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La seguridad es uno de los aspectos principales a considerar cuando se evalua la calidad de servicio provista por un camino. Por lo tanto, la determinacion precisa de la friccion superficial del pavimento adquiere suma importancia como parte de un plan de gestion de redes viales. Actualmente se emplean diversos equipos y procedimientos para medir la resistencia al deslizamiento en superficies de pavimento, tales como el Pendulo Britanico, GripTester y SCRIM, entre otros. Con estos equipos se recopila informacion en terreno que se compara posteriormente respecto a valores umbrales que se consideran aceptables. Con el fin de asegurar una confiabilidad y nivel de calidad aceptables para esos resultados, se debe realizar un monitoreo constante a los procedimientos de medicion, asi como revisiones y calibracion de los instrumentos. Este articulo propone una metodologia general para el control de calidad en instrumentos y mediciones de resistencia al deslizamiento. Tal metodologia ha sido disenada usando listas de verificacion y aplicando conceptos estadisticos de repetibilidad y reproducibilidad. La metodologia fue aplicada para evaluar el nivel de calidad alcanzado por instrumentos y procedimientos de medicion de resistencia al deslizamiento empleados en Chile, con buenos resultados. La calidad de los procedimientos de evaluacion incluidos en dicha metodologia tambien fue verificada, usando las tecnicas de analisis estadisticos Seis-Sigma, lo que contribuyo significativamente a mejorar el sistema de control de calidad propuesto. Rev. ing. constr. [online]. 2012, vol.27, n.1, pp. 75-92. ISSN 0718-5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50732012000100005

Background: Phylum Porifera includes ~8,500 valid species distributed world-wide in aquatic ecosystems ranging from ephemeral fresh-water bodies to coastal environments and the deep-sea. The taxonomy and systematics of sponges is complicated, and morphological identification can be both time consuming and erroneous due to phenotypic convergence and secondary losses, etc. DNA barcoding can provide sponge biologists with a simple and rapid method for the identification of samples of unknown taxonomic membership. The Sponge Barcoding Project (www.spongebarcoding.org), the first initiative to barcode a non-bilaterian metazoan phylum, aims to provide a comprehensive DNA barcode database for Phylum Porifera. Methodology/Principal Findings: ~7,400 sponge specimens have been extracted, and amplification of the standard COI barcoding fragment has been attempted for approximately 3,300 museum samples with ~25% mean amplification success. Based on this comprehensive sampling, we present the first report on the workflow and progress of the sponge barcoding project, and discuss some common pitfalls inherent to the barcoding of sponges. Conclusion: A DNA-barcoding workflow capable of processing potentially large sponge collections has been developed and is routinely used for the Sponge Barcoding Project with success. Sponge specific problems such as the frequent co-amplification of non-target organisms have been detected and potential solutions are currently under development. The initial success of this innovative project have already demonstrated considerable refinement of sponge systematics, evaluating morphometric character importance, geographic phenotypic variability, and the utility of the standard barcoding fragment for Porifera (despite its conserved evolution within this basal metazoan phylum).

A series of ruthenium bis-allyl complexes of formula Ru(η 3- 2-MeC 3H 4) 2(P-OP) (1) which incorporate chiral phosphine-phosphite ligands (P-OP) have been prepared and characterized. Compounds 1 exist in solution as a mixture of two diastereomers (maj and min) differing in the configuration at the metal. Both isomers are in equilibrium in solution, and their ratio varies with the nature of the P-OP ligand. Along the series, higher values of the maj/min ratio were observed with complexes bearing less sterically encumbered phosphite groups. In reactions of compounds 1 with protic reagents removal of one or two allyl ligands has been observed. Thus, reaction of 1h with pentachlorophenol produces the mixed allyl-phenoxide 3h, whereas reaction of 1a or 1h with tiglic acid produces the corresponding tiglates 4a,h, respectively. In addition, compounds 1 generate active catalysts for the hydrogenation of tiglic and 2-methyl-2-pentenoic acids. By appropriate optimization of the structure of the P-OP ligand, enantioselectivities up to 89% ee were obtained in these reactions. In addition, complexes 1 also catalyze the ROMP reaction of norbornene, although low initiation rates have been observed for this process. © 2012 American Chemical Society.

Occupational hazards have undergone significant changes since the middle of the 20th century. In the past, workers were exposed to serious chemical, physical and biological hazards. However, with the improvement of working conditions and reductions in harmful exposures, much of the morbidity and mortality attributable to those hazards has been reduced in high-income countries. Recently, attention has shifted to other disorders, rarely lethal and not exclusively caused by work, but which account for substantial costs and impact on workers’ well-being.1 Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a part of these ‘new’ work-related disorders. MSDs are a major cause of disability,2 affecting over 40 million West European workers, with direct costs in Europe estimated at between 0.5 and 2% of gross domestic product.3 Minimising occupational disability attributable to MSDs, and the associated costs, is one of the major challenges in industrialised countries. A growing body of evidence, based largely on administrative data, suggests a decline in the incidence of work-related MSDs over the past decade among people of working age in …

Diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tracking can be methods used for the study of congenital brain malformations associated to white matter bundle abnormalities.Their use is illustrated in a child with semilobar holoprosencephaly in whom diffusion tensor imaging and tractography showed diencephalic ventral induction failure and abnormal white matter fascicles in brain and brainstem.

