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Vomocytosis is a process that occurs when internalized fungal pathogens escape from phagocytes without compromising the viability of the pathogen and the host cell. Manual quantification of time-lapse microscopy videos is currently used as the standard to study pathogen behavior and vomocytosis incidence. However, human-driven quantification of vomocytosis (and the closely related phenomenon, exocytosis) is incredibly burdensome, especially when a large volume of cells and interactions needs to be analyzed. In this study, we designed a MATLAB algorithm that measures the extent of colocalization between the phagocyte and fungal cell (Cryptococcus neoformans; CN) and rapidly reports the occurrence of vomocytosis in a high throughput manner. Our code processes multichannel, time-lapse microscopy videos of cocultured CN and immune cells that have each been fluorescently stained with unique dyes and provides quantitative readouts of the spatiotemporally dynamic process that is vomocytosis. This study also explored metrics, such as the rate of change of pathogen colocalization with the host cell, that could potentially be used to predict vomocytosis occurrence based on the quantitative data collected. Ultimately, the algorithm quantifies vomocytosis events and reduces the time for video analysis from over 1 h to just 10 min, a reduction in labor of 83%, while simultaneously minimizing human error. This tool significantly minimizes the vomocytosis analysis pipeline, accelerates our ability to elucidate unstudied aspects of this phenomenon, and expedites our ability to characterize CN strains for the study of their epidemiology and virulence.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a common complication during pregnancy, typically diagnosed in the second or third trimester. Factors such as advanced maternal age, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle contribute to its prevalence. The pathophysiology involves insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, gluconeogenesis, adipose tissue dysfunction, gut microbiota dysbiosis and oxidative stress. GDM is associated with maternal and neonatal complications, both short-term and long-term. Managing GDM requires interventions such as medication, dietary adjustments and regular physical activity. However, early detection in low-risk populations remains challenging. The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is the gold standard for diagnosis but is limited by its inconvenience and reliance on multiple blood samples. The present review focuses on novel biomarkers for early and accurate GDM diagnosis. It discusses emerging biomarkers such as vitamin D, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, preptin, angiopoietin-like protein 8, adiponectin, chemerin, omentin-1, leptin, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), homocysteine, C-peptide, irisin, adropin, nesfatin-1, Afamin, fetuin A, amylin, galectin, osteocalcin, resistin, visfatin and Fatty Acid-binding Protein 4 (FABP4). The review explores the pathophysiology of these biomarkers in GDM and presents preliminary study findings.

Purpose: To evaluate the causes of acute fluid misdirection (AFM) and the role of irido-zonulo-hyaloido-vitrectomy (IZHV) in the management of AFM. Methods: Among the 95,712 cataract surgeries performed between April 2017 and August 2022 at a tertiary center, six eyes of six patients developed intraoperative AFM and underwent IZHV through the anterior approach. AFM was diagnosed intraoperatively when there was sudden shallowing of the anterior chamber with markedly elevated intraocular pressures (IOPs) not attributable to external causes or choroidal effusion/hemorrhage. The condition resolved with deepening of AC following IZHV. Results: Five eyes had angle closure disease (one of them also had pseudoexfoliation), and one eye had open-angle glaucoma. The mean preop IOP was 25.8 ± 7.3 mmHg, with an IOP range of 18–36. The mean number of preop AGM was 3 ± 1.7. Four eyes developed AFM during combined cataract and trabeculectomy, and two eyes during cataract surgery. Four eyes had aqueous misdirection during or after cortical aspiration, and two eyes after creation of internal trabeculectomy ostium. IZHV was performed for all eyes through an anterior approach using a 23G vitrector, which resulted in instant resolution and deepening of the anterior chamber. The mean follow-up was 8.75 months (1–48 months), the mean postoperative IOP was 16.1 ± 2.6 mmHg, and the mean number of AGM at the last follow-up was 2.8 ± 2.2. The anterior chamber was deep, and IOP was under control in all eyes with four eyes needing AGM. One eye developed postoperative aqueous misdirection due to blockade of the IZHV opening. Conclusion: IZHV can be an effective solution for acute intraoperative AFM, which can be performed via an anterior approach by the anterior segment surgeon.

