shallowly and sparsely punctured; most of metepimeron microsculptured, rest shiny except dorsal part densely punctured. Abdominal tergum 1 with a few shallow punctures along anterior margin and on lateral sides, shiny; terga 2 and 3 shiny, terga 4 to 9 faintly microsculptured, with lateral sides shallowly punctured. Hairs on dorsum of head and of thorax slightly longer than diameter of median ocellus, straight; hairs on mesopleuron slightly longer than diameter of median ocellus, hardly curved. Clypeus 2.0 �� as broad as long, anterior margin weakly protruding; malar space 0.6 �� diameter of median ocellus; lower interocular distance 1.1 �� eye height (Fig. 11 c); middle fovea small, about as deep as lateral fovea; interocellar furrow wide and deep; postocellar furrows shallow; postocellar area weakly elevated, as high as ocelli, with fine and low middle carina, about 1.4 �� as broad as long; lateral furrows deep, slightly curved in middle, nearly parallel posteriorly; temple 0.6 �� length of eye in dorsal view, anterior 0.25 curved, rest divergent backwards (Fig. 11 a). Antenna about 0.9 �� as long as vein C of forewing, antennomere 2 longer than broad, antennomere 3 1.7 �� as long as antennomere 4, subapical antennomeres weakly enlarged; antennomere 7 2.0 �� as long as broad. Middle furrow on pronotum narrow; mesoscutellum roundly elevated, slightly higher than top of mesoscutum, without carina or acute apex; mesoscutellar appendage almost flat, without middle carina; mesepisternum obviously elevated, ventral spur absent. Hind inner tibial spur 0.5 �� length of metabasitarsus; metabasitarsus 5 �� as long as broad, 1.1 �� length of following 3 tarsomeres combined; pulvilli small, distance between basal two pulvilli 4.5 �� length of second pulvillus. Ovipositor sheath 0.9 �� length of middle tibia, apical sheath 1.4 �� length of basal sheath; lancet as in Fig. 6 i; middle serrulae as in Fig. 7 i. Male. Paratype from Asahidake-onsen. Length 11.5 mm (Figs 3 d, 5 t). Colour and structure similar to female except as follows: Pale line along posterior margin of pronotum extremely narrow; tegula entirely black; most of trochanter black, with broad apical margin whitish; trochantellus largely black; hind femur black except for wide stripe on anterior surface pale brown; antenna with antennomere 2 entirely black and antennomeres 3 to 5 marked with black ventrally; malar space 0.2 �� diameter of lateral ocellus; shortest distance between eyes 0.8 �� as long as height of eye; temple about 0.6 �� eye length in dorsal view (Fig. 11 b); hairs on dorsum of head, dorsum of mesoscutellum, and pleuron 1.3 �� as long as diameter of median ocellus, hairs on pleuron distinctly curved. Subgenital plate longer than broad, apical margin rounded (Fig. 11 d); valviceps narrow (Fig. 8 r); gonoforcep as Fig. 8 i. Etymology. This species is named in honour of the late K. Takeuchi, who made a pioneering contribution to the sawfly systematics in East Asia. Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu). Holotype (Figs 3 c, 5 s): ♀, Ashiu-enshurin, Miyama-cho, Kyoto, Honshu, 11. VI. 1989, K. Mizuno, NSMT-I- HYM 65836, genitalia slide N 20130906 B (NSMT). Paratypes: 165 specimens (57 ♀ and 108 ♂, see Appendix). Variation. The length varies from 11.0 to 15.5 mm in the female and 9.5 to 13.0 mm in the male. The colouration of the antenna shows large variation, but the apical four or five antennomeres are always black and the scape and pedicel are usually partly or entirely black in both sexes. The other antennomeres are usually mostly or entirely brown, though the antenna is almost entirely black in very dark specimens. In the female, the mesoscutellum often has an obscure brownish spot medially, the hind trochanter is sometimes marked with black ventrally, and the abdominal terga 2 and 3 are often marked with black. In the male, the pale line along the posterior margin of the pronotum may be missing, the hind trochanter and trochantellus are always marked with black, the abdominal terga 2 (except for the narrow anterior margin) and 3 are always yellow brown, and the tergum 4 is often yellow brown at base. The ranges of some ratio variations are given in the key. Remarks. Siobla takeuchii is a member of the S. formosana group defined by Niu & Wei (2010), though the males could run to the S. sturmii group or to the S. ferox group in the key (Niu & Wei 2010). The new species closely resembles S. hirasana Takeuchi, 1929, belonging to the S. ferox group. In the female, S. takeuchii has the anterior margin of the clypeus weakly protruding (Fig. 11 c), the labrum dark brown basally, the posterior margin of the pronotum, tegula, and mesoscutellum usually entirely black (mesoscutellum rarely with small obscure spot medially), the metabasitarsus equal in length to the following three tarsomeres combined, hind trochanter sometimes marked with black, and the sawsheath black, except at apex. The female of S. hirasana has the anterior margin of the clypeus nearly truncate (Fig. 11 g), the labrum whitish basally, the broad posterior margin of pronotum, tegula, and mesoscutellum always mostly yellowish brown, the hind trochanter never marked with black, and the sawsheath entirely pale brown. In the male of S. takeuchii, the tegula and mesoscutellum are entirely black, the hind trochanter and trochantellus are usually largely blackish brown or black, and the subgenital plate is narrowly rounded at apex (Fig. 11 d), whereas in S. hirasana the tegula and mesoscutellum are largely yellowish brown, the hind trochanter and trochantellus are usually entirely whitish brown, rarely partly marked with blackish brown, and the subgenital plate is broadly rounded at apex (Fig. 11 h). The two species also differ in the shape of the head in dorsal view (Fig. 11 a���b, e���f). Takeuchi���s (1919 b) description of ��� Siobla ruficornis Cameron?��� was based on an unknown number of specimens from Yoshino, Nara prefecture, and two male specimens from ���Shinano��� (=Nagano prefecture). Two pairs of S. takeuchii collected in Yoshino in 1916 and kept in Takeuchi���s collection in OPU agree with the description of ��� Siobla ruficornis Cameron?��� by Takeuchi (1919 b) and should belong to his original material. Takeuchi (1919 b, p. 14) noted that the two male specimens from ���Shinano��� differed from the Yoshino specimens in that the antenna was yellowish brown except for the basal three antennomeres and in that the yellowish brown parts of the body were more reddish. We were not able to locate those two males in Takeuchi���s collection but they probably belong to S. sturmii because of the colour pattern of the antenna and the hind femur. The male specimen of ��� S. ferox ��� shown by Esaki et al. (1939) in their figure 592 2 in plate 152 has apically black antenna and entirely black dorsum of the thorax. This specimen was not available for the present study but it most probably belongs to S. takeuchii, because S. ferox has the apex of the antenna usually brown, though sometimes darkened, and has the dorsum of the thorax and the abdominal tergum 1 largely marked with pale brown. Togashi���s (1955) figure of the penis valve of ��� S. ferox ��� agrees most closely with that of S. takeuchii. Some specimens cited as S. ferox by Naito (1982) and Naito et al. (2004) and those listed under S. sturmii and Siobla sp. D by Katayama (2004) also belong to the present new species (see Appendix)., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Wei, Meicai & Niu, Gengyun, 2013, Revision of Siobla (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) from Japan, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3746 (1) on pages 22-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3746.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/285294

Key to the Japanese Species of Siobla 1 Female.............................................................................................. 2 - Male............................................................................................... 10 2 Body metallic blue........................................................... Siobla metallica Takeuchi, 1929 - Body black with brownish marks, not metallic blue........................................................... 3 3 Mesoscutellum and most or entire tegula yellowish brown..................................................... 4 - Mesoscutellum black, rarely with small spot at middle; tegula black, with very narrow outer margin sometimes yellowish brown............................................................................................... 6 4 Clypeus, at least apical 4 antennomeres, mesoscutellar appendage, fore and middle trochanters, fore trochantellus, and often middle trochantellus and bases of fore and middle femora black; metascutellum black, often with obscure yellowish macula medially; metapostnotum distinctly microsculptured, matt (Fig. 10 d)................... Siobla hirasana Takeuchi, 1929 - Clypeus, antenna, mesoscutellar appendage, metascutellum, and fore and mid trochanters, trochantelli and femora yellowish brown; metapostnotum hardly microsculptured, shiny (Fig. 10 e���f)............................................... 5 5 Eyes small, shortest distance between eyes below about 1.2���1.3 �� longest axis of eye (Fig. 10 a); postocellar area with distinct longitudinal median carina; mesoscutellum flat, not elevated above level of mesoscutum; forewing apically distinctly infuscated; hind tibia mostly orange, with only obscure black spot near apex; abdomen with tergum 1 largely black, segments 4 to 7 mostly whitish or pale orange ventrally, and sternum 7 with each lateral part roundly incised; lancet long (Fig. 6 g); penis valve as in Fig. 7 l...................................................... Siobla pulchra Shinohara, Wei & Niu, sp. nov. - Eyes large, shortest distance between eyes below about 1.0��� 1.1 �� longest axis of eye (Fig. 10 b); postocellar area without distinct longitudinal median carina; mesoscutellum strongly roundly elevated, higher than mesoscutum; forewing without distinct infuscation apically; hind tibia with apical third black; abdomen with tergum 1 largely orange, segments 4 to 7 usually mostly blackish ventrally, and sternum 7 with each lateral part nearly truncate; lancet normal (Fig. 6 b); penis valve as in Fig. 7 n.................................................................................. Siobla ferox (Smith, 1874) 6 Antenna black with apical 4 antennomeres creamy white (terminal antennomere usually darkened); pale areas on abdominal tergum 1 and tibiae of all legs creamy white; eyes large, shortest distance between eyes below about as broad as longest axis of eye; ovipositor sheath 1.0��� 1.2 �� middle tibia in length; mesoscutellum strongly elevated, much higher than mesoscutum................................................................................ Siobla apicalis Takeuchi, 1929 - Antenna largely reddish brown or largely black, apical 4 antennomeres not paler than antennomeres 4 and 5; pale areas on abdominal terga and tibiae yellowish brown; shortest distance between eyes below about 1.0��� 1.2 �� longest axis of eye; ovipositor sheath 0.7 ���1.0 �� middle tibia in length; mesoscutellum weakly elevated, about as high as mesoscutum............... 7 7 Apical 4 antennomeres black............................................................................ 8 - Apical 4 antennomeres reddish brown..................................................................... 9 8 Antenna with flagellum entirely or almost entirely black, with one or two basal flagellomeres often marked with brown dorsally; subapical antennomeres strongly dilated (Fig. 9 j), antennomere 7 with length about 1.5 �� breadth; shortest distance between eyes below 1.3 �� longest axis of eye (Fig. 9 h); broad posterior margin of pronotum usually reddish brown; hairs on temple curved at apex, length about 1.6���1.8 �� diameter of middle ocellus; hind leg with coxa, trochanter, trochantellus and femur all black; small species, length 9.5 ���12.0 mm.................... Siobla japonica Shinohara, Wei & Niu, sp. nov. - Antenna with basal three flagellomeres usually reddish brown, rarely almost entirely black; subapical antennomeres weakly dilated, antennomere 7 with length about 1.7���1.9 �� breadth; shortest distance between eyes below 1.1 �� longest axis of eye (Fig. 11 e); pronotum entirely black, or very narrow posterior margin brownish; hairs on temple straight, length about 1.0��� 1.2 �� diameter of ocellus; hind leg with apex of coxa, trochanter, trochantellus and base of femur pale brown; large species, length 11.0��� 15.5 mm................................................. Siobla takeuchii Shinohara, Wei & Niu, sp. nov. 9 Ovipositor sheath about as long as middle tibia; scape, pedicel and basal third of antennomere 3 largely black; apical sheath (=valvula 3) in lateral view as broad as hind tibia at apex in lateral view; abdominal tergum 2 usually coriaceous..................................................................................... Siobla jucunda (Mocs��ry, 1909) - Ovipositor sheath 0.7���0.9 �� middle tibia in length; basal 3 antennomeres entirely reddish brown or nearly so; apical sheath in lateral view clearly narrower than apex of tibia in lateral view; abdominal tergum 2 usually smooth.................................................................................................... Siobla sturmii (Klug, 1817) 10 Body metallic blue........................................................... Siobla metallica Takeuchi, 1929 - Body without metallic tinge............................................................................ 11 11 Mesoscutellar appendage pale yellow..................................................................... 12 - Mesoscutellar appendage black.......................................................................... 13 12 Eyes small, shortest distance between eyes below 1.0��� 1.1 �� longest axis of eye; postocellar area with distinct median longitudinal carina; mesoscutellum weakly raised, about as high as mesoscutum; hind tibia mostly reddish brown, with black spot on inner surface near apex; forewing distinctly infuscated apically; apical part of abdomen black dorsally and reddish brown ventrally........................................................ Siobla pulchra Shinohara, Wei & Niu, sp. nov. - Eyes large, shortest distance between eyes below 0.7���0.8 �� longest axis of eye; postocellar area without distinct median longitudinal carina; mesoscutellum strongly raised, much higher than mesoscutum; hind tibia with apical half black; forewing hyaline, without distinct apical infuscation; apical part of abdomen black on both sides........... Siobla ferox (Smith, 1874) 13 Antenna with at least 4 apical antennomeres black........................................................... 14 - Antenna with at least 4 apical antennomeres pale............................................................ 16 14 Antenna entirely black; abdominal terga 1���3 usually with distinct microsculpture dorsally, not polished; penis valve short and robust (Fig. 8 m); small species, length 7.5 ���11.0 mm................... Siobla japonica Shinohara, Wei & Niu, sp. nov. - Antenna usually with basal flagellomeres reddish brown; abdominal terga 1���3 usually without distinct microsculpture dorsally, polished; penis valve elongate; large species, length 9.5 ���14.0 mm.............................................. 15 15 Tegula and mesoscutellum usually largely yellowish brown; hind trochanter and trochantellus entirely whitish brown, rarely partly marked with blackish brown.............................................. Siobla hirasana Takeuchi, 1929 - Tegula and mesoscutellum entirely black; hind trochanter and trochantellus largely blackish brown or black........................................................................... Siobla takeuchii Shinohara, Wei & Niu, sp. nov. 16 Antenna black, with antennomeres 6���8 creamy white and antennomere 5 and 9 often partly dark brownish to whitish.................................................................................. Siobla apicalis Takeuchi, 1929 - Antenna reddish brown, with 3 or 4 basal antennomeres partly black........................................... 17 17 Malar space with length about 0.3 �� diameter of lateral ocellus (Fig. 10 g); shortest distance between eyes below about 0.9 �� longest axis of eye; at least apical 0.4 of antennomere 3 and more apical antennomeres entirely reddish brown; hairs on head blackish and straight (Fig. 10 g); hind femur marked with reddish brown.................... Siobla sturmii (Klug, 1817) - Malar space with length about 0.2 �� diameter of lateral ocellus (Fig. 10 h); shortest distance between eyes below about 0.6���0.7 �� longest axis of eye; apical 0.15 of antennomere 3 and more apical antennomeres reddish brown, sometimes antennomere 4 marked with black; hairs on head brownish, weakly curved at apex (Fig. 10 h); hind femur entirely black........................................................................................... Siobla jucunda (Mocs��ry, 1909), Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Wei, Meicai & Niu, Gengyun, 2013, Revision of Siobla (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) from Japan, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3746 (1) on pages 3-5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3746.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/285294

Siobla ferox (Smith, 1874) (Figs 1 c���d, 3 e���i, 5 c���d, 6 b, 7 b, 8 b, k, 10 b, f) Macrophya ferox Smith, 1874: 379. Siobla ferox: Nakagawa, 1899: 204; Takeuchi, 1919 a: 184; Takeuchi, 1919 b: 12; Yano, 1932: 438 (in part); Malaise, 1934: 24; Esaki et al., 1939: 337 (in part); Takeuchi, 1940: 479; Takeuchi, 1950: 1348; Takeuchi, 1952: 18 (in part); Okutani, 1954: 78; Takeuchi, 1955: 120, plate 54, 810; Kim, 1963: 288; Togashi, 1965: 246 (in part); Okutani, 1965: 162, 471; Kim, 1970: 200, 728; Okutani, 1974 a: 54;?Naito, 1982: 574; Abe and Togashi, 1989: 555 (in part); Kim et al., 1994: 222; Katayama, 2000: 13; Lee et al., 2000: 117; Katayama, 2004: 95; Naito et al., 2004: 56, fig. 105 (in part); Yoshida, 2006: 91 (in part); Togashi, 2008: 490 (in part); Lee et al., 2010: 165; Taeger et al., 2010: 583; Niu & Wei, 2010: 49; Lelej, 2012: 100. Siobla grandis Matsumura, 1912: 50; Takeuchi, 1919 a: 184 (as a synonym of S. ferox); Takeuchi, 1919 b: 12 (as a synonym of S. ferox); Doi, 1938: 33. Siobla ferox var. hirasana: Takeuchi, 1937: 57. Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima), Korea, China. Primary types examined. Lectotype of Macrophya ferox hereby designated (Fig. 3 e���g): ♂, ��� Type H. T.��� ���B. M. TYPE HYM. 1.245 ��� ��� Macrophya ferox, Type, Smith��� ��� 47 22 ��� ���Kb. t. 9 / 20.��� ���BMNH(E) # 651764 ��� (BMNH). Lectotype of Siobla grandis hereby designated (Fig. 3 h���i): ♀, ��� 9 /VI./ 1900, Sapporo���, ��� 26 ���, ��� Siobla grandis Mats., ♀ Type ��� (HU). Other material examined (see Appendix). 484 specimens (137 ♀ and 347 ♂). Variation: The length varies from 12.0 to 16.0 mm in the female and 10.0 to 14.5 mm in the male. In the female, the head capsule is usually largely marked with reddish brown but sometimes it is all black except for the clypeus and malar space. The antenna is always entirely pale brown and the mesoscutum sometimes has large obscure brownish markings. In the male, the anterior margin of the clypeus is usually narrowly creamy white but sometimes the entire clypeus is black. The antenna is pale brown, with blackish areas of variable extent on the scape, pedicel and apical flagellomeres. The palest specimens have an entirely pale brown antenna, whereas the darkest specimens have the scape and four or five apical antennomeres mostly black and the ventral surface of the other antennomeres marked with black. The ranges of some ratio variations are given in the key. Remarks. This is a member of the S. ferox group defined by Niu & Wei (2010). From the other species of Siobla occurring in Japan, S. ferox is distinguished by a combination of the entirely pale brown antenna of the female, the yellow, strongly convex mesoscutellum, the pale yellow mesoscutellar appendage, and the largely reddish brown abdominal tergum 1. Previous studies on Japanese Siobla treated S. ferox as a very variable species. We here recognize four species (S. ferox, S. hirasana, S. pulchra and S. takeuchii), which can be separated by the characters given in the key. In addition to the works cited in the list of synonymy above, Togashi (1961, 1970a, 1983, 1997b, 1998 b), Okutani (1972, 1974b), Otsuka (1984), Nambu (1992, 1998), and Katayama et al. (2007) referred to ��� S. ferox ���. Identity of the species they treated should be confirmed by examining the original material actually used in these works. Takeuchi (1949), Okutani (1954, 1959, 1967) and Nakamura (1962) reported on the host plants of ��� S. ferox ��� and Okutani (1959) gave a description of the larva. However, we were not able to examine any reared adult specimens and thus we cannot confirm which species they actually studied. Smith (1874) did not designate types and did not give the number of specimens he examined when he described Macrophya ferox, whereas Kirby (1882) mentioned that the species was ���Described from one male example (not a female, as stated by Smith)��� and listed one male as ��� Type.��� We designate this male specimen as lectotype of M. ferox Smith, 1874. Matsumura (1912), in the original description of his Siobla grandis, did not designate types and did not give the number of specimens he had. A female specimen (Fig. 4 b) which agrees well with the original description and bears a red label ��� Siobla grandis Mats., ♀ Type ��� (Fig. 4 a). is here designated as lectotype., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Wei, Meicai & Niu, Gengyun, 2013, Revision of Siobla (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) from Japan, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3746 (1) on pages 5-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3746.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/285294

Siobla apicalis Takeuchi, 1929 (Figs 1 a���b, 5 a���b, 6 a, 7 a, 8 a, j) Siobla pacifica: Takeuchi, 1919 a: 184; Takeuchi, 1919 b: 14. Not Smith (1874). Siobla apicalis Takeuchi, 1929: 496; Malaise, 1934: 25; Takeuchi, 1937: 57. Siobla venusta apicalis: Malaise, 1945: 127; Takeuchi, 1950: 1348; Takeuchi, 1952: 18; Togashi, 1955: 25; Togashi, 1961: 32; Togashi, 1965: 246, plate 123, 29; Togashi, 1970 b: 18; Okutani, 1974 b: 195; Kim, 1980: 37; Naito, 1982: 574; Otsuka, 1984: 12; Nambu, 1992: 11; Nambu, 1998: 22; Lee et al., 2000: 119; Togashi & Yamamoto, 2000: 716; Katayama, 2004: 96; Naito et al., 2004: 57; Yoshida, 2006: 91; Togashi, 2008: 490, plate 142, 2537; Lee et al., 2010: 165; Taeger et al., 2010: 585; Niu & Wei, 2010: 50. Siobla venusta: Okutani, 1973: 19. Not Konow (1903). Distribution. Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu [new record]); Korea. Primary type examined. Holotype of Siobla apicalis: ♀, ��� 26. VII. 1929, Kose, near Karuizawa, Takeuchi��� ��� Siobla apicalis Takeuchi, Holotype ��� (OPU). Other material examined (see Appendix). 120 specimens (49 ♀ and 71 ♂). Variation. The length varies from 12.5 to 16.0 mm in the female and 10.0 to 14.0 mm in the male. The colouration varies little except for the extent of pale areas on the abdomen. The abdominal tergum 2 in the female is whitish with a black area dorsally; the black area covers the whole dorsal surface in very dark specimens, while it becomes a median longitudinal stripe in very pale specimens. The male has the abdominal terga 2 to 4 reddish brown usually with a black spot on the anteromedian margin of the tergum 2, and the lateral sides of the terga 3 and 4 and the posterior margin of the tergum 4 are often marked with black. In one exceptionally dark male specimen, the hind leg is mostly blackish, with only a narrow whitish ring on the tibia and a pale brownish base of each tarsomere, and the abdomen is black except for the pale brown lateral sides of the tergum 2 and the pale brown anterior margins of the terga 3 and 4. The ranges of some ratio variations are given in the key. Remarks. This species belongs to the S. venusta group (Niu & Wei 2010). It is separated from the congeners in Japan by the colour of the antenna, shape of the head, and colour of the female abdomen (see the key above for details). Malaise (1945) treated this species as a subspecies of S. venusta (Konow, 1903) from China and Russia and subsequent authors followed him. We treat S. apicalis as a full species distinct from S. venusta because S. apicalis differs from S. venusta in having all the trochanters and trochantelli black, the hairs on the head and thorax silver, the upper margin of the metepisternum densely and clearly punctured, and the outer surface of the hind coxa densely punctured. In the latter species, most of the fore and middle trochanters and trochantelli are pale with small dark spots, the hind trochanter and trochantellus are pale, hairs on the head and thorax are pale brown, the upper margin of the metepisternum is sparsely and indistinctly punctured and the outer surface of the hind coxa is sparsely punctured., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Wei, Meicai & Niu, Gengyun, 2013, Revision of Siobla (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) from Japan, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3746 (1) on page 5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3746.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/285294

Siobla jucunda (Mocs��ry, 1909) (Figs 2 c���d, 4 d���f, 5 k���l, 6 e, 7 e, 8 e, n, 10 h) Encarsioneura jucunda Mocs��ry, 1909, p. 15. Siobla sturmii: Takeuchi, 1931: 31 (in part?); Togashi, 1955: 26; Takeuchi, 1956: 77 (in part); Togashi, 1965: 246 (in part), plate 123, 30; Okutani, 1982: 411; Naito, 1982: 574; Katayama, 2004: 96 (in part); Yoshida, 2006: 91; Togashi, 2008: 490 (in part), plate 142, 2538. Not Klug (1817). Siobla similis var. jucund a: Malaise, 1934: 26. Siobla ruficornis: Takeuchi, 1936: 85 (in part); Takeuchi, 1952: 18; Abe and Togashi, 1989: 555; Togashi, 1997 a: 3; Togashi, 2002 a: 9. Not Cameron (1876). Siobla pacifica: Takeuchi, 1936: 86 (in part). Not Smith (1874). Siobla jucunda: Taeger et al., 2010: 583; Niu & Wei, 2010: 50. Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, southern Kuriles, Honshu, Shikoku), Russia (Primorskiy kray; Sakhalin). New records for Japan and Sakhalin. Primary type examined. Lectotype of Encarsioneura jucunda hereby designated (Fig. 4 d���f): ♂, ���Ussuri, Kasakewitsch, 1907, Korb��� ��� Encarsioneura jucunda det. Mocs.��� ��� Encarsioneura jucunda Mocs.��� ���DEI-GISHym 1003 ��� (HMNH). Other material examined (see Appendix). 614 specimens (213 ♀ and 401 ♂). Variation. The length varies from 10.5 to 15.0 mm in the female and 9.0 to 12.5 mm in the male. This species shows some variation in colouration. In the female, the black areas on the basal three antennomeres may be reduced but are always present. The hind femur is always entirely black. The abdomen sometimes has only the tergum 2 brown. In the male, the basal three antennomeres (except for apex of the third) are usually black, but sometimes the base of antennomere 4 is also marked with black. Normally, abdominal terga 2 to 4 and the base of 5 are reddish brown, but in very dark specimens, only terga 2 and 3 are partly marked with reddish brown. The ranges of some ratio variations are given in the key. Remarks. Among the Japanese congeners, this species is recognized by the entirely black head and thorax, the pale brown antenna, with the scape, pedicel and flagellomere 1 (except for the apical part) usually mostly black, and the entirely black coxa, trochanter, trochantellus and femur of the hind leg. See the foregoing key for more details. Siobla jucunda belongs to the S. sturmii group (Niu & Wei 2010) and has often been mixed with and misidentified as S. sturmii or S. ruficornis by Japanese authors. The female specimen identified as S. sturmii by Togashi (1965) and shown in his fig. 30, Plate 123 (also 2538 in Plate 142 in Togashi, 2008), has the antenna reddish brown with the basal three antennomeres black. This specimen was not available for study but it most probably belongs to S. jucunda, not S. sturmii, which has mostly brown basal three antennomeres. Nambu (1992, 1998) and Naito et al. (2004) referred to ��� S. ruficornis ���, which may include S. jucunda. Mocs��ry (1909) described Encarsioneura jucunda based on an unknown number of specimens and did not designate types. Niu studied the type material kept in HMNH and found only one male specimen identified as E. jucunda by Mocs��ry (Fig. 4 d���f). It bears a red label without letters (Fig. 4 d), which usually indicates type status in Mocs��ry���s collection. We hereby designate this male specimen as lectotype for the sake of stability., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Wei, Meicai & Niu, Gengyun, 2013, Revision of Siobla (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) from Japan, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3746 (1) on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3746.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/285294

Siobla japonica Shinohara, Wei & Niu, sp. nov. (Figs 1 g���h, 2 a���b, 5g ���j, 6 d, 7 d, 8 d, m, 9 f���j) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9 E 9 BA 5 FE- 592 C- 4763 -BCBC-C 67 F 193 D 3327 Siobla pacifica: Takeuchi, 1952: 18. Not Smith (1874). Siobla sturmii: Shinohara, 2000: 303; Katayama, 2000: 13; Shinohara, 2001: 285; Nagase, 2004: 1249 (in part); Naito et al., 2004: 57 (in part); Shinohara, 2005: 236. Not Klug (1817). Siobla sp. A: Katayama, 2000: 13; Katayama, 2004: 96. Siobla sp. B: Katayama, 2000: 13; Katayama, 2004: 96. Siobla sp. C: Katayama, 2000: 13; Katayama, 2004: 96. Siobla villosa: Togashi, 2002 a: 9. Not Malaise (1931 a). Description. Female. Holotype (Figs 1 g, 5g). Length 11.5 mm. Body black, large macula on dorsum of scape and apex of mandible reddish brown; broad posterior margin of pronotum, dorsum of abdominal terga 2 and 3 largely, center of tergum 10, and narrow apical margin of sheath dark yellow brown; legs black, anterior side of fore femur, apical half of anterior side of middle femur, fore and middle tibiae entirely and hind tarsus dark yellow brown, and basal 0.6 of hind tibia yellow white. Wings hyaline with weak brown tinge, vein C largely dark brown, stigma yellow brown, anal veins pale brown, other veins blackish brown. Hairs on dorsum of head and thorax brown, hairs on mesopleuron silver, setae on sheath brown. Dorsum of head and hind orbit coarsely and densely punctured, interspaces between punctures on temple hardly recognizable, without distinct microsculpture; clypeus densely punctured, feebly shiny; punctuation on dorsum of thorax similar to head; anterior slope of mesoscutellum densely punctured with linear shiny interspaces, posterior slope of mesoscutellum extremely densely punctured; mesoscutellar appendage polished, shiny, lateral corners microsculptured; metascutellum densely and coarsely punctured, metapostnotum microsculptured in anterior half and polished in posterior half; upper half of mesepisternum coarsely and densely punctured, punctures on ventral half of mesepisternum sparse and shallow, feebly shiny, lower anterior corner with large impunctate patch; mesepimeron densely microsculptured, narrow anterior and posterior margins of lower half polished, shiny; dorsum of metepisternum minutely and densely punctured, ventral part very sparsely punctured, shiny; middle and posterior part of metepimeron impunctate, shiny, dorsum of metepimeron coarsely and densely punctured; abdominal tergum 1 strongly shiny, without distinct microsculpture, other terga very weakly microsculptured, terga 4���9 laterally shallowly and sparsely punctured; outer side of hind coxa minutely and shallowly punctured. Hairs on temple about 1.6���1.8 �� diameter of median ocellus, apex of hairs weakly curved; hairs on mesopleuron about 1.8 �� diameter of median ocellus. Clypeus 2.3 �� as broad as long, with anterior margin truncate; malar space 1.0 �� diameter of median ocellus; lower interocular distance 1.3 �� eye height (Fig. 9 h); supraantennal tubercle hardly elevated, merged to frons; frontal ridge absent; middle fovea round and broad, very shallow; lateral fovea smaller than lateral ocellus, quite deep; upper inner orbit weakly convex, not oblique toward frons; interocellar furrow narrow and shallow; postocellar furrows obscure; postocellar area weakly elevated anteriorly, lower than top of ocelli, with fine and low middle carina, about 1.8 �� as broad as long; lateral furrows narrow and shallow, hardly curved, distinctly divergent backwards; distance between outer margins of lateral ocelli 1.2 �� as long as OCL; temple 0.6 �� length of eye in dorsal view (Fig. 9 f); occipital carina complete, marginal carina of postocellar area hardly higher than posterior carina of temple. Antenna (Fig. 9 j) longer than vein Sc+R of forewing, subapical antennomeres distinctly enlarged; pedicel slightly longer than broad, antennomere 3 1.9 �� as long as antennomere 4, antennomere 7 1.4 �� as long as broad. Middle furrow on pronotum shallow and weak; mesoscutellum roundly elevated, slightly higher than top of mesoscutum, without carina or acute apex; mesoscutellar appendage almost flat, without middle carina; mesepisternum roundly weakly elevated, ventral spur absent. Apex of hind tibia distinctly enlarged, about 1.2 �� as broad as apical sheath in lateral view; hind inner tibial spur 0.4 �� length of metabasitarsus and 1.5 �� as long as apical breadth of hind tibia; metabasitarsus 5.4 �� as long as broad, 1.2 �� length of following 3 tarsomeres combined; pulvilli small, distance between basal two pulvilli 3 �� length of second pulvillus. Hind wing with petiole of anal cell about 0.5 �� length of cu-a. Ovipositor sheath 0.9 �� length of middle tibia, apical sheath 1.3 �� length of basal sheath (Fig. 9 i); lancet as in Fig. 6 d, middle serrulae as in Fig. 7 d, Male. Paratype from Amazakehara. Length 9.5 mm (Figs 1 h, 5 h). Colour and structure similar to female except as follows: Antenna entirely black; posterior pale margin of pronotum narrow; abdominal terga 2���4 largely yellow brown; malar space 0.3 �� diameter of lateral ocellus; shortest distance between eyes as long as height of eye; temple about 0.45 �� eye length in dorsal view (Fig. 9 g), lateral sides strongly narrowed behind eyes; metabasitarsus 4 �� as long as broad; subgenital plate in male longer than broad, apical margin rounded; valviceps broad (Fig. 8 m); gonoforcep as Fig. 8 d, harpe 2.1 �� as long as broad. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the country where the species occurs. Distribution. Japan (Honshu). Holotype (Figs 1 g, 5g): ♀, Awakura (Tenshokyo, 600m), Fujinomiya, Shizuoka Pref., 30. V. 1988, H. Ishikawa, NSMT-I-HYM 65904, genitalia slide N 20131105 C (NSMT). Paratypes: 674 specimens (227 ♀ and 447 ♂, see Appendix). Variation. The length varies from 9.5 to 12.0 mm in the female and 7.5 to 11.0 mm in the male. In the female, the scape, pedicel and one or two basal flagellomeres are often marked with brown dorsally, the pale area along the posterior margin of the pronotum is sometimes very narrow, the hind tarsus is largely darkened in very dark specimens, and the abdominal terga 2 to 4 vary from entirely reddish brown to entirely black (Fig. 2 a). In the male, the antenna is always entirely black, the pale area along the posterior margin of the pronotum is often missing, the hind tarsus is largely darkened in very dark specimens, and the abdominal terga 2 to 6 vary from almost entirely reddish brown to entirely black (Fig. 2 b). Very dark specimens, with an entirely black thorax and abdomen, mainly occur on higher mountains in central Honshu. The ranges of some ratio variations are given in the key. Remarks. This species is a member of S. sturmii group (Niu & Wei 2010). It is somewhat similar to S. xizangensis Xiao, Huang & Zhou, 1988, from Tibet, but differs from the latter in the temple much shorter than the eye in dorsal view, the tegula black, the fore and middle femora largely and the hind femur entirely black, the inner apical spur of the hind tibia 0.4 �� length of the metabasitarsus and 1.5 �� apical breadth of the hind tibia, the abdominal terga 2 and 3 feebly microsculptured, and the abdominal sterna 5���7 and apical 3 terga black. In S. xizangensis, the temple is clearly longer than the eye in dorsal view, the tegula is yellow brown, the entire fore and middle femora and basal half of the hind femur are yellow brown, the inner apical spur of the hind tibia is 0.3 �� length of the metabasitarsus and 0.8 �� apical breadth of the hind tibia, the abdominal terga 2 and 3 are polished, without any microsculpture, and the abdominal sterna 5���7 and apical 3 terga are yellow brown. This is the commonest species of the genus in the lowlands of central Honshu and previous authors treated it as S. pacifica, S. sturmii, S. villosa, or unidentified species, as listed above. From the other two Japanese species of the S. sturmii group, i.e., S. sturmii and S. jucunda, S. japonica is easily distinguished by the entirely (male) or almost entirely (female) black antenna. Very dark specimens of S. takeuchii may have an almost entirely black antenna, but S. takeuchii is larger (11���15.5 mm in the female and 9.5���13 mm in the male), the apex of the hind coxa, trochanter, trochantellus and base of the hind femur are pale brown in the female, and in the male the hind femur is marked with reddish brown and the penis valve is elongate., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Wei, Meicai & Niu, Gengyun, 2013, Revision of Siobla (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) from Japan, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3746 (1) on pages 14-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3746.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/285294