4 paginas, 2 tablas, 6 esquemas. Corrected by: Corrigendum: Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Enol Ester Phosphonates: A Versatile Procedure for the Preparation of Chiral β-Hydroxyphosphonates Vol. 16, Issue 33, 9937.

The Lerma-Chapala basin exemplifies the challenges posed by basin closure, where surface water allocation mechanisms, lack of environmental flows and access to water are critical issues. Underlying these issues is a need for accurate water accounting that is transparent and publicly available. This paper describes basin closure in the Lerma-Chapala basin, and focuses on negotiation processes surrounding surface water allocation mechanisms. Although significant attempts have been made to achieve a ‘soft landing’, the basin is still faced with water over-exploitation, environmental degradation, and a complicated transition from centralized water management to one in which states and water users have a larger say.

En pendientes descendentes prolongadas, los vehículos pesados enfrentan el riesgo de corte de frenos. Para mitigar el potencial daño, existen sistemas que permiten que el vehículo salga de la calzada hacia un dispositivo de contención. El más empleado en el mundo es el Lecho de Frenado (LF). Normativas de diseño nacional y extranjeras contienen criterios de diseño geométrico basados en la norma AASHTO (2001), la cual establece una velocidad de diseño fija, sin considerar las características de la pendiente del camino. Estas normativas tampoco proponen criterios analíticos que permitan al diseñador evaluar la necesidad y localización de los lechos de frenado. En este trabajo se propone una metodología secuencial de análisis y diseño de LF. Esta metodología proporciona criterios analíticos para evaluar la necesidad y la localización de un LF, en base al perfil de temperatura del sistema de frenos de camiones propuesto por Browman (1989). Para el diseño geométrico del LF se propone un método energético para determinar el perfil de velocidad y calcular la velocidad de diseño del LF en función de la longitud de la pendiente y la magnitud de la pendiente. Esta metodología proporciona criterios objetivos que permiten al diseñador resolver las principales interrogantes del diseño de un LF: ¿Es necesario utilizarlo?,¿Dónde localizarlo? ¿Qué velocidad de diseño emplear?. Para ilustrar la utilidad de la metodología propuesta se evaluó un LF en operación. Se determinó que su diseño era insuficiente, por lo cual se propuso reubicarlo, utilizar un atenuador de impacto y disponer señales de velocidad máxima para el descenso de camiones

Design of road horizontal curves usually considers geometric characteristics and surface pavement condition by means of friction, superelevation, and speed equations in a deterministic point of view: a unique radius and superelevation are selected, considering a uniform behavior of drivers and pavement surface condition. However, empirical evidence shows that operating speed usually exceeds design speed when design speed is lower than 100 km/h. This means that the aggregated friction demand exceeds the design friction. The friction threshold and variability are not considered in design at the present time. Therefore, the designer does not know the remaining friction available and cannot estimate the margin of safety provided by the design. This problem is important in low-volume roads (LVRs) because the design speed usually considered is lower than 100 km/h. In this paper a methodology to design horizontal curves for LVRs is proposed, considering the variability of skid resistance, pavement texture, driver behavior, and geometric design elements. Critical speed is obtained for two conditions: consistency between design and operational conditions and consistency between friction thresholds considered for the pavement surface and operational condition. For this purpose, a reliability index is estimated by using the Hasofer–Lind method. Results show that a more realistic design is obtained when an aggregated friction demand based on driver behavior is considered. A good design is obtained when design speed ranges around 60 km/h and the standard deviation of curve radius is lower than 20% of the mean radius.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es exponer los resultados preliminares del proyecto de investigación que estamos desarrollando, para conocer la manera en que los alumnos de arquitectura de nuestra universidad representan el objeto arquitectónico con métodos analógicos y digitales en la actualidad. Se busca contribuir a reformular y producir nuevas estrategias pedagógicas en el proceso de formación en representación para el diseño arquitectónico en la carrera de Arquitectura. Los resultados permiten conocer las habilidades y destrezas del estudiante en relación con los Sistemas de Representación a través de cortes transversales en cinco momentos de la cursada de la carrera durante los ciclos lectivos 2013 a 2016. Fundamentalmente nos explayamos en el Taller Virtual Red Norte Grande, experiencia innovadora y única del taller en Arquitectura IV UPC.

Background The approximately 350 demosponge species that have been described from Antarctica represent a faunistic component distinct from that of neighboring regions. Sponges provide structure to the Antarctic benthos and refuge to other invertebrates, and can be dominant in some communities. Despite the importance of sponges in the Antarctic subtidal environment, sponge DNA barcodes are scarce but can provide insight into the evolutionary relationships of this unique biogeographic province. Methodology/Principal Findings We sequenced the standard barcoding COI region for a comprehensive selection of sponges collected during expeditions to the Ross Sea region in 2004 and 2008, and produced DNA-barcodes for 53 demosponge species covering about 60% of the species collected. The Antarctic sponge communities are phylogenetically diverse, matching the diversity of well-sampled sponge communities in the Lusitanic and Mediterranean marine provinces in the Temperate Northern Atlantic for which molecular data are readily available. Additionally, DNA-barcoding revealed levels of in situ molecular evolution comparable to those present among Caribbean sponges. DNA-barcoding using the Segregating Sites Algorithm correctly assigned approximately 54% of the barcoded species to the morphologically determined species. Conclusion/Significance A barcode library for Antarctic sponges was assembled and used to advance the systematic and evolutionary research of Antarctic sponges. We provide insights on the evolutionary forces shaping Antarctica's diverse sponge communities, and a barcode library against which future sequence data from other regions or depth strata of Antarctica can be compared. The opportunity for rapid taxonomic identification of sponge collections for ecological research is now at the horizon.