Abstract The Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) one of the important food borne pathogen from milk, which was investigated in this study. The isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance, enterotoxin genes, biofilm formation, spa typing, coagulase gene polymorphism and accessory gene regulator types. The prevalence of S. aureus in milk samples was 34.4% (89/259). Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was found at 27% (24/89) of the isolates, were classified as community acquired based on SCCmec typing. The 24.71% (22/89) isolates demonstrated multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) pattern. However, none of the isolates carried vancomycin and mupirocin resistance genes. The isolates were positive for sea and sed enterotoxin genes and exhibited high frequency of biofilm formation. The High-Resolution Melting and conventional spa typing revealed that the isolates had both animal and community-associated S. aureus clustered origins. Coagulase gene polymorphism and agr typing demonstrated variable genotypic patterns. The finding of this study establishes the prevalence of community associated, enterotoxigenic, biofilm forming and antimicrobial resistance among S. aureus from milk in Chennai city. This emphasizing a potential threat to public health which needs a continuous monitoring system and strategies to mitigate their spread across the food chain and achieve food safety.

Abstract Background Alcohol consumption in India is below the global average, with limited data on long-term effects. The current study aims to examine changes over time among alcohol consumers, the pattern of drinking and help-seeking for alcohol problems among South Indian men. Method Data on the intake of various alcohol types were collected through standard questionnaires in two adult follow-ups [Baseline: 1998–2002, Follow-up: 2016–2019] from male participants in the Vellore birth cohort (VBC). Alcohol intake was converted to weekly standard drink units for analysis. Data on drinking patterns using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and information on help-seeking among problem drinkers were collected during follow-up. Socio-demographic associations with alcohol consumption were determined using logistic regression. Results The prevalence of alcohol consumption was 54.5% and 47.7% at the baseline and follow-up, respectively. Over two decades, 12% of men reported to have newly started drinking and 18% quit drinking. Lower education and lower socio-economic status (SES) were the strongest predictors of alcohol consumption. The AUDIT assessment among drinkers reported hazardous drinking of 38.4%, harmful drinking of 4.7% and 3.7% probable alcohol dependence. Among the persons with high AUDIT scores, 25% were concerned about high consumption, and 9% sought help to stop their alcohol consumption. Conclusion Our results showed a decline in alcohol consumption in this cohort over two decades. Among drinkers, a high proportion report hazardous and harmful consumption. Low levels of education and SES are significant predictors of alcohol consumption. A low proportion of help-seeking reflects alcohol-related stigma in the community.

Abstract Carbon Dots (CDs) were synthesized from peanut shells (PNS) through pyrolysis and characterized using FTIR, XRD, HRTEM and BET analysis revealing an average size of 2–5 nm with amorphous nature. Synthesized PNS-CDs was employed both as priming and foliar agent for enhancing seed quality and crop productivity in blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper). Different concentrations ranging from 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 1000 ppm was used for seed priming and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm were given as foliar spray on 30th and 45th days after sowing (DAS). On accounting the best seed priming and foliar spray concentrations, field trial was conducted to validate the optimistic effect of PNS-CDs on blackgram crop productivity. Results revealed that priming with 200 ppm for 3 h exhibited maximum seed imbibition (54%), germination (88%) and vigour index (3165). Whereas, foliar spray with 50 ppm expressed significant improvement in leaf area index (2.6), total chlorophyll (2.70 mg/g), total soluble protein (71 mg/g), Number of nodules/plant (138), seed yield/plant (8.7 g) and 100 seed weight (5 g). The impact of PNS-CDs treatments resulted in increased photosynthetic rate (12.45 µmol CO2 m−2s−1), transpiration rate (3.13 mmol H2O/m−2s−1), stomatal conductance (0.55 mol H2O/m−2s−1) and internal leaf CO2 concentration (652 µmol CO2 m−2s−1) which ultimately enhanced the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. It has also exhibited a promising effect on the resultant seed in which the combination seed priming (200 ppm) followed by foliar spray (50 ppm) recorded maximum 100 seed weight (4.19 g), germination (97%) and vigour index (3019). Thus, this study highlights the promising role of PNS-CDs as a sustainable and effective agricultural nanomaterial, offering a novel approach to utilize the agricultural waste and also to enhance the crop productivity through advanced non-chemical approach.