Siobla hirasana Takeuchi, 1929 (Figs 1 e���f, 4 a���c, 5 e���f, 6 c, 7 c, 8 c, l, 10 d, 11 e���h) Siobla ferox var. hirasana Takeuchi, 1929: 497. Siobla ferox: Yano, 1932: 438 (in part); Esaki et al., 1939: 337 (in part); Takeuchi, 1952: 18 (in part); Togashi, 1965: 246 (in part), plate 123, 31; Naito, 1982: 574; Naito et al., 2004: 56 (in part); Yoshida, 2006: 92 (in part); Togashi, 2008: 490 (in part), plate 142, 2539. Siobla hirasana: Malaise, 1945: 121; Taeger et al., 2010: 583; Niu & Wei, 2010: 49. Siobla ferox forma hirasana: Takeuchi, 1950: 1348. ��� Siobla ferox (F. Smith, 1874)?���: Yoshida, 2006: 92 (in part). Distribution. Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu [new record]). Primary type examined. Holotype of Siobla ferox var. hirasana (Fig. 4 a���c): ♀, ��� 22. VI. 1927, Mt. Hira, Takeuchi��� ��� Siobla ferox var. hirasana Takeuchi, Holotype ��� (OPU). In the original description, the collection date of the holotype is noted ��� June 22, 1928 ���, whereas the label data attached to the holotype is ��� 22. VI. 1927 ���. We regard the difference as a lapsus. Other material examined (see Appendix). 150 specimens (58 ♀ and 92 ♂). Variation. The length varies from 12.5 to 16.0 mm in the female and 10.5 to 14.0 mm in the male. The colouration shows slight variation. In the female, the antenna is brown with the four or five apical antennomeres always black and two basal antennomeres often partly black. The posterior margin of the pronotum and the mesoscutellum (except for the outer margin) are always pale brown. The mesoscutellar appendage is always black. The metascutellum sometimes has a small brown mark medially. The hind trochanter and trochantellus are always pale brown. The fore and mid femora vary from almost entirely brown to almost entirely black. The abdominal tergum 1 is black, often with an obscure brown spot laterally, but never with a brown posterior margin. The males usually have more black areas on the antenna and the thorax than the females, though the basal flagellomeres always remain mostly or entirely pale brown. In a few very dark males, the pale marking on the mesoscutellum is missing and the tegula is mostly blackish. Remarks. This species was originally described as a variety of S. ferox (Takeuchi, 1929) and has been mixed with it in collections. Siobla hirasana is a member of the S. ferox group defined by Niu & Wei (2010). The apically and often basally black and medially pale brown antenna of the female, the weakly convex mesoscutellum, the entirely black mesoscutellar appendage and metascutellum (sometimes with small pale mark) and the entirely or almost entirely black abdominal tergum 1 will separate S. hirasana from S. ferox. The concept of S. ferox by Yano (1932), Esaki et al. (1939) and Takeuchi (1952) should include the present concept of S. hirasana. The female specimen shown by Togashi (1965) as S. ferox (31 in plate 123; also 2539 in plate 142 in Togashi, 2008) has basally and apically black antenna, a pale brown mesoscutellum, and an entirely black abdominal tergum 1. We were not able to locate Togashi���s specimen but it most probably belongs to S. hirasana. An examination of the specimens identified as S. ferox by Naito (1982) and Naito et al. (2004) has shown that at least part of them also belong to S. hirasana., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Wei, Meicai & Niu, Gengyun, 2013, Revision of Siobla (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) from Japan, pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 3746 (1) on pages 12-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3746.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/285294

Xyela alpigena (Strobl, 1895) Pinicola alpigena Strobl, 1895: 277–278, ♂, type locality: Austria, Styria, Rottenmanner Tauern, environs of Scheibelsee [= Scheiplsee]; Konow 1897: 58 (junior synonym of julii). Xyela alpigena: Enslin 1918: 682 (combination with Xyela). Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black pattern: two black stripes along supraantennal furrows 2–5 times wider than ocellar diameter, meeting black ocellar and postocellar area, black longitudinal spot in middle of frons always present; kidney-shaped spots on vertex often fusing with stripes along supraantennal furrows (Fig. 28), sometimes separated by small yellow gap. Antenna black, a little paler below. Thorax dorsally black, more or less brown or yellow on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegula pale and infuscate in middle, mesepisternum largely pale brown to yellow. Abdominal terga dark brown, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10 paler and 2 preapical sterna more or less pale brown, valvifer 2 pale brown basally and dark distally, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white, valvula 3 black with small white ventral margin extending up to preapical region (often indistinct, Fig. 97). Legs pale brown, femora usually with infuscate longitudinal stripes, posterior coxae dark brown with distal 0.3–0.5 pale ventrally. Wing membrane slightly infuscate, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 4.5–4.8 mm long, 1.90–2.05 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 0–100 µm long, seldom 1r-m present and 0–60 µm long (e.g., in lectotype), 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 810–960 µm long, antennomere 4 240–260 µm long and 6.5–7.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 540–600 µm long, 1.70–1.80 times longer than scape and distinctly wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.70–2.00: 1. Ovipositor sheath 2.25–2.50 mm long, valvula 3 1.75–1.95 times longer than valvifer 2 and 7.0–8.0 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 90, 97). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath wedge-shaped, in distal third diamond-shaped in cross section, pale membranous area distally extending up to preapical region as small ventral pale margin, valvula 3 distally narrowing to small round tip, distally with sensilla field sunk and directed laterally, bearing 9 setae (Fig. 91). Ovipositor indistinctly bent downwards. Valvula 1 of ovipositor compressed, aulax terminating preapically, ventral edge sloping up to tip, with 3 vertical and 3–4 oblique annuli in distal 0.05 of ovipositor length, 5–6 serrulae, olistether with ca 4 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge up to distal 0.15. Valvula 2 evenly tapering toward tip, in distal 0.15 with 4–5 teeth, in preapical 0.6 with 7–9 irregularly spaced groups of 2–3 sensilla campaniformia surrounded by dense sclerotization protruding roundly from dorsal edge of valvula 2, in between groups additional single sensilla campaniformia (Fig. 122). Posterior tibia 1.00– 1.15 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Male. Color. Dark pattern less extensive, e.g., stripes along frontal furrows often narrower than diameter of ocellus and more or less interrupted (Fig. 29), scape, pedicel and synantennomere 3 pale brown, posterior coxae predominantly pale, hypopygium completely pale, preceding sterna more or less pale. Morphology. Fore wing 3.8–4.3 mm long, Rs+M 0–120 µm long, seldom vein 1r-m present and 0–50 µm long, 2r-m usually meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2, seldom fusing with Rs2 0–40 µm distal of furcation. Synantennomere 3 740–930 µm long, antennomere 4 260–330 µm long and 7.5–10.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 430–550 µm long, 1.40–1.50 times longer than scape and distinctly wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.65–1.90: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk present (Fig. 129), sometimes small (Fig. 3). Valviceps 1.40–1.50 times longer than wide on medial lobe, lateral lamella vertical with proximal and distal edge s-shaped, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.18–0.22 times as long as valviceps and 0.98–1.05 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge 0.11–0.15 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.55–1.70 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 (exceptionally 3) distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.80–0.90 width of distal lobe (Figs 3, 129). Valviceps without median longitudinal sclerotization (seldom valviceps slightly infuscate longitudinally), medial lobe broad and slightly truncate on upper edge and evenly sloping down to distal lobe, with dense group of 22–30 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with dense pattern of setae. Posterior tibia 0.95–1.10 mm long, claws with delicate subapical tooth. Barcodes. GUID ABU9234 (1♀, 3 larvae). Type material. Pinicola alpigena. Lectotype ♀ (designated by Blank 2002): [green label:] “ Xyela sp. alpigena [...; illegible Gabelsberg stenography] 26/5 90 ”; [label added by G. Morge, green handwriting:] “22”; “ Xyela alpigena (Strobl) ♀ det. W. Schedl 1971”; [red:] “Lectotypus ♀ Pinicola alpigena Strobl, 1895 des. S. M. Blank 1999”; “ Xyela alpigena (Str.) ♀ det. S. M. Blank 1999”. Head missing. NMBA. Paralectotype: 1♂ (= X. obscura) labeled “ Xyela alpigena Str. ♂ Scheiplsee 26/5 90 ” and Morge’s label “23”, NMBA. Host plant. ● Pinus cembra L. (16♀ 12♂ from 3 reared samples, 3 larvae identified by barcoding), P. koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc. (Schedl 1978, 1980, cited as P. “ koraensis ”), P. peuce Grisebach (Blank 2002), P. strobus L. (Benson 1962). Biology. See Blank (2002). Geographic distribution. Austria, Germany, Switzerland. Additionally recorded from Italy, from the Aosta Valley (Casale & Pesarini 1976), Trentino (Coslop & Masutti 1979) and from South Tyrol (Hellrigl et al. 1996) (Fig. 8). The record from Bulgaria by Taeger (1987) refers to X. peuce (Fig. 8). Published records for the East Palearctic and Nearctic are based on Benson’s (1962) erroneous synonymy of X. brunneiceps Rohwer, 1913, X. kamtshatica (Fig. 9), and X. middlekauffi Burdick, 1961 with X. alpigena, but actually X. alpigena is restricted to the European Alps (and possibly the neighboring Carpathian mountains). Remarks. See Xyela peuce for differentiation from other representatives of the alpigena group. The four specimens of X. alpigena included in the barcoding analysis display an intraspecific variation of 0.46 % and are placed at an interspecific distance of 11.29 % to the next neighbor, X. curva (Fig. 23). Strobl (1895) supposed that Xyela alpigena might live on Pinus cembra which was here confirmed by rearing. In the barcoding analysis a female of X. alpigena and three larvae extracted from P. cembra were grouped at short distance within the same cluster (Fig. 23). Benson (1961, 1962) considered X. alpigena to be Holarctic with X. brunneiceps, X. kamtshatica, and X. middlekauffi as synonyms. He considered Pinus strobus as a host of X. alpigena, which Burdick (1961) had reported for X. middlekauffi. Schedl (1980) added P. koraiensis, which Rasnitsyn (1965) had listed for X. kamtshatica. However, material similar to X. alpigena from the Nearctic and the East Palearctic regions belongs to several, morphologically different species (X. brunneiceps, X. middlekauffi, X. kamtshatica, X. koraiensis, X. sibiricae, X. ussuriensis). Specimens mentioned by Blank (2002) from Bulgarian stands of Pinus peuce belong to X. peuce., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Strobl, G. (1895) Beitrage zur geographischen Verbreitung der Tenthrediniden. V. Theil. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 14, 277 - 279.","Konow, F. W. (1897) Ueber die Xyelini. Entomologische Nachrichten (F. Karsch), 23 (4), 55 - 58.","Enslin, E. (1918) Die Tenthredinoidea Mitteleuropas VII. (Schluss). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, [1917] (Beiheft 7), 663 - 790.","Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233.","Schedl, W. (1978) Die Xyelidae Europas (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Xyelidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Fundnachweise aus den Ostalpen. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 65, 97 - 115.","Schedl, W. (1980) Teil XVIa: U. - Ordn.: Symphyta. I. Teil. U. - Ordn.: Xyeloidea, Megalodontoidea, Siricoidea, Orussoidea, Cephoidea. In: Catalogus Faunae Austriae. Ein systematisches Verzeichnis aller auf osterreichischem Gebiet festgestellten Tierarten. Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, pp. 1 - 16.","Benson, R. B. (1962) Holarctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology series, 12 (8), 379 - 409.","Casale, A. & Pesarini, C. (1976) Primo contributo alla conoscenza faunistica degli Imenotteri Sinfiti della Valle d'Aosta, con segnalazione di 4 specie nuove per l'Italia (Hym. Symphyta). Revue Valdotaine d'histoire naturelle, Bulletin 30, 43 - 63.","Coslop, D. & Masutti, L. (1979) Animali e seme di Pinus cembra L. al passo di lavaze' (Dolomiti). Frustula Entomologica N. S., 1 [1978] (14), 99 - 122.","Hellrigl, K., Masutti, L. & Schedl, W. (1996) Symphyta Pflanzen- oder Sagewespen. In: Hellrigl, K. (ed.) Die Tierwelt Sudtirols. Kommentiertes systematisch-faunistisches Verzeichnis der auf dem Gebiet der Provinz Bozen-Sudtirol (Italien) bekannten Tierarten. Vol. 1. Veroffentlichungen des Naturmuseums Sudtirol, Bozen, pp. 677 - 686.","Taeger, A. (1987) Erganzungen zur Blattwespenfauna Bulgariens und Bearbeitung der Gattung Monostegia O. Costa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae). Faunistische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 15 (1), 1 - 10.","Burdick, D. J. (1961) A taxonomic and biological study of the genus Xyela Dalman in North America. University of California Publications in Entomology, 17 (3), 285 - 355.","Benson, R. B. (1961) The sawflies (Hymenoptera Symphyta) of the Swiss National Park and surrounding area. Ergebnisse der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen im Schweizerischen Nationalpark, 7, 161 - 195.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1965) Notes on the biology, systematics and phylogeny of Xyelinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Polske Pismo Entomologiczne, 35 (12), 483 - 519."]}

Xyela obscura (Strobl, 1895) Pinicola julii var. obscura Strobl, 1895: 277, ♀, type locality: Austria, Styria, environs of Admont, Scheibleggerhochalpe; Konow 1897: 58 (junior synonym of julii). Xyela obscura: Benson 1960: 110 (removed from synonymy, combination with Xyela). Xyela julii var. tatrica Gregor in Gregor & Baťa, 1940: 225, ♀, type locality: Slovakia, Vysoké Tatry Mountains, Štrbské Pleso; Beneš 1975: 121 (junior synonym of obscura). Xyela curva: Benson 1961: 171 (misidentification). Xyela julii: Rasnitsyn 1965: 515 (partly misidentified). Description. Female. Color. Head dark brown to black, sometimes with indistinct brown stripes on vertex between kidney-shaped spot and eye margin (Fig. 64). Antennae brown, ventrally a little paler. Thorax dorsally brown, seldom with indistinct brown pattern on mesonotal lobes, tegulae pale and largely brown in middle. Thorax ventrally brown, mesepisternum pale brown. Abdomen brown, tergum 8 and 9+10 laterally pale brown. Valvifer 2 yellow or pale brown, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white, valvula 3 pale brown, preapically infuscate and pale at tip (Fig. 113). Legs pale brown, coxae brown, femora more or less darkened. Wings almost clear, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 3.6–4.3 mm long, 2.00–2.15 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 230–330 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 560–730 µm long, antennomere 4 130–180 µm long and 3.5–4.5(– 5.5) times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 430–530 µm long, 1.50–1.75 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.60–2.10: 1. Ovipositor sheath 1.75–2.10 mm long, valvula 3 1.75–2.00 times longer than valvifer 2 and 6.5–7.5 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 113). Valvula 3 of ovipositor compressed, pale membranous area about as long as basal width of valvula 3, dorsal edge of valvula 3 sloping down to round tip, distally with sensilla field exposed and directed caudally, bearing 3 setae. Ovipositor almost straight and compressed. Valvula 1 with aulax terminating distally, ventral edge sloping up to tip, with ca 14–15 oblique closely spaced annuli in distal quarter, without serrulae, olistether with 4–5 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge in basal half. Valvula 2 with smooth dorsal margin, tapering in distal half, pale and evenly sclerotized, in distal 0.4 with single sensilla campaniformia, in distal 0.1 with 4–5 annuli. Posterior tibia 0.80–1.00 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Male. Color. Head yellow with black and brown pattern: frontal furrows usually with wide stripes meeting ocellar and postocellar spot, medial spot of frons present and sometimes fused with frontal stripes, kidney-shaped spots on vertex separate from black postocellar area and often fused with frontal stripes anteriorly (Fig. 65). Antennae pale brown. Thorax dorsally black, pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum sometimes pale brown, tegulae pale and brown in middle, mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdomen including hypopygium brown. Legs pale brown, posterior coxae laterally brown and ventrally brown in the basal and more or less pale in distal half. Wing membrane almost hyaline, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 2.9–3.9 mm long, Rs+M 130–330 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 (560–)630–740 µm long, antennomere 4 140–190 µm long and 4.5–6.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 400–470 µm long, 1.35–1.60 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = (1.50–)1.75–1.90: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk absent. Valviceps 1.44–1.55(–1.60) times longer than wide on medial lobe, with distinct oblique lateral lamella, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.23–0.28 times as long as valviceps and 0.70–0.75 times as high as medial lobe, excision of lower edge 0.20–0.23 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.10–1.20 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.60–0.70 width of distal lobe (Fig. 146). Valviceps with median longitudinal sclerotization present, medial lobe almost symmetric and broad, with 5–9 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and scattered on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with 5–13 setae. Posterior tibia 0.80–1.00 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Type material. Pinicola julii var. obscura. Lectotype ♀ (designated by Schedl 1978): [label added by G. Morge, green handwriting:] “4”; “ Xyela obscura (Strobl) ♀ stat. nov. Benson 1960 det. W. Schedl 1971”; [red:] “ Lectotypus ♀ Pinicola julii var. obscura Strobl, 1895 S. M. Blank 1999 ”; [hereby added copy of cabinet label:] “ X. Julii v. obscura m. Scheibleggerhochalpe 26/5 94 ♀ ”; “ Xyela obscura (Str.) ♀ det. S. M. Blank 1999”. In perfect condition. NMBA. Paralectotypes: 1♀ with Strobl’s label “ v. obscur [sic!] Scheiblstein [...; illegible Gabelsberg stenography] 6/6 95 ♀. Strobl” and Morge’s label “5” and 1♀ with Strobl’s label “ Jul. v. obsc . Kalbling [...; illegible Gabelsberg stenography] 8/6 95. ♀.” and Morge’s label “6”, NMBA. Xyela julii var. tatrica Gregor, 1940. NMP, not studied. Host plant. Pinus banksiana Lamb. (Benson 1962), Pinus cembra L. (Schedl 1980), P. densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. (Kondo & Miyake 1974, Miyake & Kondo 1974), P. elliottii Engelm. (Smith 1978), P. heldreichii Chr. (Blank 2002), ● Pinus mugo Turra (55♀ 58♂ from 3 reared samples), Pinus nigra Arn. (Beneš 1975), P. palustris Mill. (Benson 1962), P. ponderosa Laws. (Benson 1962), P. taeda L. (Smith 1978), P. virginiana Mill. (Benson 1962), P. uncinata Ramond (Blank 2002). Biology. In samples from Pinus mugo, larvae of the weevil Doydirhynchus austriacus (Olivier, 1807) (Cimberidae, Curculionoidea; det. L. Behne) were sometimes abundant, which are also internal feeders on the staminate cones. For additional data see Blank (2002). Geographic distribution. Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Slovakian Republic (Roller et al. 2006), Switzerland (Fig. 19). Additionally recorded from the Carpathian Basin (Zombori 1974) and the Ukraine (Zombori & Ermolenko 1999). The record for France (Blank 2002) refers to X. uncinatae. Rasnitsyn’s (1965) record for the Altai Mountains is a misidentification of X. julii. Records from Japan and North America (e.g., Benson 1962, Togashi 1974) refer to other Xyela species. Remarks. See Xyela julii and X. uncinatae for diagnosis. The sexes have been associated with the help of imagines reared from Pinus mugo. Beneš (1975) studied the type material of X. julii var. tatrica in NMP and identified it as X. obscura. This material was unavailable to us, but we checked two females from HNHM labeled “Štrbské Pléso 21 Obenberger”, which most likely were collected at the type locality, and which agree well with the concept of X. obscura. Benson (1961, 1962) considered X. obscura to be a Holarctic species, and he synonymized the East Palearctic X. japonica and the Nearctic X. pini Rohwer, 1913 with it. Actually X. obscura is restricted to Europe, and the other names actually concern X. japonica and species associated with the X. minor group. The host records of P. banksiana, P. elliottii, P. palustris, P. ponderosa, P. taeda and P. virginiana for X. obscura resulted from Benson’s (1962) erroneous synonymy of the Nearctic X. pini with this species (see Burdick 1961 and Ebel 1966 for primary data). Kondo & Miyake (1974) and Miyake & Kondo (1974) reported P. densiflora for Japanese X. ‘ obscura ’, but actually they had studied a mixture of X. tecta and X. variegata. The record of P. cembra is due to repeated collecting of X. obscura imagines from this pine (Benson 1960, 1961, Schedl 1978), which may occur syntopically with P. mugo in the subalpine zone. Beneš (1975) listed P. nigra doubtfully as an additional host plant. Actually X. obscura has never been reared from P. cembra and P. nigra. All these pines are to be excluded as host plants for X. obscura., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 46-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Strobl, G. (1895) Beitrage zur geographischen Verbreitung der Tenthrediniden. V. Theil. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 14, 277 - 279.","Konow, F. W. (1897) Ueber die Xyelini. Entomologische Nachrichten (F. Karsch), 23 (4), 55 - 58.","Benson, R. B. (1960) Two new European species of Xyela Dalman (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, ser. B (7 - 8), 110 - 112.","Gregor, F. & Bata, L. (1940) Podrad Symphyta (Chalastogastra, Tenthredinoidea). Fam.: Oryssidae, Xiphydriidae, Xyelidae, Sirecidae, Cephidae, Pamphiliidae, Diprionidae, Cimbicidae, Argidae. In: Obenberger, J. & Maran, J. Prodromus naseho Blanok r idleho hmyzu. Sbornik entomologickeho odd e leni p r i zoologickych sbirkach narodniho musea v Praze / Acta entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 18 (197), 201 - 240.","Benes, K. (1975) Sawflies new to fauna of Czechoslovakia (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 72 (2), 121 - 126.","Benson, R. B. (1961) The sawflies (Hymenoptera Symphyta) of the Swiss National Park and surrounding area. Ergebnisse der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen im Schweizerischen Nationalpark, 7, 161 - 195.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1965) Notes on the biology, systematics and phylogeny of Xyelinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Polske Pismo Entomologiczne, 35 (12), 483 - 519.","Meusel, H., Jager, E. & Weinert, E. (1965) Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropaischen Flora. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 583 pp. [text] + 258 pp. [maps].","Zombori, L. & Ermolenko, V. M. (1999) The history of the Symphyta fauna of the Carpathian Basin (Hymenoptera) - Part III / 1. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 60, 239 - 250.","Schedl, W. (1978) Die Xyelidae Europas (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Xyelidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Fundnachweise aus den Ostalpen. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 65, 97 - 115.","Benson, R. B. (1962) Holarctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology series, 12 (8), 379 - 409.","Schedl, W. (1980) Teil XVIa: U. - Ordn.: Symphyta. I. Teil. U. - Ordn.: Xyeloidea, Megalodontoidea, Siricoidea, Orussoidea, Cephoidea. In: Catalogus Faunae Austriae. Ein systematisches Verzeichnis aller auf osterreichischem Gebiet festgestellten Tierarten. Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, pp. 1 - 16.","Miyake, M. & Kondo, T. (1974) [Discovery of the larvae of Xyela obscura and observations on their biology.] (In Japanese). The Heredity 28 (1), 92 - 95.","Smith, D. R. (1978) Suborder Symphyta (Xyelidae, Pararchexyelidae, Parapamphiliidae, Xyelydidae, Karatavidae, Gigasiricidae, Sepulciidae, Pseudosiricidae, Anaxyelidae, Siricidae, Xiphydriidae, Paroryssidae, Xyelotomidae, Blasticotomidae, Pergidae). In: van der Vecht, J. & Shenefelt, R. D. (eds) Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio). W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 14, 1 - 193.","Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233.","Roller, L., Benes, K., Blank, S. M., Holusa, J., Jansen, E., Janicke, M., Kaluza, S., Kehl, A., Kehr, I., Kraus, M., Liston, A. D., Nyman, T., Nie, H., Savina, H., Taeger, A. & Wei, M. (2006) Contribution to the knowledge of sawfly fauna (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the Low Tatras National Park in Central Slovakia. Naturae Tutela, 10, 57 - 72.","Zombori, L. (1974) A check-list of Symphyta from the Carpathian Basin (Hymenoptera). I. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, n. s. 27 (1), 237 - 242.","Togashi, I. (1974) Symphyta of Shikoku, Japan (Hymenoptera). Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society, 12 (1 - 2), 13 - 22.","Burdick, D. J. (1961) A taxonomic and biological study of the genus Xyela Dalman in North America. University of California Publications in Entomology, 17 (3), 285 - 355.","Ebel, B. H. (1966) Rearing and occurrence of xyelid sawflies on slash and longleaf pines in North Florida (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 59, 227 - 229."]}

Xyela uncinatae Blank, sp. nov. Type locality: France, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Thorame-Haute. Xyela obscura: Blank 2002: 208, 227 (partly misidentified). Description. Female. Color. Head predominantly dark, darkest specimens with head completely brown (Fig. 78), in pale specimens face yellow along eye, on vertex and between postocellar area and kidney-shaped spot (Fig. 79). Antenna brown dorsally and pale brown ventrally. Thorax dorsally brown, lateral mesonotal lobe, mesoscutellum and tegulae more or less pale. Mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdomen brown, tergum 9+10 laterally and preapical sterna pale brown to yellow. Ovipositor sheath yellow, tip of valvula 3 infuscate preapically (Fig. 117). Legs pale brown, coxae brown, femora more or less darkened on the upper side, distal tarsomeres darkened. Wings hyaline to little brown, venation pale. Morphology. Fore wing 3.8–4.6 mm long, 1.80–2.05 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 150–300 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 590–760 µm long, antennomere 4 130–180 µm long and 3.5–4.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 450–540 µm long, (1.45–)1.55–1.75 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.40–1.75: 1. Ovipositor sheath (1.85–) 1.95–2.25 mm long, valvula 3 1.95–2.25 times longer than valvifer 2 and 6.5–8.0 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 117). Valvula 3 of ovipositor compressed, pale membranous area about as long as basal width of valvula 3, dorsal edge of valvula 3 sloping down to round tip, distally with sensilla field exposed and directed caudally, bearing 3 setae. Ovipositor almost straight and compressed. Valvula 1 with aulax terminating distally, ventral edge sloping up to tip, with 13–14 oblique closely spaced annuli in distal quarter, without serrulae, olistether with 4–5 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge in basal half. Valvula 2 with smooth dorsal margin, tapering in distal half, pale and evenly sclerotized, in distal 0.4 with single scattered sensilla campaniformia, in distal 0.05 with 5 indistinct oblique annuli. Posterior tibia 0.90–1,05 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Male. Color. Head yellow with black and brown pattern: frontal furrows at least with wide stripes meeting ocellar and postocellar spot and medial spot of frons present, kidney-shaped spots on vertex separate from black postocellar area in pale specimens but usually fused with frontal stripes anteriorly, often dark pattern fusing to a large dark brown or black spot (Figs 80–81). Antennae pale brown. Thorax dorsally black, pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum sometimes pale brown, tegulae pale and brown in middle, mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdomen including hypopygium brown. Legs pale brown, posterior coxae laterally brown, ventrally brown or more or less pale in distal half. Wing membrane almost hyaline, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing length 3.2–4.0 mm, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 (520–)610–780 µm, antennomere 4 140–180 µm and 4.0–5.0 times longer than wide. Article 3 of maxillary palp 360–490 µm long, 1.30–1.50 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = (1.50–)1.60–1.90: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk absent. Valviceps 1.45–1.65 times longer than wide on medial lobe, with distinct oblique lateral lamella, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.22–0.26 times as long as valviceps and 0.70–0.80 times as high as medial lobe, excision of lower edge 0.22–0.24 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.15–1.20 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.55–0.70 width of distal lobe (Fig. 151). Valviceps with median longitudinal sclerotization present, medial lobe almost symmetric and broad, with 5–9 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and scattered on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with 7–11 setae. Posterior tibia 0.75–0.90 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Type material. Holotype ♀: “F-04-Alpes H. P. [France, Alpes-de Haute Provence], Thorame Haut, 28-V- [19]95, Noblecourt Rec [leg. T. Noblecourt]”; “ Xyela julii ♀ Noblecourt det: 95”; [red:] “Holotype ♀ Xyela uncinatae spec. nov. det. S. M. Blank 2000”. The holotype is a pale specimen (see below for variability). DEI. Paratypes: 37♀ 20♂, DEI, JLC, MNHN, MHNN, MZLS, MZLU, RMNH, TNC. Etymology. The species name, a noun in genitive singular, has been chosen in accordance with the supposed host plant, Pinus uncinata. Host plant. Ο Pinus uncinata Ramond. Geographic distribution. Andorra, France, Spain, Switzerland (Fig. 19). Remarks. Xyela uncinatae is most similar to X. obscura in coloration, in ovipositor sheath morphology, and in the closely spaced posterior ocelli. In females the head is predominantly black or dark brown, but usually the vertex bears more or less distinct pale stripes in X. uncinatae, which are mostly absent or at least indistinct in X. heldreichii and X. obscura. The pale pattern of the head varies considerably in X. uncinatae: Among 25 females 4 have continuous yellow or pale brown stripes on the face along the eyes (pale form similar to julii; see couplet 29 in the key), 10 have obvious brown stripes on the vertex (similar to pale X. obscura), and 11 have the head completely dark brown (similar to dark X. obscura). Morphological characters of the females overlap, but they are statistically different (U-test, n obscura = 13, n uncinatae = 16). On average the ovipositor is longer (U = 28, α X. uncinatae than in X. obscura. Male X. obscura and X. uncinatae resemble X. julii in the dark hypopygium. About 85–90 % will be distinguished from the latter by the closely spaced posterior ocelli. However, males of X. obscura and X. uncinatae cannot definitely be distinguished from each other. Males of X. uncinatae were associated with females using series collected by net and in Malaise traps in Thorame Haute, since this was the only female Xyela species found on this site. Xyela uncinatae has not yet been reared, but the circumstances of collecting unequivocally indicate Pinus uncinata as the larval host plant. The French specimens were swept at ca 2,000 m altitude from cut grass below P. uncinata at the edge of a wood, which consisted only of this pine species and of larch (T. Noblecourt, personal communication). Other pine species can be excluded as host plants with high likelihood. Pinus mugo is almost absent from the Hautes-Alpes, and P. sylvestris is mostly restricted to warm places at lower altitude (Chas 1994, Kindel 1995). In the Pyrenees P. mugo is absent, however, here P. sylvestris may be present in the subalpine zone (Dupias 1987 a, Kindel 1995, Babéro et al. 1998). There has been a long lasting controversial discussion about taxonomy and nomenclature of P. mugo, P. uncinata and P. rotundata. There is still no consensus on the treatment of mugo (krummholz, small seed cones with narrow apophyses) and uncinata (tree-shaped, large seed cones with prominent, hooked apophyses) as subspecies or two separate species. The two taxa hybridize extensively, giving the hybrid subspecies P. x rotundata. For practical reason mugo and uncinata are treated as species throughout this work following the taxonomic opinion and nomenclature presented by Earle (2011). Pinus uncinata is distributed in the western Alps, the Jura mountain range of Switzerland, the Pyrenees and the Spanish Sierra de Javalambre (Meusel et al. 1965, Kindel 1995), although published data on the natural eastern distribution limit still differ among recent authors perhaps due to taxonomic problems (Barbéro et al. 1998: fig. 8.8; Willis et al. 1998: fig. 5.1). It forms the montane to subalpine woodland in the western Alps at 1,200 –2,550 m and in the Pyrenees at 1,500 –2,000 m preferably on rocky places with limestone (Chas 1994, Dupias 1987b, Kindel 1995, Lauber & Wagner 1998). Such a western distribution can also be demonstrated for Xyela uncinatae, which overlaps with the Eastern X. obscura in Switzerland., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233.","Chas, E. (1994) Atlas de la flore des Hautes-Alpes. Louis-Jean, Gap, 816 pp.","Kindel, K. - H. (1995) Kiefern in Europa. Bildtafeln und Beschreibungen der in europaischen Waldern, Garten und Parks anzutreffenden einheimischen und fremdlandischen Arten. G. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena and New York, 204 pp.","Dupias, G. (1987 a) Fleurs du Parc National des Pyrenees. Etages montagnard - subalpin 1. Conseil Imprim, Trabes, vol. 1, 1 - 213.","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjected terretories.] (In Russian). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415.","Earle, C. J. (ed.) (2011) Gymnosperm Database. Available from: http: // www. conifers. org (Date of access: 24.9.2012).","Meusel, H., Jager, E. & Weinert, E. (1965) Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropaischen Flora. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 583 pp. [text] + 258 pp. [maps].","Barbero, M., Loisel, R., Quezel, P., Richardson, D. M. & Romane, F. (1998) Pines of the Mediterranean Basin. In: Richardson, D. M. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne and Madrid, pp. 153 - 170 [paperback edition, 2000].","Willis, J. K., Bennett, K. D. & Birks, H. J. B. (1998) The late Quarternary dynamics of pines in Europe. In: Richardson, D. M. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne and Madrid, pp. 107 - 121 [paperback edition, 2000].","Dupias, G. (1987 b) Fleurs du Parc National des Pyrenees. Etage subalpin 1 - etage alpin. Conseil Imprim, Trabes, vol. 2, 214 - 427.","Lauber, K. & Wagner, G. (1998) Flora Helvetica. Flora der Schweiz. Paul Haupt, Bern, Stuttgart and Wien, 1615 pp., 2 nd ed."]}

Xyela sibiricae Blank, sp. nov. Type locality: Russia, Irkutskaya Oblast, Shelekhovskiy Rayon, Bolshaya Glubokaya. Xyela kamtshatica: Zombori 1971: 233 (misidentification); Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995: 396 (partly misidentified). Xyela spec. nov. cf. kamtschatica: Verzhutskij 1981: 38. Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black pattern: two black stripes along supraantennal furrows ca 2 times wider than ocellar diameter, meeting black ocellar and postocellar area, black longitudinal spot in middle of frons always present and surrounded by yellow, kidney-shaped spots on vertex separate from black postocellar area (Fig. 36). Antennae brown, a little paler below. Thorax dorsally brown with extensive yellow pattern on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, mesepisternum and tegulae. Abdominal terga dark brown, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10 sometimes paler, valvifer 2 pale basally and dark brown distally, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white, valvula 3 black with small pale ventral margin up to distal fifth (Fig.101). Legs pale brown, femora partly with longitudinal dark stripes, posterior coxae dark brown with distal 0.3–0.5 of ventral side pale. Wing membrane brownish infuscate, venation and pterostigma brown. Morphology. Fore wing 4.8–4.9 mm long, 1.75–190 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 100–200 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 800–890 µm long, antennomere 4 210–250 µm long and 5.5–7.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 530–550 µm long, 1.45–1.50 times longer than scape and distinctly wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.60–1.85: 1. Ovipositor sheath 2.55–2.80 mm long, valvula 3 2.00–2.10 times longer than valvifer 2 and 9.0–9.5 times longer than wide at base (Fig.101). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath wedge-shaped, in distal third diamond-shaped in cross section, pale membranous area distally extending up to preapical region as small ventral pale margin of valvula 3, valvula 3 distally narrowing to small round tip, distally with sensilla field present and directed laterad, bearing ca 7 sensilla. Ovipositor indistinctly bent downwards. Valvula 1 of ovipositor compressed and slightly wedge-shaped, distal 0.05 narrowed to sclerotized tip bearing 4 serrulae and 6 annuli (4 of them vertical), ventral edge sloping up to tip, aulax terminating distally, olistether with 8 setae. Valvula 2 pale and evenly sclerotized, distal 0.05 tapering to sclerotized tip, in distal half with small sclerotization surrounding groups of 1–5(–8) sensilla campaniformia, dorsal margin of valvula 2 smooth. Posterior tibia 1.00– 1.20 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to female (see Fig. 37 for color pattern of head). Antennae usually pale brown. Hypopygium brown to dark brown. Morphology. Fore wing 4.0– 4.1 mm long, Rs+M 130–200 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 790–900 µm long, antennomere 4 240–300 µm long and 7.0–8.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 440–490 µm long, 1.30–1.40 times longer than scape and distinctly wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.60–1.85: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Medial lobe of valviceps 1.45–1.50 times longer than wide, lateral lamella vertical with proximal and distal edge s-shaped, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.14–0.15 times as long as valviceps and ca 0.95 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge 0.16–0.17 as deep as width of medial lobe, medial lobe of valviceps 1.50–1.55 times wider than distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.75–0.80 width of distal lobe (Fig. 133). Valviceps with median longitudinal sclerotization absent, medial lobe broad and slightly truncate on upper edge, with dense group of ca 15 cone-like sensilla along upper edge, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with dense pattern of setae. Posterior tibia 1.05–1.15 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Type material. Holotype ♂: [in Cyrillic:] “Irkutsk.[aya] obl.[ast], Shelekhovski r-n [= rayon], D. B. Glubokaya [= Bol’shaya Glubokaya], s Pinus sibirica pri okolote [= beaten from Pinus sibirica], B. Verzhutskij, 26.V. [19]69”; [red:] “Holotypus ♂ Xyela sibiricae spec. nov. det. S. M. Blank 2001”. ZMUM. Paratypes: 3♀ 4♂, DEI, HNHM, ZMUM. Etymology. The species is named after the strongly suspected host plant, Pinus sibirica. Host plant. Ο Pinus sibirica Mayr. (“ Xyela sp. n. cf. kamtschatica Gussakovskij ” of Verzhutskij 1981). Biology. Verzhutskij (1981) reported the imagines to be rather common in the Baikal region. They are active from May to June. One male we studied was collected in the beginning of April. The larvae can be found from June to July. Some of the studied imagines are densely covered with ca 25 µm large pollen grains. Pollen analysis showed that these large tricolpate grains pertain to a non-coniferous plant species (Faegri & Iversen 1993). The Mongolian females were collected in the clearing of a wood with conifers and birches (Kaszab 1968). Geographic distribution. Mongolia, Russia (Irkutskaya Oblast) (Fig. 9). Besides the material we studied from Bolshaya Glubokaya, Verzhutskij (1981) mentioned additional records of “ Xyela spec. nov. cf. kamtschatica ” from Chunoyar (Krasnoyarskiy Kray) and from Bolshiye Koty (Baikal Region). Remarks. Compared with the length of the fore wing, Xyela sibiricae has the longest ovipositor among representatives of the alpigena group. The relative length of the proximal lobe of the valviceps is shorter than in other species. The sexes have been associated with the help of material Verzhutskij collected in Glubokaya. According to their labeling, all but one specimen of this series were collected on Pinus sibirica (see Verzhutskij 1981 under the provisional naming “ Xyela sp. n. cf. kamtschatica Gussakovskij ”), which presumably is the host plant. The Mongolian record also fits the distribution range of P. sibirica. Pinus sibirica has been ranked as a subspecies of the European P. cembra by Kindel (1995), but it usually is now accredited species status (Richardson 1998). Its range covers a vast area of northern Asia and extends through Russia west to 50° crossing the Ural Mountains to Europe (Mirov 1967, Willis et al. 1998), where an occurrence of X. sibiricae might be expected.

