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It is provided the basic information of the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis of biliary pancreatitis, drug treatment of patients with holetsistolitiaz, and the information of biliary pancreatitis's prevention.

We review event-related slow firing changes in the auditory cortex and related brain structures. Two types of changes can be distinguished, namely increases and decreases of firing, lasting in the order of seconds. Triggering events can be auditory stimuli, reinforcers, and behavioral responses. Slow firing changes terminate with reinforcers and possibly with auditory stimuli and behavioral responses. A necessary condition for the emergence of slow firing changes seems to be that subjects have learnt that consecutive sensory or behavioral events are contingent on reinforcement. They disappear when the contingencies are no longer present. Slow firing changes in auditory cortex bear similarities with slow changes of neuronal activity that have been observed in subcortical parts of the auditory system and in other non-sensory brain structures. We propose that slow firing changes in auditory cortex provide a neuronal mechanism for anticipating, memorizing, and associating events that are related to hearing and of behavioral relevance. This may complement the representation of the timing and types of auditory and auditory-related events which may be provided by phasic responses in auditory cortex. The presence of slow firing changes indicates that many more auditory-related aspects of a behavioral procedure are reflected in the neuronal activity of auditory cortex than previously assumed., (© 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aim: to justify the role of biliary insufficiency (BI) in the development of disorders of bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with cholelithiasis and after cholecystectomy, to introduce with main methods of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and osteopenia in biliary pathology. Recent literature data showed that development of BI in the CL and PS leads to malabsorption of vitamin D and thereby contribute to the development of osteoporosis and osteopenia. The main method of diagnosis of BMD is twoenergic X-ray densitometry.

In article clinical observation of the patient of 17 years with developmental anomaly of a duodenum-megabulbus, transferred in the early neonatal period operative treatment concerning congenital impassability of a duodenum in connection with its atresia, and generated after diseases of upper gastrointestinal and biliary tract is presented.

We report first results of a multilevel, cross-modal study on the neuronal mechanisms underlying auditory sequential streaming, with the focus on the impact of visual sequences on perceptually ambiguous tone sequences which can either be perceived as two separate streams or one alternating stream. We combined two psychophysical experiments performed on humans and monkeys with two human brain imaging experiments which allow to obtain complementary information on brain activation with high spatial (fMRI) and high temporal (MEG) resolution. The same acoustic paradigm based on the pairing of tone sequences with visual stimuli was used in all human studies and, in an adapted version, in the psychophysical study on monkeys. Our multilevel approach provides experimental evidence that the pairing of auditory and visual stimuli can reliably introduce a bias towards either an integrated or a segregated perception of ambiguous sequences. Thus, comparable to an explicit instruction, this approach can be used to control the subject's perceptual organization of an ambiguous sound sequence without the need for the subject to directly report it. This finding is of particular importance for animal studies because it allows to compare electrophysiological responses of auditory cortex neurons to the same acoustic stimulus sequence eliciting either a segregated or integrated percept.

In a greenhouse experiment effects have been studied the UV-B-irradiation of barley (intensity of biologically active UV-B-radiation was 0.15, 0.29 and 0.45 W/m2) on the morphophysiologic parameters, productivity and reproductive sphere of offsprings of two succeeding generations. It has been shown that along with a decrease in the specific leaf mass and biomass M1-generation plants exhibited an increase in the stem height and assimilative leaf area. The reduction of grain yield in offsprings of the first post-radiation generation was mainly caused by the reduced size in the reproductive organs and by reduced number of caryopsides in a ear. The observed effects were independent of the UV-B exposure levels to the precursors. The aftereffect of UV-B-irradiation for M2-generation plants shown itself as changes in the specific leaf area, less pronounced compared to the precursors, and reduction in the vegetative mass and grain yield, most significant in offsprings of plants exposed to the maximum UV-B levels. Disturbances in the reproductive sphere appeared as reduction in the size of developing grains. The data derived suggest that long-term effects of UV-B-irradiation are possible not only in the first but also in the second generation of impacted plants.

Medical rehabilitation of the population living in poor environmental areas has been realized since 1999 and is the basis for environmental safety policy in the Sverdlovsk Region, along with the prevention and reduction of environmental pollution, the rational use, conservation, and replenishment of natural complexes. Medical rehabilitation activities for the population's health are aimed at managing the risks associated with human environmental factors, managing address medical prophylactic services, individual behavioral factors, habits, and awareness of the population. Interaction of the participants of the medical rehabilitation system provides for tackling the set health promotion tasks in the Sverdlovsk Region.