Background: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium Leprae. Leprosy is a great imitator with its various atypical, unusual and varying clinical presentations which can be confused with many infectious and non-infectious diseases. Case Report: A 46-year-old female presented to the dermatology department with complaints of painful raised lesions over face, upper back, upper limbs, lower legs and feet for 12 months. Clinically suspected as a case of Granuloma annulare. Punch biopsy was taken which revealed epidermis with dermis showing nodules of histiocytes and lymphocytes with grenz zone at the dermoepidermal junction. Acid fast stain and Fite Faraco stain was performed which revealed the presence of leprae bacilli with bacteriological index of 4+. Conclusion: Detailed historytaking and correlating clinical picture with morphology is required to diagnose atypical presentations of leprosy. Early diagnosis helps to provide appropriate treatment and thus prevent from devastating complications.

Abstract Financial resources alone cannot guarantee effective public health policy. In Abu Dhabi, massive economic growth in the desert climate resulted in concentrated urbanization and led to challenges in the regulation of air pollution. The Environment Agency in Abu Dhabi commissioned us to scope the regulatory challenges for air pollution. Part of this project relied on the participation and involvement of key stakeholders. We found three barriers: (1) limited appreciation of uncertainties in risk estimates and discussion on the importance of considering control costs and the societal trade-offs between health and wealth inherent in such decisions, (2) compartmentalization of efforts, and (3) challenges to decide how to prioritize risks in policy agendas. We propose a consortium-like approach that brings stakeholders together and places risk, uncertainty, and tradeoffs between health and wealth at the forefront of decision-making. Expected outcomes include improved collaboration and information sharing, strategic prioritization of emission controls, and a better understanding and consideration of uncertainty to guide future public health research.

Abstract Background The shoulder complex with its varied pathology responds differently from patient to patient and so, the best option for progression is a choice of rehabilitation. In the present post-COVID scenario, many patients are referred to acute and sub-acute shoulder pain and dysfunction. It is very difficult to predict the outcome of therapy. Some patients recover even without any modalities. Recurrent or adverse symptoms are also possible. Gender, other demographic features, physiological response, and progressive outcome need to be considered in rehabilitation. This study is intended to evaluate the short-term effects of hydrotherapy post-intra-articular injections of shoulder dysfunctions. Aims and objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of hydrotherapy during early rehabilitation of individuals who have undergone intra-articular injections of shoulder joint on pain and function. Materials and methods In this prospective study, we have studied a total of 59 cases within the age group of 40–70 years with idiopathic frozen shoulder, acromio-clavicular joint dysfunction, and grade-1 untreated rotator cuff injuries. Group A patients were treated with conventional shoulder exercises and group B patients were treated in a hydrotherapy pool. The chief aim was to obtain earlier pain relief with controlled movement patterns and earlier relief from functional disability. The Constant-Murley score (CMS–100 points scale) composing pain and functional parameters was the outcome measure. Results After confounding all the demographic factors, it was found that the experimental group B treated by hydrotherapy revealed a statistically extremely significant difference (p value

Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) with MitraClip™ (Abbott Vascular) in symptomatic high surgical risk Indian patients with significant mitral regurgitation (MR). Methods: Patients with moderately severe or severe primary or secondary MR and deemed high surgical risk were treated with MitraClip™. The data were collected retrospectively from medical records. The primary outcome was technical success, and secondary outcomes were ≤2+ MR reduction and improvement in functional capacity at 30 days. Results: Between November 2018 and August 2023, 64 patients were treated with MitraClipTM. The mean age was 70.0 ± 12.1 years and 64 % were males. The mean EuroScore II and STS score predicted mortality for mitral valve repair were 5.8 ± 4.5 % and 4.0 ± 3.8 % respectively. MR etiology was primary in 56.3 %, secondary in 40.6 % and mixed in 3.1 %. The device was implanted successfully in all but one patient with technical success rate of 98.4 %. The average number of clips per patient was 1.5 ± 0.6 and 42.2 % patients received more than one clip. The mean mitral valve gradient was 3.5 ± 1.6 mmHg. The MR severity of ≤2+ was achieved in 91.8 % of the subjects and similar proportion were in New York Heart Association Functional Class I or II at 30 days. Conclusion: In high-risk Indian patients with symptomatic significant MR, TEER with MitraClip™ was achieved with a high technical success rate. It was associated with significant reduction in MR severity and improvement in functional capacity in >90 % of the subjects.

Among all the abiotic factors affecting maize yield, drought stress is the most destructive one. Since drought tolerance is a complicated trait that is difficult to quantify, screening for stress involves measuring the effects of stress on several traits, most notably plant yield. Selection using the drought tolerance indices is an easy way to identify the stable and tolerant genotypes based on yield performances alone. The current study aims to identify suitable maize hybrids with high drought tolerance. A total of 30 maize-teosinte hybrids and 3 checks were raised under optimal and water-stressed environments and were screened using twelve different drought tolerance indices. It was observed that the inter-racial hybrids viz., G24, G27, and G29 were better than the drought tolerant Zea mays ssp. mays check C3 for yield and most of the indices. The indices STI, TOL, GMP, MP, YI, DI, SSPI, K1STI, and K2STI were observed to be significantly correlated with yield under stress and optimal environments. Based on the yield both environments, the genotypes were classified under four groups, with Group A consisting of genotypes with high yields under both environments. The indices Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Yield Index (YI), and Modified Stress Tolerance Index (K2STI)were identified for their ability to discriminate Group A from the other genotypes and these indices could be utilized to screen for drought tolerance with high yield.Component Analysis revealed two principal components contributing up to 98.15 percent of the cumulative variation. The PCA biplot identified the hybrids viz., G24, G27, G14, G19, and G25 as tolerant ones. Based on the index scores, the hybrids viz., G27, G29, G17, G20,and G24were identified as the top-ranking genotypes, with high and more stable yields under both stress and optimal environments.

A study involving 72 red sorghum genotypes was carried out during Rabi, 2021-22 with the objective of identifying high yielding red sorghum accessions with superior Fe and Zn content. These 72 genotypes were grouped into 10 clusters. All the four checks used in the study were grouped in cluster VIII (CO 4, Paiyur 2, Usilampatti local and AURS 013). Based on single plant yield, CO 4 was identified as the best check. Genotypes IS 29630, IS 30536 and 38 CS were grouped under cluster IX, and were better than the best check with respect to yield. These genotypes could be used in further breeding programmes. PCA identified five principal components that had Eigen value greater than one and accounted for about 72.5% of the total variation. Based on the mean performance, the genotypes viz., IS 14775, IS 29630, 38 CS, IS 29322, IS 30536, 34 CS, IS 23390, SD 8348, IS 4966 and IS 21544, which had recorded high single plant yield were used for the estimation of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content. High Fe and Zn were recorded in IS 21544 and IS 4966.

Coffee growers often apply fertilizers very close to the plants, which results in accumulation of nutrients in one place leading to poor nutrient use efficiency, whereas soil sampling is done in the middle of four plants. Hence the objectives of this study was to compare nutrient status of soils sampled from drip circle and mid of four plants and recommend cost-effective fertilizer management.