Xyela Dalman, 1819 Pinicola Brébisson [reported by Blainville], 1818: 116–117, type species: Pinicola julii Brébisson, 1818, by monotypy, preoccupied by Pinicola Vieillot, 1807 or 1808 in Vieillot 1807 –1809: tome 1, p. iv, tab. 1 fig. 13 (Aves: Fringillidae). Mastigocerus [also spelled: Mastigocère] Latreille, 1818: 451 (unavailable name); Taeger & Blank 1996: 255 (nomenclature). Mastigocera Berthold, 1827: 442 (unavailable name). Mastigoceras Klug: Thomson 1871: 341 (misspelling). Xyela Dalman, 1819: 122–124, type species: Xyela pusilla Dalman, 1819, by subsequent designation of Curtis 1824: 30. Pinicolites Meunier, 1920: 896, type species: † Pinicolites graciosus Meunier, 1920, by monotypy. Xyela subgen. Pinicolites: Rasnitsyn 1997: 2 (status changed). Tritokreion Schilling in Schummel, 1826: 43, type species: Xyela pusilla Dalman, 1819, by subsequent designation of Blank et al. 2009: 72. Tritokriton: Dalla Torre 1894: 458 (misspelling). Tritocreion: Konow 1905: 22 (misspelling). Neoxyela Curran, 1923: 20, type species: Neoxyela alberta Curran, 1923, by monotypy; Ross 1937: 106–107 (junior synonym of Xyela). Xyelatana Benson, 1938: 34, type species: Xyela longula Dalman, 1819, by original designation; Burdick 1961: 322 (junior synonym of Xyela). Xyela subgen. Mesoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1965: 491, 497–498, 512–513, type species: Xyela (Mesoxyela) mesozoica Rasnitsyn, 1965, by original designation. Xyela subgen. Xyela section Alpigenixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971: 194, name for X. alpigena group of Rasnitsyn (1965) (unavailable name due to missing designation of type species, Art. 13.3., ICZN 1999). Xyela subgen. Xyela section Concavixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971: 194, type species: Xyela concava Burdick, 1961, by monotypy. Xyela subgen. Xyela section Desertixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971: 194: type species: Xyela deserti Burdick, 1961, by monotypy. Xyela subgen. Xyela section Linsleyixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971: 193, name for X. linsleyi group of Rasnitsyn (1965) (unavailable name due to missing designation of type species, Art. 13.3., ICZN 1999). † Xyela subgen. Xyela section Magnixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971: 193, name for X. magna group of Rasnitsyn (1965) (unavailable name due to missing designation of type species, Art. 13.3., ICZN 1999). Xyela subgen. Xyela section Minorixyela Rasnitsyn, 1971: 194, name for X. minor group of Rasnitsyn (1965) (unavailable name due to missing designation of type species, Art. 13.3., ICZN 1999). Remarks. Xyela Dalman, 1819 is the type genus of Xyelidae Newman, 1834, which was originally spelled Xyelites by Newman (1834: 408). André (1881) recognized that the description of Pinicola Brébisson, 1818 predates that of Xyela, and he treated the latter name as a synonym. Consequently he also introduced the familygroup name Pinicolidae André, 1881 (pp. 465–466) to replace Xyelides since at that time family-group names were usually based on the stem of the valid name of the type genus concerned. The name Pinicola had already been used by Vieillot (1807 –1809) for the valid description of a genus of birds. This description has been wrongly dated to 1805 (e.g., by Hellmayr 1938, Blank et al. 2009), but the proper publication date of Pinicola in Vieillot’s work, which was printed in 12 consecutive issues, is 1.12.1807 (Browning & Monroe 1991, Banks & Browning 1995) or 1808 (Peterson 2013). Pinicola Vieillot makes Pinicola Brébisson a junior homonym. Due to this homonymy, Pinicolidae André is not available (ICZN 1999, Art. 39). The stem Xyel- of the junior name Xyela has to be used for the formation of relevant family-group names. The validity and availability of the other genus-group names associated with Xyela were discussed by Blank et al. (2009). Xyela can be recognized with help of the key by Blank (2002). Imagines are distinguished from other Xyelidae by the combination of the following characters: vein Sc of the fore wing closely adpressed to vein R (Fig. 4); ovipositor elongate (Figs 6, 95–120); antennal flagellum longer than synantennomere 3, comprising 9 antennomeres (Figs 6–7); maxillary palp enlarged, particularly palpomere 3 (Figs 6–7, smaller in X. helvetica, X. longula, X. lugdunensis); evident tergal grooves present; surface coriaceous (except for the Nearctic X. deserti); wings without setae. The Nearctic X. lata D.R. Smith, 1990 disagrees with this concept. It has a narrow cell present between veins Sc and R, a comparatively short antennal filament and unlike other Xyela species a shiny surface sculpture (Smith 1990, Rasnitsyn 1995). Xyela lata has therefore been placed in Xyela (Pinicolites), while all other extant species are classified with Xyela (Xyela) (Rasnitsyn 1997, Blank et al. 2009, Taeger et al. 2010). A key for larvae of Xyelidae, which allows identification on genus level, was published by Smith (1967). Rasnitsyn (1965) distinguished within the extant fauna a number of species groups based on his own studies and on the work of Burdick (1961). The julii group and the longula group only include species distributed in Eurasia. Subsequently, Rasnitsyn (1971) fused with the julii group the bakeri group, in which he originally included the Nearctic X. bakeri Konow, 1898 and the West Palearctic X. graeca and X. menelaus. In our barcoding analysis, X. bakeri imagines and larvae collected from Pinus sabiniana from California are placed at 10.07 % interspecific distance next to X. menelaus (Fig. 23, intraspecific variation ca 2 %). But this seemingly large divergence might merely result from insufficient consideration of additional species distributed in the New World. The alpigena group, linsleyi group and minor group contain species distributed both in Eurasia and in the Nearctic according to Rasnitsyn (1965). In our treatise on Eurasian Xyela species, leaving the Nearctic species out of consideration, these groups are named the alpigena group, lugdunensis group (for linsleyi group) and curva group (for minor group). Rasnitsyn’s concava group (Concavixyela) and deserti group (Desertixyela) include only Nearctic species. The meridionalis group and the rasnitsyni group, which are defined in this study, are not associated with one of the groups recognized by Rasnitsyn. The use of species group names is here intended as an informal aid in sorting species taxonomically, although some of the groups that include more than a single species might be monophyletic. The diagnosis for each species group precedes a list of the included species below. Key to the Eurasian Xyela species 1 Female............................................................................................ 2 – Male............................................................................................. 31 2 (1) Tip of valvula 3 acutely pointed, without defined sensilla field (Figs 86–87, 95, 104). Ovipositor sheath very long, fore wing 0.90–1.35 times longer than ovipositor sheath.............................................................. 3 – Tip of valvula 3 narrowly or widely rounded, bearing defined sensilla field (Figs 88–94, 96–103, 105–120). Ovipositor sheath shorter, fore wing at least 1.45 times longer than ovipositor sheath 5 3 (2) Article 3 of maxillary palp 1.45–1.65 times longer than scape, wider than synantennomere 3. Ovipositor sheath compressed, in medial section, combined width of both valvulae 3 in lateral view ca 3.5 times wider than in dorsal view. Dorsal edge of valvula 3 sloping down to acute tip, ventral edge almost straight (Fig. 2, 104). Vein 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2 from Rs. Northeastern China (Jilin), Russian Far East (Primorskiy Kray), South Korea (Fig. 22).............................................................................. Xyela rasnitsyni Blank & Shinohara, sp. nov. ♀ – Article 3 of maxillary palp 0.70–0.90 times as long as scape, narrower than synantennomere 3. Ovipositor sheath in medial section diamond-shaped in cross section, combined width of both valvulae 3 in medial section in lateral view ca 1.2 times width in dorsal view. Both dorsal and ventral edge of valvula 3 evenly narrowing to tip (Figs 86–87). Vein 2r-m mostly meeting Rs1 distal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2 from Rs. West Palearctic species....................................... 4 4 (3) Ovipositor sheath ca 3.4 mm long, valvula 3 2.9–3.1 times longer than valvifer 2, 11.5–12.0 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 86). Fore wing 1.20–1.35 times longer than ovipositor sheath. Male unknown. Subalpine zone of Austria and Switzerland (Fig. 19).................................................................. Xyela helvetica (Benson, 1961) ♀ – Ovipositor sheath 4.1–5.6 mm long, valvula 3 3.6–4.2 times longer than valvifer 2, 13.5–16.5 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 95). Fore wing 0.90–1.10 times longer than ovipositor sheath. Lowlands and mountainous regions of Europe, southwards to the Alps and neighboring mountain ranges (Fig. 20)............................... Xyela longula Dalman, 1819 ♀ 5 (2) Ovipositor strikingly short (Figs 89, 103): valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath 0.85–0.90 as long as valvifer 2, fore wing 3.3–3.5 times longer than ovipositor sheath. Taiwan (Fig. 12)......................... Xyela meridionalis Shinohara, 1983 ♀ – Ovipositor longer: valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath at least 1.35 times longer than valvifer 2, fore wing at most 2.8 times longer than ovipositor sheath 6 6 (5) Valvula 3 diamond-shaped in cross section, dorsal and ventral edge parallel in medial portion, narrowing in distal 0.10–0.15 to round tip (Fig. 88, 96). Article 3 of maxillary palp 1.10–1.20 times as long as scape, about as wide as synantennomere 3. France, Hungary (Fig. 21)................................................. Xyela lugdunensis Berland, 1943 ♀ – Valvula 3 either strongly compressed and medially parallel-sided (Figs 92, 105–120), or diamond-shaped in cross section and wedge-shaped over complete length (Figs 90, 97–102). Article 3 of maxillary palp more than 1.30 times longer than scape, wider than synantennomere............................................................................. 7 7 (6) Valvula 3 wedge-shaped, dorsal and ventral outline steadily narrowing toward round tip (Figs 90, 97–102), medial portion diamond-shaped in cross-section, width about equal in lateral and dorsal view. Pale membranous triangle at base of valvula 3 several times longer on ventral edge than wide at base, distally often extending to preapical region of valvula.............. 8 – Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath knife-shaped (Fig. 92, 105–120), strongly compressed, medial part of valvula 3 in lateral view 3–4 times wider than combined width of both valvulae 3 in dorsal view, dorsal edge sloping down to round apex, ventral edge almost straight. Pale membranous triangle of valvula 3 about as long on ventral edge as wide at base................. 13 8 (7) Valvula 3 2.30–2.60 times longer than valvifer 2. East Palearctic species........................................ 9 – Valvula 3 1.90–2.20 times longer than valvifer 2. West and East Palearctic species................................ 10 9 (8) Fore wing 1.55–1.70 times longer than ovipositor sheath. Wings almost clear. Article 3 of maxillary palp completely pale. Mesoscutellum usually with large yellow spot, seldom completely black. Eastern East Palearctic: Russian Far East (Primorskiy Kray), South Korea (Fig. 10).................................... Xyela koraiensis Blank & Shinohara, sp. nov. ♀ – Fore wing (1.75–)1.85–2.00 times longer than ovipositor sheath. Wings slightly infuscate. Article 3 of maxillary palp more or less infuscate in proximal half. Mesoscutellum usually black, sometimes indistinctly yellow in middle. Eastern East Palearctic: subalpine zone of Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), Russia (Kamchatka) (Fig. 9)....... Xyela kamtshatica Gussakovskij, 1935 ♀ 10 (8) West Palearctic species............................................................................... 11 – East Palearctic species............................................................................... 12 11 (10) Valvula 3 1.75–1.95 times longer than valvifer 2 (Fig. 97). Kidney-shaped spots and black stripes along frontal furrows fusing (ca. 75 % of specimens; pale specimen illustrated in Fig. 28). Subalpine zone of Austria, Germany, Switzerland (Fig. 8)................................................................................ Xyela alpigena (Strobl, 1895) ♀ – Valvula 3 (1.90–)1.95–2.20 times longer than valvifer 2 (Fig. 100). Kidney-shaped spots separated from black stripes along frontal furrows by yellow (ca. 75 % of specimens; dark specimen illustrated in Fig. 34). Mountains of Bulgaria (Fig. 8)................................................................................ Xyela peuce Blank, sp. nov. ♀ 12 (10) Ovipositor sheath 2.55–2.80 mm, valvula 3 9.0–9.5 times longer than wide basally (Fig. 101), fore wing 1.75–1.90 times longer than ovipositor sheath. Wings slightly infuscate. Valvifer 2 pale brown basally and infuscate distally. Central East Palearctic (possibly also in western part): Russia (Irkutskaya Obast), Mongolia (Hentiyn Nuruu) (Fig. 9)................................................................................................. Xyela sibiricae Blank, sp. nov. ♀ – Ovipositor sheath 1.90–2.25 mm, valvula 3 6.5–8.0 times longer than wide basally (Fig. 102), fore wing 1.95–2.05 times longer than ovipositor sheath. Wings pale. Valvifer unicolorous pale brown. Eastern East Palearctic: Russian Far East (Primorskiy Kray), South Korea (Fig. 10).............................................. Xyela ussuriensis Rasnitsyn, 1965 ♀ 13 (7) Posterior claws with subapical tooth (often very feeble). Valvula 3 evenly and distinctly curved downwards, often black (Figs 118–120). Valvula 2 of ovipositor with more or less evident alternating dark and pale pattern in distal half (Fig. 124)..... 14 – Posterior claws without subapical tooth. Valvula 3 usually straight, sometimes indistinctly bent downwards in species with long ovipositor, often pale brown, sometimes dark brown, never black (Figs 105–117). Valvula 2 of ovipositor evenly pale brown............................................................................................. 17 14 (13) Head yellow with dark pattern (Fig. 42)................................................................. 15 – Head black, or brown with dark brown or black pattern (e.g., in faded collection specimens; Figs 44, 46).............. 16 15 (14) Antennomere 4 6.0–7.5 times longer than wide distally. Fore wing 2.15–2.30 times longer than ovipositor sheath. European part of Mediterranean area, central and western Europe, Turkey (Fig. 11).................. Xyela curva Benson, 1938 ♀ – Antennomere 4 4.0–5.0 times longer than wide distally. Fore wing 1.95–2.05 times longer than ovipositor sheath. China (Fujian, Hong Kong) (Fig. 12)................................................... Xyela exilicornis Maa, 1949 ♀ 16 (14) Ovipositor 1.7–1.9 mm (Fig. 119), fore wing 3.7–4.6 mm long. Japan (Honshu) (Blank et al. 2005, fig. 3).......................................................................................... Xyela japonica Rohwer, 1910 ♀ – Ovipositor 1.5–1.7 mm (Fig. 120), fore wing 3.3–3.7 mm long. East Asian mainland: northeastern China (Jilin), South Korea (Blank et al. 2005, fig. 3)........................................ Xyela occidentalis Blank & Shinohara, 2005 ♀ 17 (13) East Palearctic species............................................................................... 18 – West Palearctic species............................................................................... 24 18 (17) Ovipositor sheath 1.20–1.85 mm long, if up to 2.00 mm then Japanese species................................... 19 – Ovipositor sheath 1.90–2.60 mm long and species from Asian mainland........................................ 23 19 (18) Wings brown infuscate. Ovipositor sheath 1.80–2.00 mm long (Fig. 115). Subalpine zone of Hokkaido, Japan (Fig. 9).................................................................... Xyela pumilae Blank & Shinohara, sp. nov. ♀ – Wings clear or slightly infuscate. Ovipositor sheath usually shorter than 1.80 mm long, sometimes up to 1.95 mm (X. variegata). Species distributed below subalpine zone 20 20 (19) Japan. [Identification often doubtful.]................................................................... 21 – South Korea, expected for neighboring regions of East Asian mainland........................................ 22 21 (20) Fore wing (?2.30–)2.40–2.55 times longer than ovipositor sheath (Fig. 111). Japan (Honshu) (Blank et al. 2005, fig. 4)......................................................................... Xyela tecta Blank & Shinohara, 2005 ♀ – Fore wing 2.00–2.30(–?2.40) times longer than ovipositor sheath (Fig. 112). Japan (Honshu) (Blank et al. 2005, fig. 5)............................................................................... Xyela variegata Rohwer, 1910 ♀ 22 (20) Fore wing 2.10–2.40 times longer than ovipositor sheath (Fig. 106). Head yellow with dark pattern varying from pale brown to dark brown: frons brown with wide dark brown stripes along frontal furrows, dark brown medial spot, sometimes paler with medial spot surroun, Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 13-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Dalman, J. W. (1819) Nagra nya Insect-Genera. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, pp. 117 - 127.","Brebisson, J. B. G. de (1818) see Blainville, H. de.","Vieillot, L. P. (1807 - 1809) Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amerique septentrionale, contenant un grand nombre d'especes decrites ou figurees pour la premiere fois. Chez Desray, Paris, tome 1: [7] + [i] - iv + [1] - 90, tabs 1 - 57, tome 2: [4] + [i] - ii + [1] - 74, tabs 58 - 124, http: // www. e-rara. ch / doi / 10.3931 / e-rara- 7221.","Latreille, P. A. (1818) [Mastigocerus]. In: Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle. (Nouv. Ed.). Paris, 26: 451 - 452.","Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. (1996) Kommentare zur Taxonomie der Symphyta (Hymenoptera) (Vorarbeiten zu einem Katalog der Pflanzenwespen, Teil 1). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 46 (2), 251 - 275.","Berthold, A. A. (1827) Latreilles (Mitgliedes der koniglichen Academie der Wissenschaften zu Paris, Ritters der Eherenlegion, u. s. w., u. s. w.) Naturliche Familien des Thierreichs. Aus dem Franzosischen mit Anmerkungen und Zusatzen. Weimar, 606 pp.","Thomson, C. G. (1871) Tenthredo et Sirex Lin. In: Hymenoptera Scandinaviae. H. Ohlsson, Lundae, 1, 342 pp.","Curtis, J. (1824) British Entomology; being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland. R. 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(1923) A new genus and species of Xyelidae (Tenthredinoidea, Hymenoptera) from western Canada. Canadian Entomologist, 60 (1), 20.","Ross, H. H. (1937) A generic classification of the Nearctic sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Illinois biological monographs, 15 (2), 1 - 173.","Benson, R. B. (1938) European sawflies of the genus Xyela Dalman (sens. lat.) (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, ser. B 7 (2), 32 - 36.","Burdick, D. J. (1961) A taxonomic and biological study of the genus Xyela Dalman in North America. University of California Publications in Entomology, 17 (3), 285 - 355.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1965) Notes on the biology, systematics and phylogeny of Xyelinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Polske Pismo Entomologiczne, 35 (12), 483 - 519.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1971) [Evolution of the Hymenoptera of the family Xyelidae.] (In Russian). Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 130, 187 - 196.","ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London, 306 pp.","Newman, E. (1834) Attempted division of British insects into natural orders. Entomological Magazine, 2, 379 - 431.","Andre, E. (1881) Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe & d'Algerie. Beaune (Cote-d'Or), 1 [1879 - 1882] (9), 381 - 484.","Hellmayr, C. E. (1938) Catalogue of birds of the Americas and adjected islands in the Field Museum of Natural History. Part xi. Ploceidae, Catambylrhyncidae, Fringillidae. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, 13 (11), 1 - 662.","Browning, M. R. & Monroe, B. L. (1991) Clarifications and corrections of the dates of issue of some publications containing descriptions of North American birds. Archives of Natural History, 18 (3), 381 - 405.","Banks, R. C. & Browning, M. R. (1995) Comments on the status of revived old names for some North American birds. The Auk, 112 (3), 633 - 648.","Peterson, A. P. (2013) Zoological Citation Sources -- H. In: Zoonomen. Zoological Nomenclature Records. Available from http: / / www. zoonomen. net / cit / jourh. html (Date of access: 9.1.2013).","Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233.","Smith, D. R. (1990) A new Xyela (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) from western United States. Entomological News, 101, 9 - 12.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1995) Tertiary sawflies of the tribe Xyelini (Insecta: Vespida = Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) and their relationship to the mesozoic and modern faunas. Contributions in Science, 450, 1 - 14.","Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580, 1 - 1064.","Konow, F. W. (1898) Ueber einige neue Chalastogastra Arten. Entomologische Nachrichten (F. Karsch), 24, 327 - 330.","Benson, R. B. (1961) The sawflies (Hymenoptera Symphyta) of the Swiss National Park and surrounding area. Ergebnisse der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen im Schweizerischen Nationalpark, 7, 161 - 195.","Shinohara, A. (1983) Discovery of the families Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Blasticotomidae, and Orussidae from Taiwan, with descriptions of four new species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 85, 309 - 320.","Berland, L. (1943) Les Xyelidae de France [Hym. Sessiliventres]. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 48 (6), 89 - 92.","Gussakovskij, V. V. (1935) Insectes Hymenopteres, Chalastrogastra 1. In: Fauna SSSR. T. II, vol. 1. Academie des Sciences de l'URSS, Moskva and Leningrad, 453 pp.","Strobl, G. (1895) Beitrage zur geographischen Verbreitung der Tenthrediniden. V. Theil. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 14, 277 - 279.","Maa, T. - C. (1949) A synopsis of Chinese sawflies of the superfamily Megalodontoidea (Hymenoptera). Chinese Journal of Zoology, 3, 30 - 42.","Blank, S. M., Shinohara, A. & Byun, B. - K. (2005) The East Asian Xyela species (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) associated with Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora; Pinaceae) and their distribution history. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 36, 259 - 278.","Maa, T. - C. (1947) Description of a new xyelid sawfly from Fukien (Hymenoptera: Chalastogastra). Biological Bulletin of Fukien Christian University, 3, 61 - 63.","Stein, J. P. E. F. (1876) Einige neue dalmatinische, griechische und kleinasiatische Tenthrediniden. Entomologische Zeitung, 37, 53 - 61.","Benson, R. B. (1960) Two new European species of Xyela Dalman (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, ser. B (7 - 8), 110 - 112."]}

Xyela sinicola Maa, 1947 Xyela sinicola Maa, 1947: 61–63, ♀, type locality: China, Fujian Sheng, Chung-An, Bohea Hills, Sing-Yang-Tsuen. Xyela lii Xiao, 1988: 410–413, ♂, type locality: China, Jiangsu Sheng, Nanjing [= Nanking], syn. nov. Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black pattern (brown is almost absent): stripes along frontal furrows absent or indistinctly pale brown, ocellar and postocellar area black; kidney-shaped spots on vertex separate from black postocellar area (Fig. 72). Antennae pale brown. Thorax dorsally brown with yellow pattern on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegulae pale, mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdominal terga brown, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10 paler, valvifer 2 pale brown, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white, valvula 3 brown (Fig. 116). Legs pale brown, dark pattern of posterior coxae almost absent. Wing membrane almost clear, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 3.4–3.9 mm long, 1.45–1.85 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 200–300 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 510–610 µm long, antennomere 4 110–150 µm long and 3.5–5.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 380–440 µm long, 1.55–1.65 times longer than scape and about as wide as synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.65–2.00: 1. Ovipositor sheath 2.00– 2.60 mm long, valvula 3 2.15–2.25 times longer than valvifer 2 and 7.5–9.0 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 116). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath compressed in cross section, pale membranous area about as long as basal width of valvula 3, dorsal edge of valvula 3 sloping down to round tip, distally with sensilla field exposed and directed caudally, bearing 3 setae. Ovipositor almost straight and compressed. Valvula 1 with aulax terminating distally, ventral edge sloping up to tip, with ca 17 oblique closely spaced annuli in distal 0.2, without serrulae, olistether with ca 6 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge in basal half. Valvula 2 with smooth dorsal margin, tapering in distal half, pale and evenly sclerotized, in distal 0.4 with single scattered sensilla campaniformia, in distal 0.05 with 5 indistinct oblique annuli bearing a sensilla field. Posterior tibia 0.85–0.90 µm long, all claws without subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to female (see Fig. 73 for color pattern of head). Supraantennal furrows indistinctly pale brown on the upper quarter close to the ocellar area. Hypopygium pale. Morphology. Fore wing 2.9–3.4 mm long, Rs+M 160–230 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 500–680 µm long, antennomere 4 120–160 µm long and 4.0–4.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 330–380 µm long, 1.30–1.35 times longer than scape and about as wide as synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.55–1.80: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular very small and in lateral position (seemingly absent). Valviceps 1.30–1.50 times longer than wide on medial lobe, with distinct oblique lateral lamella, proximal lobe of penis valve small and strikingly sloping down toward the valviceps, 0.18–0.22 times as long as valviceps and 0.60–0.70 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge 0.13–0.17 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.75–1.85 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 or sometimes 3 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.75–0.90 width of distal lobe (possibly> 0.90 in holotype of X. sinicola, but tips of both flagella missing in this specimen) (Fig. 149). Valviceps with median longitudinal sclerotization present, upper edge of medial lobe round and strikingly protruding, with 7–14 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and scattered on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with few short setae. Posterior tibia 0.70–0.85 mm long, all claws without subapical tooth. Type material: Xyela sinicola. Holotype ♀: “ Bohea hills 15.iii.1940 T. Maa coll.”; [red:] “ Xyela sinicola Maa ♀ Holotype ”; “ Xyela sinicola Maa, 1947 det. S. M. Blank 2001”. In good condition, one antenna glued to piece of cardboard, other antenna missing. TARI. Xyela lii. Holotype ♀: “ Jiangsu Province (Nanking), 18.3.1984 [date correct?—see paratypes], Li Shangshu lg.” (unavailable for this study, labeling cited after Xiao 1988). Paratypes: 3♀ 4♂ with same data, 1♀ 1♂ of this series here studied: “[Chinese characters for: China Forestry Science Research Institute {= CFRB}, Nanjing City, 28.3.1984 {sic!}]”; “[Chinese characters for: host Salix babylonica] No. 610”; “ Paratype ”; “ Xylex [sic!] lii Xiao ”; “ Xyela lii Xiao [♀ / ♂] [Chinese characters for:] M. C. Wei ”; “ China: Nanjing 28.3.1984, host: Salix babylonica L. (translation of Chinese label to English by Mei-cai Wei)”. CSFU. Host plant. Ο Pinus massoniana Lamb. Geographic distribution. China (Fujian Province, Jiangsu Province, Xianggang) (Fig. 12). Remarks. Xyela sinicola is unique within the X. julii group due to the very long ovipositor and the valviceps bearing a distinct longitudinal sclerotization, a short proximal lobe and being shallowly excised on the lower edge. The morphological variability of X. sinicola is large, and the studied types exhibit almost the extremes. The ovipositor sheath is shorter in the females from Jiangsu Sheng and Nanjing (ca 2.0 mm long, fore wing ca 1.80 times longer than ovipositor, valvula 3 7.5–8.0 times longer than wide) than in females from Fujian Sheng and Hong Kong (ca 2.3–2.6 mm / 1.45–1.55 / 8.5–9.0). The valviceps is shorter and has a shorter proximal lobe in the males from Hangzhou, Hong Kong and Jiangsu Sheng (1.30–1.40 times longer than wide, length of proximal lobe: length of valviceps 0.18–0.19) than in the paratype from Nanjing (1.50 / 0.22). Despite the observed variability X. lii and X. sinicola are considered to be conspecific, since the available material including the type specimens displays no apparent character pattern to segregate two unambiguous groups for each sex with respect to the geographical origin of the material. The measured morphological values may be apparently discontinuous since only limited material collected over a large distance of more than 1,300 km has been available. The original description of Xyela sinicola in the rare Biological Bulletin of Fukien Christian University is cited with the year 1943 by Smith (1978, p. 17). Maa (1949) himself cited his work as being published in 1944. The publication date and publication locality of each volume of the journal is printed on its front page in Chinese. The imprinted Chinese year has to be added to 1911 to obtain the corresponding year of the Gregorian calendar (translation and information on Chinese calendar by courtesy of Mei-ling Chan; see Tab. 1). Each volume is exactly dated (at least the month is denoted), thus the successive volumes seem not to have been published in chronological order. The specimens in the BMNH library are stamped with later dates (vols. 2–5 with 29 May 1948 and vol. 6 with 8 April 1948; S. Lewis, personal communication), which possibly are the dates of receipt at this library. They are dated later and do not contradict the imprinted publication dates. We accept 1947 as the year of publication for all volumes published in Foochow, including Maa’s original description of X. sinicola. The volumes published in Shaowu, a different locality in Fujian province, are all dated earlier. The reason for the disarranged publication dates and localities is unknown. Maa (1947) gave more detailed collection data “Sin-Yang-Tsuen, ca 250 m, Bohea Hills, Chung-An Hsien, Fukien NW., 15-III-1940, T. Maa leg.” than can be read from the type label, and the geographical coordinates 27.333°N 117.482°E. Maa (1949) published faunistic data of further material identified as X. sinicola, and he associated the sexes on the basis of a couple of X. sinicola from Hangchow (= Hangzhou). He featured this male as “ allotype ”, but this does not represent a paratype because it has been added subsequently (Art. 72.4.1. ICZN 1999). We studied this male and additional material from Hong Kong, Jiangsu Sheng and Nanjing, where males and females were collected together. Both sexes of X. sinicola agree in the strikingly pale color of the face with the stripes along the supraantennal furrows being absent or at least indistinct. The name of the type locality “Nanking” in Jiangsu Sheng cited by Xiao (1988) for X. lii is a synonymous transliteration of Nanjing (Mei-ling Chan, personal communication). The collection date 18.3.1984 given by Xiao is regarded as a type error for 28.3.1984 as it can be read from the labels of both paratypes. These were collected from Salix babylonica as has been mentioned in the original description. Willows are a common collection place for Xyela, since the male catkins are a rich pollen source and imagines may gather there in large numbers. Xiao’s (1988) detailed illustrations of antenna, fore wing, penis valve, ovipositor and its sheath agree with the corresponding organs in the studied paratypes. The position of X. lii in the X. julii group is immediately obvious from the figures. Nevertheless, the figure of the maxillary palp is inaccurate. It has been depicted as consisting of a small basal and three elongate distal articles. The maxillary palps of the paratypes are typically shaped as in the majority of Xyela species with an elongate article 3 and a modified distal part bearing long curved setae. Pinus massoniana is the only pine species present on all collection localities of X. sinicola. This is a common pine, which covers a vast area of central and southeastern China and northern Vietnam, and which crosses the sea to Hainan and Taiwan, growing from 0–2,000 m (Wu 1947, Mirov 1967). Pinus hwangshanensis Hsia occurs on scattered places within this area. It can be excluded as the host plant with high probability, because it is everywhere confined to elevations above 900 m (Mirov 1967, Richardson & Rundel 1998), whereas the holotype was collected at ca 250 m (Maa 1947), and this pine is absent from the collection sites Hong Kong, Kanton and Nanjing, which are (almost) at sea level. In Hong Kong X. sinicola was collected together with X. exilicornis during the same period, which indicates a common host plant., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 50-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Maa, T. - C. (1947) Description of a new xyelid sawfly from Fukien (Hymenoptera: Chalastogastra). Biological Bulletin of Fukien Christian University, 3, 61 - 63.","Xiao, G. R. (1988) A new species of Xyelidae from China (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Scientia silvae sinicae, 24 (4), 410 - 413.","Smith, D. R. (1978) Suborder Symphyta (Xyelidae, Pararchexyelidae, Parapamphiliidae, Xyelydidae, Karatavidae, Gigasiricidae, Sepulciidae, Pseudosiricidae, Anaxyelidae, Siricidae, Xiphydriidae, Paroryssidae, Xyelotomidae, Blasticotomidae, Pergidae). In: van der Vecht, J. & Shenefelt, R. D. (eds) Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio). W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 14, 1 - 193.","Maa, T. - C. (1949) A synopsis of Chinese sawflies of the superfamily Megalodontoidea (Hymenoptera). Chinese Journal of Zoology, 3, 30 - 42.","ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London, 306 pp.","Wu, C. - L. (1947) The phytogeographic distribution of pines in China. Yale University, New Haven, unpublished Master's thesis [cited by Mirov 1967].","Mirov, N. T. (1967) The genus Pinus. The Ronald Press Company, New York, 602 pp.","Richardson, D. M. & Rundel, P. W. (1998) Ecology and biogeography of Pinus: an introduction. In: Richardson, D. M. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne and Madrid, pp. 3 - 46 [paperback edition, 2000]."]}

Xyela ussuriensis Rasnitsyn, 1965 Xyela (Xyela) ussuriensis Rasnitsyn, 1965: 491, 495–497, 503, 512–513, 516–518, ♂, type locality: Russia, Primorskiy Kray, Sikhote-Alin Mountains, basin of river Takema. Xyela suwonae Ryu & Lee, 1992: 1–4, ♀, type locality: South Korea, Kyonggido, Suwon, syn. nov. Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black pattern: two black stripes along supraantennal furrows 2–3 times as wide as ocellar diameter, meeting black ocellar and postocellar area, black longitudinal spot in middle of frons always present, usually separated from other black pattern by yellow gap, kidney-shaped spots on vertex usually separate from black postocellar area (Fig. 38). Antennae black, a little paler below. Thorax dorsally brown with more or less distinct paler pattern on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegulae pale, sometimes brown in middle, mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdominal terga dark brown, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10 sometimes paler, valvifer 2 completely pale brown, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white, valvula 3 black with small white ventral margin up to distal fifth (Fig. 102). Legs pale brown, posterior coxae dark brown with distal 0.3–0.5 of ventral side pale, femora seldom with indistinct brown longitudinal stripes. Wing membrane clear, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 3.8–4.6 mm long, 1.90–2.05 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 0–160 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 700–910 µm long, antennomere 4 200–250 µm long and 6.0–9.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 460–540 µm long, 1.40–1.65 times longer than scape and distinctly wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.77–2.20(–2.45): 1. Ovipositor sheath 1.90–2.25 mm long, valvula 3 1.90–2.05(–2.15) times longer than valvifer 2 and 6.5–8.0 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 102). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath wedge-shaped, in distal third diamond-shaped in cross section, pale membranous area distally extending up to preapical region as small ventral pale margin of valvula 3, valvula 3 distally narrowing to round tip, distally with sensilla field present and directed laterad, bearing 6–7 sensilla. Ovipositor indistinctly bent downwards. Valvula 1 of ovipositor compressed and slightly wedge-shaped, distal 0.05 narrowed to sclerotized tip bearing 5–6 serrulae and 7 annuli (4 of them more or less perpendicular), ventral edge sloping up to tip, aulax terminating distally, olistether with 5–7 setae in distal half. Valvula 2 pale and evenly sclerotized, distal 0.05 tapering to sclerotized tip, in distal half with small sclerotization surrounding groups of 1–5(–8) sensilla campaniformia, dorsal margin of valvula 2 smooth with small prominences above sensilla groups, distally with 4 dorsal teeth. Posterior tibia 0.85–1.10 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to female (see Fig. 39 for color pattern of head). Antennae usually pale brown. Hypopygium pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 3.5–4.2 mm long, Rs+M 0–120 µm long or 1r-m present and 0–50µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 700–890 µm long, antennomere 4 210–280 µm long and 6.5–9.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 430–500 µm long, 1.35–1.55 times longer than scape and distinctly wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.60–2.00(–2.40): 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Valviceps 1.55–1.95 times longer than wide on medial lobe, lateral lamella vertical with proximal and distal edge sshaped, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.17–0.22 times as long as valviceps and 1.00–1.05 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge (0.12–)0.15–0.19 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.30–1.40 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.70–0.90 width of distal lobe (Fig. 134). Valviceps with median longitudinal sclerotization absent (seldom with an indistinct shadow), medial lobe broad and slightly truncate on upper edge, with dense group of (15–)20–25 cone-like sensilla along upper edge, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with dense pattern of setae. Posterior tibia 0.85–1.05 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Type material. Xyela ussuriensis. Holotype ♀: “ Sikhote-Alin, bas r. [basseyn reka; = basin of river] Takema, K. Grunin 6.VI.1937 ”; [red:] “Holotypus ♀ Xyela ussuriensis A. Rasnitsyn”. Left antenna and right antennal flagellum missing, right anterior wing glued to piece of cardboard, ovipositor mounted on slide kept on pin of holotype. ZMUM. Paratypes: 1♀ 2♂, ZMUM. Xyela suwonae. Holotype ♀: “[in Korean letters: Kyonggido, Suwon] Korea 1987.IV.29 Coll. R.S.M. [= S. M. Ryu] Yeungnam Univ. Biology ”; “SYM–0004”; [red:] “Holotype Xyela suwonae Ryu et Lee 1992 ”. In good condition. YUIC. Paratypes: 2♀ with identical collection data (1♀ studied), YUIC. Host plant. Ο Pinus koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc. (see Rasnitsyn 1965). Geographic distribution. Russia, South Korea (Fig. 10). Remarks. For species differentiation and association of the sexes see Xyela kamtshatica. Several features mentioned in Ryu & Lee’s (1992) original description of X. suwonae match with the overwhelming majority of known Xyela species (e.g., the color pattern of head and thorax) or even most sawflies (presence of a furrow between antennal sockets and clypeus). The ovipositor sheaths of the two studied type specimens are distorted (see Ryu & Lee 1992, fig. 7), but the outline of valvula 3 is evidently wedge-shaped. The ovipositor itself is evenly tapering toward its tip (see Ryu & Lee 1992, fig. 8). Both features are characteristic for species of the X. alpigena group. Valvula 3 is 1.90 times longer than valvifer 2, the fore wing is 2.00 times longer than the ovipositor sheath. These data agree well with X. ussuriensis. Several times imagines have been swept from the supposed larval host plant Pinus koraiensis. The type specimens of X. ussuriensis were collected in a pure population of this pine (Rasnitsyn 1965, personal communication and present data; see also X. koraiensis)., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1965) Notes on the biology, systematics and phylogeny of Xyelinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Polske Pismo Entomologiczne, 35 (12), 483 - 519.","Ryu, S. M. & Lee, J. W. (1992) A systematic study of the Symphyta (Hymenoptera) in Korea III. A new species of Xyelidae (Xyeloidea). Korean Journal of Entomology, 22 (1), 1 - 4."]}

Xyela longula Dalman, 1819 Xyela longula Dalman, 1819: 124–125, ♀, type locality: Sweden, Vestrogothia [= Skaraborgs län or Älvborgs län]. Pinicola longula: André 1881: 468 (combination with Pinicola). Xyelatana longula: Benson 1938: 34 (combination with Xyelatana). Xyelatana longula ssp. longula: Benson 1945: 36 (status changed). Xyela piliserra C. G. Thomson, 1871: 317, ♀, type locality: Sweden, Lapland; Blank 2002: 223 (junior synonym of longula). Pinicola piliserra: André 1881: 468 (combination with Pinicola). Xyelatana piliserra: Benson 1938: 34 (combination with Xyelatana). Xyelatana longula ssp. piliserra: Benson 1945: 36 (status changed). Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black and brown pattern: two black stripes along frontal furrows meeting black ocellar and postocellar area and black longitudinal spot in middle of frons always present (Fig. 24); kidney-shaped spots on vertex usually separate from black postocellar area. Antennae brown. Thorax dorsally brown with more or less distinct pale pattern on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegulae pale, sometimes brown in middle, mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdominal terga brown, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10 and distal sternum partly pale, valvifer 2 dark brown with pale base, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 and ventral edge in basal half of valvula 3 pale, valvula 3 brown (Fig. 95). Legs pale brown, femora with dark longitudinal stripes, posterior coxae dark brown with distal 0.3–0.5 of ventral side pale. Wing membrane, venation and pterostigma brownish infuscate. Morphology. Fore wing (4.1–) 4.7–5.7 mm long, 0.90–1.10 times longer than ovipositor sheath, either Rs+M (up to 100 µm) or 1r-m (up to 60 µm) present, usually 2r-m meeting Rs distal to the furcation of Rs1 and Rs2 (seldom interstitial and once observed proximal to furcation). Synantennomere 3 780–1050 µm long, antennomere 4 210–260 µm long and 6.0–7.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 250–330 µm long, 0.75–0.90 as long as scape and narrower than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.9–2.2(–2.3): 1. Ovipositor sheath (4.1–) 4.4–5.6 mm long, valvula 3 3.6–4.2 times longer than valvifer 2 and 13.5–16.5 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 95). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath diamond-shaped in cross section, pale membranous area distally elongate but faintly delimited, valvula 3 distally narrowing to acicular tip, which bears no defined sensilla field, ventrally with ca 5 blunt setae (Fig. 87). Ovipositor almost straight. Valvula 1 of ovipositor compressed, medial part parallelsided and longitudinally bicolorous (presumably due to different degree of sclerotization of dorsal and ventral portions), aulax terminating almost at tip, ventral edge sloping up to tip, with 9–10 wide-spaced annuli in distal 0.1 (basal 3 annuli only present close to aulax and distal continuous from aulax to ventral edge of valvula 1, basal oblique and distal 2–3 almost vertical), 6–7 serrulae, olistether with 6–9 setae (Fig. 121). Valvula 2 dorsally smooth and parallel-sided with regular shallow notches with indistinct vertical annuli in distal half, notches not evidently related to evenly spread sensilla campaniformia, dorsal edge of left and right valvula fused for most of their length up to triangular rise at 0.9 of ovipositor length, distal 0.1 of valvula 2 tapering to tip, with ca 7–8 oblique annuli. Posterior tibia 0.95–1.20 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to female. Coloration of face varying from extensively yellow (Fig. 25) to predominantly brown. Hypopygium mostly yellow. Morphology. Fore wing (3.7–)4.0– 4.7 mm long, either Rs+M (up to 100 µm) or 1r-m (up to 40 µm) present, usually 2r-m meeting Rs distal to the furcation of Rs1 and Rs2 (seldom interstitial). Synantennomere 3 (650–)850–910 µm long, antennomere 4 180–250 µm long and 6.0–7.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 230–280(–310) µm long, 0.70–0.90 times as long as scape and narrower than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.8–2.2: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere straight-lined, basal portion in ventral position, harpe ca 0.6 times as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk present. Valviceps 1.90–2.20 times longer than wide on medial lobe, without lateral lamella, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.12–0.17 times as long as valviceps and 0.90–1.00 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge 0.16–0.23 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.05–1.15 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.90–1.05 width of distal lobe (Fig. 126). Valviceps without median longitudinal sclerotization, medial lobe broadly rounded, 7–17 cone-like sensilla present, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with dense pattern of setae. Posterior tibia (0.80–) 0.93–1.10 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Barcodes. GUID ABV4344 (1 larva). Type material. Xyela longula. Lectotype ♀ (here designated): [bottom label adjacent to specimen, forwarded as image file by H. Mejlon:] “ Xyela longula Dalman [reference to Dalman’s original description:] act. H. 1819. 124. 2. ♀”; [on pin of specimen:] “♀”; “87.”; [red:] “Lectotype Xyela longula Dalman, 1819 det. S. M. Blank 2012”; “ Xyela longula Dalman, 1819 det. S. M. Blank 2012”. Left antenna and left fore wing missing, right antenna glued to cardboard label. UUZM, in box 304 of Gyllenhal’s collection. Xyela piliserra. Lectotype ♀ (designated by Blank 2002): [small blue label]; “Lpl.” [= Lappland]; [large label with red margin, possibly a cabinet label:] “ piliserra ”; “1978 292”; [yellow:] “ ZML 1998 269”; [red:] “Lectotypus ♀ Xyela piliserra C. G. Thomson, 1871 des. S. M. Blank 1999”; “ Xyela longula Dalman, 1819 ♀ det. S. M. Blank 1999”. In perfect condition. MZLU. Host plant. ● Pinus sylvestris L. (1 larva associated with imagines by barcoding analysis). Biology. The earliest flight records in the season for X. longula are from the end of March (Austria, North Tyrol, Zirler Berg, Martinswand; Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Teschendorf). Judging from the data of collection material, imagines of X. longula are active about 10–20 days earlier than X. julii in Germany and Scandinavia. But an overlapping flight phenology might be expected (Tab. 5). Entwistle (1996) made similar observations in Great Britain: “My own records [of X. longula] were 28 th March, 1994— one female; 1 st April, 1995— one female; 10 th April, 1994— one male. [...] Standardised weekly samples at Migdale Wood in 1995 showed X. julii imagines to be present from 16 th April to 23 rd May, peaking in about the first week of May (during the whole sample period a total of 525 X. julii imagines were collected).” Geographic distribution. Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Russia (Moskovskaya Oblast, Sankt Peterburg Oblast), Sweden, Switzerland (Fig. 20). Additionally reported for Belgium and Luxembourg (Magis 1994), Great Britain (Harwood 1950, Entwistle 1996), Estonia (Viitasaari et al. 1998), Hungary (Carpathian Basin; Zombori 1974), Latvia (Tsinovskiy 1953). Remarks. Females are distinguished from Xyela helvetica by the longer ovipositor (fore wing 0.90–1.10 times longer than ovipositor, 1.20–1.35 in X. helvetica). Valvula 1 of the ovipositor is strikingly bicolorous in longitudinal direction. All male Xyela specimens from Europe, which lack a lateral lamella on the penis valve, have so far been attributed to X. longula. One male from Tence (France: Auvergne, MNHN) is tentatively identified as X. longula. The most striking difference is the presence of ca 30 cone-like sensilla on the medial lobe (Fig. 127), while only 7–17 sensilla are present in X. longula. In addition this male differs in the 90–140 µm long vein 1r-m on the fore wing (either Rs+M present or 1r-m up to 40 µm long in X. longula), and the proximal lobe of the penis valve being 0.20 times as long as the valviceps (0.12–0.17 in X. longula). The collection site is close to those of X. lugdunensis, but the male of this species has a lateral lamella present on the valviceps (Fig. 128). Association with X. helvetica is not supported since the present male was collected in the lowlands far outside the native, subalpine distribution range of the supposed host of X. helvetica, Pinus mugo. The larva of X. longula, for which a full barcoding sequence could be obtained, is placed next to X. curva at an interspecific distance of 21.69 %. This larva was grouped in the same cluster as a female and a male of X. longula, from which respectively only 241 bp and 266 bp long sequences could be obtained (Fig. 23). The type of X. longula was deemed to be lost, because it was searched for in MZLU and NHRS (Schedl 1978). But Dalman (1819) referred to “ Mus. Dom. Gyllenhal”, i.e., to the collection of L. Gyllenhal which today is preserved in UUZM. Dalman had several females on hand for his description (“Non nisi feminas vidi.”). Only one specimen is still available from UUZM, which here is designated as the lectotype. The morphological parameters of the lectotype fall within the variability range of the species called X. longula. The synonymy of X. longula and X. piliserra was already supposed by Viitasaari (1980), who pointed out that “specialists know either X. longula or X. piliserra, but not both.” A lectotype for X. piliserra was designated by Blank (2002), who finally synonymized these two names. Benson’s (1938) statement that he examined “the type of X. piliserra C. G. Thomson, 1871 ” cannot be assessed as a lectotype designation. Benson neither gave indications on how to recognize this particular specimen, nor did he add any type or identification label. Males and females of this species were associated with the help of specimens of both sexes found at the same collection site (e.g., 3♀ 3♂ at the Martinswand in North Tyrol, Austria) or within the same geographical range (e.g., Konow’s specimens from Fürstenberg and Teschendorf, Germany). Under the names X. longula or X. piliserra this species has repeatedly been reported to be associated with P. sylvestris (Harwood 1950, Crooke 1957, Rasnitsyn 1965 and personal communication, Schedl 1978, Entwistle 1996), and this pine species undoubtedly is the larval host. Xyela longula imagines were reported several times to have been collected from this pine. All known records of imagines originate from the distribution range of P. sylvestris, and this is the only available autochthonous pine species in the northern part of the distribution range (e.g., Finland, Sweden). Veli Vikberg (personal communication) extracted larvae from staminate cones of P. sylvestris. One of them was identified as X. longula genetically (see above)., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 55-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Dalman, J. W. (1819) Nagra nya Insect-Genera. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, pp. 117 - 127.","Andre, E. (1881) Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe & d'Algerie. Beaune (Cote-d'Or), 1 [1879 - 1882] (9), 381 - 484.","Benson, R. B. (1938) European sawflies of the genus Xyela Dalman (sens. lat.) (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, ser. B 7 (2), 32 - 36.","Benson, R. B. (1945) Classification of the Xyelidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, ser. B 14, 34 - 37.","Thomson, C. G. (1871) Tenthredo et Sirex Lin. In: Hymenoptera Scandinaviae. H. Ohlsson, Lundae, 1, 342 pp.","Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233.","Mirov, N. T. (1967) The genus Pinus. The Ronald Press Company, New York, 602 pp.","Sokolov, S. Y., Svjazeva, O. A. & Kubly, V. A. (1977) [Areographia arborum fruticumque URSS. Taxaceae Aristolochiaceae.] (In Russian). Nauka, Leningrad, 1, 1 - 164.","Willis, J. K., Bennett, K. D. & Birks, H. J. B. (1998) The late Quarternary dynamics of pines in Europe. In: Richardson, D. M. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne and Madrid, pp. 107 - 121 [paperback edition, 2000].","Harwood, P. (1950) Xyelatana piliserra Thomson (Hym., Xyelidae) in Inverness-Shire, an addition to the British fauna. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 86, 360.","Entwistle, P. F. (1996) Xyela longula (Dalman) (Hym., Xyelidae) in Sutherland, Scotland. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 132, 186.","Magis, N. (1994) Repertoire des Mouches a scie reconnues en Belgique et au Grand-Duche de Luxembourg (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Notes fauniques de Gembloux, 28, 3 - 52.","Viitasaari, M., Heidemaa, M., Nuorteva, M. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1998) An annotated checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology, 47 (2), 126 - 147.","Zombori, L. (1974) A check-list of Symphyta from the Carpathian Basin (Hymenoptera). I. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, n. s. 27 (1), 237 - 242.","Tsinovskiy, J. P. (1953) Nasekomye Latviyskoy SSR. Rogochvosty i pilil'shshiki. Akademiya Nauk Latviyskoy SSR, Institut Biologii, Riga, 209 pp.","Schedl, W. (1978) Die Xyelidae Europas (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Xyelidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Fundnachweise aus den Ostalpen. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 65, 97 - 115.","Viitasaari, M. (1980) The taxonomy and synonymy of some eastern Fennoscandian sawfly species (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Notulae Entomologicae, 60 (3), 113 - 116.","Crooke, M. (1957) A brief review of the British conifer feeding sawflies. Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie, 41 (2 - 3), 179 - 183.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1965) Notes on the biology, systematics and phylogeny of Xyelinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Polske Pismo Entomologiczne, 35 (12), 483 - 519."]}

Xyela occidentalis Blank & Shinohara, 2005 Xyela occidentalis Blank & Shinohara in Blank et al., 2005: 264–266, ♂, type locality: South Korea, Kangweondo, Mt. Samagsan. Description. See Blank et al. (2005). Host plant. ● Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. Geographic distribution. China (Jilin Province), South Korea (see Blank et al. 2005, fig. 3)., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Blank, S. M., Shinohara, A. & Byun, B. - K. (2005) The East Asian Xyela species (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) associated with Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora; Pinaceae) and their distribution history. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 36, 259 - 278."]}

Xyela erichsoni Dahlbom, 1835 Xyela erichsoni Dahlbom, 1835: 16, sex?, Sweden: Jemtlands län [“Jemtlandia”]; nomen nudum. Xyela erichsonii: Hartig 1837: 352 (misspelling); Dalla Torre 1894: 399 (unjustified emendation). Remarks. Dahlbom (1835) listed Xyela erichsoni as follows: “ Xyela Erichsoni mih. nov. sp.—Jemtlandia, D. Boheman”. This taxon has been treated as available, e.g., by Hartig (1837) but as unknown to the author, and by Klima (1937) under species inquirendae. Thomson (1871), who had studied Dahlbom’s material, did not take note of it. Hartig (1837) and Dalla Torre (1894) listed it as erichsonii, an unjustified emendation. Schedl (1978) associated X. erichsoni with Xyelatana (= Xyela longula group). The name has to be set aside as a nomen nudum (Smith 1978), because it was not accompanied by an original description (Art. 12.1, ICZN 1999)., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Dahlbom, G. (1835) Conspectus Tenthredinidum, Siricidum et Orussinorum scandinaviae quas Hymenopterorum familias. Kongl. Swenska Wetenskaps Academiens Handlingar, Havniae, 16 pp.","Hartig, T. (1837) Die Aderflugler Deutschlands mit besonderer Berucksichtigung ihres Larvenzustandes und ihres Wirkens in Waldern und Garten fur Entomologen, Wald- und Gartenbesitzer. Erster Band. In: Hartig. T.: Die Familien der Blattwespen und Holzwespen nebst einer allgemeinen Einleitung zur Naturgeschichte der Hautflugler. Haude und Spener, Berlin, 416 pp.","Dalla Torre, C. G. de (1894) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Volumen I: Tenthredinidae incl. Uroceridae (Phyllophaga & Xylophaga). G. Engelmann, Lipsiae, viii + 459 pp.","Klima, A. (1937) Xyelidae. In: Hedicke, H. (ed.) Hymenopterorum Catalogus. ' s-Gravenhage, Junk, 4, 1 - 12.","Thomson, C. G. (1871) Tenthredo et Sirex Lin. In: Hymenoptera Scandinaviae. H. Ohlsson, Lundae, 1, 342 pp.","Schedl, W. (1978) Die Xyelidae Europas (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Xyelidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Fundnachweise aus den Ostalpen. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 65, 97 - 115.","Smith, D. R. (1978) Suborder Symphyta (Xyelidae, Pararchexyelidae, Parapamphiliidae, Xyelydidae, Karatavidae, Gigasiricidae, Sepulciidae, Pseudosiricidae, Anaxyelidae, Siricidae, Xiphydriidae, Paroryssidae, Xyelotomidae, Blasticotomidae, Pergidae). In: van der Vecht, J. & Shenefelt, R. D. (eds) Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio). W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 14, 1 - 193.","ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London, 306 pp."]}

Xyela altenhoferi Blank, sp. nov. Type locality: Croatia, Premantura N 1 km. Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black and brown pattern: face medially diffuse pale brown laterally up to eye margins, along frontal furrows slightly darker brown without clearly defined stripes, dark brown medial spot of frons present and weakly contrasting, kidney-shaped spots, ocellar and postocellar spot black and embedded in diffuse brown pattern, yellow stripe between kidney-shaped spot and upper eye margin (Fig. 50). Antennae brown, ventrally a little paler. Thorax dorsally black with indistinct brown spots on pronotum, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum. Mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdomen dark brown, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10, partly the distal sterna, and valvifer 2 pale brown, membranous base of valvula 3 white, valvula 3 dark brown (Fig. 105). Legs brown, femora unicolorous, posterior coxae dark brown except for the ventral distal portion. Fore wing membrane, veins and pterostigma slightly infuscate, hind wing membrane hyaline. Morphology. Fore wing 3.7–4.0 mm long, 2.00–2.15 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 210–290 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs 210–330 µm proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 570–680 µm long, antennomere 4 130–160 µm long and 4.5–5.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of the maxillary palps 380–460 µm long, 1.35–1.55 times longer than the scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = (1.35–)1.50–1.65: 1. Ovipositor sheath 1.80–1.95 mm long, valvula 3 1.50–1.65 times longer than valvifer 2 and 5.5–6.0 times longer than wide at its base (Fig. 105). Valvula 3 of ovipositor compressed, pale membranous area about as long as basal width of valvula 3, dorsal edge of valvula 3 sloping down to a round tip, distally with sensilla field exposed and directed caudally, bearing 3 hairs. Ovipositor almost straight and compressed. Valvula 1 with aulax terminating distally, ventral edge to tip, with ca 15 oblique closely spaced annuli in distal quarter, without serrulae, olistether with 3–4 setae. Left and right valvula 2 fused along dorsal edge in basal half. Valvula 2 with smooth dorsal margin, tapering in distal half, pale and evenly sclerotized, in distal 0.4 with single scattered sensilla campaniformia, in distal 0.1 with 5 oblique annuli. Posterior tibia 0.80–0.95 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Male. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♀: “ Croatia: Premantura N 1 km, 0 m NN [altitude], 44°49’N 13°54’E [leg.] S.M. Blank & E. Altenhofer c[ollected on] 7.4.1999 em[erged on] 24.4.2001 Z 20/99 Pinus halepensis ”; [red:] “Holotype ♀ Xyela altenhoferi det. S. M. Blank 2005 ”. DEI. Paratypes: 11♀, EAC, DEI. Etymology. The species is dedicated to Dr. Ewald Altenhofer, whose support of this study by rearing a large number of Xyela specimens was invaluable. Host plant. ● Pinus halepensis Mill. (12♀ from 1 reared sample). Biology. Apparently the flight period of X. altenhoferi commences comparatively early. Cones with larvae were collected in Croatia while X. graeca and X. menelaus imagines were found to be active at a nearby place. The imagines emerged in the second year after the larvae were collected. Geographic distribution. Croatia (Fig. 13). Remarks. Xyela altenhoferi differs from other members of the X. julii group in the combination of short ovipositor, valvula 3 darker than valvifer 2, infuscate wings, diffuse brown frons with brown pattern touching eyes and stripes along frontal furrows weak or missing. The similar X. graeca and X. menelaus differ in the more extensively yellow face, the yellow or pale brown posterior coxae and the almost hyaline wings. The East Palearctic X. pumilae, in which the wings are also infuscate, has a yellow face with strongly contrasting black stripes, and its valvula 3 is 1.65–1.85 times longer than valvifer 2. The male of X. altenhoferi is unknown. So far Pleroneura coniferarum (Hartig, 1837) was supposed to be the only parthenogenetic species among xyelid sawflies (Pesarini 2000, Blank 2002)., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 34-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Blank, S. M., Shinohara, A. & Byun, B. - K. (2005) The East Asian Xyela species (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) associated with Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora; Pinaceae) and their distribution history. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 36, 259 - 278.","Hartig, T. (1837) Die Aderflugler Deutschlands mit besonderer Berucksichtigung ihres Larvenzustandes und ihres Wirkens in Waldern und Garten fur Entomologen, Wald- und Gartenbesitzer. Erster Band. In: Hartig. T.: Die Familien der Blattwespen und Holzwespen nebst einer allgemeinen Einleitung zur Naturgeschichte der Hautflugler. Haude und Spener, Berlin, 416 pp.","Pesarini, F. (2000) Taxonomical remarks on the European species of Pleroneura Konow, 1897 (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Xyelidae). Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale, 2 [1999], 69 - 74.","Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233."]}

Xyela helvetica (Benson, 1961) Xyelatana helvetica Benson, 1961: 171, ♀, type locality: Switzerland, Grisons, Val Ftur, near Fuorn. Xyela helvetica: Rasnitsyn 1965: 492, 504, 514 (combination with Xyela). Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black and brown pattern: two black stripes along frontal furrows meeting dark ocellar and postocellar area, dark longitudinal spot in middle of frons and kidney-shaped spots on vertex. Antennae brown. Thorax dorsally predominantly dark with few pale markings on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegulae pale, mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdominal terga dark brown, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10 brown or pale brown, valvifer 2 brown basally and dark distally, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 pale brown, valvula 3 brown with small pale ventral margin up to middle or farther (Fig. 86). Legs brown, femora with infuscate longitudinal stripes, ventral side of posterior coxae pale preapically. Wing membrane brownish infuscate, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 4.1–4.6 mm long, 1.20–1.35 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 25–100 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs 75–140µm distal to the furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 740–790 µm long, antennomere 4 ca 240 µm long and ca 6.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 260–280 µm long, 0.75–0.80 times as long as scape and narrower than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.55–2.00: 1. Ovipositor sheath ca 3.40 mm long, valvula 3 2.9–3.1 times longer than valvifer 2 and 11.5–12.0 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 86). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath diamond-shaped in cross section, pale membranous area distally extending up to middle or even farther as small ventral pale margin of valvula 3, valvula 3 distally narrowing to acicular tip, tip without defined sensilla field, with 4–7 blunt setae (Fig. 86). Ovipositor almost straight. Valvula 1 of ovipositor compressed, medial part parallel-sided and longitudinally slightly bicolorous (presumably due to different degree of sclerotization of dorsal and ventral portions), aulax terminating almost at tip, ventral edge sloping up to tip in distal 0.1, with ca 10 wide-spaced annuli in distal 0.1 (basal 2 annuli only present close to aulax and distal continuous from aulax to ventral edge of valvula 1, basal oblique and distal 2 almost vertical), 4–5 shallow serrulae, olistether with 6–8 setae. Valvula 2 dorsally smooth and parallel-sided with regular shallow notches and indistinct vertical annuli in distal half, notches not evidently related to evenly spread sensilla campaniformia, dorsal edge of left and right valvula fused for most of their length up to triangular rise at 0.9 of ovipositor length, distal 0.1 of valvula 2 tapering to tip, with ca 7 oblique annuli. Posterior tibia 1.00– 1.05 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Male. Unknown. Type material. Holotype ♀: [round label with red margin:] “Type”; “ Suisse—Gr. Val Ftur 23 IV 53 J. Aubert ”; “ Xyelatana helvetica sp. n. ♀ det. R. B. Benson 1960 ”; “ Xyela helvetica (Benson) ♀ det. S. M. Blank 2000”. Right antennal flagellum and parts of posterior tarsi missing. BNMC. Host plant. Ο Pinus mugo Turra, P. sylvestris L. (Schedl 1978). Geographic distribution. Austria, Switzerland (Fig. 19). Remarks. Females are distinguished from Xyela longula by the shorter ovipositor and the almost evenly pale colored valvula 1. See also remarks under X. longula. The male of X. helvetica remains unknown. The supposal of Viitasaari (1980) and Blank (2002) that the male reported by Schedl (1978) as X. longula from Hohe Wand (Lower Austria, NMW) belongs to X. helvetica cannot be confirmed here. In this male the valviceps is quite shallowly excised on its lower edge and the tip of the longer flagellum reaches 0.85 of the width of the distal lobe. However, study of a longer series of longula males reveals now that the morphological features of this specimen fall within the variability of X. longula. Thus the former identification of Schedl (1978) was correct, and the male X. helvetica remains undescribed. The collection data of the only two known females indicate an occurrence in the subalpine zone of the Alps and accordingly Pinus mugo as the supposedly only larval host plant. The holotype from Switzerland was collected at 1,900 m altitude, and a specimen from the Haller Zunderkopf (Karwendel Mountains, Austria) was swept from P. mugo. Pinus sylvestris, which was additionally taken into consideration (Schedl 1978, Blank 2002), should be excluded, because it is absent in the subalpine zone of the central Alps., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 54-55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Benson, R. B. (1961) The sawflies (Hymenoptera Symphyta) of the Swiss National Park and surrounding area. Ergebnisse der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen im Schweizerischen Nationalpark, 7, 161 - 195.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1965) Notes on the biology, systematics and phylogeny of Xyelinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Polske Pismo Entomologiczne, 35 (12), 483 - 519.","Benson, R. B. (1960) Two new European species of Xyela Dalman (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, ser. B (7 - 8), 110 - 112.","Schedl, W. (1978) Die Xyelidae Europas (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Xyelidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Fundnachweise aus den Ostalpen. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 65, 97 - 115.","Viitasaari, M. (1980) The taxonomy and synonymy of some eastern Fennoscandian sawfly species (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Notulae Entomologicae, 60 (3), 113 - 116.","Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233."]}

Xyela graeca J.P.E.F. Stein, 1876 Xyela graeca J.P.E.F. Stein, 1876: 57–58, ♀, type locality: Greece, Nomos Ioanina, Konitsa S 6 km; Konow 1897: 58 (junior synonym of julii); Benson 1938: 33, 35 (removed from synonymy). Pinicola graeca: André 1881: 468 (combination with Pinicola). Xyela nigrae Rasnitsyn, 1965: 519, ♀, type locality: Ukraine, Transcarpathia, Tur’i-Remety near Perechin; Rasnitsyn 1971: 193 (junior synonym of graeca). Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black and brown pattern: black stripes along frontal furrows often fading and at most 2 times wider than ocellar diameter, meeting black ocellar and postocellar area, black longitudinal medial spot of frons always present, weak in pale specimens, rarely fusing with frontal stripes, kidneyshaped spots on vertex separate from black postocellar area (Fig. 51–52). Antennae brown or pale brown, scape sometimes yellow. Thorax dorsally brown with rich yellow pattern on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegulae yellow and sometimes brown in middle, mesepisternum largely pale yellow. Abdominal terga brown, lateral parts of terga 7, 8 and 9+10 yellow or pale brown, valvifer 2 completely yellow or pale brown, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white, valvula 3 varying from yellow to pale brown (Fig. 107). Legs pale brown, posterior coxae pale brown or yellow and more or less infuscate from base. Wing membrane clear, venation and pterostigma pale. Morphology. Fore wing 2.6–3.9 mm long, 1.90–2.35(–?2.55) times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 130–280 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 510–710 µm long, antennomere 4 130–160 µm long and 4.5–5.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 410–480 µm long, 1.65–1.85 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.60–2.00: 1. Ovipositor sheath (1.35–) 1.60–1.80 mm long, valvula 3 (?1.60–)1.70–2.00 times longer than valvifer 2 and (?4.5–)4.8–5.8 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 107). Valvula 3 of ovipositor compressed, pale membranous area about as long as basal width of valvula 3, dorsal edge of valvula 3 sloping down to round tip, distally with sensilla field exposed and directed caudally, bearing 3 setae. Ovipositor straight and compressed. Valvula 1 with aulax terminating distally, ventral edge sloping up to tip, with ca 13–15 closely spaced oblique annuli in distal quarter, without serrulae, olistether with 4–5 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge in basal half. Valvula 2 with smooth dorsal margin, tapering in distal half, pale and evenly sclerotized, in distal 0.4 with single scattered sensilla campaniformia, in distal 0.1 with 3–5 oblique annuli. Posterior tibia 0.80–1.05 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to female, but often generally paler (see Fig. 53 for color pattern of head). Hypopygium yellow, often also preapical sterna largely yellow. Morphology. Fore wing 2.9–3.5 mm long, Rs+M 160–250 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs (130–)180–280 µm proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 510–700 µm long, antennomere 4 140–200 µm long and 5.5–7.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 340–430 µm long, 1.35–1.55 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = (1.40–)1.60–2.00(–2.20): 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk absent. Valviceps (1.70–)1.80–2.00 times longer than wide on medial lobe, lateral lamella distinct and oblique, proximal lobe of penis valve at proximal end round, 0.20–0.30 times as long as valviceps and 0.70–0.80 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge 0.16–0.22 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.35–1.55 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching (0.90–)0.95–1.05 width of distal lobe (Fig. 142). Valviceps with median longitudinal sclerotization present, medial lobe almost symmetrical and broad, with 5–10 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and scattered on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with 6–9 setae. Posterior tibia 0.70–0.85 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Barcodes. GUID ABU8786 (2♀ 1♂) Type material. Xyela graeca. Neotype ♂ (here designated): “ Greece, Nomos Ioanina, Konitsa S 6 km, 650 m NN [altitude above sea level], 40°06’N 20°46E, leg. Blank & Kutzscher c. [collected] 4.5.1999 em. [emerged] 21.3.2000 [rearing number] Z37/99, larva ex Pinus nigra [i.e., Pinus nigra pallasiana]”; “ Xyela graeca J.P.E.F. Stein, 1876 det. S. M. Blank 2000”; [rot:] “Neotypus ♂ Xyela graeca J.P.E.F. Stein, 1876 des. S. M. Blank 2001”. Genitalia stored inside small vial and kept on pin of type specimen. DEI. Xyela nigrae. Holotype ♀: [Cyrillic letters:] “ Karpati, Tur’i-Remety bliz Perechina [= Tur’i-Remety near Perechin], 15.V.65, A. Rasnitsyn ”; [rot:] “ Holotypus Xyela nigrae ♀ A. Rasnitsyn ”. In good condition. ZMUM. Paratype: 1♀, ZMUM. Host plant. Pinus brutia Ten. (Schedl 1981), Ο Pinus nigra ssp. laricio Poir, P. nigra ssp. mauretanica Maire & Peyerimhoff (Berland 1937, 1943), ● Pinus nigra ssp. nigra Arn. (43♀ 21♂ from 6 reared samples), ● P. nigra ssp. pallasiana Lamb. (78♀ 28♂ from 9 reared samples), Ο P. nigra ssp. salzmannii Dunal, P. sylvestris L. (2♂ from 1 reared sample). Biology. In a series reared from two almost syntopic samples of Pinus nigra pallasiana taken in southern Turkey X. menelaus hatched significantly earlier than X. graeca (females: n[graeca] = 10, n[menelaus] = 14, U = 9, α graeca] = 5, n[menelaus] = 11, U = 7, α X. curva from this sample hatched even ca 18 days earlier than X. graeca. This corresponds well with Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer’s (2000) observation, that Austrian X. graeca emerge in April, 1 or 2 weeks later than X. curva. In fact, Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer (2000) had a mixture of X. graeca and X. menelaus on hand. For additional phenological data see Blank (2002). Specimens collected in February 1937 in Algeria (Berland 1937 recording X. julii from Tikdja in the Djurjura) were identified as X. graeca by Blank (2002) but they might belong to a species associated with Pinus halepensis. Geographic distribution. Austria, Croatia, France, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine (Fig. 15). Additionally reported from Bulgaria (Vasilev 1987), the Slovakian Republic (Roller 1999) and Cyprus (Schedl 2002 as X. “ cf. graeca ”). These records are likely to be correct but should be re-examined, because they could relate to X. graeca or to X. menelaus. The record for Corsica by Liston & Späth (2005) refers to X. menelaus. Remarks. Among the pale representatives of the Xyela julii group with a comparatively short ovipositor two very similar forms occur in the West Palearctic, which both feed on Pinus nigra. Corresponding males have an apparent longitudinal sclerotization of the valviceps and a gradually ascending distal edge of the valviceps. The existence of two separate species is well founded upon the recognition of two different forms of penis valves. These species are here called X. graeca and X. menelaus, and in accordance with Benson (1960) the name menelaus is applied to the species with the shorter ovipositor (see below for discussion on nomenclature). The sexes of the two species were associated with the help of two reared series from Lower Austria and a reared series from southern Turkey. The first series from Hernstein mainly comprised of females with a comparatively long ovipositor and males with a shallowly excised valviceps bearing a narrowly rounded proximal lobe (= X. graeca). The second series from Dürnstein contained mainly females with shorter ovipositor and males with deeper excised valviceps having the proximal side of the proximal lobe truncate (= X. menelaus). This association of the sexes corresponds with the emergence phenology of specimens from the reared Turkish series (see above and Fig. 14). Unlike the males the discrimination of females of X. graeca and X. menelaus is often dubious. The relative length of fore wing: ovipositor sheath and valvifer 2: valvula 3, and the absolute ovipositor sheath length exhibit bimodal distributions. Since a wide overlap is considered, the characters in the key will separate some 80 % of the females. In the barcoding analysis, three specimens of X. graeca were grouped in a common cluster with 0.93 % intraspecific variability. This cluster is well separated from the cluster comprising specimens identified as X. menelaus (Fig. 23). The closest neighbor of X. graeca is X. obscura at an interspecific distance of 6.13 %. Xyela graeca was described from two females collected in Greece. Stein (1876) reported his own collection as their place of deposition. Today the collection of J.P.E.F. Stein is preserved at ZMHB (Groll 2010), but no corresponding specimen could be found there. Already Benson (1938) reported that H. Bischoff, former curator of the Hymenoptera section of ZMHB, was not able to trace the X. graeca type material, “as it was never received there with the rest of the collection”. As types of other taxa described by Stein (1876) like Lyda maculipennis (= Kelidoptera m.; see Blank et al. 1998) and Pachycephus smyrnensis can still to be located in ZMHB, the syntypes of X. graeca are deemed to be lost. Stein’s (1876) pale Xyela species can be assigned to the X. julii group because of its knife-like ovipositor sheath. Konow (1897) regarded it as a “schwächliches Exemplar” (feeblish specimen) of X. julii. Enslin (1918) cast doubt on the correctness of Konow’s opinion referring to Stein’s description of the comparatively short and yellow ovipositor sheath. Benson (1938) removed X. graeca from synonymy and applied the name to a Mediterranean species, which is distributed northwards to Austria. Already Berland (1943) considered Stein’s description not to allow the recognition of this species, and the assignment of the name to a particular species to remain uncertain as the type is lost. But he maintained the name for a Mediterranean species. Benson (1960) added a very similar species from Greece, X. menelaus, which was considered to differ from all previously known in the world by its very short ovipositor. He omitted to give a reason, why he believed it to be different from Stein’s X. graeca, which was also described due to its short ovipositor. Actually, Stein’s description suits both, X. graeca and X. menelaus, and both may be common on Greek stands of Pinus nigra. Interpreting only the original description it is impossible to decide which of them Stein had on hand, as he did not consider the exact proportion of the ovipositor sheath. The designation of a neotype is necessary to promote nomenclatural stability by assigning the name X. graeca to a distinct Mediterranean species of the X. julii group. Differing from the original type series a male specimen has been chosen as a consequence of the ambiguous identification of females (Art. 75.3.5., ICZN 1999). Like the original types it originates in Greece. It was reared from Pinus nigra pallasiana. In a footnote Berland (1943) mentioned X. graeca collection material from the MNHN labeled as “ pinicola, n. sp.” by Abeille de Perrin. However, the name is not available as “ pinicola ”, because it refers to Pinicola which has been assessed as a valid generic name in former times (see Berland 1947, who refers to the same specimen citing it as “ Pinicola, n. sp. ” written with a capital initial letter). Study of the X. nigrae holotype confirms the synonymy of this name with X. graeca, which has already been proposed by Rasnitsyn (1971). Both X. nigrae type specimens were reared from Pinus nigra. Schedl (1981) reported dark “ X. graeca ” females collected from P. brutia near Thripi on the Greek island Crete, and accordingly he concluded P. brutia to be an additional host plant of X. graeca. Berland (1937 under the name X. julii, 1943) accounted P. nigra var. mauretanica as a host of X. graeca, but the presence of X. graeca in Morocco or Algeria has not been confirmed. Such material belongs to forms which are similar to X. altenhoferi (Fig. 13) and these host record should be deleted for X. graeca. Single specimens of X. graeca occurred in a reared series of X. julii from P. sylvestris. The sample was taken from a mixed stand of P. sylvestris and P. nigra in Lower Austria. In northeastern Germany P. sylvestris was found to shed pollen about two weeks earlier than P. nigra, but after a cold spring the phenology of both pines may overlap providing females the opportunity to oviposit on an unusual pine species., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 35-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Stein, J. P. E. F. (1876) Einige neue dalmatinische, griechische und kleinasiatische Tenthrediniden. Entomologische Zeitung, 37, 53 - 61.","Konow, F. W. (1897) Ueber die Xyelini. Entomologische Nachrichten (F. Karsch), 23 (4), 55 - 58.","Benson, R. B. (1938) European sawflies of the genus Xyela Dalman (sens. lat.) (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, ser. B 7 (2), 32 - 36.","Andre, E. (1881) Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe & d'Algerie. Beaune (Cote-d'Or), 1 [1879 - 1882] (9), 381 - 484.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1965) Notes on the biology, systematics and phylogeny of Xyelinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Polske Pismo Entomologiczne, 35 (12), 483 - 519.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1971) [Evolution of the Hymenoptera of the family Xyelidae.] (In Russian). Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 130, 187 - 196.","Meusel, H., Jager, E. & Weinert, E. (1965) Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropaischen Flora. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 583 pp. [text] + 258 pp. [maps].","Barbero, M., Loisel, R., Quezel, P., Richardson, D. M. & Romane, F. (1998) Pines of the Mediterranean Basin. In: Richardson, D. M. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne and Madrid, pp. 153 - 170 [paperback edition, 2000].","Schedl, W. (1981) Die Pflanzenwespen der Insel Kreta (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich- Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 68, 145 - 157.","Berland, L. (1937) Sur la presence en Afrique du Nord d'une espece du genre Xyela [Hym. Tenthredinoidea]. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 42, 192.","Berland, L. (1943) Les Xyelidae de France [Hym. Sessiliventres]. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 48 (6), 89 - 92.","Pschorn-Walcher, H. & Altenhofer, E. (2000) Langjahrige Larvenaufsammlungen und Zuchten von Pflanzenwespen (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) in Mitteleuropa. Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 32 (1), 273 - 327.","Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233.","Vasilev, I. B. (1987) Xyela graeca Stein. - predstavitel na novo semejstvo (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) sa faunata na B-lgarija. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 31, 86 - 88.","Roller, L. (1999) Checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Slovakia. Entomological Problems, 30 (2), 37 - 48.","Liston, A. D. & Spath, J. (2005) New data on the sawfly fauna of Corsica with the description of a new species Pontania cyrnea sp. n. (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen, 54, 2 - 7.","Benson, R. B. (1960) Two new European species of Xyela Dalman (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, ser. B (7 - 8), 110 - 112.","Groll, E. K. (ed) (2010) Biografien der Entomologen der Welt. Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Muncheberg, database version 4.15, http: // www. sdei. de / biographies / (accessed: 7.10.2012).","Blank, S. M., Shinohara, A. & Taeger, A. (1998) Revisionary notes on pamphiliid sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta: Pamphiliidae). Preliminary studies for a catalogue of Symphyta, part 3. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 45 (1), 17 - 31.","Enslin, E. (1918) Die Tenthredinoidea Mitteleuropas VII. (Schluss). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, [1917] (Beiheft 7), 663 - 790.","ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London, 306 pp.","Berland, L. (1947) Hymenopteres Tenthredinoides. In: Faune de France. P. Lechevalier, Paris., vol. 47, 496 pp."]}

Xyela pumilae Blank & Shinohara, sp. nov. Type locality: Japan, Hokkaido, Kamikawa, Mt. Piyashiri. Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black pattern (brown is absent): two black stripes along supraantennal furrows meeting black ocellar and postocellar area and black longitudinal spot in middle of frons always present; kidney-shaped spot on vertex anteriorly confluent with black postocellar area (Fig. 66). Antennae brown. Mesoscutum black with yellow pattern on medial half of lateral lobes, mesoscutellum with large yellow spot. Abdominal terga dark brown to black, lateral parts of preapical terga, partly distal sternum, valvifer 2 and valvula 3 brown, membranous base of valvula 3 whitish (Fig. 115). Legs mainly pale brown, femora sometimes with brown longitudinal stripes, posterior coxae mainly dark brown to black. Wing membrane, venation and pterostigma brownish infuscate. Morphology. Fore wing 3.9–4.3 mm long, 2.15 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein 1m-cu absent and Rs+M 175–275 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 590–610 µm long, antennomere 4 150–160 mm long and 4.5–5.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 450–500 µm long, 1.50–1.65 times longer than scape and distinctly wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.40–1.60: 1. Ovipositor sheath 1.80–2.00 mm long, valvula 3 1.65–1.85 times longer than valvifer 2 and 6.0–6.5 times longer than wide (Fig. 115). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath compressed, basally with pale membranous about as long as width of valvula, dorsal outline preapically sloping downwards to round apex, distally with sensilla field exposed and directed caudally, bearing 4 setae. Ovipositor almost straight and compressed. Valvula 1 with aulax terminating distally, ventral edge sloping up to tip, with ca 14 oblique closely spaced annuli in distal quarter, without serrulae, olistether with 4 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge in basal half. Valvula 2 with smooth dorsal margin, tapering in distal half, pale and evenly sclerotized, in distal 0.4 with single scattered sensilla campaniformia, in distal 0.05 with 4 indistinct oblique annuli. Posterior tibia 0.85–0.95 mm long, all claws without subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to female (see Fig. for color pattern of head). Supraantennal furrows with small black stripes, kidney-shaped spots free. Hypopygium brown. Morphology. Fore wing ca 3.8 mm long, Rs+M 200–230 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 ca 710 µm long, antennomere 4 ca 170 µm long and ca 5.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp ca 430 µm long, ca 1.40 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = ca 1.40: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular very small and in lateral position (seemingly absent). Valviceps ca 1.55–1.60 times longer than wide on medial lobe, oblique lateral lamella distinct, upper edge of proximal lobe of valviceps almost parallel to longitudinal axis of valviceps, 0.24–0.25 times as long as valviceps and 0.70–0.75 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge ca 0.23 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.15–1.20 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.55–0.65 width of distal lobe (Fig. 148). Valviceps with distinct median longitudinal sclerotization present, upper edge of medial lobe round and strikingly protruding, with 8–10 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and scattered on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with few short setae. Posterior tibia ca 0.95 mm long, all claws without subapical tooth. Type material: Holotype ♀: “ Mt. Piyashiri, Kamikawa, Hokkaido, 23.VI.1990, [leg.] A. Shinohara ”; [red:] “ Holotype ♀ Xyela pumilae spec. nov. det. S. M. Blank 2000”. NSMT. Paratypes: 2♀ 1♂, DEI, NSMT. Etymology. The species is named according to the strongly supposed host plant, Pinus pumila. Host plant. Ο Pinus pumila Regel. Geographic distribution. Japan (Hokkaido), map (Fig. 9). Remarks. This is the only Japanese Xyela of the julii group with conspicuously brownish infuscate wings. Additionally, other Japanese species have the dark pattern of the frons either more or less brown (X. variegata) or the dark pattern is more extensive (X. tecta). See also remarks under X. julii. Xyela pumilae is the only representative of the X. julii group for which a host association with Pinus (‘ Strobus ’) can be demonstrated. On Mt. Piyashiri A. Shinohara swept the two females from P. pumila. As this is the only pine species at the collection site, this species is believed to be associated with it. Pinus pumila is widely distributed in northeastern Asia (Russian Far East, North Korea, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, Japan) with a large altitudinal amplitude (300–3,700 m; Kindel 1995), but X. pumilae has so far only be found on the Japanese island Hokkaido.

Xyela meridionalis Shinohara, 1983 Xyela meridionalis Shinohara, 1983: 310–312, ♀, type locality: Taiwan, Nantou-Hsien, Puli E 13 km, Nanshanchi. Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black pattern (brown is absent): two black stripes along frontal furrows meeting black ocellar and postocellar area and black longitudinal spot in middle of frons always present; kidney-shaped spots on vertex separate from black postocellar area (Fig. 40). Antennae brown. Thorax dorsally brown with yellow pattern on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegulae pale, mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdominal terga black, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10 and preapical sterna brown, valvifer 2 completely pale brown, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white, valvula 3 black with small white ventral edge up to distal quarter (Figs 89, 103). Legs pale brown, posterior coxae brown laterally at basal quarter. Wing membrane, venation and pterostigma slightly infuscate. Morphology. Fore wing 3.8–4.1 mm long, 3.30–3.50 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 100–210 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 680–740 µm long, antennomere 4 180–210 µm long and 6.0–6.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 440–500 µm long, 1.45–1.55 times longer than scape and about as wide as synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.55–1.70: 1. Ovipositor sheath 1.15–1.20 mm long, valvula 3 0.85–0.90 times longer than valvifer 2 and 2.7–2.8 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 89, 103). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath laterally flattened, in lateral view ca 2 times higher than wide in dorsal view, dorsal 0.75 somewhat rounded in cross-section. Length of pale membranous area longer than high and distally extending up to distal third of valvula 3, dorsal and ventral edge of valvula 3 distally narrowing to round tip, distally with sensilla field directed caudally, bearing most likely 9 (possibly 8) setae. Ovipositor straight. Valvula 1 of ovipositor straight and compressed, aulax terminating preapically, in distal 0.25 evenly tapering to the tip bearing 11 vertical annuli and 5(–6) serrulae, olistether with 4–5 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge up to distal 0.25. Valvula 2 pale brown throughout and sclerotized, basal 0.75 of valvula 2 with scattered sensilla campaniformia and in the middle with 3 shallow protuberances, distal 0.25 tapering toward the tip, distal 0.25 with 6 vertical annuli and 6 dorsal teeth, areas between the annuli each with 1–3 sensilla campaniformia. Posterior tibia 0.90–0.95 mm long, all claws with subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to female (see Fig. 41 for color pattern of head). Stripes along supraantennal furrows anteriorly indistinct. Hypopygium and partly preapical sterna pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 3.7 mm long, Rs+M 210 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 850 µm long, antennomere 4 290 µm long and 8.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 450 µm long, 1.35 times longer than scape and about as wide as synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.65: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk small but evident. Valviceps 1.60 times longer than wide on medial lobe, vertical lateral lamella present with proximal and distal edge s-shaped, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.16 times as long as valviceps and 1.05 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge 0.27 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.25 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.95 width of distal lobe (Fig. 135). Valviceps without distinct median longitudinal sclerotization present but slightly infuscate longitudinally, medial lobe almost symmetric, with 23–27 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and scattered on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with dense pattern of setae. Posterior tibia 0.95 mm long, all claws with a subapical tooth. Type material. Holotype ♀: “ Nanshanchi, nr. Puli, Nantou, Taiwan, China, 15.III.1979, A. Shinohara leg.”; [red:] “ Holotype Xyela meridionalis Shinohara, 1983 ”. Left antennomeres 6–12 missing, otherwise in perfect condition, distal part of abdomen in small genitalia vial on pin of type specimen. UOPJ. Host plant. Ο Pinus morrisonicola Hayata. Geographic distribution. Taiwan (Fig. 12). Remarks. The male of Xyela meridionalis has not been recognized until now. The sexes were associated using material collected by A. Shinohara at the same locality, even from the same individual tree, during several years. From this site, only a single unidentified male of the X. julii group was additionally available. This species is very similar to representatives of the X. alpigena group due to, 1, presence of a narrow vertical, s-shaped lamella of the valviceps; 2, upper edge of proximal lobe of valviceps protruding above medial lobe; 3, presence of sclerotization on the dorsal edge of valvula 2 each enclosing one or two sensilla campaniformia. Since X. meridionalis does not share some of the apomorphies of the X. alpigena group, it is treated separately. Xyela meridionalis has the basal part of valvula 3 parallel-sided and the sensilla field directed caudally. In the X. alpigena group valvula 3 is wedge-shaped and the sensilla field directed laterally. The strikingly short valvula 3 is an apomorphy of X. meridionalis, which makes it difficult to assess agreement or disagreement of the shape of its cross section among the taxa. The penis valve of X. meridionalis differs from representatives of the X. alpigena group in the shorter proximal lobe, the deeper excision of the lower edge, and the longer distal flagella. Shinohara (1983) discussed X. meridionalis and the Chinese X. exilicornis as possibly conspecific. The latter is here classified as member of the X. curva group. It has a strikingly different penis valve, e.g., proximal lobe not protruding above medial lobe, and lateral lamella wide and not s-shaped anteriorly. The host plant supposedly is Pinus morrisonicola. The holotype and the material collected in 1991 were swept from the same pine tree belonging to the Pinus (‘ Strobus ’) in an open grove at about 800 m altitude (Shinohara 1983, and present data). Two species of Pinus (‘ Strobus ’) are native to Taiwan, P. armandii Franchet and P. morrisonicola. Pinus armandii can be excluded as host plant, because it is restricted to an altitude of (1,500–) 2,300 –3,000 m, and it is generally found above P. morrisonicola (300–2,300 m) (Mirov 1967, Richardson & Rundel 1998)., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 61-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Shinohara, A. (1983) Discovery of the families Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Blasticotomidae, and Orussidae from Taiwan, with descriptions of four new species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 85, 309 - 320.","Mirov, N. T. (1967) The genus Pinus. The Ronald Press Company, New York, 602 pp.","Richardson, D. M. & Rundel, P. W. (1998) Ecology and biogeography of Pinus: an introduction. In: Richardson, D. M. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne and Madrid, pp. 3 - 46 [paperback edition, 2000]."]}

Xyela rasnitsyni group Diagnosis. Ovipositor sheath very long (3.0– 3.3 mm), fore wing 1.20–1.25 times longer than ovipositor (Fig. 104); valvula 3 compressed in cross-section, with acicular tip, without defined sensilla field; harpes longer than wide; medial lobe of penis valve strongly asymmetrical, inclined toward base of valviceps (Fig. 140). Species included. Xyela rasnitsyni in the East Palearctic., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330

Xyela curva Benson, 1938 Xyela curva Benson, 1938: 35–36, ♂, type locality: Austria, Weissenbach an der Tristing [= Weissenbach on river Triesting]. Xyela curvae: Zombori 1974: 238 (misspelling). Xyela graeca: Schedl 1997: fig. 2b (misidentification). Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with brown and black pattern: two dark brown stripes along the frontal furrows meeting black ocellar and postocellar area and dark longitudinal spot in middle of frons always present; kidney-shaped spots on vertex usually separate from black postocellar area (Fig. 42). Antennae dark brown to black, a little paler below. Thorax dorsally brown with pale pattern on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegulae pale, mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdominal terga dark brown to brown, sterna often paler, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10 and hypopygium pale, valvifer 2 mostly dark brown, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white, valvula 3 black or dark brown (Fig. 92, 118). Legs pale brown, posterior coxae pale, more or less their base and longitudinal ventro-lateral line dark. Wing membrane slightly infuscate, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 4.7–5.2 mm long, 2.15–2.30 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 150–350 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2 (Fig. 4). Synantennomere 3 780–930 µm long, antennomere 4 210–250 µm long and 6.5–7.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 530–630 µm long, 1.45–1.65 times longer than scape and about as wide as synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.85–2.20: 1. Ovipositor sheath 2.05–2.30 mm long, valvula 3 1.50–1.70 times longer than valvifer 2 and 6.5–7.5 times longer than wide at basis (Fig. 92, 118). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath compressed in cross section, pale membranous area about as long as basal width of valvula 3, valvula 3 almost parallel-sided in basal and medial part, in distal part dorsal edge sloping down to round tip, sensilla field present and directed distad, with 7–8 setae (Fig. 93). Ovipositor (Fig. 124) curved downwards. Valvula 1 of ovipositor compressed, aulax terminating preapically, with preapical small tooth, ventral edge sloping up to tip, with ca 13 oblique closely spaced annuli in distal 0.2, without serrulae, olistether with 7–9 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge up to distal 0.1. Valvula 2 with dorsal margin engraved, abruptly tapering in distal 0.1 after an inconspicious widening, darker than valvula 1, in distal half with ca 13 mostly vertical annuli, in distal 0.4 with ca 13 evenly spaced sclerotizations each enclosing 1–2 sensilla campaniformia. Posterior tibia 1.05–1.20 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to female (see Fig. 43 for color pattern of head). Stripes along supraantennal furrows often smaller, antennae usually pale brown. Hypopygium and often preceding sterna pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 4.0– 4.6 mm long, Rs+M ca 110–200 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 840–1,000 µm long, antennomere 4 280–350 µm long and 8.5–10.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 500–580 µm long, 1.35–1.55 times longer than scape and about as wide as synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.65–2.00: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view (Figs 155–156). Lower ergot on valvular stalk present, usually erect. Valviceps (1.60–)1.75–1.85 times longer than wide on medial lobe, lateral lamella vertical with proximal edge convex and distal base concave, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.14–0.17(–0.19) times as long as valviceps and ca 0.95–1.00 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge 0.15–0.21 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.00–1.20 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 1.05–1.15(–1.25) width of distal lobe (Fig. 136). Valviceps without median longitudinal sclerotization, medial lobe evenly rounded, with 8–12(–19) cone-like sensilla along proximal part of upper edge and of lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with numerous setae. Posterior tibia 1.00– 1.15 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Barcodes. GUID AAQ3776 (3♀). Type material. Holotype ♀: [round label with red margin:] “Type”; “Weissenbach a. d. Tristing 5.83”; [leg.] “Kolazy”; “ Julii det. Konow”; “Holotype Xyela curva sp. nov. ♀ det. R. B. Benson 1937”; [red:] “Typus”; “ Xyela curva Benson ♀ det. S. M. Blank”. Left antenna, left middle and hind legs and ovipositor sheath missing. NMW. Paratypes: 1♀ 2♂, BMNH, NMW (other paratypes not checked). Host plant. Pinus cembra L. (Liston 1995), P. mugo Turra (Liston 1995), Ο P. nigra ssp. laricio Poir (= P. laricio calabrica (Loud.) Cesca et Peruzzi, reported by Turrisi 2007), ● P. nigra ssp. nigra Arn. (17♀ 34♂ from 6 reared samples), ● P. nigra ssp. pallasiana Lamb. (22♀ 22♂ from 7 reared samples, 1 larva identified by barcoding), Ο P. nigra ssp. salzmannii Dunal, P. sylvestris L. (Beneš 1975). Biology. The flimsy, transparent cocoon was described by Schedl (1997). We have not been able to identify the mode of silk secretion unambiguously when observing X. curva larvae producing a cocoon below a pane of glass. The larvae make a cavity in the soil and cover its wall with cocoon material by repeatedly touching the surface with the stretched labio-maxillar complex and the chewing mandibles. Secretion of a liquid or a thread from the mouth or from the abdominal tip has not been observed, but possibly only a small amount of material is discharged. A histological or ultrastructural study is required to decide, whether labial glands or malpighian tubules of the larva produce the secretion during cocoon-spinning. For additional data on the biology of X. curva see Blank (2002). Geographic distribution. Austria, Belgium (Liston & Blank, 2006), Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany (Blank & Burger 1996), Great Britain (Liston & Blank, 2006), Greece, Hungary, Italy (for records from Sicily see Turrisi 2007), Netherlands, Slovakian Republic, Spain, Turkey (Fig. 11). Benson’s (1961) record from Switzerland is a misidentication of a X. obscura female. Remarks. Female Xyela curva are similar to X. exilicornis but have a longer ovipositor, and the pale and dark pattern of valvula 2 is more extensive. The ventral excision of the valviceps is round in X. curva but angular in other representatives of the group. In females from Austria and Germany the dark stripes along the frontal furrows are usually wider than the kidney-shaped spots, and sometimes the frontal area becomes diffuse brown, whereas in Greek and the, palest, Turkish specimens the stripes may be as small as the diameter of an ocellus and the frontal area predominantly yellow. The generally paler males exhibit a similar geographic variation of the dark pattern of the face as the females. A complete barcoding sequence was obtained for three imagines of X. curva. The specimens display an intraspecific variation of 1.40 % and are placed at an interspecific distance of 11.29 % to the next neighbor X. alpigena (Fig. 23). The type material corresponds well with our concept of the species. Males and females have been associated by means of extensive material either reared or swept from Pinus nigra. Imagines were reared several times from Pinus nigra ssp. nigra in Austria and Germany, and from ssp. pallasiana in Greece and Turkey. For a larva extracted from P. nigra ssp. pallasiana a short COI sequence (282 bp) could be obtained. The barcoding analysis placed this larva in the cluster of X. curva (Fig. 23). Pinus nigra ssp. laricio and ssp. salzmannii are additionally supposed to be hosts due to geographical coincidence of these pine subspecies with X. curva in southern Italy and on the Iberian Peninsula (differentiation of subspecies following Barbéro et al. 1998). Beneš (1975) reported P. sylvestris. This should be deleted, because there is no indication of rearing. Liston’s (1995) records of P. cembra and P. mugo are most likely based on Benson’s (1961) misidentification of X. curva (actually X. obscura) from 1,800 m altitude in the Swiss National Park., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Benson, R. B. (1938) European sawflies of the genus Xyela Dalman (sens. lat.) (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, ser. B 7 (2), 32 - 36.","Zombori, L. (1974) A check-list of Symphyta from the Carpathian Basin (Hymenoptera). I. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, n. s. 27 (1), 237 - 242.","Schedl, W. (1997) Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie und Biologie von Xyela curva Benson, 1938 (Hymenoptera: Symphyta, Xyelidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 49, 37 - 40.","Liston, A. D. (1995) Compendium of European Sawflies. Chalastos Forestry, Daibersdorf / Gottfrieding, 190 pp.","Turrisi, G. F. (2007) Xyela curva Benson, 1938 (Hymenoptera Xyelidae), specie nuova per la fauna Siciliana. Il Naturalista siciliano: giornale di scienze naturali, 4. Ser., 31, 69 - 76.","Benes, K. (1975) Sawflies new to fauna of Czechoslovakia (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 72 (2), 121 - 126.","Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233.","Liston, A. D. & Blank, S. M. (2006) New and little-known British Xyelidae and Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 142, 219 - 227.","Blank, S. M. & Burger, F. (1996) Bemerkenswerte Hymenopterenfunde aus Ostdeutschland (Hymenoptera, Symphyta und Aculeata). Beitrage der Hymenopterologen-Tagung, [1996], 6 - 7.","Benson, R. B. (1961) The sawflies (Hymenoptera Symphyta) of the Swiss National Park and surrounding area. Ergebnisse der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen im Schweizerischen Nationalpark, 7, 161 - 195.","Barbero, M., Loisel, R., Quezel, P., Richardson, D. M. & Romane, F. (1998) Pines of the Mediterranean Basin. In: Richardson, D. M. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne and Madrid, pp. 153 - 170 [paperback edition, 2000]."]}

Xyela heldreichii Blank, sp. nov. Type locality: Greece, Nomos Grevena, Pindos National Park E, Metsovo N 15 km, Mount Blia. Xyela julii: Csiki 1923: 104 (misidentification). Description. Female. Color. Head dark brown to black, usually with indistinct stripes on vertex along upper eye margin extending more or less toward facial and genal orbits, sometimes with indistinct spots lateral to postocellar area and on interantennal area. Antennae brown, ventrally a little paler (Fig. 58). Thorax dorsally brown, rarely with more or less distinct pale pattern on mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegulae pale and largely brown in middle. Thorax ventrally brown, mesosternum laterally yellow. Abdomen brown, tergum 8 and 9+10 laterally and more or less preapical sterna pale brown to yellow. Valvifer 2 yellow, valvula 3 generally darker, preapically infuscate and pale at tip (Fig. 108). Legs yellow, coxae brown, upper side of femora and lower side of femora 3 more or less darkened. Wings almost clear, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing (3.2–) 3.6–4.5 mm long, 1.60–1.80 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 200–330 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 (490–)610–860 µm long, antennomere 4 (100–)140–180 µm long and 4.0–5.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 470–610 µm long, 1.45–1.80 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.45–1.85: 1. Ovipositor sheath (2.00–)2,30–2,75 mm long, valvula 3 1.95–2.25 times longer than valvifer 2 and 7.0–8.0 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 108). Valvula 3 of ovipositor compressed, pale membranous area about as long as basal width of valvula 3, dorsal edge of valvula 3 sloping down to round tip, distally with sensilla field exposed and directed caudally, bearing 3 setae. Ovipositor almost straight and compressed. Valvula 1 with aulax terminating distally, ventral edge sloping up to tip, with 15–16 oblique closely spaced annuli in distal quarter, without serrulae, olistether with 6–7 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge in basal half. Valvula 2 with smooth dorsal margin, tapering in distal half, pale and evenly sclerotized, in distal 0.4 with single sensilla campaniformia, in distal 0.1 with 5 oblique annuli. Posterior tibia (0.80–) 0.90–1.15 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Male. Color. Head yellow with black pattern: narrow black stripes along frontal furrows meeting ocellar and postocellar spot, medial spot on frons, kidney-shaped spots on vertex separate from black postocellar area (Fig. 59). Antennae pale brown. Thorax dorsally black, pronotum laterally sometimes with brown spot, lateral and more or less anterior mesonotal lobes with yellow, mesoscutellum with yellow spot, tegulae pale and sometimes brown in middle, mesepisternum largely yellow. Abdominal terga dark brown, hypopygium yellow to brown, usually paler than preceding sterna. Legs pale brown, posterior coxae laterally brown and ventrally brown in basal and pale in distal half. Wing membrane almost hyaline, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 3.3–3.7 mm long, Rs+M 210–250 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 640–810 µm long, antennomere 4 (130–)160–200 µm long and 4.5–5.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 440–530 µm long, 1.45–1.65 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.55–1.75: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk absent. Valviceps 1.50–1.55 times longer than wide on medial lobe, with distinct oblique lateral lamella, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.26–0.30 times as long as valviceps and 0.70–0.75 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge 0.18–0.21 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.15–1.25 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.70–0.75 width of distal lobe (Fig. 143). Valviceps with median longitudinal sclerotization present, medial lobe almost symmetric and broad, with 5–9 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and scattered on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with 11–15 setae. Posterior tibia (0.85–)0.90–1.00 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Type material. Holotype ♀: “ Greece: Nom. [Nomos] Grevena, Pindos Natl. [National] Park E, Metsovo N 15 km, Mt. Blia, 1550 m NN, 27.– 28.5.2000, 20°54N 21°12E, swept from grass below Pinus heldreichii, leg. Blank & Kutzscher ”; [red:] “Holotype ♀ Xyela heldreichii spec. n. det. S. M. Blank 2000”. DEI. Paratypes: 63♀ 8♂, DEI, EJC, HNHM, MKC, MZLS, RSME, WSC, ZSM. Etymology. Like its host plant, Pinus heldreichii, the new Xyela species is dedicated to Theodor von Heldreich, who was one of the first modern scientific explorers of the Olympus mountain range, where part of the material of X. heldreichii was collected. From 1851, when von Heldreich climbed the Olympus first, until his death in 1902, he contributed more to Greek botany than anybody else before (Strid 1980). Host plant. ● Pinus heldreichii Chr. (observation of two females ovipositing into staminate cones). Geographic distribution. Albania, Greece (Fig. 16). Remarks. Xyela heldreichii, X. obscura and X. uncinatae differ from other Palearctic representatives of the X. julii group in their (at least predominantly) dark brown or black head. Female X. heldreichii are separated from X. obscura and X. uncinatae by the longer ovipositor and the smaller fore wing: ovipositor ratio, and the brown valvula 3. There are single specimens with a predominantly pale valvula 3, which is not darker than valvifer 2 (possibly not completely colored specimens). In males, the hypopygium is usually paler than the preceding sterna, whereas the sterna are similarly colored in X. julii, X. obscura and X. uncinatae. See also remarks under X. julii. This species has been reported under the name Xyela julii by Csiki (1923), who studied two females collected at “Mts. Gyalicalums” at 1,650 m. This name corresponds with the Albanian mountain Gjalicë e Lumës, which lies southeast of Kukës (Friese & Königsmann 1962). The larval host plant is without doubt Pinus heldreichii. In Greece, imagines have been collected several times in P. heldreichii woodland either directly from the pine trees or they were swept from the grass below the trees (Mt. Olymp at 2,000 m; Pindos National Park at 1,750 m; Vasilitsa Ski Resort at 1,830 m). On collection sites at lower altitudes P. heldreichii was growing intermixed with P. nigra (Pindos National Park at 1,550 m; Mt Smolikas at 1,500 m). However, P. nigra can be excluded as the host plant for two reasons: 1, their staminate cones were too strongly developed at the time of collecting X. heldreichii, and the remaining period for a proper development of the larvae would accordingly have been too short; and 2, cones of P. nigra presented to X. heldreichii females were not accepted for oviposition, but cones of P. heldreichii were. Fully developed Xyela larvae hatched from P. heldreichii cones collected in the Pindos National Park at 1,400 m and on Mt Smolikas at 1,500 m in the year 2000. From these samples no imagines hatched in spring 2001, but living larvae were still present in the rearing jars. Possibly, larvae of P. heldreichii diapause at least two years as is known for the other European subalpine Xyela species, X. alpigena and X. obscura. Pinus heldreichii (panzer pine, white-bark pine) occurs in the dry and usually rocky upper zone of limestone mountains in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula (Friese & Königsmann 1962, Polunin 1988, Kindel 1995). A disjunct population is present in southeastern Italy (Adamović 1909, Kindel 1995), but no Xyela material was available from there. In Greece, single P. heldreichii trees are found at ca 1,000 m. There and at higher altitude it grows intermixed with P. nigra, P. heldreichii becoming dominant from ca 1,700 m. Above 2,000 m it forms an open woodland. Between 2,300 and 2,500 m, the P. heldreichii is reduced to krummholz which gradually becomes lower and more scattered (Strid 1980). Within the P. heldreichii zone, X. heldreichii has been collected from 1,400 to 2,000 m. It is possibly absent at lower altitudes as no larvae were found in 4 samples of staminate cones collected on the Mt. Olympus range between 900 and 1,300 m., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 39-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Csiki, E. (1923) VIII. Leveldarazsak. Tenthredinoidea. In: Csiki Ern o allattani kutatasai Albaniaban. - Explorationes zoologicae ab E. Csiki in Albania peractae. A Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Balkan-kutatasainak tudomanyos eredmenyei, 1 [1922], 103 - 108.","Strid, A. (1980) Wild flowers of Mount Olympus. Goulandris Natural History Museum, Kifissia, 363 pp.","Friese, G. & Konigsmann, E. (1962) Ergebnisse der Albanien-Expedition 1961 des Deutschen Entomologischen Institutes. 1. Beitrag. Bericht uber den Verlauf der Reise. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 12 (7 / 8), 765 - 843.","Kindel, K. - H. (1995) Kiefern in Europa. Bildtafeln und Beschreibungen der in europaischen Waldern, Garten und Parks anzutreffenden einheimischen und fremdlandischen Arten. G. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena and New York, 204 pp.","Adamovic, L. (1909) Die Vegetationsverhaltnisse der Balkanlander (Mosische Lander) umfassend Serbien, Altserbien, Bulgarien, Ostrumelien, Nordthrakien und Nordmazedonien. In: Engel, A. & Drude, O. (eds) Die Vegetation der Erde. Sammlung Pflanzengeographischer Monographien Nr. XI. W. Engelmann, Leipzig."]}

Xyela exilicornis Maa, 1949 Xyela exilicornis Maa 1949: 30–32, ♂, type locality: China, Fujian Sheng, Shaowu, Wuku. Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with brown and black pattern: face predominantly pale brown leaving small stripe along eye and on vertex yellow, two diffuse black stripes along frontal furrows meeting black ocellar and postocellar area, black longitudinal spot in middle of frons present; kidney-shaped spots on vertex separate from black postocellar area. Antenna pale brown. Thorax dorsally brown with more or less yellow pattern on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegulae pale, mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdominal terga brown, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10 paler, valvifer 2 completely pale brown, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white, valvula 3 brown (darker than valvifer 2). Legs pale brown, posterior coxae dark brown with distal 0.3–0.5 pale. Wing membrane slightly infuscate, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 4.0– 4.3 mm long, 1.95–2.05 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 125–150 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 640–760 µm long, antennomere 4 130–150 µm long and 4.0–5.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 440–480 µm long, 1.35–1.50 times longer than scape and about as wide as synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.70–1.90: 1. Ovipositor sheath 2.0– 2.1 mm long, valvula 3 1.70–1.80 times longer than valvifer 2 and 6.5–7.0 times longer than wide at base. Valvula 3 of ovipositor strongly compressed in cross section, pale membranous area along ventral edge of valvula 2 about as long as width of valvula 3 at base, dorsal edge of valvula 3 sloping down to round tip in distal fifth, valvula 3 with sensilla field exposed and directed caudally, bearing 8 setae. Ovipositor bent downwards. Valvula 1 compressed, aulax terminating preapically, small preapical tooth of dorsal edge present, dorsal edge sloping down and ventral edge sloping up to tip, with ca 13 oblique closely spaced annuli in distal 0.2, without serrulae, olistether with ca 7 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge up to distal 0.1, dorsal margin almost smooth, distal 0.1 abruptly narrowing to tip. Valvula 1 in distal third with 10 almost vertical annuli, slightly proximal to annuli groups of 2 sensilla campaniformia enclosed by an indistinct sclerotization. Posterior tibia 0.9–1.0 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Male. Color. Head yellow with pale and dark brown pattern: ocellar and postocellar area and kidney-shaped spots dark, frons pale or indistinctly diffuse pale brown (faded holotype possibly with brown stripes along supraantennal furrows and dark longitudinal stripe in middle of frons, male from Hong Kong without indication of dark pattern on frons). Antennae pale brown. Thorax dorsally brown with distinct pale pattern on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegulae pale, mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdominal terga brown, sterna possibly paler than terga (faded?), hypopygium completely pale. Legs including posterior coxae pale brown (faded?). Wings slightly infuscate, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing ca 3.4 mm long, Rs+M 50–90 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 740–790 µm long, antennomere 4 210–220 µm long and ca 7.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp ca 450 µm long, ca 1.45 times longer than scape and about as wide as synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.60–1.90: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe ca 1.3 times longer than wide distally in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk small but evident. Valviceps 1.50–1.65 times longer than wide on medial lobe, lateral lamella vertical with proximal edge convex and distal base concave, proximal lobe of penis valve ca 0.21–0.22 times as long as valviceps and 0.90–0.95 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge triangularly shaped and 0.30–0.33 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe ca 1.17 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.95–1.00 width of distal lobe (Fig. 137). Valviceps with distinct median longitudinal sclerotization absent (indistinct shadow present), medial lobe broad and slightly rounded on upper edge, with 5–9 cone-like sensilla on proximal portion of medial lobe, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with numerous setae. Posterior tibia 0.90–0.95 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Type material. Holotype ♂: “Wuku [...; 2 Chinese characters for Wuku], Shaowu, Fukien, 400 m, 15.iii.1945, K. S. Lin (indoor)”; [pink with a red edge:] “ Xyela exilicornis sp. n. Holotype ♂ T. Maa, 1948”; “ Xyela exilicornis Maa, 1949 det. S. M. Blank 2001”. Specimen partly covered by mould and psocopteran excrement, antennomeres 4–12, right fore wing and right hind leg missing. Apparently faded since time of original description, because the dark color is pale brown (e.g., abdomen) and pale color of body is brownish yellow (e.g., most of face). Genitalia glued to piece of cardboard and stored on pin of holotype. TARI. Host plant. ? Pinus massoniana Lamb. Geographic distribution. China (Fujian Province, Xianggang) (Fig. 12). Remarks. The ovipositor is longer than that of the similarly colored Xyela curva. The penis valve is triangularly excised, similar to that of X. japonica and X. occidentalis, but the latter two species have a dark head. A “punctuation” of the body surface as mentioned in Maa’s original description of X. exilicornis is not present, but the holotype exhibits coriaceous microsculpture as is typical for Xyela. The color of the holotype specimen is possibly strongly modified. The dark pattern may have become paler and the yellow pattern partly pale brown. Also 2 of the 3 studied females from Hong Kong are possibly faded, and the above description of the color pattern in female sex is taken from the third, dark specimen. The pale females have the dark pattern generally pale brown. Their face is predominantly pale brown, and they lack the dark stripes along the frontal furrows and the dark medial spot of frons. Maa (1949) emphasized that X. exilicornis “is only comparable to X. kamtshatica Guss. (Kamtshatka) in its wing venation”, and accordingly, Rasnitsyn (1965) placed it in the alpigena group. The presence of a vertical lateral lamella on the penis valve with a concave excision and the proximal lobe of the valviceps not protruding above the medial lobe refer it to the X. curva group. The hitherto unknown female was associated with the help of material collected in Hong Kong on the same site and period of time. Xyela exilicornis was found there together with X. sinicola. Pinus massoniana is supposed to be the host plant, because it is the only pine species whose native geographical and altitudinal distribution range coincides with the known collection records of X. exilicornis (Mirov 1967; see also X. sinicola). Among the material of both species 4 specimens are labeled as being collected on “ 10.V.1965 ” and 6 on different days of “[...]. II.1965 ”. The date May is regarded as a type error for February, because blooming of P. massoniana in February is more likely due to the rather southern geographical position of the collection locality Hong Kong., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 31-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Maa, T. - C. (1949) A synopsis of Chinese sawflies of the superfamily Megalodontoidea (Hymenoptera). Chinese Journal of Zoology, 3, 30 - 42.","Kindel, K. - H. (1995) Kiefern in Europa. Bildtafeln und Beschreibungen der in europaischen Waldern, Garten und Parks anzutreffenden einheimischen und fremdlandischen Arten. G. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena and New York, 204 pp.","Mirov, N. T. (1967) The genus Pinus. The Ronald Press Company, New York, 602 pp.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1965) Notes on the biology, systematics and phylogeny of Xyelinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Polske Pismo Entomologiczne, 35 (12), 483 - 519."]}

Xyela julii (Brébisson, 1818) Pinicola julii Brébisson [reported by Blainville], 1818: 117, ♂, type locality: Austria, Lower Austria, Hörweix near Etzen. Xyela julii: Konow 1897: 57 (combination with Xyela) Xyela pusilla Dalman, 1819: 124, figs 1–11, ♂, type locality: Sweden, Uplandia and Vestrogothia [= Uppsala län, Västmanlands län, Skaraborgs län or Älvborgs län]; Lepeletier & Serville 1828: 792 (junior synonym of julii). Xyela henschii Mocsáry, 1912: 131, ♂, type locality: Croatia, Krapina; Blank 2002: 222 (junior synonym of julii). Xyela henschi: Enslin 1918: 682 (misspelling). Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black and brown pattern: at least two black stripes along supraantennal furrows meeting black ocellar and postocellar area and longitudinal spot in middle of frons present, often dark pattern fusing to large dark sport of the frons; kidney-shaped spot on vertex often not confluent with black postocellar area (Fig. 60). Antennae brown. Mesoscutum black with yellow pattern on medial half of lateral lobes, mesoscutellum with yellow spot. Mesepisternum pale except for brown dorsal, posterior and ventral margins. Abdominal terga brown, lateral parts of preapical terga, partly distal sternum, valvifer 2 and valvula 3 pale brown, membranous base of valvula 3 whitish, tip of valvula 3 darkened (Fig. 109). Legs mainly pale brown, femora unicolorous pale, posterior coxae mainly dark brown. Wing membrane, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 2.8–4.3 mm long, (1.60–)1.70–1.90 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 180–280 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 560–690 µm long, antennomere 4 130–160 µm long and 3.5–5.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 390–490 µm long, 1.45–1.65 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = (1.30–)1.40–1.65(–2.00): 1. Ovipositor sheath (1.60–) 1.90–2.40 mm long, valvula 3 2.00–2.35 times longer than valvifer 2 and 6.5–8.0 times longer than wide at base (Fig. 109). Valvula 3 of ovipositor compressed, pale membranous area about as long as basal width of valvula 3, dorsal edge of valvula 3 sloping down to round tip, distally with sensilla field exposed and directed caudally, bearing 3 setae. Ovipositor almost straight and compressed. Valvula 1 with aulax terminating distally, ventral edge sloping up to tip, with ca 15–16 oblique closely spaced annuli in distal quarter, without serrulae, olistether with 6 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge in basal half. Valvula 2 with smooth dorsal margin, tapering in distal half, pale and evenly sclerotized, in distal 0.4 with single scattered sensilla campaniformia, in distal 0.1 with 5–6 oblique annuli. Posterior tibia 0.75–0.95 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Male. Color. Variability of coloration similar to female but usually paler (see Fig. 61 for color pattern of head), hypopygium brown to dark brown. Morphology. Fore wing 3.1–3.7 mm long, Rs+M 75–250 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 540–650 µm long, antennomere 4 140–170 µm long and 4.0–6.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 350–410 µm long, 1.35–1.55 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = (1.30–)1.40–1.75: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk absent. Valviceps 1.50–1.60(–1.70) times longer than wide on medial lobe, with distinct oblique lateral lamella, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.23–0.29 times as long as valviceps and 0.70–0.75 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge 0.22–0.27 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe (1.10–)1.20–1.25 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.65–0.75 width of distal lobe (Fig. 144). Valviceps with median longitudinal sclerotization present, medial lobe almost symmetric and broad, with 4–8 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and scattered on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with 8–12 setae. Posterior tibia 0.60–0.85 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Barcodes. GUID ABY6138, AAJ9260 (5♀, 2 larvae) Type material. Pinicola julii. Neotype ♀ (here designated): “A [= Austria]: Niederösterr. [= Niederösterreich, Lower Austria]: Hörweix (Etzen), 31.5.1996 Pinus sylvestris, em. 18.4.1998 leg. Ewald Altenhofer ”; “ Xyela julii (Brébisson, 1818) det. S. M. Blank 2000”; [red:] “Neotypus ♀ Pinicola julii Brébisson, 1818 des. S. M. Blank 2001”. DEI. Xyela pusilla. Unknown number of ♀ and ♂ syntypes from “Uplandia” (= historical province Uppland; = modern Uppsala län or Västmanlands län) and “Vestrogothia” (= historical province Västergötland; = modern Skaraborgs län or Älvborgs län). Type material lost. Xyela henschii. Lectotype ♀ (designated by Blank 2002): “Dr. Hensch Krapina Cro.”; “ Xyela henschii Mocs. typ. det. Mocsáry”; [label with red margin:] “ Lectotypus ♀ Xyela Henschii Mocsáry, 1912 des. Zombori, 1976”; [label with red margin:] “ Paralectotypus ♂ Xyela Henschii Mocsáry, 1912 des. Zombori, 1976”; “ Xyela julii (Brébisson, 1818) ♀ ♂ det. S. M. Blank 1999”. Lectotype missing both valvulae 3, otherwise in good condition. HNHM. Paralectotype: 1♂ on same mount as lectotype, genitalia glued to small slide, HNHM. Host plant. Pinus cembra L. (Schedl 1978), P. nigra ssp. nigra Arn. (1♂ reared, A.P. Rasnitsyn personal communication), P. x rotundata Link (2♀ 4♂ from 1 reared sample), ● Pinus sylvestris L. (105♀ 54♂ from 9 reared samples; = Ο P. hamata D.Sosn. from Caucasus), P. uncinata Ramond (Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer 2000). Biology. In the lowlands and the mountainous regions of Central, West and East Europe, and in the high mountains of Greece (1,600–1,800 m altitude) imagines are active between mid-April and end May. In northern Finland and Sweden, they occur almost up to the North Cape from the end of May to the beginning of July (Tab. 5). For additional data see Blank (2002). Geographic distribution. Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia (Abkhaszkaya Respublika), Germany, Great Britain Greece, Ireland, Italy, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia (Irkutskaya Oblast, Moskovskaya Oblast, Murmanskaya Oblast, Respublica Gorno-Altay, Ryazanskaya Oblast, Sankt Peterburg Oblast), Slovakian Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine (Fig. 17). Additionally reported from Estonia (Viitasaari et al. 1998), Latvia (Tsinovskiy 1953), Luxembourg (Chevin & Schneider 1988). Zombori (1974) listed it for the Carpathian Basin but there is no material of X. julii in HNHM. Records of X. julii by Zirngiebl (1937) and Benson (1938) refer to a form similar to X. altenhoferi for North Africa and to X. variegata and X. tecta for Japan. The USNM holds a single female X. julii which was intercepted at a United States port among cargo on an aircraft from the Rhein-Main Airport in Frankfurt. Remarks. Xyela julii is similar to the West Palearctic X. heldreichii, X. obscura and X. uncinatae and the East Palearctic X. pumilae in the shape of the valviceps with upper edge of proximal lobe almost parallel to the longitudinal axis, medial lobe symmetric, and longitudinal sclerotization apparent. Females of X. heldreichii, X. obscura and X. uncinatae have the head (at least predominantly) dark, whereas in the darkest X. julii females the face remains yellow at least along the eyes. Xyela pumilae differs in the infuscate wings and the different proportion of the ovipositor sheath. Males and females have been associated by study of extensive series reared from Pinus sylvestris. Imagines of X. julii and X. obscura cannot be distinguished in the barcoding analysis (Fig. 23). Accordingly, it is not possible to identify genetically their larvae extracted from Pinus mugo and P. sylvestris, but these fall within the same cluster as the imagines of the two species. Specimens of both X. julii and X. obscura are associated with two subclusters bearing the GUIDs ABY6138 and AAJ9260, but these subclusters remain unreproducible applying morphological approach. The intraspecific variability of X. julii is 2.34 % and of X. obscura 2.66 %. The nearest neighbor, X. graeca, is placed at a distance of 6.13%. Both along altitudinal and geographical gradients the morphology of X. julii is rather stable. Usually material from the South is paler than that from the North. Females from Scandinavia often have the face predominantly black leaving only a narrow yellow line along the eye margin, whereas females from Spain, Irkutsk and Mongolia often have only dark brown to black stripes along the frontal furrows and the medial spot and the kidney-shaped spots more or less disconnected from the other dark pattern of the face. Xyela julii is by far the most frequently cited xyelid in faunistic literature (see catalogue of Smith 1978). Its comparatively easy availability in the lowlands of Central and North Europe made it the favorite representative of the Xyelinae for comparative morphological studies and phylogenetic analysis of the lower Hymenoptera (e.g., Vilhelmsen 2001, Sharkey et al. 2012). Astonishingly the original description of Pinicola julii has not been reexamined seriously in comparison with the taxa which have been accepted as valid in the course of the past 70 years. The Bulletin des Sciences par la Société Philomatique de Paris, which includes the original description of P. julii, is a rare journal, and it was possibly unavailable to most authors. Konow (1897) distinguished two European species, the strikingly different X. julii and X. longula. Enslin (1918) followed his opinion, although he expressed some doubt on the status of X. alpigena, X. graeca and X. henschi as synonyms with X. julii. Benson was the first who recognized X. alpigena, X. graeca and X. julii for certain among the European species. He added X. curva and published a key for the females (Benson 1938). Later he separated the dark subalpine form X. obscura from X. julii, and he described X. menelaus (Benson 1960). Benson’s understanding of X. julii has generally been accepted by later authors (e.g., Rasnitsyn 1965, Schedl 1978, Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1988, Blank 2002), although he never gave a reason for his decision relating the name Pinicola julii as described by Brébisson to a particular Xyela species. If the characters given in Brébisson’s original description are considered alone, the identity of P. julii is doubtful. Among others the description characterizes the conspicuous antennae, the long article 3 of the maxillary palp (apparently the tiny article 1 was overlooked and article 3 therefore counted as the article 2), the presence of vein Rs+M (“trois cellules sous-marginales, la première reçoit la première nervure récurrente”), and for the female the long, compressed and darkened oviposition apparatus (“une longe et forte tarrière” and “la tarière est grise”). This encompasses the current understanding of both X. curva and X. julii. Valvula 3 of the ovipositor sheath is black to infuscate in X. curva and more or less infuscate in the preapical portion in X. julii. Other known European species can be excluded either by coloration, shape of ovipositor sheath, and / or known altitudinal and geographical distribution excluding the collection locality in northeastern France. Brébisson described P. julii from Tour (near Falaise, Normandy, France). Neither Pinus sylvestris nor P. nigra are autochthonous to Normandy (Mirov 1967, Willis et al. 1998), although we studied X. julii from several places in the lowlands of northern France. Xyela curva may be expected there on cultivated P. nigra. Brébisson collected Pinicola julii from resin trees (“arbres resineux”) and conifers in the first days of May, and he found it during a period of 15–20 days. This late phenology better fits a lowland population of X. curva than of X. julii. The original description of P. julii was published under the name of the co-editor of the journal, H. de Blainville (signed by “Bv.”; see editorial board of the journal), but its title refers to “M. [= Monsieur] Brébisson”, who is the responsible person for nomenclatural matter (Art. 52.1 ICZN 1999). The work is generally assigned to the coleopterist Jean Baptiste Gilles de Brébisson (1760–1832) and not to his son Louis Alphonse de Brébisson (1798–1872), who became famous for his botanical work (Constantin 1992). The collection of Brébisson was bought by A. Fauvel, given to Mrs B. Rancin and should have been forwarded to the ISNB later (Dalibert 1927, Constantin 1992, Groll 2010). However, no relevant material could be located at the ISNB according to J.-L. Boevé (personal communication) and during our own study of the complete xyelids housed there. Accordingly the syntypes must be regarded as lost. A neotype is necessary to ensure the unambiguous current and future use of the name Pinicola julii, because of the absence of original type material and due to conflicting evidence for the proper placement of P. julii from the data given in the original description. The neotype is selected for that Xyela species, which 1, infests Pinus sylvestris; 2, which is the most abundant Central and North European Xyela species, and which has the widest distribution range among Xyela species; and 3, which might be the most frequently cited name for a xyelid species still today (see references in Smith 1978). A specimen reared from Pinus sylvestris is hereby designated. The neotype agrees with the description above, which is covered by Brébisson’s characterization. It originates from the western part of the vast distribution range of X. julii as did the original syntypes. Also the types of X. pusilla must be regarded as lost, because we could not locate concerning material in the NHRS, which includes J.W. Dalman’s collection. The original description, which was accompanied by excellent illustrations, leaves no doubt that X. pusilla agrees with X. julii. Only X. julii and X. longula are known from Scandinavia, and within this geographical context the long article 3 of the maxillary palp, the comparatively short ovipositor, and the well developed vein Rs+M on the fore wing (see Dalman’s [1819] figs 1a, 2a and 4) unequivocally indicate X. julii. Therefore, the current synonymy, first proposed by Lepeletier & Serville (1828), is considered correct. Pinus sylvestris is well known to be the host plant of X. julii (e.g., Rasnitsyn 1965). The types of X. pusilla were collected in a P. sylvestris wood (Dalman 1819). Rudow (1912) supposed that he had reared X. julii from enlarged shoots of P. sylvestris with swollen buds, but obviously his sample contained not only buds infested by the moth Rhyacionia buoliana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (Tortricidae) but also staminate cones with Xyela larvae. Over 140 subspecies, varieties or forms of P. sylvestris have been described, but besides the type var. sylvestris only var. hamata C. Steven (Balkan peninsula, N Turkey, SW Transcaucasia) and var. mongolica Litvinov (Mongolia, NW China, S Siberia) are now normally accepted (Earle 2011). All these forms are relevant as larval host plants. A female from Georgia was caught on “ P. hamata ” according to its labeling. Records from the Baikal region are inside the range of var. mongolica. Pinus sylvestris exhibits the largest distribution area among pines, reaching from Scotland almost up to the Pacific Coast in Siberia, from Norway to Spain and from Arctic Siberia to Mongolia. Xyela julii apparently follows up to the limits of its host plant’s distribution range. In northern Europe, it was collected in vast number almost up to the North Cape. It is abundant in Scotland, where a P. sylvestris population became isolated some 4,400 years ago (Willis et al. 1998), and later spread from there over England apparently along with cultivated trees. The most southern West Palearctic records of X. julii are from Spain (El Ventorillo) and northern Greece (Mt. Kajmakčalan and Mt. Vrondou), where it was found between 1,480 –1,680 m altitude, and from Georgia (Caucasus National Park). In southern Siberia it occurs in the Altai Mountains (reported as X. obscura by Rasnitsyn 1965), where P. sylvestris grows between 350–700 m altitude (Mirov 1967), and it was collected several times by Verzhutskij in the environs of Irkutsk (see also Verzhutskij 1966). The most southeastern record is from Mongolia (Hentiyn Nuruu, Bogdo ul). The exceptional occurrence of X. julii on P. nigra might possibly have been caused by coinciding host plant phenologies similar to the occurrence of X. graeca on P. sylvestris. Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer (2000) reared X. julii from P. x rotundata, but they erroneously quoted P. uncinata for “Moor-Spirke” (see X. uncinatae for nomenclature of the pines). Pine and reared material have here been checked. Today this pine is mostly considered a variety or subspecies of P. sylvestris, which mainly differs in resin chemistry (Mirov 1967, Earle 2011). Development on P. cembra as assumed by Schedl (1978) cannot be confirmed. This relationship is very unlikely due to restriction of P. cembra to the subalpine zone of the central Alps, where X. julii is absent., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 41-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Brebisson, J. B. G. de (1818) see Blainville, H. de.","Konow, F. W. (1897) Ueber die Xyelini. Entomologische Nachrichten (F. Karsch), 23 (4), 55 - 58.","Dalman, J. W. (1819) Nagra nya Insect-Genera. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, pp. 117 - 127.","Lepeletier, A. & Serville, J. G. [= Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, A. & Audinet de Serville, J. G.] (1828) In: Latreille, P. A., LePeletier de Saint-Fargeau, A., Serville, A. J. G. & Guerin. Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire naturelle. Entomologie, ou Histoire naturelle des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes. [ed. Latreille]. Agasse, Paris, 10 (2), 345 - 833.","Mocsary, A. (1912) Ket uj Hymenoptera-faj. (Species Hymenopterorum duae novae.) Rovartani Lapok, 19, 131.","Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233.","Enslin, E. (1918) Die Tenthredinoidea Mitteleuropas VII. (Schluss). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, [1917] (Beiheft 7), 663 - 790.","Schedl, W. (1978) Die Xyelidae Europas (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Xyelidae) mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Fundnachweise aus den Ostalpen. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 65, 97 - 115.","Pschorn-Walcher, H. & Altenhofer, E. (2000) Langjahrige Larvenaufsammlungen und Zuchten von Pflanzenwespen (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) in Mitteleuropa. Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 32 (1), 273 - 327.","Viitasaari, M., Heidemaa, M., Nuorteva, M. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1998) An annotated checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology, 47 (2), 126 - 147.","Tsinovskiy, J. P. (1953) Nasekomye Latviyskoy SSR. Rogochvosty i pilil'shshiki. Akademiya Nauk Latviyskoy SSR, Institut Biologii, Riga, 209 pp.","Chevin, H. & Schneider, N. (1988) Inventaire general des Hymenopteres Symphytes du Grand-Duche Luxembourg. Bulletin de la Societe des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois, 88, 93 - 123.","Zombori, L. (1974) A check-list of Symphyta from the Carpathian Basin (Hymenoptera). I. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, n. s. 27 (1), 237 - 242.","Zirngiebl, L. (1937) Neue oder wenig bekannte Tenthredinoidea (Hym.) aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien. In: Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage von Professor Dr. Embrik Strand. Riga, 3, 335 - 350.","Benson, R. B. (1938) European sawflies of the genus Xyela Dalman (sens. lat.) (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, ser. B 7 (2), 32 - 36.","Smith, D. R. (1978) Suborder Symphyta (Xyelidae, Pararchexyelidae, Parapamphiliidae, Xyelydidae, Karatavidae, Gigasiricidae, Sepulciidae, Pseudosiricidae, Anaxyelidae, Siricidae, Xiphydriidae, Paroryssidae, Xyelotomidae, Blasticotomidae, Pergidae). In: van der Vecht, J. & Shenefelt, R. D. (eds) Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio). W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 14, 1 - 193.","Vilhelmsen, L. (2001) Phylogeny and classification of the extant basal lineages of the Hymenoptera (Insecta). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 131, 393 - 442. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2001. tb 01320. x","Benson, R. B. (1960) Two new European species of Xyela Dalman (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, ser. B (7 - 8), 110 - 112.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1965) Notes on the biology, systematics and phylogeny of Xyelinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Polske Pismo Entomologiczne, 35 (12), 483 - 519.","Mirov, N. T. (1967) The genus Pinus. The Ronald Press Company, New York, 602 pp.","Willis, J. K., Bennett, K. D. & Birks, H. J. B. (1998) The late Quarternary dynamics of pines in Europe. In: Richardson, D. M. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne and Madrid, pp. 107 - 121 [paperback edition, 2000].","ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London, 306 pp.","Constantin, R. (1992) Memorial des Coleopteristes Francais. Bulletin de liaison de l'Association des Coleopteristes de la region parisienne, supplement 14, 1 - 92.","Dalibert, M. (1927) Premiere note sur les Collections de Normandie formees par des entomologistes decedes. Bulletin de la Societe Normande d'Entomologie, [1927] (3), 50 - 51.","Groll, E. K. (ed) (2010) Biografien der Entomologen der Welt. Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Muncheberg, database version 4.15, http: // www. sdei. de / biographies / (accessed: 7.10.2012).","Rudow, F. (1912) Afterraupen der Blattwespen und ihre Entwicklung. Entomologische Rundschau, 29 (18), 89 - 90.","Earle, C. J. (ed.) (2011) Gymnosperm Database. Available from: http: // www. conifers. org (Date of access: 24.9.2012).","Verzhutskij, B. N. (1966) Pililshchiki Pribaikalya. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 162 pp. [English translation: Verzhutskii, B. N. (1978) Sawflies of Baikal region. 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Xyela menelaus Benson, 1960 Xyela menelaus Benson, 1960: 111, ♀, type locality: Greece, Peloponnesus, Taïygetos Mountains. Xyela graeca: Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer 2000: 276 (partly misidentified); Blank 2002: 218 (partly misidentified). Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with brown and black pattern: black stripes along frontal furrows often fading and at most 2 times wider than ocellar diameter, meeting black ocellar and postocellar area, black longitudinal medial spot of frons always present, weak in pale specimens, kidney-shaped spots on vertex separate from black postocellar area (Fig. 62). Antennae brown or pale brown. Thorax dorsally brown with rich yellow pattern on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegulae yellow and sometimes brown in middle, mesepisternum largely pale yellow. Abdominal terga brown, lateral parts of terga 7, 8 and 9+10 yellow or pale brown, valvifer 2 completely yellow or pale brown, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white, valvula 3 varying from yellow to pale brown (Fig. 110). Legs pale brown, posterior coxae pale brown or yellow and more or less infuscate from base. Wing membrane clear, venation and pterostigma pale. Morphology. Fore wing 3.2–4.2 mm long, (?2.25–)2.40–2.80 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein Rs+M 200–310 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs 230–300 µm proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 530–690 µm long, antennomere 4 140–170 µm long and 4.5–6.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 400–500 µm long, 1.45–1.75 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.45–1.90: 1. Ovipositor sheath 1.30–1.65(–1.70) µm long, valvula 3 1.35–1.70(–?1.80) times longer than valvifer 2 and 4.0–4.5(–4.8) times longer than wide at base (Fig. 110). Valvula 3 of ovipositor compressed, pale membranous area about as long as basal width of valvula 3, dorsal edge of valvula 3 sloping down to round tip, distally with sensilla field exposed and directed caudally, bearing 3 setae. Ovipositor almost straight and compressed. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge in basal half. Valvula 1 with aulax terminating distally, ventral edge sloping up to tip, with 14–15 oblique closely spaced annuli in distal quarter, without serrulae, olistether with 5 setae. Valvula 2 with smooth dorsal margin, tapering in distal half, pale and evenly sclerotized, with 4(–5) annuli and in distal 0.4 with single sensilla campaniformia. Posterior tibia 0.80–1.10 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to female, but often generally paler (see Fig. 63 for color pattern of head). Hypopygium yellow, often also preapical sterna largely yellow. Morphology. Fore wing 3.0– 3.6 mm long, Rs+M 160–290 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs 170–290 µm proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 560–750 µm long, antennomere 4 160–220 µm long and 5.5–7.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 360–450 µm long, 1.30–1.50 times longer than scape and wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.55–1.95: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk absent. Valviceps 1.60–1.85 times longer than wide on medial lobe, lateral lamella distinct and oblique, proximal lobe of penis valve at proximal vertical edge truncate, 0.18–0.27 times as long as valviceps and 0.75–0.80 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge 0.23–0.27 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.15–1.30(–1.35) times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.85–0.90(–0.95) width of distal lobe (Fig. 145). Valviceps with median longitudinal sclerotization present, medial lobe almost symmetrical and broad, with 5–9 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and scattered on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with 7–11 setae. Posterior tibia 0.75–0.95 mm long, claws without subapical tooth. Barcodes. GUID ABU9016, ABU9017 (2♀ 3♂). Type material. Holotype ♀: [round label with red margin:] “Type”; “ Gréce — Péloponése Taygéte 21 V 1955 J. Aubert ” [back side:] “ 2400 m ”; “ Xyela menalaus [sic!] sp. n. ♀ det. R. B. Benson 1959”; “ Xyela menelaus Benson det. S. M. Blank 2000”. Abdomen partly covered by mould, right anterior wing missing. MZLS. Host plant. ● Pinus nigra ssp. nigra Arn. (3♀ 7♂ from 2 reared samples), ● Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana Lamb. (69♀ 90♂ from 7 reared samples). Geographic distribution. Austria, Croatia, France (Corsica), Greece, Hungary, Italy (Sicily), Turkey (Fig. 18). Remarks. See Xyela graeca for species differentiation. According to Benson (1960) the relative length of valvifer 2: valvula 3 should be 1: 1.1, but actually the holotype measures 1: 1.48. Possibly due to these wrong data and the high similarity with X. graeca, X. menelaus has never been reported since Benson’s original description until Blank (2002). The five specimens of X. menelaus included in the barcoding analysis display an intraspecific variation of 6.44 % (Fig. 23). They form two clusters at a distance of 5.85 %; specimens from Greece with ABU9017 and specimens from Sicily with ABU9016. No evident morphological differences could be found between these clusters so far. The next neighbor of X. menelaus, X. obscura, is placed at an interspecific distance of 5.55 %. Blank (2002) did not recognize the presence of X. menelaus among X. graeca in the Vienna Basin. Ecological characters reported for X. graeca like parasitism by Xyeloblacus leucobasis and up to 3 years’ duration of the diapause may apply to both taxa, which were reared from the same samples (Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer 2000, Blank 2002). Actually these two species display different imaginal emergence phenologies (Fig. 14; see X. graeca), which possibly may also be reflected in larval feeding strategies and parasitism., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 45-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Benson, R. B. (1960) Two new European species of Xyela Dalman (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, ser. B (7 - 8), 110 - 112.","Pschorn-Walcher, H. & Altenhofer, E. (2000) Langjahrige Larvenaufsammlungen und Zuchten von Pflanzenwespen (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) in Mitteleuropa. Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 32 (1), 273 - 327.","Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233."]}

Xyela coerulea Schilling, 1830 Xyela coerulea Schilling in Gravenhorst, 1830: 54–55, sex?, Poland: Silesia [“ Schlesien ”], Zobtenberg; nomen nudum. Xyela caerulea: Dalla Torre 1894: 399 (unjustified emendation). Remarks. The name Xyela coerulea is mentioned with Schilling as the author in Gravenhorst’s (1830) report about the 1829’s meetings of the entomological section of the “ Schlesische Gesellschaft für vaterländische Cultur ”: “Hr. Schilling beschrieb eine neue Art von Xyela, welche coerulea genannt wurde, und am Zobtenberg gefangen war [...]” [Mr Schilling described a new species of Xyela, which has been called coerulea, and which was collected at the Zobtenberg]. Dalla Torre (1894) emended the name as caerulea, and Klima (1937) listed it as a species inquirenda. Smith (1978) correctly treated it as a nomen nudum, because the name was not accompanied by an original description (Art. 12.1, ICZN 1999)., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Schilling, P. S. (1830) [Hr. Schilling beschrieb eine neue Art von Xyela, welche coerulea genannt wurde, ...] In: Gravenhorst, J. L. C. Bericht uber die entomologische Section der Schlesischen Gesellschaft fur vaterlandische Cultur im Jahre 1829. Ubersicht der Arbeiten und Veranderungen der schlesischen Gesellschaft fur vaterlandische Kultur, [1829], 54 - 55.","Gravenhorst (1830) Bericht uber die entomologische Section der Schlesischen Gesellschaft fur vaterlandische Cultur im Jahre 1829. Ubersicht der Arbeiten und Veranderungen der Schlesischen Gesellschaft fur Vaterlandische Kultur, [1829], 52 - 56.","Dalla Torre, C. G. de (1894) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Volumen I: Tenthredinidae incl. Uroceridae (Phyllophaga & Xylophaga). G. Engelmann, Lipsiae, viii + 459 pp.","Klima, A. (1937) Xyelidae. In: Hedicke, H. (ed.) Hymenopterorum Catalogus. ' s-Gravenhage, Junk, 4, 1 - 12.","Smith, D. R. (1978) Suborder Symphyta (Xyelidae, Pararchexyelidae, Parapamphiliidae, Xyelydidae, Karatavidae, Gigasiricidae, Sepulciidae, Pseudosiricidae, Anaxyelidae, Siricidae, Xiphydriidae, Paroryssidae, Xyelotomidae, Blasticotomidae, Pergidae). In: van der Vecht, J. & Shenefelt, R. D. (eds) Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio). W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 14, 1 - 193.","ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London, 306 pp."]}

Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko, Altenhofer, Ewald (2013): The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution. Zootaxa 3629 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1

Xyela koraiensis Blank & Shinohara, sp. nov. Type locality: Russia, Primorskiy Kray, Ussuriysky Reserve. Xyela kamtshatica: Rasnitsyn 1965: 492, 514 (partly misidentified); Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995: 396 (partly misidentified) Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black pattern: two black stripes along frontal furrows ca 2 times wider than ocellar diameter, meeting black ocellar and postocellar area, black longitudinal medial spot of frons always present and separate from stripes along frontal furrows, kidney-shaped spots on vertex usually separate from black postocellar area (Fig. 32). Antennae black, a little paler below. Thorax dorsally brown with more or less distinct paler pattern on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum, tegulae pale, sometimes brown in middle, mesepisternum largely brown. Abdominal terga dark brown, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10 often pale brown, valvifer 2 basally pale and distally dark brown, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white, valvula 3 black with small white ventral margin up to distal fifth (Fig. 99). Legs pale brown, posterior coxae predominantly dark brown with small pale distal spot ventrally, femora sometimes with brown longitudinal stripes. Wing membrane clear, venation and pterostigma pale. Morphology. Fore wing 3.7–4.2 mm long, 1.55–1.70 times longer than ovipositor sheath, Rs+M 100–240 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 630–760 µm long, antennomere 4 150–200 µm long and 5.0–7.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 430–500 µm long, 1.45–1.65 times longer than scape and distinctly wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.70–1.90: 1. Ovipositor sheath 2.25–2,55 mm long, valvula 3 2.35–2.60 times longer than valvifer 2 and 9.0–10.5 times longer than wide (Fig. 99). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath wedge-shaped, in distal third diamond-shaped in cross section, pale membranous area distally extending up to preapical region as small ventral pale margin of valvula 3, valvula 3 distally narrowing to round tip, sensilla field present and directed laterad, bearing ca 6 sensilla. Ovipositor indistinctly bent downwards. Valvula 1 of ovipositor compressed and slightly wedge-shaped, distal 0.07 narrowed to sclerotized tip bearing 4–5 serrulae and 7–8 annuli (6 of them perpendicular), ventral edge sloping up to tip, aulax terminating distally, olistether with 5 setae in distal half. Valvula 2 pale and evenly sclerotized, distal 0.07 tapering to sclerotized tip, in distal half with evenly spaced groups of sensilla campaniformia, dorsal margin of valvula 2 smooth with small prominences above sensilla groups. Posterior tibia 0.80–1.00 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to female (see Fig. 31 for color pattern of head). Antennae usually pale brown. Hypopygium dark brown. Morphology. Fore wing 3.4–3.8 mm long, Rs+M 60–175 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 660–750 µm long, antennomere 4 200–220 µm long and 5.5–7.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 400–450 µm long, 1.35–1.65 times longer than scape. OOL: POL = 1.40–1.75: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Valviceps 1.50–1.65 times longer than wide on medial lobe, lateral lamella vertical with proximal and distal edge s-shaped, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.19–0.21 times as long as valviceps and 1.05–1.10 times as high as medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.40–1.45 times wider than on distal lobe, excision on lower edge 0.19–0.23 as deep as width of medial lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.70–0.80 width of distal lobe (Fig. 131). Valviceps with median longitudinal sclerotization absent, medial lobe broad and slightly truncate on upper edge and evenly sloping down to distal edge, with dense group of 12–15(–25) cone-like sensilla along upper edge, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with dense pattern of setae. Posterior tibia 830–930 µm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Type material. Holotype ♂: “Ussuriyskij Res., Primorskii Kray, Russia, 21.– 26.5.1994, leg. A. Shinohara ”; [red:] “Holotypus ♂ Xyela koraiensis spec. nov. det. S. M. Blank 2001”. Genitalia kept inside small vial on pin of holotype. NSMT. Paratypes 12♀ 18♂, DEI, NSMT, ZMUM, ZIN. Etymology. The species name, an adjective, is chosen in accordance with the strongly supposed host plant relationship. Host plant. Ο Pinus koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc. (Rasnitsyn 1965 under the name Xyela kamtshatica). Geographic distribution. Russia (Primorskiy Kray), South Korea (Fig. 10). Remarks. Xyela koraiensis and X. ussuriensis have pale wings, whereas other representatives of the alpigena group have infuscate wings. The former two taxa are separated from each other, among other characters, by the length of the ovipositor (shorter in X. koraiensis than in X. ussuriensis) and the color of the hypopygium in males (brown in X. koraiensis and yellow in X. ussuriensis). The association of the sexes is supported by the color of the distal abdominal segments and of the posterior coxae, which is generally darker in both sexes of X. koraiensis than in X. ussuriensis. The species identification of the males by means of the shape of the hypopygium as proposed by Rasnitsyn (1965) for X. kamtshatica auct. and X. ussuriensis is impossible, because in both species males with round, truncate or shallowly emarginate hypopygium occur. The relative size of medial and distal lobes of the valviceps overlaps between the species. Also the seta pattern of the penis valve is unusable due to the similarity in long series. Under the name Xyela kamtshatica, Rasnitsyn (1965) associated females with a comparatively long ovipositor and males with a long, on the lower side shallowly excised valviceps, whereas he called females with a shorter ovipositor and males with a stout and more deeply excised valviceps X. ussuriensis. Actually the name kamtshatica refers to a species of the alpigena group, which is distributed in Kamchatka and subalpine Japan along with Pinus pumila (see X. kamtshatica; Fig. 9). According to Rasnitsyn (1965 and personal communication) Pinus koraiensis is the host plant of X. kamtshatica auct. Although rearing data are still lacking, this relationship is certainly correct. Combinations of two or three species of X. koraiensis, X. ussuriensis and X. rasnitsyni were observed on six collection sites in the Russian Far East and South Korea (Figs 10, 22). This coincidence certainly depends on a common larval host species. Only P. koraiensis occurs in all collection sites of these three Xyela species, and it is the only pine reported on collection labels., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 23-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1965) Notes on the biology, systematics and phylogeny of Xyelinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Polske Pismo Entomologiczne, 35 (12), 483 - 519.","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjected terretories.] (In Russian). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415."]}

Xyela kamtshatica Gussakovskij, 1935 Xyela kamtshatica Gussakovskij, 1935: 131, 133–134, 363–364, ♀, type locality: Russia, Klyuchi, on river Kamtshatka; Benson 1961: 171 (junior synonym of alpigena); Rasnitsyn 1965: 503 (removed from synonymy). Xyela julii: Enslin 1927: 379–380 (misidentification). Xyela alpigena: Benson 1961: 171 (senior synonym of kamtshatica); Benson 1962: 385 (partly misidentified); Togashi 1964: 51 (misidentification). Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black and brown pattern: two black stripes along supraantennal furrows 2–4 times as wide as diameter of lateral ocellus, meeting black ocellar and postocellar area or separated by yellow, black longitudinal spot in middle of frons present, sometimes confluent with other dark pattern; kidneyshaped spots on vertex not clearly separate from black postocellar area (Fig. 30). Antennae brown, paler below. Proximal half of article 3 of maxillary palp more or less infuscate. Thorax dorsally brown with more or less distinct paler pattern on pronotum and mesonotal lobes, mesoscutellum black or with small spot, tegulae pale with brown spot in middle, mesepisternum largely pale. Abdominal terga dark brown to black, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10 sometimes brown to pale brown, valvifer 2 dark or partly pale brown, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white, valvula 3 black with small white ventral margin up to distal fifth (Fig. 98). Legs brown, posterior coxae dark brown with small pale distal spot ventrally, femora partly with dark longitudinal stripes. Wing membrane slightly infuscate, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 4.0– 4.7 mm long, (1.75–)1.85–2.00 times longer than ovipositor sheath, Rs+M 50–200 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 680–810 µm long, antennomere 4 160–200 µm long and 4.5–6.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 430–500 µm long, ca 1.40–1.55 times longer than scape and distinctly wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.60–2.00: 1. Ovipositor sheath 2.15–2.45 mm long, valvula 3 2.30–2.50 times longer than valvifer 2 and 9.0–10.0 times longer than wide (Fig. 98). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath wedge-shaped, in distal third diamond-shaped in cross section, pale membranous area distally extending up to preapical region as small ventral pale margin of valvula 3, valvula 3 distally narrowing to round tip, distally with sensilla field directed caudally, bearing ca 6 setae. Ovipositor gently curved downwards. Valvula 1 of ovipositor compressed and slightly wedge-shaped, distal 0.1 narrowed to sclerotized tip bearing 3–4 serrulae and 7–8 annuli (4–5 distal vertical and 3–4 basal oblique), ventral edge sloping up to tip, aulax preapically, olistether with ca 5–7 setae in distal half. Valvula 2 evenly tapering toward slightly sclerotized tip, with 4 vertical annuli, dorsal edge without teeth, lateral wall of distal 0.4 with ca 6 evenly spaced groups of sensilla campaniformia surrounded by dense sclerotization, dorsal margin of valvula 2 smooth. Posterior tibia 0.95–1.05 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to female. Dark color pattern of face above antennae confluent or medial stripe separated by a narrow yellow gap (Fig. 31), mesoscutellum completely black, pedicel and synantennomere 3 pale brown. Hypopygium dark brown. Morphology. Fore wing 3.5–4.2 mm long, Rs+M 0–150 µm long, sometimes 1r-m present and 0–50 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2 or fusing with Rs2 distal to furcation. Synantennomere 3 630–780 µm long, antennomere 4 160–210 µm long and 4.0–6.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 360–430 µm long, 1.25–1.35 times longer than scape. OOL: POL = 1.70–2.15: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe about as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk present. Valviceps 1.30–1.40 times longer than wide on medial lobe, lateral lamella vertical with proximal and distal edge s-shaped, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.19–0.23 times as long as valviceps and 0.95–1.00 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge 0.15–0.18 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.70–1.75 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.70–0.75 width of distal lobe (Fig. 130). Valviceps without median longitudinal sclerotization, medial lobe broad and slightly truncate on upper edge and evenly sloping down to distal lobe, with dense group of 8–14 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with dense pattern of setae. Posterior tibia 0.85–1.05 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Type material: Holotype ♀: [round, golden label signifying type specimen in ZIN]; [in Cyrillic:] “sel. [= selo, village] Klyuchevskoe na r. [= na reka, on river] Kamchatk A Derzhavin 6.vi 09 ”; [Enslin’s handwriting:] “ Xyela julii Breb. ♀”; “ Xyela kamtschatica [sic!] sp. n. ♀ Gussakovskij det.”; “1:2,5”; [red:] “Holotypus Xyela kamtshatica Gussakovskij, 1935 ♀ det. S. M. Blank 2001”; “ Xyela kamtshatica Gussakovskij, 1935 ♀ det. S. M. Blank 2001”. Body was broken in two and then glued together by a previous investigator, otherwise in good condition. ZIN. Host plant. Pinus koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc. (Rasnitsyn 1965), Ο Pinus pumila Regel. Biology. Togashi (1961) reported 5♀ 20♂ swept from Alnus maximowiczii catkins above 2,500 m close to the Oonanjimine peaks. The alder catkins are supposedly a pollen source for the imagines. Geographic distribution. Japan (Honshu), Russia (Kamchatskaya Oblast) (Fig. 9). Reported from Hokkaido by Takeuchi (1938). Remarks. Among East Palearctic representatives of the alpigena group, Xyela kamtshatica is characterized by the combination of usually dark scutellum, infuscate wings, basally infuscate article 3 of the maxillary palp, valvula 3 being 2.30–2.50 times longer than valvifer 2 (similar in X. koraiensis, which has clear wings), and comparatively stout valviceps. See X. peuce for differentiation of West and East Palearctic taxa. With some reservations Enslin (1927) reported the specimen under the name Xyela julii which Gussakovskij (1935) subsequently designated as holotype of X. kamtshatica. Xyela julii was the only Xyela species accepted as valid at that time besides the strikingly different X. longula. Benson (1961) synonymized X. kamtshatica with the central European X. alpigena without giving any reason and without type study. Rasnitsyn (1965) erroneously applied the name kamtshatica for a species of the Russian Far East (Kamtshatka and Primorye) occurring on Pinus koraiensis. But P. koraiensis is absent from Kamtshatka, while P. pumila is present both on Kamtshatka and in the Primorskiy Kray (Figs 9–10). Records of X. kamtshatica auct. from the Primorskiy Kray refer to X. koraiensis (see below). Rasnitsyn (1965) indicated “ X. ? kamtshatica Guss. ” for Japan. Contrary to X. kamtshatica it should be characterized by valvula 3 being 2.3 times longer than valvifer 2. The relevant specimen from Mt. Haku in the ZMUM is badly damaged (head and most of the abdomen missing). A series from this site (NSMT) agrees with the concept of the real X. kamtshatica. As discussed by Maa (1949), the Russian and Latin original descriptions of the wing venation and the relevant keys conflict with Gussakovskij’s (1935) figure 49 for X. kamtshatica. He gives a description of “the basal vein being interstitial with the cubital vein” (translated from the key on p. 363), which corresponds with the absence of vein Rs+M, and cell 1M (Gussakovskij’s cell d 1) being pentagonal as illustrated for X. longula (see Gussakovskij’s figure 48). Figure 49, however, depicts a wing with an evident vein Rs+M and a hexagonal cell 1M. Actually the left wing of the holotype is similar to Gussakovskij’s figure 48 (vein Rs+M ca 50 µm long) and the right resembles his figure 49 (vein Rs+M ca 100 µm long). Although X. kamtshatica has not yet been reared, P. pumila is undoubtedly the larval host, and P. koraiensis reported by Rasnitsyn (1965) can be excluded (see above). At its type locality, in Klyuchi, as on the whole Kamtshatka Peninsula Pinus pumila is the only, though abundant, pine species present at 300–1,000 m altitude (Fig. 9). The vegetation in the subalpine zone of Mt. Hakusan is dominated by P. pumila, and Togashi (1964) and Okutani (1982) supposed this to be the host plant for Japanese X. kamtshatica. It is the only pine species growing there, and it is intermixed with birch, alder and mountain ash (Ogishi 1999). Material of X. kamtshatica studied here was collected on Kamtshatka and on Mt Hakusan, two widely distant localities at the eastern limits of the wide range exhibited by P. pumila. Takeuchi (1938) additionally reported the presence on the mountain Daisetsuzan, Hokkaido. In the Sikhote Alin P. pumila forms thickets above the forest at an elevation of (1,150–) 1,200 –1,300 m altitude (Kolesnikov 1938). Disjunct populations occur even farther south at high elevations in the high mountains of North Korea (Mirov 1967, Sokolov et al. 1977). Although extensive material was available from the Russian Far East and from South Korea, X. kamtshatica was not found there., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 21-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Gussakovskij, V. V. (1935) Insectes Hymenopteres, Chalastrogastra 1. In: Fauna SSSR. T. II, vol. 1. Academie des Sciences de l'URSS, Moskva and Leningrad, 453 pp.","Benson, R. B. (1961) The sawflies (Hymenoptera Symphyta) of the Swiss National Park and surrounding area. Ergebnisse der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen im Schweizerischen Nationalpark, 7, 161 - 195.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1965) Notes on the biology, systematics and phylogeny of Xyelinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Polske Pismo Entomologiczne, 35 (12), 483 - 519.","Enslin, E. (1927) Die Tenthrediniden (Hymenoptera) der Kamtschatka-Expedition, 1908 - 1909. Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Akademii Nauk SSSR = Annuaire du Musee Zoologique de l'Academie des Sciences de l'URSS, 27 [1926], 363 - 381.","Benson, R. B. (1962) Holarctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology series, 12 (8), 379 - 409.","Togashi, I. (1964) On the species of the genus Xyela (Hym., Xyelidae) of Japan. Life Study, 8 (4), 51 - 52.","Togashi, I. (1961) Sawflies (Hym. Symphyta) of Mt. Hakusan. Life Study, 5 (3 - 4), 27 - 42.","Takeuchi, K. (1938) A systematic study on the suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera) of the Japanese Empire (I). Tenthredo, 2 (2), 173 - 229.","Maa, T. - C. (1949) A synopsis of Chinese sawflies of the superfamily Megalodontoidea (Hymenoptera). Chinese Journal of Zoology, 3, 30 - 42.","Okutani, T. (1982) [Symphyta of Japan IV.] (In Japanese). Nature and Insects, 17 (9), 19 - 21.","Ogishi, M. (1999) Glance about Flora. Sorbus report 3, http: // www. incl. ne. jp / ktrs / hakusan / e _ report. html (accessed: 8.8.2001).","Kolesnikov, B. P. (1938) The vegetation of the eastern slopes of the middle Sikhote-Alin. Trudy Sikhote-Alinskogo gosudarstvennogo Zapovednika, 1, 25 - 208.","Mirov, N. T. (1967) The genus Pinus. The Ronald Press Company, New York, 602 pp.","Sokolov, S. Y., Svjazeva, O. A. & Kubly, V. A. (1977) [Areographia arborum fruticumque URSS. Taxaceae Aristolochiaceae.] (In Russian). Nauka, Leningrad, 1, 1 - 164."]}

Xyela lugdunensis (Berland, 1943) Xyelatana lugdunensis Berland, 1943: 90–91, ♀, type locality: France, Lyon. Xyela lugdunensis: Rasnitsyn 1965: 492, 514 (combination with Xyela). Xyela nigroabscondita Haris & Gyurkovics, 2011: 140–141, ♂, type locality: Hungary, Szeged, Újszeged, Népliget; syn. nov. Xyela curva: Chevin & Tussac 1992: 62 (misidentification). Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black and brown pattern: two dark brown to black stripes along the frontal furrows 2.0–3.5 times as wide as ocellar diameter, meeting black ocellar and postocellar area, black longitudinal spot in middle of frons present, isolated or fusing dorsally; kidney-shaped spots on vertex separate from or fusing with black postocellar area (Fig. 26). Antennae brown, a little paler below. Thorax dorsally brown or black, more or less with pale pattern on pronotum, mesonotal lobes and mesoscutellum. Tegulae pale and infuscate in middle, mesepisternum largely pale brown. Abdominal terga brown to black, lateral parts of terga 8 and 9+10 partly paler, valvifer 2 and valvula 3 brown or black, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 pale, valvula 3 sometimes with small pale ventral margin up to the preapical portion (Figs 88, 96). Legs brown to dark brown, femora with more or less distinct longitudinal dark stripes, posterior coxae dark brown with distal 0.3–0.5 of the ventral side pale. Wing membrane, venation and pterostigma brownish infuscate. Morphology. Fore wing 4.9–5.4 mm long, 1.50–1.65 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein 1r-m usually present and 20–140 µm long (Fig. 5; one specimen with 130 µm long vein Rs+M on right wing), position of 2r-m variably proximal or distal with respect to the furcation of Rs. Synantennomere 3 1.00– 1.13 mm long, antennomere 4 290–330 µm long and 8.5–10.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 440–480 µm long, 1.10–1.25 times longer than scape and about as wide as synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.85–2.00: 1. Ovipositor sheath 3.10–3.40 mm long, valvula 3 2.35–2.50 times longer than valvifer 2 and 10.0–11.0 times longer than wide at base (Figs 88, 96). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath diamond-shaped in cross section, pale membranous area triangular in basal 0.2 of valvula 3, sometimes extending up to preapical region as narrow ventral pale margin, valvula parallel-sided in the middle, in distal 0.1 dorsal and ventral edge narrowing to round tip, tip with a defined sensilla field directed laterally and bearing 5–6 setae. Ovipositor slightly curved downwards. Valvula 1 of ovipositor compressed, aulax terminating almost at tip, dorsal edge sloping down and ventral edge sloping up to tip, distal 0.1 more sclerotized, with 8–10 wide-spaced annuli (basal oblique and distal 3–4 perpendicular), ventral edge with ca 4 shallow serrulae, olistether with 7–8 setae. Left and right valvulae 2 fused along dorsal edge up to distal 0.1. Valvula 2 almost parallel-sided, medial and preapical part with ca 6 shallow, regularly spaced prominences bearing 1–2 sensilla campaniformia each (similar to alpigena but less sclerotized), in distal 0.1 with smooth dorsal margin evenly tapering toward tip and with ca 9 oblique annuli. Posterior tibia 1.15–1.25 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to dark female specimens. Face and vertex predominantly dark brown to black (Fig. 27). Dorsal side of thorax black. Hypopygium yellow. Morphology. Fore wing 4.7 mm long, 1r-m 60–80 µm long. Synantennomere 3 1000 µm long, antennomere 4 350 µm long and 10.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 450 µm long, ca 1.15 times longer than scape and about as wide as synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.90: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position, harpe ca 0.90 times as long as wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk present, small. Valviceps 1.40–1.45 times longer than wide on medial lobe, lateral lamella slightly oblique with proximal edge convex and distal base weakly s-shaped, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.30–0.35 times as long as valviceps and 0.90 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge asymmetric, 0.10–0.15 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.40 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 0.85 width of distal lobe (Fig. 128). Valviceps without median longitudinal sclerotization, medial lobe evenly rounded, with 28–30 cone-like sensilla mainly along proximal to distal upper edge, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with numerous setae. Posterior tibia ca 1.15 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Type material. Holotype ♀: “ Lyon ”; “Museum Paris Coll. J. de Gaulle 1919”; “ Xyela Julii Bréb. ”; “ Xyelatana lugdunensis Berl. L. Berland det. 1943”; [red letters:] “Type”; [red:] “Holotypus ♀ Xyelatana lugdunensis Berland, 1943 det. S. M. Blank 1999”; “ Xyela lugdunensis (Berland, 1943) ♀ det. S. M. Blank 1999”. Left anterior leg and right flagellum missing. MNHN. Xyela nigroabscondita. Holotype ♀: “A”; “Szeget: Népliget”; “ 2011 III. 14 Gyurkovics H.”; [label with red frame:] “ Holotypus sp. n. ♀ Xyela nigroabscondita Haris & Gyurkovics ”; “ Xyela lugdunensis (Berland, 1943) det. S.M. Blank 2012”. Tips of antennal filaments broken, fragments glued to cardboard label. SCMK. Paratypes: 1♀ 1♂ HNHM (studied), 1♀ 1♂ SCMK. Host plant. Ο Pinus nigra Arn. Geographic distribution. France, Hungary (Fig. 121). Remarks. Among the European taxa, Xyela lugdunensis is distinguished from the similar X. alpigena by shorter maxillary palps (article 3 1.10–1.25 times longer than scape in lugdunensis / 1.70–1.80 in X. alpigena females, 1.40–1.50 in males) and longer ovipositor (fore wing 1.60–1.65 times longer than ovipositor / 1.90–2.05). The penis valve of the male is similar to that of X. meridionalis and of members of the X. alpigena group. Most of these species have the proximal lobe of the valviceps 0.95–1.10 times wider than the medial lobe (0.90 in X. lugdunensis) except for X. peuce, but which has 14–15 cone-like sensilla on the medial lobe (28–30). Members of the X. alpigena group have the medial lobe of the valviceps 1.50–1.75 timed wider than the distal lobe (1.40 in X. lugdunensis) except for X. ussuriensis (1.30–1.40) in which the proximal lobe is 1.00-1.05 times as wide as the medial lobe (0.90 in X. lugdunensis). Penis valves of species associated with the X. curva group have a similarly wide lateral lamella, but the distal edge is concave (weakly s-shaped in X. lugdungensis), and the proximal lobe of the valviceps is evenly rounded (roundly bulging and proximally descending). Blank (2002), who had only the female X. lugdunensis holotype on hand, tentatively placed the species in the X. alpigena group because of similar structure of the ovipositor sheath. Now the preparation and mounting of valvula 2 of the ovipositor sheath has revealed that it is not wedge-shaped like in the X. alpigena group, but medially parallel-sided and narrowing to the tip in the distal 0.1. This was not apparent from the dry specimen. The sexes have been associated with help of the type series of X. nigroabscondita from Hungary. Haris & Gyurkovics (2011) observed copulations among these specimens. Additional support comes from the comparatively short maxillary palps, extensive dark pattern of the frons strongly contrasting with the yellow color, and the infuscate wings. Judging from the holotype and two paratypes of X. nigroabscondita and the few specimens from France including the holotype of X. lugdunensis studied here, these two taxa are synonyms. Morphometric features of the specimens from Hungary fall within or immediately adjoin the variability range of specimens collected in France. For example, the relative length of maxillary palpomere 3 is 1.10–1.20 times longer than the scape in specimens from France and 1.20–1.25 in specimens from Hungary (1.26–1.42 according to Haris & Gyurkovics 2011). The holotype of X. lugdunensis was collected in 1919 and has faded brown, which explains differences in the color of the ovipositor sheath and the wings, which are respectively predominantly black and grey in more fresh specimens. However, the black pattern of the Hungarian specimens is generally more extensive. Haris & Gyurkovics (2011) stated the “anterior mesonotal lobes [are] without any spot”, but actually the holotype has large spots on these lobes and on the mesoscutellum, and a paratype female inconspicuous spots on the mesonotal lobes. The “white triangular-shaped spot on [the] base of valvula 3 (Fig. 6) is a characteristic feature of the new species [X. nigroabscondita]” according to Haris & Gyurkovics (2011), but actually a similar white spot is present in X. alpigena and other species of the associated species group. Haris & Gyurkovics (2011) stated that the “total length of [the] body with valvula 3: total length without valvula 3 is 1.54 max. 1.56 (54–56%) in the new species [X. nigroabscondita], but 1.95 in Xyela lugdunensis (95%!)”. Morphometric comparison with the body length has turned out as an unreliable character in other Xyela species due to variable inclination of head and prothorax and due to shrinking. The absolute length of valvula 3 is similar among French (2.20–2.35 mm) and Hungarian specimens (2.40 µm) as well as the relative length of the fore wing compared to the ovipositor length (1.55–1.65: 1 / 1.50–1.55: 1). Minute differences in the shape and inflection of the ovipositor sheath between X. nigroabscondita (figs 4, 6 in Haris & Gyurkovics 2011) and X. lugdunensis (figs 3, 5) cannot be followed, since they may depend on different shrinkage of mounted specimens with dehiscent (holotype of X. lugdunensis) or closed ovipositor sheath (holotype of X. nigroabscondita). Haris & Gyurkovics (2011) stated that “RS+M vein [is] missing in the new species [X. nigroabscondita] (Fig. 4 and 12)” and that “it is true for all 5 specimens (males and females).” Actually in the holotype veins Rs+M / Rs / M are practically interstitial on the right side, and a female paratype has a 40 µm long Rs+M on the left and a 130 µm long 1r-m on the right fore wing. In specimens from France a more or less long vein 1r-m is present. In females the position of vein 2r-m with respect to the furcation of vein Rs1 and Rs2 from Rs is variable and not suitable to distinguish X. lugdunensis and X. nigroabscondita. In the holotype of X. lugdunensis and a female from Ecully 2r-m meets Rs2 0–65 µm beyond the furcation (asymmetric in both specimens and not “interstitial” as stated by Haris & Gyurkovics 2011 for the holotype of X. lugdunensis), in the holotype of X. nigroabscondita 90–130 µm beyond, and in a female paratype of X. nigroabscondita 210–260 µm before the furcation. Left and right wing of a second female from Ecully is asymetric in this respect (left: 60 µm before, right: 130 µm beyond). In the single male the of 2r-m fusion is 60–80 µm before the furcation. Although all known specimens of X. lugdunensis were collected outside the native distribution range of Pinus nigra (Fig. 21), circumstances of collection indicate this pine species to be the host plant. General presence of P. nigra in the Hungarian plain is also indicated by the occurrence of X. curva, X. graeca and X. menelaus there (Figs 11, 15, 18). The type series of X. nigroabscondita was collected “on the ground amongst leaf-litter and fallen twigs” below “some isolated black pine trees (Pinus nigra)” in the city park of Szeged (Haris & Gyurkovics 2011). The specimen recorded by Chevin & Tussac (1992) was collected in a yellow pan trap ca 10 m distant from a small P. nigra wood (H. Tussac, personal communication). This pine is also demonstrably present in Ecully, where two female X. lugdunensis and two female X. curva were collected. Larvae of X. curva are known to be associated with P. nigra as the host. A female from Cabrerets was misidentified as X. curva by Chevin & Tussac (1992). In France X. lugdunensis appears to have only a small distribution range, as the specimens were collected at most ca 300 km apart from each other in the environs of the Massif Central. The recent record from Szeged in Hungary has been a surprise and raises the question, why X. lugdunensis has been observed so seldom, while the putative host, Pinus nigra, has a wide distribution and was studied extensively in the course of our work. Together with the Nearctic X. linsleyi Burdick, 1961 and X. styrax Burdick, 1961, Rasnitsyn (1965) placed X. lugdunensis in his X. linsleyi group. His view cannot be confirmed, because the characters presented do not include unequivocally derived states for such an association: the lack of serrulae on valvula 2 of the ovipositor is the ground plan condition of Xyela; a short article 3 of the maxillary palp, narrowly rounded tip of valvula 3, and curved ovipositor are of minor weight, because they occur homoplastically in other species groups, too., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 58-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Berland, L. (1943) Les Xyelidae de France [Hym. Sessiliventres]. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 48 (6), 89 - 92.","Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1965) Notes on the biology, systematics and phylogeny of Xyelinae (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae). Polske Pismo Entomologiczne, 35 (12), 483 - 519.","Haris, A. & Gyurkovics, H. (2011) New Xyela Dalman, 1819 species from Hungary close to Xyela lugdunensis (Berland, 1943). Natura Somogyiensis 19, 139 - 148.","Chevin, H. & Tussac, H. (1992) Inventaire des Hymenopteres Symphytes du Department du Lot. Liste complementaire de 56 especes. Cahiers des Naturalistes, Bulletin des Naturalistes Parisiens, N. S. 47 [1991] (3), 61 - 69.","Meusel, H., Jager, E. & Weinert, E. (1965) Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropaischen Flora. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 583 pp. [text] + 258 pp. [maps].","Barbero, M., Loisel, R., Quezel, P., Richardson, D. M. & Romane, F. (1998) Pines of the Mediterranean Basin. In: Richardson, D. M. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne and Madrid, pp. 153 - 170 [paperback edition, 2000].","Blank, S. M. (2002) The Western Palaearctic Xyelidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari, M. (ed.) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press, Helsinki, pp. 197 - 233.","Burdick, D. J. (1961) A taxonomic and biological study of the genus Xyela Dalman in North America. University of California Publications in Entomology, 17 (3), 285 - 355."]}

Xyela densiflorae Blank & Shinohara, 2005 Xyela densiflorae Blank & Shinohara in Blank et al., 2005: 266–268, ♂, type locality: South Korea, Kangweondo, Mt. Samagsan. Description. See Blank et al. (2005). Host plant. ● Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. Geographic distribution. South Korea (see Blank et al. 2005, fig. 4)., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Blank, S. M., Shinohara, A. & Byun, B. - K. (2005) The East Asian Xyela species (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) associated with Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora; Pinaceae) and their distribution history. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 36, 259 - 278."]}

Xyela par Blank & Shinohara, 2005 Xyela par Blank & Shinohara in Blank et al., 2005: 268–269, ♂, type locality: South Korea, Kangweondo, Mt. Samagsan. Description. See Blank et al. (2005). Host plant. ● Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. Geographic distribution. South Korea (see Blank et al. 2005, fig. 5)., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Blank, S. M., Shinohara, A. & Byun, B. - K. (2005) The East Asian Xyela species (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) associated with Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora; Pinaceae) and their distribution history. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 36, 259 - 278."]}

Xyela rasnitsyni Blank & Shinohara, sp. nov. Type locality: Russia, Primorskiy Kray, Ussuriysky Reserve. Description. Female. Color. Head yellow with black pattern (brown usually almost absent): two black stripes along supraantennal furrows meeting black ocellar and postocellar area and black longitudinal spot in middle of frons always present; kidney-shaped spot on vertex confluent with black postocellar area or sometimes leaving indistinct yellow stripe in between (Fig. 48). Antennae brown, paler below. Mesoscutum black or slightly brown or yellow anteriorly on lateral lobes. Abdominal terga brown, lateral parts of preapical terga, partly preapical sterna and valvifer 2 pale brown, valvula 3 dark brown with membranous base whitish (Fig. 2, 104). Legs pale brown, anterior side of femora usually with darker longitudinal stripes (at least on posterior legs), posterior coxae predominantly dark brown. Wing membrane, venation and pterostigma pale brown. Morphology. Fore wing 3.5–4.1 mm long, 1.20–1.25 times longer than ovipositor sheath, vein 1m-cu absent and Rs+M 100–200 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 590–680 µm long, antennomere 4 150–180 µm long and 4.5–5.5 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 400–480 µm long, 1.45–1.65 times longer than scape and distinctly wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = (1.30–)1.40–1.60: 1. Ovipositor sheath (2.8–)3.0– 3.3 mm long, valvula 3 3.5–4.0 times longer than valvifer 2 and 13.5–14.5 times longer than wide (Fig. 2, 104). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath compressed, ca 3 times wider in lateral view than combined width of the valvulae 3 in dorsal view, basally with pale membranous area little longer than width of valvula and distally with very narrow pale margin extending up to about middle of valvula 3, distally narrowing to acicular tip without defined sensilla field, ventral edge distally with 3–4 setae, distal setae shorter than more basal setae. Ovipositor indistinctly evenly curved in the basal 0.7. Valvula 1 of ovipositor compressed, aulax terminating preapically, dorsal edge sloping down and ventral edge sloping up to tip, with 13–14 oblique annuli in distal quarter, without serrulae, olistether most likely without setae (Fig. 125). Valvula 2 with smooth dorsal margin, tapering in distal third, pale and evenly sclerotized, in distal half with single and regularly spaced sensilla campaniformia. Posterior tibia 0.85–0.95 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Male. Color. Similar to female. Dark pattern on face, vertex and clypeus less extensive, e.g., small yellow stripe between kidney-shaped spots and postocellar area usually present (Fig. 49). Antennae pale brown. Mesoscutum at most a little yellow anteriorly on lateral lobes. Abdomen brown, tergum 8 with pale blotch medially, hypopygium dirty yellowish brown. Morphology. Fore wing 3.0– 3.4 mm long, Rs+M (60–)100–200 µm long, 2r-m meeting Rs proximal to furcation of Rs1 and Rs2. Synantennomere 3 580–740 µm long, antennomere 4 170–210 µm long and 5.5–7.0 times longer than wide distally. Article 3 of maxillary palp 350–400 µm long, 1.30–1.40 times longer than scape and distinctly wider than synantennomere 3. OOL: POL = 1.40–1.60: 1. Longitudinal apodeme of basiparamere curved, basal portion in lateral position (Figs 153–154), harpe 1.15–1.30 longer than wide in lateral view. Lower ergot on valvular stalk present and erect. Valviceps 1.70–1.75 times longer than wide on medial lobe, with indistinct oblique lateral lamella, proximal lobe of penis valve 0.09–0.13 times as long as valviceps and ca 0.90 times as high as medial lobe, excision on lower edge ca 0.30 as deep as width of medial lobe, valviceps on medial lobe 1.60–1.65 times wider than on distal lobe, 2 (exceptionally 3) distal flagella present, tip of longer flagellum reaching 1.05–1.15 width of distal lobe (Fig. 140). Valviceps with median longitudinal sclerotization present, medial lobe conspicuously asymmetric and situated in basal quarter of valviceps, with 7–10 cone-like sensilla along upper edge and scattered cone-like sensilla on lateral surface, upper edge between medial and distal lobe with ca 10 scattered setae. Posterior tibia 0.80–0.85 mm long, all claws with delicate subapical tooth. Type material: Holotype ♀: “Ussurijskij Res., Primorskii Kray, Russia, 21.–26.V.1994, [leg.] A. Shinohara ”; [red:] “Holotype ♀ Xyela rasnitsyni spec. nov. det. S. M. Blank 2000”. NSMT. Paratypes: 12♀ 15♂, DEI, NSMT, YUIC, ZIN, ZSM. Etymology. This conspicuous species is dedicated to Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn (Moscow), who contributed and at an age of 80 years still contributes fundamentally to the knowledge in diversity and phylogeny of extant and fossil insects, among them the basal Hymenoptera. Host plant. Ο Pinus koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc. Geographic distribution. China (Jilin Province), Russia (Primorskiy Kray), South Korea (Fig. 22). Remarks. The female of Xyela rasnitsyni shares its sharply pointed tip of valvula 3 with X. helvetica (Benson, 1961) and X. longula Dalman, 1819, which are Western Palearctic. However, the latter have article 3 of the maxillary palp shorter than the scape (in X. rasnitsyni 1.45–1.60 times longer than scape), and the valvula 3 straight (slightly bent downwards) and diamond-shaped in cross section (compressed). The male is easily distinguished from other forms occurring in this region by the harpes, which are longer than wide (in other species as long as wide). In Russia, A.P. Rasnitsyn collected four females from Pinus koraiensis, and at least the specimens from China were collected close to this pine species (E.-J. Fittkau, personal communication, see also X. koraiensis)., Published as part of Blank, Stephan M., Shinohara, Akihiko & Altenhofer, Ewald, 2013, The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution , pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 3629 (1) on pages 63-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5261330, {"references":["Benson, R. B. (1961) The sawflies (Hymenoptera Symphyta) of the Swiss National Park and surrounding area. Ergebnisse der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen im Schweizerischen Nationalpark, 7, 161 - 195.","Dalman, J. W. (1819) Nagra nya Insect-Genera. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, pp. 117 - 127."]}