The authors consider the organization of a system for monitoring of ambient air pollution by suspended matter (by fractions of less than 10 microm and less than 2.5 microm) as one of the most urgent tasks in the harmonization of the Russian and western methods for assessing the quality of the environment. The frame plan for organization of ambient air suspended matter monitoring in the countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasia, and Central Asia, proposed by the WHO European Regional Office provides basic guidelines for this system and may be adapted to Russian conditions, as evidenced by the author's experience. The paper summarizes the basic results of the studies that have established the association of respiratory disease in junior schoolchildren with exposure to PM10 and PM2.5.

Category formation allows us to group perceptual objects into meaningful classes and is fundamental to cognition. Categories can be derived from similarity relationships of object features by using prototypes or multiple exemplars, or from abstract relationships of features and rules . A variety of brain areas have been implicated in categorization processes, but mechanistic insights on the single-cell and local-network level are still rare and limited to the matching of individual objects to categories . For directional categorization of tone steps, as in melody recognition , abstract relationships between sequential events (higher or lower in frequency) have to be formed. To explore the neuronal mechanisms of this categorical identification of step direction, we trained monkeys for more than two years on a contour-discrimination task with multiple tone sequences. In the auditory cortex of these highly trained monkeys, we identified two interrelated types of neuronal firing: Increased phasic responses to tones categorically represented the reward-predicting downward frequency steps and not upward steps; subsequently, slow modulations of tonic firing predicted the behavioral decisions of the monkeys, including errors. Our results on neuronal mechanisms of categorical stimulus identification and of decision making attribute a cognitive role to auditory cortex, in addition to its role in signal processing.

A central tenet in brain research is that early sensory cortex is modality specific, and, only in exceptional cases, such as deaf and blind subjects or professional musicians, is influenced by other modalities. Here we describe extensive cross-modal activation in the auditory cortex of two monkeys while they performed a demanding auditory categorization task: after a cue light was turned on, monkeys could initiate a tone sequence by touching a bar and then earn a reward by releasing the bar on occurrence of a falling frequency contour in the sequence. In their primary auditory cortex and posterior belt areas, we found many acoustically responsive neurons whose firing was synchronized to the cue light or to the touch or release of the bar. Of 315 multiunits, 45 exhibited cue light-related firing, 194 exhibited firing that was related to bar touch, and 268 exhibited firing that was related to bar release. Among 60 single units, we found one neuron with cue light-related firing, 21 with bar touch-related firing, and 36 with release-related firing. This firing disappeared at individual sites when the monkeys performed a visual detection task. Our findings corroborate and extend recent findings on cross-modal activation in the auditory cortex and suggests that the auditory cortex can be activated by visual and somatosensory stimulation and by movements. We speculate that the multimodal corepresentation in the auditory cortex has arisen from the intensive practice of the subjects with the behavioral procedure and that it facilitates the performance of audiomotor tasks in proficient subjects.

This study demonstrates that non-human primates can categorize the direction of the pitch change of tones in a sequence. Two Macaca fascicularis were trained in a positive-reinforcement behavioral paradigm in which they listened to sequences of a variable number of different acoustic items. The training of discriminating pitch direction was divided into three phases with increasing task complexity. In the first two phases, subjects learned to employ a same/different rule. In phase 1, they discriminated acoustic items of different sound quality. Subjects had to respond when there was a change from repeating noise bursts to repeating click trains or vice versa. In phase II, acoustic items differed along one physical dimension only. Subjects had to respond to a change of the frequency of a repeating series of pure tones. In phase III, sequences consisted of three series of repeating tones of different frequency. Subjects were required to respond when the frequency of the tones changed in a downward direction and to refrain from responding when the frequency remained constant or increased. After several ten thousand trials, subjects categorized pitch direction well above chance level. The discrimination was performed over a 4.5-octave range of frequencies and was largely independent of the temporal and ordinal position of the downward pitch direction within the sequence. These results demonstrate that monkeys can recognize pitch relationships and thus that monkeys have the concept of ordinal relations between acoustic items.

In a greenhouse experiment the development of biomass and grain yield was studied under a long-time combined action of medium-wave UV-radiation and cadmium (exposure levels of the agents were, respectively, 0.65-1.30 W/m2, 5 and 50 mg/kg of soil). The influence of the metal on the UV-radiation induced inhibition of the vegetative mass development was found to be dependent on the duration of stress: with increase in the exposure time the cadmium ability for cushioning negative effects of irradiation decreases. Simultaneously the contribution of the metal and its interaction with UV-radiation to the variability in the observed indicator (biomass) becomes much less significant than that of irradiation. Considerable independent of cadmium concentration reduction in the grain yield becomes evident at a rate of medium-wave UV-radiation intensity of 0.65 W/m2, whereas at UV-radiation exposure levels of 1.30 W/m2 and the heavy metal concentration of 50 mg/kg in soil practically total inhibition of grain productivity occurred. As for grain formation, relative effects of irradiation were somewhat higher than these of cadmium and its interaction with UV-radiation.