Introduction: Osteochondroma is a benign tumor of bone. Malignant transformation of Osteochondroma is the most devastating complication one can encounter. Osteochondroma can transform into any malignancy like Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. Malignant transformation is more common in patients with multiple exostosis. Recognition of this malignant transformation is needed to predict the patient's outcome. Case presentation: A 26-year-old male patient came with complaints of a mass in the left knee region for the past 7 years. X-ray of the knee showed multiple pedunculated exostosis on either side of the distal end of the femur, tibia and fibula. Histopathological examination revealed a bony lesion with a cartilaginous cap of increased thickness and cellularity. The cartilaginous cap possesses plump chondrocytes showing binucleation-forming nodules with mild atypia. The cartilaginous cap undergoes endochondral ossification, suggesting the possibility of a secondary peripheral atypical cartilaginous tumor from osteochondroma of the tibia. Discussion: Chondrosarcoma is a heterogeneous type of primary bone cartilaginous malignancy with variable clinical outcomes. Malignant transformation of osteochondroma in the appendicular skeleton was named atypical cartilaginous tumor; in the axial skeleton, it is named Grade 1 Chondrosarcoma. Conclusion: Differentiation between osteochondroma and its malignant transformation can be possible if made in a multidisciplinary setting such as clinical history, radiological findings along with histology to confirm the diagnosis.

Introduction: Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT) is a well-documented therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Here, we share the initial reports of SPKT conducted at our institution. Patients and Methods: We performed five SPKT procedures in patients with IDDM and ESRD between April 2021 and April 2023. All grafts were procured from healthy, in-house, brain-dead donors. Results: The recipients included three males and two females, with a mean age of 35 ± 11.2 years. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus and time on dialysis were 17 ± 9.7 years and 21 ± 8.7 months, respectively. Donors had a mean age and body mass index of 27 ± 5.8 years and 23 ± 2.7 kg/m2. The mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and creatinine levels of donors at the time of donation were 5.6% ±0.27% and 0.98 ± 0.4 mg/dL. One recipient underwent pancreas removal due to a duodenal leak, and one developed kidney acute tubular necrosis. All recipients were on proper follow-up for a median period of 12 (4–18) months, with 100% patient survival, 80% pancreas, and 100% kidney survival. Average HbA1c, fasting blood sugar, and serum creatinine on follow-up were 5.5% ±0.7%, 84 ± 9.9 mg/dL, and 1 ± 0.16 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusion: In our initial experience with SPKT, recipient outcomes were comparable to results published in the literature. With proper graft selection, SPKT can be established in small-volume centers. Meticulous surgical technique and postoperative management remain key to the success of the transplant program.

Background: Due to changes in the dietary habits, functional load for the teeth has relatively reduced nowadays. This had increased the agenesis of third molars. This study aims to create awareness about the increasing existence of agenesis of third molars. Aim: To examine the rate of third molar agenesis in the population of western Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using 5,000 digital orthopantomographs (OPGs) of patients aged 10–16 years to observe the prevalence of third molar agenesis in Western Tamil Nadu. The quadrant without the evidence of a crypt was considered agenesis. Each digital OPG was evaluated in accordance with age, sex, and quadrants. Descriptive analysis and Pearson’s Chi–square test were performed. Results: The overall prevalence of third molar agenesis was 15.34%. The incidence of third molar agenesis was observed to be higher among individuals aged 10 and 11 years. OPGs of patients under the age group of 10 years had a prevalence of agenesis of 18 (88.4%) and 28 (84.5%). There were no significant differences in accordance to sex. The third molar agenesis in this study listed in descending order of frequency were, 18 (32.2%), 28 (31.0%), 48 (18.6%), 38 (18.1%) Conclusion: The prevalence of third molar agenesis in Western Tamil Nadu was 15.34%, with higher rates observed among 10- and 11-year-olds. Thus, this study proposes that the concept of increasing prevalence of third molars agenesis should be remembered when choosing third molars as a tool for age estimation.

Abstract Background Macular corneal dystrophy (MCD) is an inherited, autosomal recessive disorder of defective keratan sulfate (KS) metabolism. It is caused by the mutations in carbohydrate sulfotransferase 6 gene (CHST6) which is essential for the sulfation of KS. Unlike the western world, MCD is the most common corneal stromal dystrophy in India, especially in south Indian population; it could be due to high frequency of consanguineous marriages. Case presentation This study presents the clinical findings of one North Indian MCD family, including 6 patients and 3 unaffected relatives. We used slit lamp examination and in vivo confocal microscopy for assessment. Mutation screening was performed with Sanger sequencing, and corneal structure was analyzed through histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Our comparative findings revealed that all the patients identified with the deletion of major portion of CHST6 that included the Open Reading Frame (ORF). Although all the patients showed significantly reduced central corneal thickness (CCT-250 μm), a drastic decrease in stromal keratocyte count, and depletion of Bowman’s layer compared to controls. Conclusions This study first time revealed that MCD patients from one family with a deletion of major portion of CHST6 that included ORF leads to severe corneal morphological changes.

Abstract Concrete is widely used in civil engineering applications and the natural aggregates which used in concrete are scarce, but its demand is increasing. The disposal of rubber tyres poses a significant environmental challenge, as their decomposition releases harmful chemicals into the soil and water bodies over many years. Decomposition of tyres should be done in a smart way and hence came the emergence of mixing recycled rubber crumbs into concrete as Rubberised Concrete (RC). This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanical properties of concrete such as Compressive Strength (fck), Tensile Strength (ft), Flexural Strength (fcr) of 7, 14, 28 days in replacement of fine aggregate with fine rubber (FR), and Coarse Aggregate with Coarse Rubber (CR). The results indicate that RC is more suitable for structural applications, including Reinforced Concrete columns, beams, slabs, than conventional concrete. The primary objective of the article is to explore the potential use of recycled rubber crumbs in concrete, referred to as Rubberised Concrete (RC), and to analyze its mechanical properties such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength over different curing periods. Additionally, machine learning (ML) based prediction model has been developed for various strength characteristics of concrete mixtures at 28 days. The hyperparameter optimization using Grid Search CV with fivefold cross-validation have been performed to obtain the best hyperparameters. The model’s performance is evaluated using metrics like MAE, MSE, RMSE, and R-squared values. Results reveal varying performances among different ML algorithms for predicting flexural, tensile, and compressive strengths.

Abstract Phishing websites are cybercrimes that aim to collect confidential data, including bank card numbers, bank accounts, and credentials. To detect phishing sites, specialists must extract the elements of the websites and utilize third-party resources. One of the drawbacks of these methods is that identifying phishing characteristics takes a lot of effort and knowledge. Second, the recognition of phishing websites is delayed when third-party services are used. A novel detecting system Improved Weighted Quantum Particle Swarm Optimisation (IWQPSO) and Fast Mask Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network (FMRCNN) proposed to strengthen and empower the technique of identifying phishing URLs. The proposed model does not require the retrieval of target website content or the use of any third-party services. Phishing attacks continue to pose significant cyber-security threats, particularly through deceptive URLs. This study proposes a novel approach to enhance phishing-URL prediction using a hybrid methodology. The method integrates an IWQPSO-FMRCNN. The IWQPSO algorithm is leveraged to optimize the weights and parameters of the FMRCNN model, enhancing its performance in distinguishing between legitimate and phishing URLs. By combining the strengths of evolutionary optimization and deep learning, the proposed approach aims to achieve higher accuracy 99.3%, precision 94.6%, F1-Score 96.7%, Recall 98.2% and AUC score 97.9% in detecting phishing URLs compared to existing methods. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid method in improving phishing-URL prediction performance, providing a promising avenue for enhancing cyber-security measures against online threats.

The present research computes the impact of process parameters of squeeze casting on AA8011/Si3N4/ZrO2 Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites (HMMCs). The melting temperatures (700 to 800°C), Si3N4 + ZrO2 (5 to 15 wt.%) and stirring speed (550 to 750 rpm) were selected as parameters for input. The AA8011 HMMCs were fabricated as per the combination of L9 input parameters, and they were subjected to Energy Dispersive X Ray Analysis (EDAX) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) tests to compute the presence of wt.% of matrix and reinforcements and to confirm the uniform distribution of Si3N4 + ZrO2 in matrix AA8011. Besides, fabricated composites were subjected to tensile and micro hardness test after subjecting to Salt spray test (3.5% NaCl, 120 hours exposing duration and 1.2 kg/cm2 spray pressure) for computing the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and micro hardness. The Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) was employed for optimizing process parameters of squeeze casting on AA8011 based composites. The EDAX test results confirms that the increasing wt.% of silicon nitride and zirconium dioxide reinforcements enhances the presence of elements such as Si, N, Zr and O in manufactured composites. The higher dense reinforcements are uniformly distributed in the matrix AA8011 at the blend of input parameters of AA8011 composite. Based on the Taguchi approach, the medium level of melting temperature (750°C), higher level of wt.% of Si3N4 and ZrO2 reinforcements (15 wt.%) and higher level for speed of stirring (750 rpm) is the optimized combination parameters of squeeze casting for UTS and microhardness are identified. Based on the GRA technique, the influencing sequence are identified for squeeze casting process parameters are wt.% of Si3N4 + ZrO2 reinforcements, stirring speed and melting temperature for both UTS and Micro hardness. The contribution percentage of melting temperature, wt.% of reinforcements and stirring speed are 20.26%, 48.102% and 29.23% respectively. The confirmation test was done for optimized input parameters and it exhibit 56% higher UTS and 48.2% higher micro hardness of than AA8011 matrix material.

Abstract Acrylamide (ACR) with its extensive industrial applications is a classified occupational hazard toxin and carcinogenic compound. Its formation in fried potatoes, red meat and coffee during high-temperature cooking is a cause for consideration. The fabrication of chitosan-coated probiotic nanoparticles (CSP NPs) aims to enhance the bioavailability of probiotics in the gut, thereby improving their efficacy against ACR-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Nanoencapsulation, a vital domain of the medical nanotechnology field plays a key role in targeted drug delivery, bioavailability, multi-drug load delivery systems and synergistic treatment options. Our study exploited the nanoencapsulation technology to coat Lactobacillus fermentum (probiotic) with chitosan (prebiotic), both with substantial immunomodulatory effects, to ensure the stability and sustained release of microbial load and its secondary metabolites in the gut. The combination of pre-and probiotic components, called synbiotic formulations establishes the correlation between the gut microbiota and the overall well-being of an organism. Our study aimed to develop a potent synbiotic to alleviate the impacts of heat-processed dietary toxins that significantly influence behaviour, development, and survival. Our synbiotic co-treatment with ACR in fruit flies normalised neuro-behavioural, survival, redox status, and restored ovarian mitochondrial activity, contrasting with several physiological deficits observed in the ACR-treated model.

In this paper, a quick convergence adaptive structure is proposed for trajectory tracking of an articulated type robotic manipulator using the Hardware in the Loop (HIL) simulation technique. A novel Nonlinear Quick Convergence Adaptive Sliding Backstepping Control (QCASBC) algorithm is implemented on a C2000 real-time controller board. The performance of the proposed control algorithm is inspected concerning the sliding mode PID (SM-PID) control technique to estimate its correlation with the proposed algorithm. The experimental part of the HIL simulation tests has been carried out on a simulated model of a three-link serial robot manipulator. A dynamic model of the robotic manipulator has been developed using Matlab Simulink software and its performance is analyzed using the HIL technique via a C2000 real-time controller for tracking the desired trajectory. Results show that the speed of convergence while tracking the desired trajectory of the manipulator is better in the proposed algorithm. It is also estimated that the positional error of the QCASBC algorithm is superior to the SM-PID control algorithm. The observed average angle error is improved by 14% and the average response time error is improved by 11% by using the proposed QCASBC algorithm compared to the SM-PID approach.

This cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between entrepreneurship education, social media use, and entrepreneurial intentions among students from various disciplines. The study aims to contribute to the existing knowledge on entrepreneurship education by evaluating the mediating role of social media use between entrepreneurship education and intention. The study collects data from 248 students through an online survey and analyses it using the partial least squares (PLSs) method. The study finds a link between entrepreneurship education and students' interest in starting their own businesses. Students who use social media more frequently also have higher entrepreneurial intentions. The study also implies that the entrepreneurship education that students receive on social media can affect how they use social media for entrepreneurial purposes.

This study aims to analyze, determine, and quantify the literature on student intention toward entrepreneurship development (ED) and identify trends, developments, or progressions in the SCOPUS database. By utilizing an electronic search methodology, the most pertinent scholarly articles were identified. VOS Viewer software and R program code were utilized to evaluate each analytical instrument. Coauthorship, co-citation, conceptual structure, co-word occurrence, and citation analysis were among the numerous factors investigated. The study incorporates data from 1,465 sources, including conference proceedings, journals, and books. The source with the second-highest impact is the "International Journal of Education", while "Computers and Education" has the greatest influence. This study provides a complete picture and description of the resulting body of knowledge in student intention toward entrepreneurship development.

This paper delves into the intricate realm of Shakespearean characters in love, employing a psychoanalytical lens to unravel the depths of their emotions, desires, and conflicts. Drawing on psychoanalytic theories, particularly those of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, this paper aims to dissect the subconscious motivations and psychological intricacies of characters such as Romeo and Juliet, Orsino and Viola, and other iconic figures. Through this analysis, the paper seeks to offer a nuanced understanding of how Shakespeare masterfully crafted characters whose emotional journeys resonate with universal human experiences. In addition to exploring the psychoanalytical aspects of Shakespearean characters' love, this paper also investigates the socio-cultural influences shaping their romantic dynamics. By examining the historical context in which these plays were written and performed, it aims to illuminate the ways in which societal norms and expectations intersect with individual psychology to influence characters' behaviors and choices. Furthermore, it analyzes how Shakespeare's portrayal of love reflects broader themes of power, gender, and identity, shedding light on the complex interplay between personal desire and societal constraints in Renaissance England. Through this multidimensional approach, it endeavors to provide a comprehensive examination of Shakespearean love that resonates with contemporary audiences while honoring the timeless brilliance of the Bard's storytelling.

Metaverse has evolved as one of the popular research agenda that let users learn, socialize, and collaborate in a networked 3-D immersive virtual world. Due to the rich multimedia streaming capability and immersive user experience with high-speed communication, the metaverse is an ideal model for education, training, and skill development tasks. To facilitate research in this area, we provide a comprehensive review of the various educational use cases and explore how enabling technologies, such as extended reality and the Internet of Everything will play a major role in educational services in future metaverses. Then, we provide an overview of metaverse-based educational applications focusing on education, training, and skill development and analyze the technologies they are built upon. We identify common research problems and future research directions in the domain. This article also identifies core ethical considerations of metaverse for education and potential pitfalls. We believe this survey can fully demonstrate the versatility of metaverse-driven education, which could serve as a potential guideline for the researchers.

Green-synthesized silver and copper nanoparticles (NPs), along with their composites, exhibit various biological activities. Ocimum sanctum (Holy basil), traditionally used as medicine in South Asia, treats respiratory disorders, digestive issues, skin diseases and inflammatory conditions. Modern scientific studies support these bioactivities; however, no studies have investigated their bioactivity in combination with NPs. In this study, silver and copper NPs were synthesized using AgNO3 and CuSO4·5H2O solutions, respectively, with Ocimum sanctum leaf extract, and their antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties were examined. Spectroscopic analyses, including Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), elucidated the physicochemical characteristics of the green-synthesized nanoparticles (Os-AgNPs and Os-CuNPs), revealing sizes of 11.7 and 13.1 nm, respectively. The Os-AgNPs:Os-CuNPs nano-composite with a 1:2 ratio exhibited a zone of inhibition ranging from 8 to 12 mm against tested bacterial pathogens. Additionally, the NPs and their composites demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, with notable 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity observed in composites with ratios of 2:1 and 1:2. Furthermore, they displayed potential anticancer activity against human leukaemia (Jurkat) cancer cells. Although no distinct difference in anticancer property was observed among the NPs and their composites, our study highlights their well-defined nanostructure and significant biological activity, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents in the pharmaceutical industry.