Dolerus (Equidolerus) subfasciatus F. Smith, 1874 Table 1; Figs 1–3, 7– 8, (18–20) Dolerus subfasciatus F. Smith, 1874: 384. Type locality: Hiogo [= Hyogo, Japan]. Lectotype female examined (designated in Kirby 1882); condition satisfactory (left flagellum, left hind legs and right middle leg partly missing); BMNH. Labelled: " Type H.T." [printed circular pale label with wide red margin], "B.M. TYPE HYM 1.253." [printed square-shaped pale label, the number handwritten], square-shaped pale label: "Hiogo" [= Hyogo, handwritten] " Japan." [printed], " 74 / 6 " [circular pale handwritten, date?], " Dolerus subfasciatus [Type?] Smith" [pale rectangular handwritten], "Kb. […?]" [pale hand-written, partly unreadable], " LECTOTYPUS Ƥ DOLERUS SUBFASCIATUS F. SMITH DES. IN KIRBY 1882 " [red, handwritten in capital letters]. Dolerus picinus Marlatt, 1898: 504. Lectotype Ƥ here designated; condition poor (mouldy, 4 apical flagellomeres of the left flagellum, left hind leg starting from metafemur and apical tarsomere of the right leg missing); USNM. Labels as in Fig. 18 and "[Red label] LECTOTYPUS [printed] Ƥ 2012 DOLERUS PICINUS MARLATT, 1898 [handwritten in block letters] M.Heidemaa des. [printed]"; " Dolerus (Equidolerus) subfasciatus F. Smith, 1874 Det. M.Heidemaa " [white, framed, printed]; USNM. Paralectotype 3, labels as in Fig. 19 and " PARALECTOTYPUS 3 … 2012 " [… as in lectotype but all handwritten in block letters], " Dolerus (Dolerus) japonicus Kirby, 1882 Det. M.Heidemaa " [white, framed, printed]; USNM (see taxonomic notes). Distribution. Eastern Palaearctic, at present known only from Japan (Honshu and Shikoku) but may occur in adjacent territories. Material examined is from the following prefectures: HONSHU: Akita, Chiba, Gifu, Gunma, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Iwate, Kanagawa, Kyoto, Nagano, Nara, Niigata, Osaka, Saitama, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokyo, SHIKOKU: Ehime. Some collection records of this species have been published, e.g., by Naito et al. (2004), however, males of this species should be re-examined because D. japonicus males have sometimes been misidentified as males of D. subfasciatus in collections. Specimens studied (NSMT if not stated otherwise). JAPAN: HONSHU: Nyuto spa, 800m, Akita Pref., 10.VI. 2009, T. Naito [leg.], 1 Ƥ 13; Hachimantai, 1400m, Iwate Pref., 9.VI. 2009, T. Naito [leg.], 2 Ƥ; Komenoi, Toride-shi, Ibaraki, 8.V. 1993, H. Hamaji [leg.], 2 Ƥ; Daigo, Ibaraki, 5.IV. 2002, A. Shinohara [leg.], 23; Ouchi, Bato, Tochigi Pref., 4-5.V. 1993, A. & T. Shinohara [leg.], 13; same collecting data but 5-7. V. 1994, 5 Ƥ 13; same locality 4.V. 1996, A. Ta. N. & To. Shinohara [leg.], 13; same locality 6.IV. 2002, A. Shinohara [leg.], 13; Ouchi, Bato, Tochigi Pref. 4-5.V 1993, A.&T. Shinohara [leg.], 13, (misidentified as D. ephippiatus male by A. Haris); same collecting data, 6.IV 2002, 13; Yumoto 1600m, Nikko, Tochigi, 14.VI. 1971, A. Shinohara [leg.], 1 Ƥ; same collecting data but 5.VI. 1977, 1Ƥ; Marunuma, 1420m, Gunma, 3.VI. 1971, Ishikawa & Kachi [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Tokorozawa, Saitama, 17.V. 1931, S. Fujii [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Shiki, Saitama, 28.IV. 1969, A. Shinohara [leg.], 1 Ƥ; same collecting data but 11.IV. 1970, 13; same collecting data but 24.IV. 1970, 1Ƥ; same collecting data but 22.IV. 1972, 1Ƥ; Tateyama, Chiba, 15.IV. 1931, K. Sato [leg.], 2 Ƥ 13; Chikura, Chiba, 15.IV. 1931, K. Sato [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Mt.Kiyosumi, Chiba, 16.IV. 1931, K. Sato [leg.], 13; Kashiwa-city, Chiba pref., 28.III. 1971, A. Shinohara [leg.], 23; Imperial Palace, Fukiage Gyoen, Tokyo, 16.IV. 1997, M. Tomokuni [leg.], 2 Ƥ 13; same locality, 07.IV. 1999, A. Shimizu [leg.], 3 Ƥ; same locality, 07.IV. 1999, T. Nambu [leg.], 1 Ƥ; same locality, 16.IV. 2001, T. Nambu [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Kinuta, Tokyo, 10.IV. 1959, Y. Kurosawa [leg.], 13; Takao, Tokyo, 19.IV. 1931, S. Asahina [leg.], 13; Takaoyama, Tokyo, 6.V. 1936, S. Asahina [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Mt.Takao-san, Tokyo, 10.IV. 1979, T. Niisato [leg.], 13; Hikagezawa, Mt.Takao, Tokyo, 19.IV. 1973, A. Shinohara [leg.], 13; same locality, 17.IV. 1977, N. Matsuba [leg.], 23; same locality, 24.IV. 1977, N. Matsuba [leg.], 13; same locality, 24.IV. 1994, M. Tomokuni [leg.], 1 Ƥ; same locality, 21.IV. 1996, A. Shinohara [leg.], 1 Ƥ; same locality, 19.IV. 1998, A. Shinohara [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Kamiange, Mt. Jinba, Tokyo, 8.V. 1977, A. Shinohara [leg.], 1 Ƥ; same collecting data but 17.V. 1992, 1Ƥ; same collecting data but 5.V. 1997, 1Ƥ; same locality, 30.IV. 1977, N. Matsuba [leg.], 13; same locality, 27.IV. 1996, A. & T. Shinohara [leg.], 1 Ƥ 13; Uratakao, Tokyo, 23.III. 1967, A. Shinohara [leg.], 13; Kariyosezawa, Itsukaichi, Tokyo, 29.IV. 1977, A. Shinohara [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Tamagawa, Tokyo, 14.IV. 1929. H. Sugiura [leg.], 1 Ƥ; same locality, 17.IV. 1929, S. Fujii [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Kobotoke-toge, Tokyo, 23.IV. 1967, A. Shinohara [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Yokohama, Kanagawa, 11.IV. 1930, K. Sato [leg.], 13; same collecting data but 20.IV. 1930, 13; same collecting data but 29.IV. 1955, 1Ƥ; same collecting data but 21.IV. 1957, 1Ƥ; same locality, 25.IV. 1929, S. Fujii [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 15.IV. 1928, K. Sato [leg.], 2 Ƥ; same locality 19.IV. 1972, A. Shinohara [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Baba-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 22.IV. 1955, K. Sato. [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Sugita, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 6.IV. 1930, K. Sato [leg.], 1 Ƥ 33; same collecting data but 7.IV. 1928, 13; Gumyoji, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 20.IV. 1930, K. Sato [leg.], 2 Ƥ; Shinohara-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 23.IV. 1955, K. Sato [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Chigasaki, Kanagawa Pref., 25.IV. 1967, A. Shinohara [leg.], 13; Tsukui-ko, Kanagawa, 20.IV. 1969, A. Shinohara [leg.], 1 Ƥ 13; Shimogamo-onsen, Shizuoka Pref., 3.IV. 1996, A. & T. Shinohara [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Shibakawa, Shizuoka, 29.III. 1972, A. Shinohara [leg.], 13; Sasagamine 1300m, Niigata Pref., 26.V. 2009, T. Naito [leg.], 2 Ƥ; Niigata Pref. Sasagamine 1300m, 26.V 2009, T. Naito [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Mt. Amakazari 1200m, Nagano Pref., 28.V. 2008, T. Naito [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Yamada, Nagano, 18.V. 1932, K. Sato [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Nagano, Nagano, 16.V. 1932, K. Sato [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Gifu, Japan, 5. V [19] 18, 1 Ƥ, Dolerus picinus Marl. Ƥ det.Takeuchi, MZAT (coll. R. Forsius); Mt. Uwanai [in Ishikawa Pref.], 1 Ƥ, D. picinus Marlatt, ZMH (coll. E. Lindqvist); Asakayama-cho, Kameyama-shi, Kyoto., 26.IV. 1994, H. Hamaji [leg.], 6 Ƥ; Ikuecho, Osaka, 22.III. 1928, C. Takeuchi [leg.], 2 Ƥ 33; Nara Park, Nara, 17.IV. 1929, C. Teranishi [leg.], 13; Yoshino, 700m, Nara Pref., 1.V. 2008, T. Naito [leg.], 2 Ƥ; Mt. Ooginosen, 200m, Hyogo Pref., 8.V. 2007, T. Naito [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Nishiwaki, 100m, Hyogo Pref., 8.IV. 2009, T. Naito [leg.], 2 Ƥ; Nishiwaki, Hyogo Pref., 29 -IV- 1962, R. Inomata [leg.], 1 Ƥ, SDEI; same collecting data but 12 -IV- 1960, 13, SDEI; same collecting data but 8.IV 2009, 2Ƥ; Hyogo Pref., Mt. Hinakura 1000m, 6.V 2008 T. Naito [leg.], 1 Ƥ. SHIKOKU, Nanokawagoe, 1450m, Ishizuchi-yama Mts., Ehime Pref., 9.V. 2005, A. Shinohara [leg.], 13. Host plant. Okutani (1967) recorded Equisetum arvense as a host of this species (under the erroneous name " D. umbraticus Marlatt, 1898 " (currently a synonym of D. ephippiatus F. Smith, 1874 [a species associated with Poodolerus]), see Okutani 1970, for a correction of the name. Taxonomic notes. The number of female syntypes of Dolerus subfasciatus was not specified in the original description but the statement "a. Ƥ. (Type.) Hiogo [= Hyogo, Japan]. G. Lewis, Esq. [= Esquier?]" in Kirby (1882), referring to one certain syntype female, is a valid lectotype designation in accordance with Article 74.6 (ICZN 1999). This is the only female with such label data in the BMNH. Equidolerus species which include specimens with a black abdomen (e.g., D. gessneri) and some other species with a partially red abdomen (e.g., the Nearctic D. (E.) frisoni Ross, 1931), also differ from D. subfasciatus by their distinctly striated (with keel-like sculpticells), largely matt terga. Dolerus picinus was correctly regarded as a synonym of D. subfasciatus by Benson (1956). Benson (1962) mistakenly synonymized D. picinus rhodogaster and D. pseudoanticus with D. subfasciatus (the male of the latter species was not known to him, but he did examine the male of D. neoaprilis). The original description of D. picinus was based on a syntype series of 6 Ƥ and 43 from “Gifu and zuzushi”, Japan (Marlatt 1898). The original collection labels of the available syntypes (Figs 18–19), which were given to the USNM by Dr. K. Mitsukuri of Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan as a present, were handwritten by a Japanese collector and could read “Gifu, Tsutsumi” not “Gifu and zuzushi” as given by Marlatt (1898). “Gifu” indicates the name of a locality, but “Zuzushi” (spelled in Marlatt 1898 also “Gifu zuzushi” in case of some other species) is a strange and inexplicable word. Probably this is not a locality name, but corresponds with “tsutsumi” which is a common word for a river bank, a likely habitat for some Dolerus species. Marlatt did not designate a holotype. Only one female and one male of the type series were found in USNM. All should have the red type labels “[sex] Type 3837 U.S. N.M”. The two syntypes of D. picinus belong to D. japonicus (paralectotype male) and D. subfasciatus (lectotype female). The genital capsule without penis valves is stored inside a microvial pinned with the specimen. Because the microscope slide with penis valves of the paralectotype was not found, the male genitalia of a conspecific male (belonging also to D. japonicus and misidentified as D. picinus by S.A. Rohwer; now in MZAT) with identical locality label in Japanese (Fig. 20) as in the paralectotype male (Fig. 19) are illustrated (Figs 9–10). It cannot be excluded that the male in MZAT which is identical with the misidentified paralectotype of D. picinus bearing the same locality label, is one of the missing syntypes of D. picinus. This misidentified male and one correctly identified female of D. japonicus (both now in MZAT), all bearing identification labels written by Rohwer (Fig. 20) and the locality labels in Japanese (Figs 18–20), match the specimens presented by K. Mitsukuri to C. L. Marlatt for determination (see Marlatt 1898 for details). The males of D. japonicus were certainly mistaken as D. picinus (= D. subfasciatus) by Marlatt and Rohwer, and the males of D. neoaprilis as D. subfasciatus by most authors. We found also that the syntype male of D. yokohamensis Rohwer ("Allotype No 27302 U.S. N.M.", [red printed label], " Dolerus yokohamensis allotype 3 Roh.", [white handwritten label with black printed frame]) is a misidentified male of D. subfasciatus. Because Rohwer’s type series of D. yokohamensis is a mixed series, and he did not designate a holotype in the original description (" 1 Ƥ 13 "), we here designate the female as lectotype so that the species names will be applied correctly in the future. The lectotype (USNM) is labelled: "No. 3 ", "Yokohama, Japan, Apr. 14-24 ", "S. I. Kuwana coll. ", " Type No. 27302, U.S. N.M.", " Dolerus yokohamensis Roh., TYPE Ƥ". Though the penis valve of D. subfasciatus was apparently first sketched by Haris (2001), most likely based on a specimen from NSMT, the male of this species has been known to Japanese sawfly taxonomists for a long time (e.g., a male in SDEI from Nishiwaki identified by T. Naito, see above). Togashi (1962, 2000) also recorded males of this species, but the male recorded by Togashi (2000) was collected in October, suggesting a possible misidentification for D. japonicus. Despite their very different penis valves, D. subfasciatus (Fig. 8) and D. japonicus (Fig. 10) often are found mixed in collections, possibly because of their similar habitus and colour pattern. The male of D. subfasciatus also can be separated from D. japonicus by the clypeal emargination at least half the length of the clypeus (clearly less than half of the clypeus length in D. japonicus), abdominal terga with distinct sculpture, and by the colour of tergum 3, which normally has at least some traces of reddish brown (black in D. japonicus males). The Japanese name of Dolerus japonicus is " Osu-guro-habachi " meaning that the male is black (Nakagawa 1902, Harukawa & Kumashiro 1930). Togashi (1970) described the male internal reproductive organs of D. picinus, but the specimens used should be verified whether they belong to D. subfasciatus and not to some misidentified male of D. japonicus., Published as part of Heidemaa, Mikk, Smith, David R. & Shinohara, Akihiko, 2012, Taxonomy of Dolerus subfasciatus auct. and D. subfasciatus F. Smith with notes on the sawfly subgenus Equidolerus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), pp. 1-17 in Zootaxa 3525 on pages 6-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209875, {"references":["Smith, F. (1874) Descriptions of new species of Tenthredinidae, Ichneumonidae, Chrysididae, Formicidae, & c. of Japan. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Part III. (July.), 373 - 409.","Kirby, W. F. (1882) List of Hymenoptera with Descriptions and Figures of the Typical Specimens in the British Museum. 1. Tenthredinidae and Siricidae Vol. 1. By order of the Trustees, London, pp. 1 - 450.","Marlatt, C. L. (1898) Japanese Hymenoptera of the family Tenthredinidae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 21: 493 - 506.","Naito, T., H. Yoshida, H. Nakamine, T. Morita, T. Ikeda, H. Suzuki and A. Nakanishi (2004) Species diversity of sawflies in Hyogo Prefecture, central Japan. Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo, Monograph of Natural History and Environmental Science, 1, [1 - 2], [pl. 1 - 10], 1 - 85. (In Japanese.)","Okutani, T. (1967) Food plants of Japanese Symphyta (II). Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 11, 90 - 99. (In Japanese, summary in English.)","Okutani, T. (1970) Food plants of Japanese Symphyta (III). Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 14, 25 - 28. (In Japanese, summary in English.)","ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London, 306 pp.","Ross, H. H. (1931) Sawflies of the subfamily Dolerinae of America north of Mexico. Illinois Biological Monographs, 12, 3, 1 - 116.","Benson, R. B. (1956) Studies in Dolerini (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B: Taxonomy, 25, 3 - 4, 55 - 63.","Benson, R. B. (1962) Holarctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series, 12, 379 - 409.","Haris, A. (2001) Six new Dolerus Panzer, 1801 species from Japan, Turkey and the United States (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 62, 83 - 93.","Togashi, I. (1962) Sawflies (Hym. Symphyta) from Fukui and district [sic]. Seibutsu Kenkyu, Fukui, 6, 64 - 65. (In Japanese, abstract in English.)","Togashi, I. (2000) Distributional notes on Sawflies (Symphyta: Hymenoptera) from Hiroshima Prefecture. Miscellaneous Reports of the Hiwa Museum for Natural History, 39, 101 - 105. (In Japanese, abstract in English.)","Nakagawa, H. (1902) Honpo-san habachi-ka dai- 1 - shu [The Japanese sawflies, first volume.] Noji Shikenjo Tokubetu Hokoku, (17): 1 + 1 0 + 1 13 + 1 + 1 1, 1 folded table, 1 folded pl. (In Japanese.)","Harukawa, C. & Kumashiro, S. (1930) On the bionomics of the larger black-male sawfly, Dolerus harukawai Waterston. Berichte des O hara Instituts fur landwirtschaftliche Forschungen in Kuraschiki, Provinz Okayama, Japan, 4, 4 - 5, 495 - 509 & plates XXXXIII, XXXXIV.","Togashi, I. (1970) The comparative morphology of the internal reproductive organs of the Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Mushi, 43, Suppl., 1 - 114."]}

Dolerus (Equidolerus) rhodogaster Zhelochovtsev, 1935, stat. nov. Table 1; Figs 6, 15 Dolerus picinus rhodogaster Zhelochovtsev, 1935: 79 –80. Lectotype Ƥ here designated; antennae incomplete, right half of the ovipositor glued on paper and pinned with the specimen; ZIN. Labelled [transliterated and translated from Russian, date handwritten]: "Mandzhuria [North China] Madiopu pereg. [pass] Taipinlina 26. IV- 10.V. 1906. Serebriannikov [leg.]"; "[pale label] Dolerus picinus Ƥ rhodogaster subsp. nov. [handwritten] A. Zhelochovtsev det. 1933 [printed]"; " picinus rhodogaster sbsp. n. [pale folded label, handwritten with blue ink]"; "[Red label] LECTOTYPUS [printed] Ƥ 2012 DOLERUS PICINUS RHODOGASTER ZHELOCHOVTSEV, 1935 [handwritten] M.Heidemaa des." [printed]; " Dolerus (Equidolerus) rhodogaster Zhelochovtsev, 1935 Det. M.Heidemaa " [white, framed, printed]. Paralectotypes: 8 Ƥ 13, ZMUM. Dolerus subfasciatus rhodogaster: Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1992: 211. Distribution. Eastern Palaearctic. China: Manchuria (see data of the lectotype above; Zhelochovtsev 1935). All records from the literature and the paralectotypes need verification as there might be a resembling species (see taxonomic notes below). Russia (Zhelochovtsev 1935): Amur District, Blagoveshchensk (2 Ƥ, 9.VI 1931 and 4.VII 1927, V. Verestshagin [leg.]); Budunda (1 Ƥ, 29.V 1930, A. Shein [leg.]); Sichote-Alin: Shkotovo (4 Ƥ 13, 3 - 6.VI 1927, A. Zhelochovtsev [leg.]); Shkotovo, Maiche (1 Ƥ, 17.VI 1929. Shablkovski [leg.]); East Siberia (Verzhutskii 1966, under the name D. subfasciatus v[ar]. rhodogaster): River Malaja Bystraja [Slydyanskij rajon, Irkutskaja oblast] (1 Ƥ, 27.VI 1955); Zun-Murino [Tunkinskij ajmak, Buryatia] (1 Ƥ, 2.VI 1961); Irkutsk (13, no date, V. Jakowlew [leg.]); Tibel´ti [Slydyanskij rajon, Irkutskaja oblast] (2 Ƥ, 2.VII and 4.VII 1963); Baikal Region, Tunkinskaja dolina [plain]. Specimens studied. Lectotype Ƥ, 13 (both in ZIN). Host plant. Unknown. Taxonomic notes. The lancet of the lectotype female (Fig. 6) fits the fragment illustrated by Zhelochovtsev (1935: fig. 3). The only syntype male mentioned in the original description was not available for study, but we studied one male from the collection of Semenov-Tian-Shansky collected in Irkutsk (Russia) by Jakowlew, which most likely belongs to this species (penis valve in Fig. 15). The colour of the abdomen in this male is not completely black as it was noted by Zhelochovtsev (1935) for the syntype male of D. picinus rhodogaster (ZMUM, not examined), but it resembles the lectotype female which has some middle abdominal segments partly red. Also the structural characters mentioned in the description, including the long ventro-apical thorn-like process of the penis valve (not illustrated in Zhelochovtsev 1935) and the structure of the abdominal terga fit this male from Irkutsk (labelled: " Dolerus picinus Marl. subsp. nov ? 3 A.Zhelochovtsev det. 1933 "; its genitalia were not studied by Zhelochovtsev). Paralectotypes: 8 Ƥ 13 in ZMUM (3 Ƥ of them were mentioned as paratypes in Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1992 but had in fact syntype status). Large females with extensively red abdominal segments 2–6 (from South Korea, in USNM) and resembling D. rhodogaster (identified as D. subfasciatus by A. Haris) neither belong to this species nor to D. neoaprilis; their identity needs futher study and additional material., Published as part of Heidemaa, Mikk, Smith, David R. & Shinohara, Akihiko, 2012, Taxonomy of Dolerus subfasciatus auct. and D. subfasciatus F. Smith with notes on the sawfly subgenus Equidolerus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), pp. 1-17 in Zootaxa 3525 on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209875, {"references":["Zhelochovtsev, A. N. (1935) Notes sur les Dolerinae (Hym.) palearctiques. Sbornik trudov Gosudarstvennogo zoologicheskogo muzeja MGU, 2, 79 - 84 (In French, summary in Russian.)","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1992) Otrjad Hymenoptera - Perepontshatokrilije. Podotrjad Symphyta - Sidjatshebrjuchie [Order Hymenoptera, Suborder Symphyta.] In: Chistyakov, Yu. A. (ed.). Nasekomye Khinganskogo Zapovednika, Chast' 2 [Insects of Khinganskiy Reserve, Part 2]. Dal'nauka, Vladivostok, pp. 199 - 221 (In Russian.)","Verzhutskii, B. N. (= Verzhuckij, B. N.) (1966) Pilil'shhiki Pribajkal'ja [Sawflies of Baikal region.], Nauka, Moskva, pp. 1 - 162. (In Russian.)"]}

Siobla metallica Takeuchi 1929 (Figs 3 c, 3 d, 6 h, 6 i, 9 c, 13 f, 14 c, 15 c, 20 d���i) Siobla metallica Takeuchi, 1929: 495. ��, type locality: Mt. Jonen, Nagano-ken (Japan). ReDescription. ��. Length, 14���15 mm (Figs 3 c, 6 h).Body metallic blue; labrum purple, palpi dirty brown, anterior of fore femur and of fore tibia, fore tarsus, apical 1 / 3 of anterior of middle femur, and lateral of 2 nd abdominal tergite yellowish brown. Forewing sub-infumate hyaline, cell C dark brown, stigma and veins black brown; hind wing grayish hyaline. Hairs on dorsum of head and thorax dark brown, hairs on lateral sides of thorax silver. Head including temple and postocellar area coarsely and densely punctured, interspaces indistinct (Fig. 20 d); mesonotum densely punctured, anterior of mesoscutum sparsely punctured; posttergite finely microsculptured; mesepisternum coarsely punctured in upper half and sparsely punctured in ventral half; mesepimeron shiny in anterior and upper margin, densely and finely microsculptured in middle; upper of metepisternum densely and minutely punctured, other parts shiny; metepimeron shiny in middle and posterior corner, densely and coarsely punctured in dorsum, other parts finely microsculptured; 1 st abdominal tergite shiny, but finely punctured in lateral, other tergites densely and transversely microsculptured, apex of abdomen and apical sheath finely microsculptured, shiny. Hairs on dorsum of head straight, slightly longer than diameter of median ocellus, apices slightly curved; hairs on dorsum of mesoscutellum slightly longer than diameter of median ocellus. Anterior margin of clypeus truncate; shortest distance between eyes below antennal sockets in front view as long as eye height; malar space 0.9 �� transverse diameter of median ocellus; supraantennal tubercle weakly and obtusely elevated; middle fovea shallow, smaller than frontal basin; lateral fovea small but deep; interocellar furrow broad and deep, postocellar furrow narrow and deep; postocellar area 1.3 �� as broad as long, central part elevated with a distinct middle ridge (Fig. 20 e); lateral furrows deep, curved and slightly divergent posteriorly; temple 0.6 �� length of eye in dorsal view; lateral sides distinctly convergent posteriorly. Antenna 1.3 �� as long as head and thorax together, equal to length of abdomen. Mesoscutellum obtusely elevated, without peak or middle carina (Fig. 20 f); mesepisternum with an obscure middle ridge, ventral thorn absent. Metabasitarsus 4.5 �� as long as broad, about 0.8 �� length of following 4 tarsomeres combined, hind inner tibial spur 0.5 �� length of metabasitarsus. Hind wing with petiole of anal cell shorter than half length of cu-a. Ovipositor sheath 0.8 �� length of middle tibia. Lancet short, with 14 serrulae, annular sutures distinct in ventral half (Fig. 9 c), middle serrulae each with 9���10 distal fine teeth (Fig. 13 f). Male: Length, 13���14 mm (Figs 3 d, 6 i). Similar to female in color and general appearance except for hairs on dorsum of head 1.3 �� diameter of median ocellus, apices obviously curved (Figs 20 h, 20 i); hairs on dorsum of thorax dark brown; fore and middle legs with anterior of femur and tibia and most of tarsus pale brown; shortest distance between eyes below antennal sockets in front view 0.8 �� eye height; malar space linear; temple 0.4 �� length of eye in dorsal view (Fig. 20 g); subgenital plate as long as broad, posterior margin round, gonoforcep as Fig. 14 c; penis valve as Fig. 15 c. Variation. Pale spot on lateral sides of abdomen in one male (coll. SDEI) small, posterior reaching spiracle. Specimens examined. Japan: Honshu: 1 ��, [JAPAN: Honshu], Makuiwa, 1550 m, Shiga���kogen, Nagano Pref. 24. VII. 1998, A. Shinohara; [Blue:] For exchange; 13, [JAPAN: Honshu], Kiyosato, Yatsugatake Mts., Yamanashi Pref. 1719. VI. 1999, A. Shinohara; [Blue:] For exchange; 1 ��, Mt. Tateshinayama, Kasuga Bokujyo, (Nagano), vii. 1.1971, R. & F. Ishikawa; MSNT-I-Hym, No. 7873 (NSMT); 233, Take, foot of Mt. Hayachine, [Iwate], vii. 13, 1967, Ig. R. Ishikawa; MSNT-I-Hym, No. 256���257 (NSMT); 1 ��, 19; col. H. Kumamoto; Siobla metallica, det. H. Kumamoto; Todaigawa (Minami���Alps), 20.vi. 1981. (SDEI); 13, 18; col. H. Kumamoto; Siobla metallica, det. H. Kumamoto; Oomi���Takayama (Shiga), 19.vi. 1982 (SDEI). Distribution. Japan (Honshu, Shikoku). Remarks. S. metallica is similar to S. reticulatia Wei, 1998. See the above key for the differences between the two species. S. metallica is also similar to S. shennongjiana, and S. obtusiscutellata see remarks there. S. metallica was described by Takeuchi (1929) based on a single female from Japan. Togashi (1970) studied the internal reproductive organs of both female and male. Naito (1982) reported that its chromosome number is 9. Takeuchi (1955) provided a color photograph of a male and reported that it is distributed in Shikoku and Honshu and occurs in June and July. Togashi (1998) reported it from Fukushima Prefecture. Naito (2004) provided a color photograph of a female and presented its distribution data in Hyogo Prefecture., Published as part of Niu, Gengyun, Wei, Meicai & Taeger, Andreas, 2012, Revision of the Siobla metallica group (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), pp. 1-49 in Zootaxa 3196 on page 14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280105, {"references":["Takeuchi, K. (1929) Descriptions of New Sawflies from the Japanese Empire (I). Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 29 (105), 495 - 497.","Wei, M. & Nie, H. (1998) Four new species of Siobla and Metallopeus from Mt. Funiu (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). In: Shen, X.; Shi, Z. (Eds.): Insects of the Funiu Mountains Region (1). (The Fauna and Taxonomy of Insects in Henan Vol. 2). China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing, pp. 142 - 145. (In Chinese, with English abstract).","Togashi, I. (1970) The comparative morphology of the internal reproductive organs of the Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Mushi, 43 (Supplement), 1 - 114.","Naito, T. (1982) Chromosome Number Differentiation in Sawflies and its Systematic Implication (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Kontyu, 50 (4), 569 - 587.","Takeuchi, K. (1955) Symphyta. In: Esaki, T. & Takeuchi, K. (Eds), Genshoku Nihon konch u zukan [Coloured Illustrations of the Insects of Japan, 2]. Hoikusha, Osaka, pp. 112 - 128. (In Japanese).","Togashi, I. (1998) Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) Collected by Mr. T. Mikage in Fukushima Prefecture, Honshu, Japan. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 53 (1), 33 - 37.","Naito, T. (2004) Species Diversity of Sawflies in Hyogo Prefecture, Central Japan. Monograph of Nature and Human Activities, 1, 1 - 87."]}

Dolerus (Equidolerus) neoaprilis MacGillivray, 1908, spec. rev. Table 1; Figs 4, 11–12, 17 Dolerus neoaprilis MacGillivray, 1908: 126. Lectotype female examined. Labelled: " INHS Insect Collection 183,581 " [printed], "F. Rauterberg Collection, NEB" [former printed, "NEB" handwritten], " Type of Dolerus neoaprilis A. D. MacGillivray, Ƥ " [printed, red], " Dolerus neoaprilis MacG." [handwritten, red frame]; Frison 1927: 242 (lectotype designation). Dolerus subfasciatus neoaprilis: Benson 1956: 59. Dolerus subfasciatus auct. non F. Smith, 1874 Distribution. We have examined specimens from the following states and provinces: CANADA: Alberta, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec. USA: Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Virginia. Goulet (1986) recorded this species under the name D. subfasciatus from across Canada and northern United States. This species is not Holarctic as has been suggested, e.g., by Benson (1962) and Goulet (1986). Specimens studied (USNM if not stated otherwise). CANADA: ALBERTA, 20 mi [les]. W. Legal, George Lake, 31.V- 3.VI. [19] 78, Malaise trap, D.R. Smith [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Bilby, 20.VII. 1924, O. Bryant [leg.], 1 Ƥ, same, 21.VII. 1924, 1Ƥ, same 28.VII. 1924, 2Ƥ; NEWFOUNDLAND, Cormack, 24. VI. 1966, D.R. Smith [leg.], 1 Ƥ; 28 mi. NW Deer Lake, 29.VI. [19]’ 66, D.R.Smith [leg.], 1 Ƥ; 3 mi. SE St. George’s, 27. VI. 1966, 1Ƥ 13; NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, Norman Wells, 27.V. 1953, C.D. Bird [leg.], 1 Ƥ 13, SDEI; Ft. Providence, MacKenzie R., 8.VII. 1903, Mack., 1 Ƥ; NOVA SCOTIA, 5 mi. E Antigonish, 26. VI. 1966, D.R. Smith [leg.], 5 Ƥ; ONTARIO, North Bay, 24.VI. 1967, NLHKrauss, 1 Ƥ; QUEBEC, James Bay Hwy [highway] km 68, 18.VI. [19] 85, Sweeping, H.Goulet, D.R. Smith [leg.], 1 Ƥ 13. USA: ALASKA, Anchorage, 30.V. 1948, F.S. Blanton [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Eklutha, 1.VII. 1956, R.L. Washburn, 1 Ƥ; Fairbanks, July 2, 1921, J.M. Aldrich coll. 1 Ƥ; Matanuska, VI.[19] 44, 44-27645 Trap, J. Chamberlin [leg.], 1 Ƥ 13; Matanuska, 17.V. 1945, rotary trap, J.C.Chamberlin [leg.], 1 Ƥ; same data but 5.VI. 1945, 13; Nenana, 13.VI. 1951, R.I. Sailor [leg.], 2 Ƥ; Toolik Lake, Alaska Pipeline Rd., Wash. Cr., 21.VI. 1978, on Salix, S. MacLean [leg.], 1 Ƥ; COLORADO, Garland, 18 - 6, coll. C.V. Riley, 1 Ƥ; Gothic, 9600 ft., 7-1929, M.J. Brown, 1 Ƥ; Veta Pass, 1.7, coll. C.V.Riley, 1 Ƥ; IOWA, Clermont, 28.VI. 1929, A.H. Rolfs [leg.], 1 Ƥ; MAINE, Aroostook Co, Littleton, 8.VI. 1967, D.R. Smith [leg.], 2 Ƥ; Augusta, 1.VI. 1946, A.E. Brower [leg.], 2 Ƥ 13; Kennebec Co, Litchfield, 3.VI. 1967, D.R. Smith [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Oxbow, 6.VI. 1941, A.E. Brower [leg.], 13; Penobscot Co. Enfield, 7.VI. 1967, D.R. Smith [leg.], 4 Ƥ; Piscataquis Co, Brownville Junction, 27.V. 1966, D.R. Smith [leg.], 1 f; Waldo Co, 5 mi N Belfast, 25.V. 1966, D.R. Smith [leg.], 1 Ƥ; MASSACHUSETTS, Arlington, 28.V. 1920, C.S. Sperry [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Reading, 10.VI. 1919, J.V. Schaffner [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Springfield, 4.V. 1903, F. Knab, 1 Ƥ; Stoneham, 28.V. 1932, Blackburn [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Watertown, 28.VI. 1920, C.S. Sperry [leg.], 1 Ƥ; MICHIGAN, Delta Co. 11.VI. 1960, R.&K. Dreisbach [leg.], 1 Ƥ; NEBRASKA (lectotype); NEW HAMPSHIRE, Coos Co. 10 mi. E Groveton, 18.VI. 1983, D.R.Smith [leg.], 1 Ƥ; NEW YORK, Franklin Co, 5 mi. E of Tupper Lake, 9.VI. 1983, D.R. Smith [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Hamilton Co. 5mi. SE Blue Mountain Lake, 5.VI. 1983, D.R. Smith [leg.], 1 Ƥ 13; VIRGINIA, Blackburg, 25.IV. 1960, S.L. Douthat [leg.], 13; Clarke Co, U. Va. Blandy Exp. Farm, 2 mi S. Boyce, 39 °05’N, 78 ° 10 ’W, 28.IV- 10.V. 1993, Malaise trap, D.R. Smith [leg.], 1 Ƥ; Craig Co, Cr. at Rt. 666, Huffman, 1.V. 1978, C.M. & O.S. Flint, Jr, 1 Ƥ. Host plant. One larva reared on Equisetum arvense from Ottawa and described as that of D. (E.) subfasciatus by Leblanc & Goulet (1992) belongs to this species. Taxonomic notes. MacGillivray (1908) did not give the number of specimens, but Frison (1927) listed only a single female as “ Type ”. We regard Frison’s action as the designation of a lectotype in accordance with Article 74.6 (ICZN 1999). Goulet (1986) found no morphological evidence to distinguish the black Japanese females of D. subfasciatus as subspecifically distinct from the Nearctic bicoloured form (D. neoaprilis) and synonymized D. neoaprilis with D. subfasciatus (he likely had no males of the latter species). The species is most similar to Dolerus pseudoanticus, and the two can be distinguished with certainty only by ovipositor structure (see Table 1 for separating it from other resembling Palaearctic species). It can be easily distinguished from D. subfasciatus by its predominately red abdominal segments 2–6 (in females and males) and tergum 1 bearing almost no punctures and setae (in females)., Published as part of Heidemaa, Mikk, Smith, David R. & Shinohara, Akihiko, 2012, Taxonomy of Dolerus subfasciatus auct. and D. subfasciatus F. Smith with notes on the sawfly subgenus Equidolerus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), pp. 1-17 in Zootaxa 3525 on pages 3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209875, {"references":["MacGillivray, A. D. (1908) New species of Dolerinae. The Canadian Entomologist, 40, 4, 125 - 130.","Frison, T. H. (1927) A list of the insect types in the collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey and the University of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Vol. 16, Article IV, 137 - 309.","Benson, R. B. (1956) Studies in Dolerini (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B: Taxonomy, 25, 3 - 4, 55 - 63.","Smith, F. (1874) Descriptions of new species of Tenthredinidae, Ichneumonidae, Chrysididae, Formicidae, & c. of Japan. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Part III. (July.), 373 - 409.","Goulet, H. (1986) The genera and species of the Nearctic Dolerini (Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Selandriinae): Classification and phylogeny. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 135, 1 - 208.","Benson, R. B. (1962) Holarctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series, 12, 379 - 409.","Verzhutskii, B. N. (= Verzhuckij, B. N.) (1966) Pilil'shhiki Pribajkal'ja [Sawflies of Baikal region.], Nauka, Moskva, pp. 1 - 162. (In Russian.)","Leblanc, L. & Goulet, H. (1992) Descriptions of larvae of eight Nearctic species of Dolerus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) with focus on six Equisetum - feeding species from the Ottawa region. The Canadian Entomologist, 124, 999 - 1014.","ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. London, 306 pp."]}

Dolerus (Equidolerus) pseudoanticus Malaise, 1931, spec. rev. Table 1; Figs 5, 13–14, 17 Dolerus pseudoanticus Malaise, 1931: 14 –15. Type locality: Klutchi [= Kluchi, Kamchatka, Russia]. Lectotype Ƥ here designated; right antenna missing, left half of the ovipositor (lance+lancet) glued on paper and pinned with the specimen; NHRS. Labelled: " 570 " [pink, printed], "KAMTSCHATKA Malaise" [pale, framed, printed], " Typus " [red, framed, printed], "[pale, framed] Dolerus pseudoanticus n.sp. (Typus)" [handwritten] Malaise det. [printed]; "[red] LECTOTYPUS [printed] Ƥ 2012 DOLERUS PSEUDOANTICUS MALAISE, 1931 [handwritten] M.Heidemaa des." [printed]; " Dolerus (Equidolerus) pseudoanticus Malaise, 1931 Det. M.Heidemaa " [white, framed, printed]. Paralectotypes: 1 Ƥ 13 from Kamtchatka, NHRS; 1 ovipositor slide, USNM (see taxonomic notes). Dolerus subfasciatus pseudoanticus: Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1996: 360. Distribution. This species is known only by the type series from Kluchi in Kamchatka (Russia). Specimens studied. Part of the syntype series (2 Ƥ 13, see taxonomic notes). Host plant. Unknown. Taxonomic notes. A holotype was not designated by Malaise (1931). The syntype series of D. pseudoanticus consists of 4 Ƥ and 23 according to the original description. 2 Ƥ 13 labelled as type (" Typus ", 1 Ƥ) and paratypes (1 Ƥ [" Paratypus "], 13 ["Allotypus"]) were located at NHRS and studied. A slide preparation of an ovipositor in the USNM, labelled " Dolerus pseudoanticus, Paratype [in fact syntype], female saw, Acc. No. 47009 " prepared by Ross was also studied and labelled as paralectotype, but the corresponding specimen was not located. The lancet illustrated by Malaise (1931: fig 2.) fits the lectotype and matches also the paralectotypes. This species was synonymized with D. subfasciatus by Benson (1962), but the two are distinct according to their ovipositor structure (see also Table 1). Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev (1996) treated D. pseudoanticus as a subspecies of D. subfasciatus. A syntype male of D. pseudoanticus was studied and is the only known male of this species (another syntype male was not found). It does not allow assessment of any character variation in the species, but its penis valves differ slightly from D. neoaprilis (see Fig. 17). resembling Equidolerus species with abdominal terga 2–6 unsculptured / weakly sculptured but widely reddish. * The number of specimens insufficient to assess character variation. Clypeus emargination mostly 1 / 2 of the mostly over 1 / 2 of the 1 / 2 of the clypeal length 1 / 2 of the clypeal length clypeal length clypeal length Head behind eyes in subparallel / converging parallel / subparallel subparallel subparallel dorsal view (females), Published as part of Heidemaa, Mikk, Smith, David R. & Shinohara, Akihiko, 2012, Taxonomy of Dolerus subfasciatus auct. and D. subfasciatus F. Smith with notes on the sawfly subgenus Equidolerus (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), pp. 1-17 in Zootaxa 3525 on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209875, {"references":["Malaise, R. (1931) Entomologische Ergebnisse der schwedischen Kamtchatka Expedition 1920 - 1922. (35. Tenthredinidae). Arkiv for Zoologi, 23 [1931 - 1932], 2 [nr A 8], 1 - 68. (Separatum.)","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1996) [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. II]. Entomologitscheskoje Obozrenije, 75, 2, 357 - 379 (In Russian, summary in English.)","Benson, R. B. (1962) Holarctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series, 12, 379 - 409."]}

Siobla Cameron, 1877 Siobla Cameron, 1877: 88 ���89. Type species: Siobla mooreana Cameron, 1877, by subsequent designation of Ashmead, 1898. Encarsioneura Konow, 1890: 240. Type species: Tenthredo sturmii Klug, 1817, by monotypy. Megasiobla Dovnar-Zapolskij, 1930: 86. Type species: Megasiobla zenaida Dovnar-Zapolskij, 1930, by original designation., Published as part of Niu, Gengyun, Wei, Meicai & Taeger, Andreas, 2012, Revision of the Siobla metallica group (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), pp. 1-49 in Zootaxa 3196 on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280105, {"references":["Cameron, P. (1877) Descriptions of new genera and species of East Indian Tenthredinidae. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 2, 88 - 90.","Ashmead, W. H. (1898) Classification of the horntails and sawflies, or the sub-order Phytophaga (Paper No. 7. - Conclusion). The Canadian Entomologist, 30, 309 - 310.","Konow, F. W. (1890) Tenthredinidae Europae. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1890 (2), 225 - 240.","Dovnar-Zapolskij D. P. (1930) Neue oder wenig bekannte Chalastogastren. Russkoe Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 24 (1 - 2), 86 - 94."]}