We report on digitate and capitate Octocorallia within the genera Parasphaerasclera McFadden & Ofwegen, 2013, Eleutherobia Putter, 1900, Sphaerasclera McFadden & Ofwegen, 2013, and Paraminabea Williams & Alderslade, 1999 from tropical Western Australian waters. Three new species (Parasphaerasclera kimberleyensis, Eleutherobia australiensis, Eleutherobia imaharai) are described, with a discussion of their taxonomic placement in the light of a recent treatment of the genus Eleutherobia and related taxa by McFadden & Ofwegen (2013). In addition, range extensions for three species are reported, Parasphaerasclera grayi (Thomson & Dean, 1931) known from Indonesia and the Pacific Ocean, Eleutherobia somaliensis Verseveldt & Bayer, 1988 from Somalia, and Eleutherobia splendens (Thomson & Dean, 1931) recorded from Indonesia and the Philippines. Additionally, one new Australian geographical record (Sphaerasclera flammicerebra) (Williams, 2003) with a known distribution from Palau to Mauritius, has been included. We complement morphological taxonomy with molecular data (mtMutS, 28S rDNA) to analyse and clarify phylogenetic placement of these species. The mitochondrial mtMutS phylogeny supported Eleutherobia, Paraminabea, Parasphaerasclera and Sphaerasclera as distinct monophyletic genera. Phylogenetic analyses based on 28S rDNA lacked resolution and were largely unresolved. Additionally, the molecular data corroborated our proposed morphological hypothesis of the placement of the new species P. kimberleyensis sp. nov. with no anthocodial armature in the genus Parasphaerasclera, and the assignment of the new species, E. australiensis sp. nov. and E. imaharai sp. nov., with distinct polyps sclerites in the genus Eleutherobia.

13 páginas, 5 figuras, 2 tablas, 6 esquemas., A family of new chiral phosphane-phosphites 5 has been prepared and employed in the synthesis of rhodium complexes of formulation [Rh(cod)(5)]BF4 (7). The use of bulky phosphane or phosphite groups in the preparation of 7 avoids the formation of undesired disubstituted complexes, one of which (9 a) has been isolated and characterized. Ligands 5 display important differences from the bulkier phosphane-phosphites 1: complexes 7—unlike their rigid [Rh(cod)(1)]BF4 counterparts—show fluxional behaviour in solution, consistent with backbone oscillation around the coordination plane. A detailed screening of ligands 1 and 5 in catalytic asymmetric hydrogenations of enol phosphonates 12 demonstrated a critical influence of the steric characteristics of the phosphane-phosphite in the course of the reaction, and optimization of the two phosphorus functionalities resulted in the production of versatile and efficient catalysts for this class of hydrogenations: enantioselectivities of up to 98 % ee were thus obtained with substrates bearing an alkyl substituent in the β-position, while for their challenging aryl counterparts values of up to 92 % ee were achieved. The coordination mode of phosphonate 12 a towards a Rh phosphane-phosphite fragment has also been investigated and a preference of the olefin fragment to occupy the position cis to the phosphite group has been observed. From this observation an interpretation of the configurations of the hydrogenated phosphonates has also been made., We gratefully acknowledge the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (PPQ2003-00975) and the Fundación Ramón Areces for financial support. M.R. and S.V. thank the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia for FPI and FPU fellowships, respectively.

13 páginas, 6 figuras, 4 tablas, esquemas., A family of modularly designed phosphine−phosphites (P−OP), possessing a C−C−O backbone, has been synthesized and evaluated in the iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of N-aryl imines. The enantioselectivity of this reaction is highly dependent on the nature of the ligand, and catalysts bridged by an oxyethylene fragment have produced significantly higher enantiomeric excesses (Δee > 20%) than their o-oxyphenylene counterparts. Structural studies by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy of complexes with the formulation [Ir(COD)(P−OP)]BF4 and Ir(Cl)(CO)(P−OP), complemented by DFT calculations of model compounds of the chlorocarbonyls, have shown important differences between complexes bridged by an aliphatic or an aromatic bridge, regarding the iridacycle conformation and the location of phosphine substituents. Catalyst optimization has afforded enantioselectivities from 72 to 85% ee in the hydrogenation of several N-aryl imines., We gratefully acknowledge the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Grant No. PPQ2003-00975) and the Fundación Ramón Areces for financial support. S.G. and M.R. thank the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia for FPI and FPU fellowships, respectively.

4 páginas, 2 tablas, esquemas. Corrigendum http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.11.040 Tetrahedron Letters 47(4): 615 (2006), Chiral phosphine–phosphites provide an alternative class of ligands for the iridium catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of imines. Optimization of ligand structure has afforded enantioselectivities up to 84% ee in the reduction of N-aryl imines. A significant influence of backbone nature on enantioselectivity has also been observed., We gratefully acknowledge Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia for financial support (BQU-2000-1167). S.G. and M.R. thank CSIC (I3P Program) and Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (FPU Program), respectively, for fellowships.

Objectives: To determine the proportion of patients who can be treated with early switch to oral antibiotics and early discharge, to evaluate clinical outcome and patient satisfaction for patients treated with early switch and early discharge, and to define the factors that interfere with early discharge for some of the patients who underwent early switch to oral antibiotic therapy. Design: Prospective study. Participants: Two hundred consecutive hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Main Outcome Measures: Number of days needed to switch to oral therapy and length of hospital stay. Clinical outcome and satisfaction with care were evaluated for those patients treated with early switch and early discharge. Results: Early switch to oral antibiotics (within the first 3 days of hospitalization) was performed in 133 patients (67%). Clinical failure was documented in 1 patient. Early switch and early discharge was performed in 88 patients (44%). The mean length of hospital stay for this group was 3.4 days. The most common reason for prolonged hospitalization after the switch to oral antibiotics was the need for diagnostic workup. More than 95% of patients were satisfied with the care they had received. Conclusions: Using simple clinical and laboratory criteria, a significant proportion of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (44%) can be treated with early switch and early discharge. This model did not affect patient outcome, decreased the length of hospitalization, and was associated with a high level of patient satisfaction. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2449-2454

El vaso espasmo cerebral es la principal causa tratable de muerte e incapacidad por hemorragia subaracnoidea espontánea secundaria a la ruptura de un aneurisma cerebral. Sin embargo, su tratamiento ha sido tradicionalmente frustrante, con resultados desalentadores. A pesar de que aún no se han aclarado del todo los mecanismos fisiopatológicos a través de los cuales ocurre este intrigante fenómeno, en los últimos 9 años, paralelamente al desarrollo de las técnicas endovasculares para el tratamiento de las enfermedades cerebrovasculares, han surgido nuevas alternativas en el manejo del vasoespasmo cerebral. Entre ellas se destacan el uso intraarterial de papaverina y la angioplastia con balón de los vasos cerebrales. Se presenta una revisión del estado actual de estos novedosos instrumentos terapéuticos, así como el reporte de un caso en el cual usamos la papaverina intraarterial en el tratamiento del vasoespasmo que se presentó durante un procedimiento endovascular para excluir un aneurisma de la arteria cerebral media.

Objective To investigate the role of psychological risk factors for the development and persistence of non-disabling (NDMSP) and disabling (DMSP) musculoskeletal pain (MSP). Methods As part of the CUPID study, 1105 nurses and office workers were asked at baseline about psychological and work-related psychosocial risk factors, physical activities in the workplace and MSP in the past month and past year at ten anatomical sites (back, neck, and left and right shoulder, elbow, wrist/hand and knee). One year later, pain in the past month was again ascertained. Pain was defined as disabling if certain daily activities were difficult or impossible to perform. At baseline, pain-free anatomical sites were included in the analyses for new NDMSP and DMSP, and painful sites in the analysis for persistent NDMSP and DMSP. Analysis was based on anatomical sites and associations were explored using multilevel multinomial logistic regression modelling. Results 971 participants (87.9%) completed follow-up. Among 8083 pain-free anatomical sites at baseline, 341 (4.2%) and 412 (5.1%) were involved in new NDMSP and DMSP at follow-up. After adjustment for sex, age, occupational risk factors and pain at the same site in the past year, new DMSP was predicted by somatising tendency (OR 3.4, 95%CI 2.1–5.5). Among 1627 painful sites at baseline, 379 (23.3%) and 500 (30.7%) still had NDMSP and DMSP one-year later. Having adverse beliefs about the prognosis of MSP was associated with an increased risk of persistence of NDMSP (OR 2.3; 95%CI 1.2–4.6) and DMSP (OR 2.9; 95%CI 1.5–5.6). Conclusion Psychological risk factors may have a stronger role in the development and persistence of DMSP than of NDMSP.

Objectives To quantify the variation in rates of absence for musculoskeletal pain across 47 occupational groups (mostly nurses and office workers) from 18 countries, and to explore personal and group-level risk factors that might explain observed differences. Methods A standardised questionnaire was used to obtain information about musculoskeletal pain, sickness absence and possible risk factors from 12,416 workers (92 to 1017 per occupational group). In addition, group-level data on socioeconomic variables such as sick pay and unemployment rates were assembled by members of the study team in each country. Associations of sickness absence with risk factors were examined by Poisson regression. Results Overall, there were more than 30-fold differences between occupational groups in the 12-month prevalence of prolonged musculoskeletal sickness absence, and even among office workers carrying out similar occupational tasks, the variation was more than ten-fold. Individual-level risk factors included older age, lower educational level, tendency to somatise, physical loading at work and prolonged absence for non-musculoskeletal illness. However, these explained little of the variation between occupational groups. After adjustment for individual characteristics, prolonged musculoskeletal absence was more frequent in groups with greater time pressure at work, lower job control, and more adverse beliefs about the work-relatedness of musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusions Musculoskeletal sickness absence might be reduced by eliminating excessive time pressures in work, maximising employees’ responsibility and control, and providing flexibility of duties for those with disabling symptoms. Care should be taken not to overstate work as a cause of musculoskeletal injury.

During the course of video/still image analysis, some pictures unfortunately appear to have been mixed up. The coral colonies shown in Fig. 1 have not been sampled, and their identity is not confirmed. However, numerous Corallium sp. colonies were found at the same site in greater depth (602–627 m), as shown in Fig. S1 (attached), and their identity was confirmed by DNA barcoding. We would like to emphasize that the main message of our Reef Site article, the first discovery of precious corals on the aphotic reef slope of Osprey Reef, is still unchanged. We thank Rob Beaman (JCU) for pointing this out to us and Sarah Adolf (LMU) for assistance with DNA barcoding.

Objectives To assess whether health beliefs, somatising tendency, mental health and history of LBP are important predictors of incidence and persistence of low back pain (LBP). Methods As part of the CUPID study, computer assisted personal interviews were performed in 1105 Spanish nurses and office workers, aged 20–59 years. At baseline, questions were asked about LBP in the past month and past year. Health beliefs, somatising tendency and mental health were assessed using questions from previously validated questionnaires. After 1 year we asked again about LBP in the past month. Associations with incidence and persistence of LBP were explored using logistic regression modeling. Results 971 participants (87.9%) completed follow-up. Among 579 with no LBP in the past month at baseline, 22.8% reported LBP at follow-up. Among the 392 who had LBP at baseline, 59.4% reported persistence of LBP at follow-up. Risk of developing new LBP after 1 year was elevated in those with high somatising tendency (OR=2.3; 95% CI 1.3 to 4.0) and worse mental health (OR=1.7; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.9). Persistence of LBP was more common among those who thought at baseline that LBP would still be a problem in 12 months, and in those who thought that LBP in general was work-related. History of LBP for > 1 month in the past year was the strongest predictor of both incidence and persistence of LBP. Conclusions Health beliefs, somatising tendency, mental health and history of LBP should be considered as predictors when assessing the prognosis of patients with LBP.

Objectives To assess the relative importance of occupational physical activities, conditions of employment and culturally determined health behaviour as determinants of sickness absence for musculoskeletal disorders, we compared patterns of absence in three categories of worker (nurses, office workers and manual workers) from culturally diverse countries. Methods The standardised CUPID questionnaire was used to collect data on sickness absence in the past year from 9347 workers in 31 occupational groups from 13 countries. Results The 1-year prevalence of sickness absence for musculoskeletal illness ranged from 3% in Japanese nurses and 6% in Japanese manual workers to 49% in Italian manual workers (in a toy factory). Rates for non-musculoskeletal disorders varied from 3% in Brazilian cane cutters to 70% in UK nurses and 73% in New Zealand postal workers. The ratio of the prevalence of absence attributed to musculoskeletal illness to that for non-musculoskeletal disorders varied more than 35-fold from 0.15 in Japanese nurses to 5.33 in Brazilian cane cutters. In general it was higher in nurses than in office workers from the same country, and more variable in manual workers than in the other occupational groups. Conclusions The large differences between occupational groups in the attribution of sickness absence to musculoskeletal as compared with other disorders are unlikely to be explained entirely by differences in the physical demands of work and in employment conditions. They may also be importantly influenced by culturally determined differences in health behaviours.

Aim We analysed the distribution patterns of the eastern Pacific octocoral genus Pacifigorgia and deduced its ancestral distribution to determine why Pacifigorgia is absent from the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean of central America, and the Antilles. We also examined the current patterns of endemism for Pacifigorgia to look for congruence between hot spots of endemism in the genus and generally recognized areas of endemism for the eastern Pacific. Location The tropical eastern Pacific and western Atlantic, America. Methods We used track compatibility analysis (TCA) and parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) to derive ancestral distribution patterns and hot spots of endemism, respectively. Distributional data for Pacifigorgia were gathered from several museum collections and from fieldwork, particularly in the Pacific of Costa Rica and Panama. Results A single generalized track joined the three main continental eastern Pacific biogeographical provinces and the western Atlantic. This track can be included within a larger eastern Atlantic‐eastern Pacific transoceanic track that may be the oldest transoceanic track occurring in the region. PAE results designate previously recognized eastern Pacific biogeographical provinces as Pacifigorgia hot spots of endemism. The number of endemic species, which for other taxonomic groups is similar among the eastern Pacific provinces, is higher in the Panamic province for Pacifigorgia. Main conclusions We propose that the absence of Pacifigorgia from the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean of central America, and the Antilles is the result of an ancient absence of the genus from these areas rather than the consequence of a major, recent, extinction episode. The Cortez province and the Mexican province appear together as a result of either non-response to vicariance or dispersal across the Sinaloan Gap. We posit that the Central American Gap acts as a barrier that separates the Panamic province from the northern Cortez‐Mexican province.

This is the first part of a study of 207 infanta 0 to 12 months of age. we tried lo prove that breast-feeding contributes positively to growth, measured according to gain in weight and stature, and that it reduces morbidity caused by diarrhea and malnutritionjJuring the first year of life. All the children came from low-income families, and were beneficiaries of one of the National Health Service's outpatient climics in Santiago. Fifty per cent of the group was found to have been exclusively breast fed for up to 3 months. Shghtly over 1/3 was still being breast fed at 6 months, only 15% at 10 months, and more than 9% at 12 month of age. If breast-feeding plus formula is considered, 50% was being partly breast fed at 8 month, 36% at 10 months, and 25% at 12 months. An important difference was observed when taking birth weight into account. Fifty per cent of infants whose birth weight was from 2500 gr. to 3490 gr. were breast fed for only 3 1/2 months, while the same percentage of those weighing between 3500 gr. and 4190 gr. were breast fed for 5 months. Monthly weight gain for breast fed infants was significantly higher than that for bottle fed infants during the first nine months. However, even for breast fed babies, weight increase after the 8 th month was lower than that indicated in stuat's 50 percentile. "La manera mas fisiologica de alimentar a un nino en los primeros meses es con Jeche de su madre. Las razones que pueden invocarse a favor de este tipo de alimentacion son numerosas: la leche humana posee la composicion adecuada al organismo al que esta destinada; es el alimento mas higienico, pues pasa directamente del pecho materno a la boca del nino; no esta, por razon expuesto a fraude o contaminacion, es el mas economico y sirve al parecer para establecer vinculos afectivos entre la madre y el hijo".' Sobre el periodo inicial de amamantamiento no hay unanimidad entre las opiniones de los especialistas, sin embargo, es evidente que en Chile las madres han llegado a limites muy bajos. Muchos estudios asi lo han demostrado. En 600 casos pertenecientes a consultorios urbanos y rurales del Area Hospitalaria Norte de Santiago, estudiados en 1968, se encontro que a los 2 meses de vida el 50% de los ninos ya estaban recibiendo otros tipos de leche. En otro estudio realizado en 1.050 ninos de diferentes estratos sociales, entre 1975 y 1976, se determino que la mitad de los ninos recibian leche materna hasta los 3 meses. Se afirma que, "en Chile, como en otros paises latinoamericanos una de las causas mas importantes de la desnutricion es la brevedad e insuficiencia de la lactancia materna.' En consecuencia, esta debe estimularse y tratar de prolongarse con el fin no solo de evitar la carencia aliment aria sino tambien las inAcademicos Departamento de Salud Piiblica y Medicina Social. Facultad MetUcina Norte, Universidad de Chile. Academicos Departamento Materno InfantiL Facultad de Medicina Sur, Universidad de Chile. fecciones que en muchos casos traen como consecuencia la desnutricion. En 1979, la tasa de desnutricion de menores de 1 ano controlados por el Servicio Nacional de Salud alcanzo a 13,2%, razon que puede considerarse como suficiente para continuar insistiendo en estudios que satisfacen las bondades de la leche materna como alimento lacteo durante el primer ano de vida. Este estudio pretende cuantificar los beneficios que recibe el nino menor de un ano, al ser alimentado por su madre en la primera etapa de su vida, como son el crecimiento en peso y talla y evitar algunas enfermedades relacionadas con el tipo de alimentacion que muchas veces conducen a la desnutricion. Hipdtesis. Con los antecedentes disponibles se puede postular que la leche materna contribuye positivamente al crecimiento del nino en peso y talla y disminuye la tasa de morbilidad por diarreas y desnutricion durante el primer ano de vida. En este primer informe se presentan los resultados observados para el aumento de peso.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence and incidence of upper extremity musculoskeletal pain (UEMP) and related disability among office workers in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Spain. METHODS: Data from the multinational Cultural and Psychosocial Influences on Disability (CUPID) study on 947 (93%) participants at baseline with 90% follow-up after 12 months were employed. Logistic regression was used to estimate the associations (ORs and corresponding 95% CIs) between country and six outcomes: baseline prevalence of (1) UEMP in past 12 months, (2) UEMP in past month and (3) disabling UEMP in past month; (4) incidence of new UEMP at follow-up; (5) incidence of new disabling UEMP at follow-up and (6) persistence of UEMP at follow-up, after adjustment for sociodemographic, job-related and health-related covariates. RESULTS: Baseline prevalence of UEMP in the past month was higher in Costa Rica (53.6%) (OR=1.89; 95% CI 1.36 to 2.62) and Nicaragua (51.9%) (OR=1.74; 95% CI 1.28 to 2.35) than in Spain (38.4%). Compared to Spain (33.2%), the incidence of new UEMP was 50.4% in Costa Rica (OR=2.04; 95% CI 1.34 to 3.12) and 60.2% in Nicaragua (OR=3.04; 95% CI 2.06 to 4.50). The incidence of disabling UEMP was higher in Nicaragua (OR=2.57; 95% CI 1.50 to 4.41) and Costa Rica (OR=2.16; 95% CI 1.22 to 3.84) when compared to Spain. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of UEMP was approximately twofold higher and its incidence twofold to threefold higher in Costa Rica and Nicaragua as compared with Spain. Between-country differences were only partially explained by the covariates analysed. Research is needed to explore other aspects of work and cultural attributes that might explain the residual differences in UEMP. Funding for this research was supported by Grant No. 5T42OH008421 from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) / Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to the Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (SWCOEH), a NIOSH Education and Research Center, Fogarty grant No. 5D43TW000644-13 and Colt Foundation CF/03/05

BACKGROUND: Only few longitudinal studies have explored separately predictors of pain incidence and persistence. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether biological, lifestyle, occupational and psychological risk factors for the development of new episodes of upper limb pain (ULP) differ from those for its persistence. METHODS: Spanish nurses and office workers (1105) were asked at baseline about biological, lifestyle, occupational and psychological risk factors and pain in the past month at six anatomical sites in the upper limb (left and right shoulder, elbow and wrist/hand). At follow up, 12 months later, pain in the past month was again ascertained. Analysis was based on anatomical sites clustered by person. Associations were assessed by multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS: Nine hundred and seventy-one participants (87.9%) completed follow-up. Job dissatisfaction and older age carried higher risk of new ULP. Somatising tendency (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.6-3.1) was the strongest predictor of new ULP, with a risk estimate which differed significantly from that for the same exposure and persistence of ULP. Having adverse beliefs about the work-relatedness of ULP carried a significantly reduced risk for persistence of ULP. CONCLUSION: Our study provides only limited evidence that risk factors predicting new ULP differ from those predicting its persistence. This work was supported by the Spanish Health Research Fund [FIS 070422].

To inform case definition for neck/shoulder pain in epidemiological research, we compared levels of disability, patterns of association, and prognosis for pain that was limited to the neck or shoulders (LNSP) and more generalised musculoskeletal pain that involved the neck or shoulder(s) (GPNS). Baseline data on musculoskeletal pain, disability, and potential correlates were collected by questionnaire from 12,195 workers in 47 occupational groups (mostly office workers, nurses, and manual workers) in 18 countries (response rate 5 70%). Continuing pain after a mean interval of 14 months was ascertained through a follow-up questionnaire in 9150 workers from 45 occupational groups. Associations with personal and occupational factors were assessed by Poisson regression and summarised by prevalence rate ratios (PRRs). The 1-month prevalence of GPNS at baseline was much greater than that of LNSP (35.1% vs 5.6%), and it tended to be more troublesome and disabling. Unlike LNSP, the prevalence of GPNS increased with age. Moreover, it showed significantly stronger associations with somatising tendency (PRR 1.6 vs 1.3) and poor mental health (PRR 1.3 vs 1.1); greater variation between the occupational groups studied (prevalence ranging from 0% to 67.6%) that correlated poorly with the variation in LNSP; and was more persistent at follow-up (72.1% vs 61.7%). Our findings highlight important epidemiological distinctions between subcategories of neck/shoulder pain. In future epidemiological research that bases case definitions on symptoms, it would be useful to distinguish pain that is localised to the neck or shoulder from more generalised pain that happens to involve the neck/ shoulder region. Para informar sobre la definición de caso para el dolor de cuello/hombro en la investigación epidemiológica, se compararon los niveles de discapacidad, los patrones de asociación y el pronóstico para el dolor que se limitaba al cuello o los hombros (LNSP) y el dolor musculoesquelético más generalizado que afectaba al cuello o los hombros (GPNS). Se recopilaron datos de referencia sobre el dolor musculoesquelético, la discapacidad y los posibles correlatos mediante un cuestionario de 12.195 trabajadores de 47 grupos profesionales (en su mayoría oficinistas, enfermeros y trabajadores manuales) de 18 países (tasa de respuesta del 5%). Se determinó la persistencia del dolor después de un intervalo medio de 14 meses mediante un cuestionario de seguimiento en 9.150 trabajadores de 45 grupos profesionales. Las asociaciones con los factores personales y profesionales se evaluaron mediante una regresión de Poisson y se resumieron en ratios de prevalencia (PRR). La prevalencia a un mes del GPNS en la línea de base fue mucho mayor que la del LNSP (35,1% frente a 5,6%), y tendía a ser más molesta e incapacitante. A diferencia del PSNL, la prevalencia del GPNS aumentó con la edad. Además, mostró asociaciones significativamente más fuertes con la tendencia somatizante (PRR 1,6 frente a 1,3) y la mala salud mental (PRR 1,3 frente a 1,1); una mayor variación entre los grupos ocupacionales estudiados (la prevalencia oscilaba entre el 0% y el 67,6%) que se correlacionaba mal con la variación del LNSP; y era más persistente en el seguimiento (72,1% frente al 61,7%). Nuestros hallazgos ponen de manifiesto importantes distinciones epidemiológicas entre las subcategorías de dolor de cuello/hombro. En futuras investigaciones epidemiológicas que basen las definiciones de los casos en los síntomas, sería útil distinguir el dolor localizado en el cuello o el hombro del dolor más generalizado que afecta a la región del cuello/hombro. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas

Placozoans are a phylum of nonbilaterian marine animals currently represented by a single described species, Trichoplax adhaerens, Schulze 1883. Placozoans arguably show the simplest animal morphology, which is identical among isolates collected worldwide, despite an apparently sizeable genetic diversity within the phylum. Here, we use a comparative genomics approach for a deeper appreciation of the structure and causes of the deeply diverging lineages in the Placozoa. We generated a high-quality draft genome of the genetic lineage H13 isolated from Hong Kong and compared it to the distantly related T. adhaerens. We uncovered substantial structural differences between the two genomes that point to a deep genomic separation and provide support that adaptation by gene duplication is likely a crucial mechanism in placozoan speciation. We further provide genetic evidence for reproductively isolated species and suggest a genus-level difference of H13 to T. adhaerens, justifying the designation of H13 as a new species, Hoilungia hongkongensis nov. gen., nov. spec., now the second described placozoan species and the first in a new genus. Our multilevel comparative genomics approach is, therefore, likely to prove valuable for species distinctions in other cryptic microscopic animal groups that lack diagnostic morphological characters, such as some nematodes, copepods, rotifers, or mites.

Gallbladder cancer is an aggressive disease with late diagnosis and no efficacious treatment. The Hippo-Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) signaling pathway has emerged as a target for the development of new therapeutic interventions in cancers. However, the role of the Hippo-targeted therapy has not been addressed in advanced gallbladder cancer (GBC). This study aimed to evaluate the expression of the major Hippo pathway components mammalian Ste20-like protein kinase 1 (MST1), YAP1 and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) and examined the effects of Verteporfin (VP), a small molecular inhibitor of YAP1-TEA domain transcription factor (TEAD) protein interaction, in metastatic GBC cell lines and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that advanced GBC patients had high nuclear expression of YAP1. High nuclear expression of YAP1 was associated with poor survival in GBC patients with subserosal invasion (pT2). Additionally, advanced GBC cases showed reduced expression of MST1 compared to chronic cholecystitis. Both VP treatment and YAP1 siRNA inhibited the migration ability in GBC cell lines. Interestingly, gemcitabine resistant PDOs with high nuclear expression of YAP1 were sensitive to VP treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that key components of the Hippo-YAP1 signaling pathway are dysregulated in advanced gallbladder cancer and reveal that the inhibition YAP1 may be a candidate for targeted therapy.

Resumen Antecedentes. Existe evidencia histórica, teórica y empírica de que los procesos de salud y enfermedad han sido objeto de estudio de las ciencias sociales, pues desde sus orígenes la ciencia social se ha preocupado por los determinantes sociales en salud y de los procesos relacionados con la enfermedad. Después de realizar una revisión de la literatura teórica en ciencias sociales se observó que los elementos del enfoque sistémico de los sistemas familiares son de utilidad para la explicación de las complejas interrelaciones que caracterizan a las familias que viven en contextos de enfermedad; de igual manera se identificó que el modelo ecológico de Bronfenbrenner a través del microsistema, meso, exo y macrosistema, en su conjunto proporcionan una perspectiva relacional, contextual, sociocultural, inclusiva y propositiva de la ecología humana para el estudio de las familias que cuidan a niños con enfermedades crónicas. Finalmente, una revisión de la literatura de investigación ha mostrado evidencia empírica de que las variables: Perfil del cuidador, variables sociodemográficas, calidad de vida y resiliencia, son factores que están relacionados teórica y empíricamente con el tema de los cuidadores familiares de niños en condiciones crónicas complejas. Método. Con el objetivo de describir los factores sociales y las variables sociodemográficas que caracterizan a las familias de niños con enfermedades crónicas, e identificar los factores sociodemográficos que intervienen en la calidad de vida, la resiliencia y el bienestar en cuidadores familiares; se desarrolló un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo y correlacional. En la presente investigación participaron 446 cuidadores familiares elegidos de manera intencional no probabilística, los cuales tenían un paciente hospitalizado en los servicios médicos que atienden enfermedades crónicas en un Instituto Nacional de Salud Infantil. Los 5 6 participantes respondieron a una batería de instrumentos de medición que incluía la carta de consentimiento informado, un cuestionario de variables sociodemográficas y seis instrumentos de medición que evaluaban factores individuales, familiares y socioculturales en familias de niños con enfermedades crónicas. Resultados. Los principales hallazgos de las 4 fases de esta investigación sugieren que la resiliencia familiar ante la enfermedad es un proceso de adaptación positiva a pesar de la perdida de la salud, implica el desarrollo de vitalidad y las habilidades para superar los efectos negativos de la adversidad, el riesgo y la vulnerabilidad causada por la enfermedad. Esta capacidad de las familias para superar la adversidad está relacionada con la calidad de vida, el perfil del cuidador, las variables sociodemográficas y el funcionamiento familiar. Conclusiones. Los factores de contexto, sociodemográficos, los sistemas familiares y socioculturales intervienen en la resiliencia y en la calidad de vida de los cuidadores familiares de niños con enfermedades crónicas. Abstract Background. There is historical, theoretical and empirical evidence that the processes of health and disease have been studied in the social sciences, since from its origin the social sciences have been concerned with the social determinants of health and processes related to disease. After conducting a review of the theoretical literature in the social sciences, it was observed that the elements of the systemic approach of family systems are useful for explaining the complex interrelations that characterize families that live in contexts of disease; similarly, it was identified that Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model, through the microsystem, meso, exo and macrosystem, together provide a relational, contextual, sociocultural, inclusive, and proactive perspective of human ecology for the study of families that care for children with chronic diseases. Finally, a review of the literature has shown empirical evidence that the following variables: Caregiver profile, sociodemographic variables, quality of life and resilience, are factors that are theoretically and empirically related to the topic of family caregivers of children with complex, chronic conditions. Method. In order to describe the social factors and sociodemographic variables that characterize the families of children with chronic diseases, and to identify the sociodemographic factors that intervene in the quality of life, resilience, and wellbeing in family caregivers, a quantitative, transversal, descriptive and correlational study was developed. In the present study, participants included 446 family caregivers who were intentionally chosen using non-probabilistic methods, who had a patient hospitalized in medical services being treated for a chronic disease at the National Institute of Child Health. Participants responded to a battery of instruments that included the informed consent letter, a questionnaire of sociodemographic variables, 8 and six measures that evaluated individual, familial, and sociocultural factors in families of children with chronic diseases. Results. The main findings from the 4 phases of this study suggest that family resilience in the face of disease is a process of positive adaptation despite the loss of health, it implies the development of vitality and the abilities to overcome the negative effects of adversity, risk, and vulnerability caused by the disease. This ability of families to overcome adversity is related to quality of life, the profile of the caregiver, sociodemographic variables, and family functioning. Conclusions. Contextual and sociodemographic factors as well as family and sociocultural systems intervene in the resilience and quality of life of family caregivers of children with chronic diseases.

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El presente documento no cuenta con resumen.