Studies have shown that patients with cholelithiasis include a large group of people having associated duodenal ulcer as well. Duodenal ulcer also precedes cholelithiasis quite often (the ratio being 4:1), which makes it possible to consider duodenal ulcer as one of the risk factors for the duodenal ulcer development.

The most frequent affection of digestive apparatus is the ulcerative disease. Ulcerative duodenal or gastric affection irrespective of its localization is a chronic cyclic recidivating disease of whole organism. It affects mainly an active able-bodied age and often results in heavy course and physical disability. The complicated forms of ulcerative disease--bleeding, perforation, stenosis--require the surgical intervention.

Results of examination of patients suffering from cholecystitis combined with duodenal ulcerative disease and accompanying duodenogastric reflux are presented. The comparison of acidifiable gastric function state in patients suffering from cholelithiasis combined with duodenal ulcerative disease and patients with only cholecystitis or duodenal ulcerative disease was performed. Intragastric pH-metry allows not only to study acidifiable gastric function but also to reveal functional disorders like duodenogastric reflux. Expressed and resistant duodenogastric reflux can result in structural modification of gastric mucosa.

Mebeverine (Duspatalin) can be used for the relief of pains and dyspeptic disorders in cholelithic patients.

Apitherapy is treatment of diseases with biologically active products of bee-keeping (BAPB), which is developing in an intensive way all over the world. The interest in apitherapy is explained, on the one hand, by a great number of natural compounds produced by bees as a result of their vital functions and having high physiological activity, and on the other hand, by the universal nature of bees occurrence and comparative simplicity of getting the bee-keeping products. In apitherapy literature many authors point to the fact that honey has an impact on gastric secretion: a cold honey solution stimulates, and a warm one inhibits acid excretion. Yet there are no results of studies confirming this action in all publications.

The examination's results of the patients with duodenal peptic ulcer and gastroesophagus reflux at the same time are presented in this paper. The frequency of pathological esophagus's changes revealing with endoscopic and histological methods, as well as with 24 hours intraesophagus pH-monitoring is compared. The correlation of pathological refluxes quantity and the severity of esophagus mucosa changes were demonstrated.

Significant differences were found in collective unit activity of 6 neostriatum neurons associated with performance of either left- or right-sided task by monkeys: at the moment of decision-making regarding the direction of the movement, and after its completion, irrespective of correctness of the choice. The differences at the moment of the programme completion were significantly greater than at the moment of the decision-making.

Each putamen neuron responded to several fragments of a behavioural programme, the pattern of such connections being not constant. The response could disappear in a different variant of the behavioural programme while a response to another fragment could occur. Therefore additional variants of the programme were followed by an increase in number of functional modality of a neuron. This was more obvious in motor fragments of the programme. The data obtained suggest that the putamen neurons have no particular specifics, and so involvement of its units in sensory-cognitive processes seem to be more stable than in organisation of movements.

Endomyocardial diagnostic biopsies, recipient heart removed at operation, endomyocardial biopsies of allotransplants and postmortem material were studied using immunofluorescence to specify immunopathological process and to detect humoral rejection. Altogether 306 samples from 55 patients were studied. In the early postoperative period (one year) 8 out of 18 patients with heart transplants repeatedly showed immunopathologic picture of acute humoral (vascular) rejection which was characterized by a widespread immunoglobulin G and complement fixation in the capillary walls accompanied by enhanced capillary permeability and fibrin deposition in intestitial tissue. Such patients often had graft dysfunction. 1 to 5 years after transplantation in 24 out of 37 patients discrete focal immunoglobulin and complement fixation was observed as one of chronic rejection component.

Compared to healthy controls, patients with transplanted heart have higher baseline heart rate (HR), delayed initial HR reaction, slower changes of HR both during exercise and after it, diminished chronotropic and inotropic reserves. The data obtained contribute to better understanding of physiology of transplanted denervated heart and objective assessment of patients after heart transplantation.

Exercise tolerance in postcardiac transplantation patients versus healthy controls was studied at different intervals after the surgery using bicycle ergometry. Being low after the transplantation, exercise tolerance in the patients increased throughout the rehabilitation period but still did not reach the values characteristic for healthy subjects. Initial heart rate in the above patients was higher, while chronotropic and inotropic reserves of the transplanted heart appeared lower than in the controls. The data obtained help objectively assess the condition of the patients with transplanted heart.

Holter monitoring was performed in 15 patients surviving over 3 months after homotopic cardiac transplantation. The frequency and types of arrhythmias occurring in the grafted innervated heart were studied according to its postoperative period duration. The follow-up lasted 3 to 29 months. Supraventricular arrhythmias were detected in 80%, whereas ventricular ones were found in 86.7%. Ventricular arrhythmias accompanied chronic graft rejection in 2 patients. It was ascertained that Holter monitoring was of greater diagnostic value than routine ECG recording. Innervation is not essential in the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias.