754 results on '"Secondary raw materials"'
Search Results
202. Operative instruments to support public authorities and industries for the supply of raw materials: A decision support tool to evaluate the sustainable exploitation of extractive waste facilities
- Author
-
Susanna Mancini, Marco Casale, Piercarlo Rossi, Alessandra Faraudello, and Giovanna Antonella Dino
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Critical Raw Materials ,Sociology and Political Science ,Sustainable Mining ,Decision Support Tool ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Secondary Raw Materials ,Law ,Extractive Waste Facility ,Decision Support Tool, Extractive Waste Facility, Critical Raw Materials, Secondary Raw Materials, Sustainable Mining - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
203. SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS AS A RESOURCE-SAVING TOOLS AT THE REPUBLIC OF tATARSTAN ENTERPRISES
- Author
-
I. N. Glazkova
- Subjects
secondary raw materials ,technogenic loading ,oil-slime facilities ,recycling facilities ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 ,Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence ,K1-7720 - Abstract
Basing on the problematic-objective approach, the author defines the main economic and ecological conditions of organization of the complex processing by an example of oil industry. The results of "Tatneft" Public Corporation financial activity are calculated before and after implementing measures for secondary utilization of resources. The complex evaluation of efficiency of the prospective variants of secondary raw materials processing in oil industry is made.
- Published
- 2012
204. Recovery of Metals from Secondary Raw Materials by Coupled Electroleaching and Electrodeposition in Aqueous or Ionic Liquid Media
- Author
-
Nathalie Leclerc, Sophie Legeai, Maxime Balva, Claire Hazotte, Julien Comel, François Lapicque, Emmanuel Billy, and Eric Meux
- Subjects
metal recovery ,electroleaching ,electrodeposition ,secondary raw materials ,ionic liquids ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
This paper presents recent views on a hybrid process for beneficiation of secondary raw materials by combined electroleaching of targeted metals and electrodeposition. On the basis of several case studies with aqueous solutions or in ionic liquid media, the paper describes the potential and the limits of the novel, hybrid technique, together with the methodology employed, combining determination of speciation, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, and chemical engineering. On one hand, the case of electroleaching/electrodeposition (E/E) process in aqueous media, although often investigated at the bench scale, appears nevertheless relatively mature, because of the developed methodology, and the appreciable current density allowed, and so it can be used to successfully treat electrode materials of spent Zn/MnO2 batteries or Ni/Cd accumulators and Waelz oxide. On the other hand, the use of ionic liquids as promising media for the recovery of various metals can be considered for other types of wastes, as shown here for the case of electrodes of aged fuel cells. The combined (E/E) technique could be successfully used for the above waste, in particular by the tricky selection of ionic liquid media. Nevertheless, further investigations in physical chemistry and chemical engineering appear necessary for possible developments of larger-scale processes for the recovery of these strategic resources.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
205. Photovoltaic panel recycling: from type-selective processes to flexible apparatus for simultaneous treatment of different types.
- Author
-
Pagnanelli, F., Moscardini, E., Abo Atia, T., and Toro, L.
- Subjects
- *
PHOTOVOLTAIC cells , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *METAL analysis , *CRYSTAL structure , *CHEMICAL treatment of industrial wastes - Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) technology for renewable energy utilisation is constantly growing throughout the world. Many recent efforts were devoted to the treatment of end-of-life panels, but only two full-scale processes were developed for crystalline silicon modules (Deutsche Solar) and CdTe panels (First Solar). Furthermore, recent developments concerned with new technologies designed for treating together more kinds of PV panels by automated processes. In this work, a picture of the PV world in terms of market, typology, waste dynamics and recoverable materials was given. A description of full-scale processes will be reported evidencing products and yields of recovery. A case study of process development for the simultaneous treatment of different kinds of PV panels was presented. In particular, experimental results in lab and pilot scale were described regarding the development and optimisation of a process including both physical pre-treatment and hydrometallurgical treatment for the recovery of target metal. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
206. Prospecting and Exploring Anthropogenic Resource Deposits: The Case Study of Vienna's Subway Network.
- Author
-
Lederer, Jakob, Kleemann, Fritz, Ossberger, Markus, Rechberger, Helmut, and Fellner, Johann
- Subjects
- *
SUBWAYS , *PUBLIC transit , *RAILROADS , *UNDERGROUND construction - Abstract
Urban mining is seen as a key strategy for the recovery of secondary raw materials from the built environment. Although large material stocks have been reported in infrastructure networks, their actual recoverability over time has received little attention so far. This article presents a case study on the prospection and exploration of the anthropogenic resources deposited in Vienna's subway network. After quantifying the built-in materials in the network, a resource classification was performed, distinguishing between (1) materials that have to be replaced and are thus potentially extractable as secondary raw materials after a considerable time span (<100 years) and (2) materials remaining in the subway and thus are not extractable. Results given in tonnes (t) show that the subway network consists mainly of concrete (12,000,000 t), iron & steel (600,000 t), gravel (300,000 t), bricks (250,000 t), copper (10,000 t), and aluminum (6,000 t). A first evaluation demonstrated that 3% of the built-in materials (mainly copper, aluminum, and gravel) have to be renewed after a considerable time span (<100 years) and, consequently, can be seen as potentially extractable resources. Ninety-seven percent of the built-in materials were classified as not extractable (mainly concrete, iron & steel, and bricks), because they were found in permanent structures and lines that have been declared as cultural heritage monuments. For the materials that were found to be potentially extractable as secondary raw materials, a further investigation that particularly considers their end of life in practice and the existence of a hibernating stock is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
207. SMART GROUND Project: SMART Data Collection and Integration Platform to Enhance Availability and Accessibility of Data and Information in the EU Territory on Secondary Raw Materials.
- Author
-
Dino, Giovanna Antonella, Rossetti, Piergiorgio, Biglia, Giulio, Coulon, Frédéric, Gomes, Diogo, Wagland, Stuart, Luste, Sami, Särkkä, Heikki, Ver, Csaba, Delafeld, Marco, and Pizza, Antonietta
- Abstract
The issue of resource security has come to the forefront of the debate as Critical Materials (CRM) and Raw Materials (RM) supply is fundamental to maintain and develop EU economy. Considering the increasing scarcity and raising prices of RM, their recycling and recovery from anthropogenic deposits is essential. To date there is no homogeneous inventory available of SRM and CRM present in EU landfills, and best management practices to recover SRM from landfill activities are inefficient. In this context, the EU SMART GROUND project intends to foster resource recovery in landfills by improving the availability and the accessibility of data and information on SRM in the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
208. Reuse of residual sludge from stone processing: differences and similarities between sludge coming from carbonate and silicate stones—Italian experiences.
- Author
-
Careddu, N. and Dino, G. A.
- Abstract
Residual sludge coming from dimension stone working activities represents a serious environmental and economic problem for both stone industry and community. Indeed, most of the time, residual sludge is landfilled because of the difficulties to recover it; such difficulties are mainly connected to local legislation and to a lack of proper protocols. In general, two different categories of sludge can be identified: residual sludge coming from carbonate rocks (CS) and those coming from silicate rocks (SS). Both of them are characterised by a very fine size distribution. CS is mainly made up of the same compounds of the processed stones (i.e. marble, limestone, travertine). On the contrary, SS is characterised by high heavy metal content, due to the composition of the tools employed during processing activities and to the original rock characteristics. Furthermore, total petroleum hydrocarbon content can often be recognised in residual sludge. In general, residual sludge, management of which in Italy is administered in accordance with ILD 152/06, can be used as waste for environmental restoration or for cement plants. Several researches investigate possible reuses of residual sludge, after a proper processing phase, as new products. Such “new products” should be certified not only on the basis of their technical and physical characteristics but also by means of appropriate chemical analyses to guarantee that the products are not polluted. The aim of this research was to evidence that, on the basis of a correct sludge characterisation, treatment and management, it is possible to produce secondary raw materials (filler, etc.) or new products (artificial soil, etc.), in order not to waste “sludge resources”. Some examples from Italian experimentations are here reported, focusing on the treatment and recovery of SS and CS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
209. ЕКОЛОГІСТИКА, УТИЛІЗАЦІЯ ТА РЕЦИКЛІНГ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ ЗАСОБІВ: ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ
- Author
-
Бойченко, С. В., Лейда, К., and Іванченко, О. В.
- Abstract
In the article the relationship of environmental logistics as a new scientific direction in ecology and economy, the problems of utilization and recycling of waste was discussed. The problem of transport sector wastes in Ukraine and abroad was studied. The necessity of recycling vehicles that becomes out of service was proved. The ecological problems related to gathering and recycling of vehicles and their components was considered. The significance and feasibility of recycling processes in transport wastes life cycle was proposed and estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
210. Effect of Mixing Time on Flowability and Slump Retention of Self-Compacting Paste System Incorporating Various Secondary Raw Materials.
- Author
-
Khalid, Ali, Rizwan, Syed, Hanif, Umer, and Hameed, M.
- Subjects
- *
SELF-consolidating concrete , *CONCRETE mixing , *RAW materials , *MATHEMATICAL models , *MANAGEMENT - Abstract
Good workability at construction site is most important aspect of self-compacting concrete. But long delivery times can cause slump loss, which is more pronounced when mineral additives are incorporated into the concrete system. The aim of this paper is to study the effects of prolonged mixing on the flowability and slump retention under action of a high-performance polycarboxylic (PEC)-based superplasticizer used in self-compacting paste systems (SCPs) incorporating various secondary raw materials (SRMs). Experimentation for this research paper was focused on mixing times and slump retention of SCPs incorporating ASTM Class F fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF) and locally available marble powder (MP). While experimenting with SCPs, total mixing time was first restricted to 3 min of mixing to achieve the target flow of 30±1 cm, which was then prolonged to total mixing time of 10 and 20 min keeping the superplasticizer content constant, which showed a more enhanced flow with reduced timing due to better activation of superplasticizer, or enhanced workability but showed some traces of bleeding in the formulations containing MP. The samples were thereafter prepared for strength measurement as per EN-196. Parameters like flow response, strength and microstructures were studied by varying two basic factors in progression: shear time and hold time. Hydration kinetics were also affected by prolonged mixing, and it also decreased the initial and final setting time. FA showed better rheological behaviour upon extended mixing regimes as compared to SF or any other SRMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
211. Analysis and prospective utilization of technogenic slag waste from a lead plant
- Author
-
Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente - Departament d'Enginyeria Hidràulica i Medi Ambient, Bagova, Z., Zhantasov, K., Turebekova, G., Sapargaliyeva, B., Rodrigo-Ilarri, Javier, Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente - Departament d'Enginyeria Hidràulica i Medi Ambient, Bagova, Z., Zhantasov, K., Turebekova, G., Sapargaliyeva, B., and Rodrigo-Ilarri, Javier
- Abstract
[EN] The article presents the analysis and results of the study of technogenic slag waste of lead-zinc production. Slags of lead-zinc production contain a large number of toxic compounds: lead, zinc, osmium, cadmium, which are dangerous sources of environmental pollution. Due to the open storage of slags, it was found that the maximum permissible concentrations of lead were exceeded. Utilization of man-made slag waste is of great importance for reducing the negative impact on the safety of life and improving the environmental situation in the region. At the same time, slags are valuable raw materials containing compounds of non-ferrous and rare-earth metals. The article shows the results of laboratory studies of slags to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of valuable components in the waste of lead production and the possibility of their further processing and disposal. Studies of the material of the heavy slag fraction were carried out on an electron probe microanalyzer of the JEOL IXA-8230 Electron Probe microanalyzer brand. X-ray diffractometric analysis of the average slag sample was performed on a DRON-4 diffractometer with Cu radiation, graphite monochromator. Samples were selected heavy fraction and manufactured artificial polished sections (briquettes). The sections were studied under the microscope of the brand LEICA DM 2500P and immersion in liquids. According to the results of research, it was found that lead slags contain a sufficiently high amount of nonferrous metal compounds: lead oxide up to 0.7 % and zinc oxide up to 8.5 % of the weight amount of slag, which makes the process of recycling toxic waste from lead production technically and economically feasible
- Published
- 2021
212. Secondary Raw Materials from Residual Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites by An Upgraded Pyrolysis Process
- Author
-
Ingeniería química y del medio ambiente, Ingeniaritza kimikoa eta ingurumenaren ingeniaritza, López Urionabarrenechea, Alexander, Gastelu Otazua, Naia, Jiménez-Suárez, Alberto, Prolongo, Silvia G., Serras Malillos, Adriana, Acha Peña, Esther, Caballero Iglesias, Blanca María, Ingeniería química y del medio ambiente, Ingeniaritza kimikoa eta ingurumenaren ingeniaritza, López Urionabarrenechea, Alexander, Gastelu Otazua, Naia, Jiménez-Suárez, Alberto, Prolongo, Silvia G., Serras Malillos, Adriana, Acha Peña, Esther, and Caballero Iglesias, Blanca María
- Abstract
This paper presents a process where carbon fibers and hydrogen can be recovered simultaneously through a two-stage thermal treatment of an epoxy-carbon fiber composite. For this purpose, some pieces of epoxy resin reinforced with carbon fiber fabrics have been fabricated and, after curing, have been pyrolyzed in an installation consisting of two reactors. In the first one, the thermal decomposition of the resin takes place, and in the second one, the gases and vapors coming from the first reactor are thermally treated. Once this process is completed, the solid generated is oxidized with air to eliminate the resin residues and carbonaceous products from the fibers surface. The recovered carbon fiber fabrics have been reused to make new cured parts and their electrical and mechanical properties have been measured. The results show that it is possible to obtain carbon fiber fabrics that can be processed as they leave the recycling process and that retain 80% of the tensile modulus, 70% of the flexural strength, and 50% of the interlaminar shear strength. At the same time, a gaseous stream with more than 66% by volume of hydrogen can be obtained, reaching a maximum of 81.7%.
- Published
- 2021
213. Towards Sustainable Soil Stabilization in Peatlands : Secondary Raw Materials as an Alternative
- Author
-
Vincevica-Gaile, Zane, Teppand, Tonis, Kriipsalu, Mait, Krievans, Maris, Jani, Yahya, Klavins, Maris, Setyobudi, Roy, Grinfelde, Inga, Rudovica, Vita, Tamm, Toomas, Shanskiy, Merrit, Saaremae, Egle, Zekker, Ivar, Burlakovs, Juris, Vincevica-Gaile, Zane, Teppand, Tonis, Kriipsalu, Mait, Krievans, Maris, Jani, Yahya, Klavins, Maris, Setyobudi, Roy, Grinfelde, Inga, Rudovica, Vita, Tamm, Toomas, Shanskiy, Merrit, Saaremae, Egle, Zekker, Ivar, and Burlakovs, Juris
- Abstract
Implementation of construction works on weak (e.g., compressible, collapsible, expansive)soils such as peatlands often is limited by logistics of equipment and shortage of available andapplicable materials. If preloading or floating roads on geogrid reinforcement or piled embankmentscannot be implemented, then soil stabilization is needed. Sustainable soil stabilization in anenvironmentally friendly way is recommended instead of applying known conventional methodssuch as pure cementing or excavation and a single replacement of soils. Substitution of conventionalmaterial (cement) and primary raw material (lime) with secondary raw material (waste and byproductsfrom industries) corresponds to the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations,preserves resources, saves energy, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Besides traditional materialusage, soil stabilization is achievable through various secondary raw materials (listed accordingto their groups and subgroups): 1. thermally treated waste products: 1.1. ashes from agricultureproduction; 1.2. ashes from energy production; 1.3. ashes from various manufacturing; 1.4. ashesfrom waste processing; 1.5. high carbon content pyrolysis products; 2. untreated waste and newproducts made from secondary raw materials: 2.1. waste from municipal waste biological treatmentand landfills; 2.2. waste from industries; 3. new products made from secondary raw materials:3.1. composite materials. Efficient solutions in environmental engineering may eliminate excessiveamounts of waste and support innovation in the circular economy for sustainable future.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
214. Možnosti využití odpadních látek v systémech bezvýkopových renovací potrubí
- Abstract
V systému bezvýkopových oprav potrubí metodou CIPP jsou klíčové vlastnosti pryskyřičného systému. Předevčím plniva ovlivňují vlastnosti pryskyřičného systému i cenu renovace. To je ekonomicky významné v době, kdy roste cena primárních surovin. Jednou z ekologicky i ekonomicky atraktivních možností je využití druhotných surovin. Článek popisuje vlastnosti některých vhodných druhotných surovin a jejich vliv na vlastnosti pryskyřičného systému ve srovnání s tradičními plnivy. Hlavním cílem je dosažení ideálního poměru pojiva a alternativního plniva při zachování co nejlepších vlastností sanačního systému. V článku jsou srovnávány tři druhy druhotných odpadních materiálů a referenčního plniva. Důležitý je obsah SiO2, velikost částic plniva a mechanické parametry navržených receptur., Properties of the resin system are key properties in the CIPP trenchless pipeline repair system. Fillers affect the properties of the resin system and the cost of renovation. One of the ecologically and economically attractive options is the use of secondary raw materials. The article describes the properties of some suitable secondary raw materials and their influence on the properties of the resin system in comparison with traditional fillers The article compares three types of secondary waste materials and the reference filler. The SiO2 content, the particle size of the filler and the mechanical parameters of the proposed recipes are most important.
- Published
- 2021
215. Možnosti využití odpadních látek v systémech bezvýkopových renovací potrubí
- Author
-
Majerová, Jana, Drochytka, Rostislav, Hermann, Radek, Figala, Petr, Majerová, Jana, Drochytka, Rostislav, Hermann, Radek, and Figala, Petr
- Abstract
V systému bezvýkopových oprav potrubí metodou CIPP jsou klíčové vlastnosti pryskyřičného systému. Předevčím plniva ovlivňují vlastnosti pryskyřičného systému i cenu renovace. To je ekonomicky významné v době, kdy roste cena primárních surovin. Jednou z ekologicky i ekonomicky atraktivních možností je využití druhotných surovin. Článek popisuje vlastnosti některých vhodných druhotných surovin a jejich vliv na vlastnosti pryskyřičného systému ve srovnání s tradičními plnivy. Hlavním cílem je dosažení ideálního poměru pojiva a alternativního plniva při zachování co nejlepších vlastností sanačního systému. V článku jsou srovnávány tři druhy druhotných odpadních materiálů a referenčního plniva. Důležitý je obsah SiO2, velikost částic plniva a mechanické parametry navržených receptur., Properties of the resin system are key properties in the CIPP trenchless pipeline repair system. Fillers affect the properties of the resin system and the cost of renovation. One of the ecologically and economically attractive options is the use of secondary raw materials. The article describes the properties of some suitable secondary raw materials and their influence on the properties of the resin system in comparison with traditional fillers The article compares three types of secondary waste materials and the reference filler. The SiO2 content, the particle size of the filler and the mechanical parameters of the proposed recipes are most important.
- Published
- 2021
216. Sulfate-bearing clay and Pietra Serena sludge: Raw materials for the development of alkali activated binders
- Author
-
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Occhipinti, Roberta, Fernández-Jiménez, Ana, Palomo, Ángel, Tarantino, Serena C., Zema, Michele, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Occhipinti, Roberta, Fernández-Jiménez, Ana, Palomo, Ángel, Tarantino, Serena C., and Zema, Michele
- Abstract
The feasibility of transforming the residues of cultivation of two rocks into secondary raw materials through the alkali activation process has been assessed. Mixtures of a sulfate-bearing kaolinitic clay (L02-K) and a sludge derived by the sewing of Pietra Serena stone (sPS) have been investigated. These materials were preliminarily treated at high temperature to improve their reactivity (heat-treated samples are hereafter labelled as L02-MK and sPS-800). Pastes were prepared with mixtures of L02-MK and sPS-800 in different weight proportions by using 8 M NaOH solutions as alkaline activator and cured at 85 °C for 24 h. Mechanical strength was determined after 1, 7 and 28 days and the reaction products were characterized by XPRD, SEM/EDX and MAS-NMR. Sulfate solubility was quantified by leaching tests. The alkali activation of the sole sulfate-bearing clay gives a material with developed mechanical strength of 4(1) MPa. Some N-A-S-H gel forms together with gibbsite and thenardite, which can be easily leached. Better results are obtained by the activation of mixtures of the two precursors, and mixed alkali cements or hybrid cements are obtained. The presence of CaO from heat-treated Pietra Serena sludge improves the mechanical strength of the resulting pastes up to 11.8(9) MPa. In this case, a mixture of gels forms, specifically, a calcium-rich gel (C-A-S-H-type) co-exists with (N,C)-A-S-H-type gel. U-phase and CAN-type zeolites also form. They trap sulfate from the clay and considerably reduce sulfate solubility. In conclusion, L02-MK and sPS-800 are promising raw materials for alkaline cements, whose properties may suggest application in soil stabilization or in waste confinement.
- Published
- 2021
217. The research on reactivity of alternative carbon reducers
- Author
-
J. Lipart, W. Żymła, M. Słowikowski, and J. Łabaj
- Subjects
carbon reducers ,precious metals ,secondary raw materials ,recovery metals ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
The research involved measuring of the speed of zinc oxide with carbon reducers. Samples weighing between 60 and 100 mg were tested with the use of thermogravimetric analysis within the range of temperatures up to 1 100 °C in nitrogen atmosphere. The speed of heating was 20 deg min-1. The research involved also reducers normally used in reduction processes. The results obtained prove that some of the alternative reducers may be used for industrial purposes.
- Published
- 2013
218. Feasibility Study on the Potential Replacement of Primary Raw Materials in Traditional Ceramics by Clayey Overburden Sterile from the Prosilio Region (Western Macedonia, Greece)
- Author
-
George N. Angelopoulos, Dimitrios Papoulis, Angeliki Christogerou, and Paraskevi Lampropoulou
- Subjects
Materials science ,Absorption of water ,Metallurgy ,Geology ,Raw material ,secondary raw materials ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Mineralogy ,Bulk density ,Characterization (materials science) ,Overburden ,smectite clayey steriles ,Flexural strength ,clay-based ceramics ,pigment ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Ceramic ,technological properties ,Porosity ,valorization ,QE351-399.2 - Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the valorization potential of clayey overburden sterile materials from lignite-mining activities in the manufacturing of traditional ceramics. This study aims to contribute toward the sustainable management and use of such waste materials in line with the environmental objectives of the 2030 agenda. To assess this issue, clayey steriles were incorporated in a white clay-body at 20, 50, and 80 wt%, whereas reference samples were also formed from the individual raw materials. Laboratory processing of the ceramics was performed by dry pressing loose powder into rectangular samples and firing at 1000 °C for 4 h. Characterization of the raw materials included chemical, mineralogical, and thermal analysis. The fired bodies were tested for their total linear shrinkage, apparent porosity, water absorption, bulk density, and bending strength according to the relevant standards. The microstructural evolution of the final bodies was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, which observed differences related to the addition of the steriles. The results showed that the tested clayey steriles can be utilized up to 50 wt% as a secondary raw material in the production of ceramic materials (e.g., bricks) with comparable properties to the reference clay-bodies. Furthermore, the color of the final samples changed from white-creamy to reddish as the content of clayey sterile materials increased in the raw mix.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
219. Do New-Generation Recycled Phosphorus Fertilizers Increase the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants?
- Author
-
Magdalena Jastrzębska, W. P. Jastrzębski, Marta K. Kostrzewska, and Agnieszka Saeid
- Subjects
biofertilizers ,Chemistry ,Biofertilizer ,Phosphorus ,fungi ,phosphorus recovery ,Biomass ,chemistry.chemical_element ,food and beverages ,Geology ,Straw ,Raw material ,secondary raw materials ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Mineralogy ,Environmental chemistry ,waste management ,Weed ,heavy metals ,microbial solubilization ,Arsenic ,Sludge ,QE351-399.2 - Abstract
Phosphorus (P)-rich secondary raw materials can provide a valuable base for modern mineral fertilizers, provided that the new formulations do not load the soil–plant system with potentially toxic elements. Fertilizers from sewage sludge ash (SSA) and/or animal bones, activated by phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium or Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans), were tested in field experiments in north-eastern Poland. The reference provided treatments with superphosphate and treatment without phosphorus fertilization. In one experiment, all P-fertilizers were applied at a P dose of 21 kg·ha−1, and in the other three experiments, three P doses were adopted: 17.6, 26.4, and 35.2 kg·ha−1. The effect of recycled fertilizers on the content of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in the soil, in wheat grain and straw (test plant), weeds, and post-harvest residues was investigated. The application of recycled fertilizers in P amounts up to 35.2 kg·ha−1 did not change the As, Cr, Ni, Cu, or Zn contents in the soil and plant biomass. The contents of these elements in soil were below the permissible levels for arable land in Poland. Their concentrations in wheat grain and straw did not exceed the permissible or suggested limits for plant material to be used for food and feed, while in the weed and post-harvest residue biomass, they usually fell within the biological plant variability ranges.
- Published
- 2021
220. АНАЛІЗ МОЖЛИВОСТЕЙ ПОКРАЩЕННЯ ЯКОСТЕЙ УТЕПЛЮВАЧІВ З ВТОРИННОЇ СИРОВИНИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ЇХ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ В БУДІВНИЦТВІ
- Subjects
polyethylene ,construction industry ,вторинна сировина ,технологічні завдання ,secondary raw materials ,теплоефективність ,будівельна галузь ,переробка сміття ,ПЕТ ,insulation of premises ,PET ,поліетилен ,garbage recycling ,утеплюючі матеріали ,technological tasks ,утеплення приміщень ,thermal efficiency ,insulation materials - Abstract
Purpose. Research and analysis of opportunities to improve the quality of insulation from secondary raw materials to study the prospects of their use in the construction industry as innovative materials with better performance than traditional ones. Materials made from secondary raw materials are of great importance not only in the formation of the building materials market, but also in the Ukrainian economy. The processing infrastructure creates a large number of jobs and tax deductions to the budget. In addition, the consumption of energy resources and the cost of servicing energy mains directly depend on the improvement of the thermal efficiency of premises and structures. The use of modern technologies of building materials combines economy, efficiency and durability of structures. Methodology. An important role in the development of modern construction production is played by the possibility of developing and improving the quality of building materials and technologies for their use. In modern conditions of the market of construction products there is an urgent need for constant modernization of construction processes, due to the efficient use of raw materials and the latest processing methods. With the use of modern information technologies and theoretical and methodological ways to solve problems, it becomes possible to consider options for improving the characteristics of building materials by combining qualitative characteristics and eliminating negative ones. Findings. This paper presents scientifically sound methods of modernization of secondary raw materials in the composition of insulation materials with high thermal and economic characteristics, which are able to compete in the market with traditional building materials. The analysis of flame retardants was carried out. Originality. Theoretical and methodological directions have been formed on the basis of research on the use of secondary raw materials for the manufacture of insulation in construction. The comparative characteristic is carried out. The conclusion on the competitiveness of the presented materials in the market of construction materials is made. Practical value. Analysis of the application of modern technologies for recycling on the basis of the latest theoretical and practical approaches, with the subsequent elimination of shortcomings. Consideration of the possibility of adding flame retardants to the composition of materials. Use of materials as insulation of premises and buildings. Development of processing infrastructure of Ukraine., Мета. Дослідження та аналіз можливостей покращення якостей утеплювачів з вторинної сировини для вивчення перспектив їх застосування в будівельній промисловості як інноваційних матеріалів з кращими показниками, ніж традиційні. Матеріали виготовлені з вторинної сировини мають велике значення не тільки у формуванні ринку будівельних матеріалів, а і у економіці України. Переробна інфраструктура створює велику кількість робочих місць та відрахувань до бюджету у якості податків. Окрім цього, від покращення теплоефективності приміщень та споруд напряму залежить витрата енергоресурсів та вартість обслуговування енергетичних магістралей. Використання сучасних технологій будівельних матеріалів об’єднує у собі економічність, ефективність та довговічність конструкцій. Методика. У сучасних умовах ринку будівельної продукції виникає гостра потреба у постійній модернізації будівельних процесів, за рахунок ефективного використання сировини та новітніх методів обробки. З використанням сучасних інформаційних технологій та теоретико-методологічних шляхів вирішення питань, стає можливим розгляд варіантів покращення характеристик будівельних матеріалів, за рахунок об’єднання якісних характеристик та ліквідації негативних. Вважаємо, що широкий спектр прийняття раціональних рішень по використанню відходів будівельного виробництва, в якості вторинних ресурсів, недостатньо обґрунтовані і вимагають наукового доопрацювання з урахуванням сучасної науки і техніки в галузі будівництва. Вибір ефективного напрямку руху будівельних відходів є запорукою успішного економічного розвитку будівельної індустрії регіонів країни. Результати. У цій роботі приведені науково обґрунтовані методи модернізації вторинної сировини у складі утеплюючих матеріалів з високими теплотехнічними та економічними характеристиками, які здатні конкурувати на ринку з традиційними будівельними матеріалами. Проведено аналіз антипіренів. Наукова новизна. Сформовано теоретико-методологічні напрямки на базі досліджень використання вторинної сировини для виготовлення утеплювачів у будівництві. Проведена порівняльна характеристика. Зроблений висновок щодо конкурентоздатності представлених матеріалів на ринку будівельних матеріалів. Практична значимість. Аналіз застосування сучасних технологій переробки вторинної сировини на базі новітніх теоретичних та практичних підходів, з подальшою ліквідацією недоліків. Розгляд можливості додавання у склад матеріалів антипіренів. Використання матеріалів у якості утеплювачів приміщень та споруд. Розвиток переробної інфраструктури в Україні.
- Published
- 2021
221. Research Study of the Conditions of Wastes Lipolysis Lipid Fraction
- Author
-
Galina Krussir, Irina Kovalenko, Tetyana Lebedenko, Galina Khomich, and Victoria Sklyar
- Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350 ,Chemistry ,Lipid fraction ,secondary raw materials ,ecological biotechnology ,lcsh:TD1-1066 ,oilseed fat industry ,lipolysis ,Lipolysis ,Food science ,soapstock ,lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Biotechnological processing of secondary raw material resources of the oil and fat industry in useful products is the most expedient and effective in terms of both economic and environmental requirements. The obtained experimental results of the study indicate the prospect of lipolysis with the lipase Rhizopus japonicus fat fraction of waste generated during the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. The greatest activity in relation to olive oil is expressed by lipase Rhizopus oryzae, lipase Rhizopus japonicus differs most activity relative to hydrogenated fat, which is explained by its substrate specificity. It was found that the content of free fatty acids in the hydrolyzate reached saturation level after 72 hours of hydrolysis, and the concentration of triglycerides during this time of hydrolysis decreased to a minimum value. The results of research should be used to improve the processing technology of waste oil and fat industry in the food industry.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
222. Сучасні технології переробки пластикових відходів в Україні
- Subjects
відходи ,plastic ,пластик ,забруднення ,вторинна сировина ,pollution ,waste ,processing ,secondary raw materials ,переробка - Abstract
The problem of recycling waste polymer materials is becoming extremely important from the standpoint of environmental protection for most countries.In recent years, a serious problem that is attracting more and more attention is the pollution of the environment with plastic products. Plastic is by nature a polymeric material. There aremany natural polymers, such as rubber, but they do not affect pollution and do not pose a threat to the environment, because they are not stored for a long time in the environment and decompose fairly quickly.Today in Ukraine almost 96% of all waste, including plastic, is sent to landfills, where itcontinues to "live" in the soil for years. For example, a plastic bag decomposes for 500 years, an ordinary bottle of water – a millennium.Therefore, this paper examines in detail the main modern technologies for processing plastic waste in Ukraine, namely: pyrolysis, decomposition of the material to the level of low molecular weight products and mechanical recycling.As a result of pyrolysis, semi-finished monomers are formed. The second most popular method is to decompose the material to the level of low molecular weight products. The obtained recycled products can be used for the manufacture of foundry plastics and easily soluble adhesives.In Ukraine, the third method of recycling polymeric materials, called mechanical recycling, has become the most widespread, resulting in the formation of granules suitable for secondary production of plastics.Also, the paper presents an international marking system that was created for plastic sorting developed. It looks like a triangle formed by arrows with a number inside. The letter code of the plastic can be indicated under the triangle together with the number or instead of the number.Thus, due to processing of secondary raw materials of plastic saved natural resources., Проблема переробки відходів полімерних матеріалів стає вкрай актуальною з позиції охорони навколишнього середовища для більшості країн світу.Протягом останніх років серйозною проблемою, яка привертає до себе все більше уваги, є забруднення навколишнього середовища виробами із пластику. Пластик за своєю природою є полімерним матеріалом. Природних полімерів, таких як каучук, існує багато, однак вони не впливають на забруднення та не несуть загрози для навколишнього середовища, оскільки вони не зберігаються протягом довгого часу в навколишньому середовищі та досить швидко розкладаються.Сьогодні в Україні майже 96 % усіх відходів, у тому числі пластик, відправляється на полігони, де роками продовжує "жити" у ґрунті. Наприклад, поліетиленовий пакет розкладається 500 років, звичайна пляшка з-під води – ціле тисячоліття.Тому в даній роботі детально розглянутоосновні сучасні технології переробки пластикових відходів в Україні, а саме: піроліз, розкладання матеріалу до рівня низькомолекулярних продуктів та механічний рециклінг.В результаті піролізу утворюються напівфабрикати-мономери. Другий за популярністю спосіб пов'язаний з розкладанням матеріалу до рівня низькомолекулярних продуктів. Отримані продукти вторинної переробки можуть бути використані для виготовлення ливарних пластмас і легкорозчинних клеїв.В Україні найбільшого поширення набув третій метод вторинної переробки полімерних матеріалів, який має назву механічний рециклінг, в результаті якого утворюється гранулят, придатний для вторинного виробництва пластмас.Також, в роботі наведено міжнародну система маркування, яка була створена для сортування пластику розроблена. Вона виглядає як трикутник, утворений стрілками з цифрою всередині. Під трикутником разом із цифрою або замість цифри може бути вказаний літерний код пластику.Таким чином,завдяки переробці вторинної сировини із пластику зберігаються природні ресурси.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
223. Conception of the state policy in area of raw materials in Slovac Republic
- Author
-
Malindák Duan and Vodzinský Vladimír
- Subjects
raw materials policy ,secondary raw materials ,resources of raw materials ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 ,Geology ,QE1-996.5 - Abstract
State policy in area of raw materials creates natural basis for forming of the industrial and economical state policy. Sense of presented material is to indicate the goals, to propose the tools and steps process, that would lead to forming of state policy in area of raw materials in Slovac Republic.
- Published
- 2000
224. Landfill mining: Development of a theoretical method for a preliminary estimate of the raw material potential of landfill sites.
- Author
-
Wolfsberger, Tanja, Nispel, Jörg, Sarc, Renato, Aldrian, Alexia, Hermann, Robert, Höllen, Daniel, Pomberger, Roland, Budischowsky, Andreas, and Ragossnig, Arne
- Subjects
LANDFILLS ,MINES & mineral resources ,ESTIMATION theory ,RAW materials ,ANIMAL products ,BIODEGRADABLE materials - Abstract
In recent years, the rising need for raw materials by emerging economies (e.g. China) has led to a change in the availability of certain primary raw materials, such as ores or coal. The accompanying rising demand for secondary raw materials as possible substitutes for primary resources, the soaring prices and the global lack of specific (e.g. metallic) raw materials pique the interest of science and economy to consider landfills as possible secondary sources of raw materials. These sites often contain substantial amounts of materials that can be potentially utilised materially or energetically. To investigate the raw material potential of a landfill, boreholes and excavations, as well as subsequent hand sorting have proven quite successful. These procedures, however, are expensive and time consuming as they frequently require extensive construction measures on the landfill body or waste mass. For this reason, this article introduces a newly developed, affordable, theoretical method for the estimation of landfill contents. The article summarises the individual calculation steps of the method and demonstrates this using the example of a selected Austrian sanitary landfill. To assess the practicality and plausibility, the mathematically determined raw material potential is compared with the actual results from experimental studies of excavated waste from the same landfill (actual raw material potential). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
225. Aufbereitung von Elektroaltgeräten nach dem neuesten Stand der Technik.
- Author
-
Höggerl, Günther
- Abstract
Copyright of BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
226. Ocena skuteczności działania sortowni na podstawie bilansu odpadów komunalnych.
- Author
-
Hryb, Wojciech
- Abstract
Test results of mass balancing for two Polish waste sorting plants located in Bielsko-Biala and Gorzow Wielkopolski are presented. Both plants operate within the framework of mechanical biological treatment of municipal wastes. However, they differ in technological equipment and organization of sorting process, which is reflected in the plant operational efficacy. Test results allowed for evaluation of individual sorting stages effectiveness and their detailed diagnosis. Secondary raw materials recovered from municipal wastes in the sorting plant in Bielsko-Biala constituted 16% of the input waste mass, raw materials for alternative fuel production - 10.5% while another 10.5% were the post-sorting waste remains. In the Gorzow Wielkopolski sorting plant secondary raw materials amounted to 7.6%, alternative fuel - to 11% and the post-sorting remains - to 24% of the input mass of municipal wastes. Additionally, a subscreen fraction directed for biological treatment, as well as debris and oversize waste were separated in both sorting plants. Recovery indexes determined for paper (91%) and PET (85%) fractions confirmed high operational effectiveness of optopneumatic separators applied in the sorting plant of Gorzow Wielkopolski. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
227. Metal recovery from end-of-life hydrotreating catalysts by selective precipitation: Laboratory tests and preliminary process analysis.
- Author
-
Cibati, Alessio, Pagnanelli, Francesca, and Toro, Luigi
- Subjects
HYDROTREATING catalysts ,PRECIPITATION (Chemistry) ,PETROLEUM refining ,BACTERIAL leaching ,METALLIC oxides ,PYROMETALLURGY ,HYDROMETALLURGY - Abstract
Hydrotreating catalysts (HTCs) are a waste byproduct of the petroleum refining industry. The recovery of intrinsic and sorbed metals from spent catalysts is desirable for meeting environmental disposal regulations, as well as for the metal resell value. In this study, innovative process schemes for metal recovery from end-of-life (i.e., spent) HTCs were tested in laboratory experiments and compared by process analysis. Synthetic leach liquors containing Al, Mo, Ni, and V were prepared resembling both chemical leaching and bioleaching methods for metal extraction from spent catalysts. Subsequently, metals in the leach liquor were recovered individually according to two pH-dependent process schemes: (i) Mo and Ni were separated first and Al was removed last, and (ii) Al was removed first. The second metal separation process gave the best results in terms of selectivity, whereby 65% of Al was recovered by precipitation at pH 4.0, 87% of Mo was precipitated by sulfide addition at pH 0.5, 52% of Ni was precipitated by sulfide addition at pH 3.5, and 65% of V was recovered by hydroxide complexation at pH 6.0. Experimental data of metal precipitation were used to perform a process analysis comparing chemical leaching and bioleaching for different input flow rates and product depreciation in a simulated commercial-scale plant. Simulation results indicate that chemical leaching is of superior performance over biological leaching in terms of metal recovery, which decrease the payback time for the capital investment to build the plant. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 703-712, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
228. Investigation on the chemical and thermal behavior of recycling agglomerates from EAF by-products
- Author
-
Willms, T. (Thomas), Echterhof, T. (Thomas), Steinlechner, S. (Stefan), Aula, M. (Matti), Abdelrahim, A. (Ahmed), Fabritius, T. (Timo), Mombelli, D. (Davide), Mapelli, C. (Carlo), Preiss, S. (Stefan), Willms, T. (Thomas), Echterhof, T. (Thomas), Steinlechner, S. (Stefan), Aula, M. (Matti), Abdelrahim, A. (Ahmed), Fabritius, T. (Timo), Mombelli, D. (Davide), Mapelli, C. (Carlo), and Preiss, S. (Stefan)
- Abstract
In addition to the blast furnace converter route, electric steel production in the electric arc furnace (EAF) is one of the two main production routes for crude steel. In 2019, the global share of crude steel produced via the electric steel route was 28%, which in numbers is 517 million metric tons of crude steel. The production and processing of steel leads to the output of a variety of by-products, such as dusts, fines, sludges and scales. At the moment, 10–67% of these by-products are landfilled and not recycled. These by-products contain metal oxides and minerals including iron oxide, zinc oxide, magnesia or alumina. Apart from the wasted valuable materials, the restriction of landfill space and stricter environmental laws are additional motivations to avoid landfill. The aim of the Fines2EAF project, funded by the European Research Fund for Coal and Steel, is to develop a low-cost and flexible solution for the recycling of fines, dusts, slags and scales from electric steel production. During this project, an easy, on-site solution for the agglomeration of fine by-products from steel production has to be developed from lab scale to pilot production for industrial tests in steel plants. The solution is based on the stamp press as the central element of the agglomeration process. The stamp press provides the benefit of being easily adapted to different raw materials and different pressing parameters, such as pressing-force and -speed, or mold geometry. Further benefits are that the stamp press process requires less binding material than the pelletizing process, and that no drying process is required as is the case with the pelletizing process. Before advancing the agglomeration of by-products via stamp press to an industrial scale, different material recipes are produced in lab-scale experiments and the finished agglomerates are tested for their use as secondary raw materials in the EAF. Therefore, the tests focus on the chemical and thermal behavior of t
- Published
- 2020
229. THE USE OF WASTE MATERIALS FOR RECLAMATION PRODUCITON AND SOIL BACKFILL.
- Author
-
Bouchal, Tomas, Dlabaja, Marek, Zavada, Jaroslav, Nadkanska, Hana, and Bouchalova, Marketa
- Subjects
- *
WASTE products , *RECLAMATION of land , *LANDFILLS , *RAW materials , *SEWAGE - Abstract
The industrial production produces large amounts of secondary raw materials which are unusable for primary production and it is necessary to find ways to use them. This article focuses on the design and secondary raw materials usage from wastewater which occurs while arising from pulp using by-products and excavation of soils. Here is also described semi-mobile unit provides by ourselves which enables the production of certified reclamation mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
230. Mortars with Recycled Aggregates from Building-Related Processes: A ‘Four-Step’ Methodological Proposal for a Review
- Author
-
Maurizio Nicolella, Federica Vitale, and Nicolella, Maurizio
- Subjects
Geography, Planning and Development ,lcsh:TJ807-830 ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,lcsh:Renewable energy sources ,020101 civil engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Mix design ,Civil engineering ,0201 civil engineering ,021105 building & construction ,Cluster analysis ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,Aggregate (composite) ,construction and demolition work ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Circular economy ,lcsh:Environmental effects of industries and plants ,circular economy ,secondary raw materials ,sustainability ,Durability ,construction and demolition works ,lcsh:TD194-195 ,Demolition ,Environmental science ,Mortar - Abstract
Because the production of aggregates for mortar and concrete is no longer sustainable, many attempts have been made to replace natural aggregates (NA) with recycled aggregates (RA) sourced from factories, recycling centers, and human activities such as construction and demolition works (C&D). This article reviews papers concerning mortars with fine RA from C&D debris, and from the by-products of the manufacturing and recycling processes of building materials. A four-step methodology based on searching, screening, clustering, and summarizing was proposed. The clustering variables were the type of aggregate, mix design parameters, tested properties, patents, and availability on the market. The number and the type of the clustering variables of each paper were analysed and compared. The results showed that the mortars were mainly characterized through their physical and mechanical properties, whereas few durability and thermal analyses were carried out. Moreover, few fine RA were sourced from the production waste of construction materials. Finally, there were no patents or products available on the market. The outcomes presented in this paper underlined the research trends that are useful to improve the knowledge on the suitability of fine RA from building-related processes in mortars.
- Published
- 2021
231. Examining the feasibility of the urban mining of hard disk drives
- Subjects
Critical raw materials ,Industrial ecology ,Circular economy ,E-waste management ,Electronics ,Secondary raw materials - Published
- 2021
232. The Incorporation of Steel Slag into Belite-Sulfoaluminate Cement Clinkers
- Author
-
Mojca Loncnar, Lea Žibret, Maruša Borštnar, Sabina Dolenec, and Katarina Šter
- Subjects
Materials science ,microstructure ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Sintering ,02 engineering and technology ,engineering.material ,Clinker (cement) ,lcsh:Technology ,lcsh:Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ferrite (iron) ,021105 building & construction ,steel slag ,General Materials Science ,clinker phase ,Instrumentation ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,Cement ,lcsh:T ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Metallurgy ,General Engineering ,BCSA ,secondary raw materials ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Microstructure ,cements ,lcsh:QC1-999 ,Computer Science Applications ,Compressive strength ,chemistry ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,engineering ,Belite ,Periclase ,0210 nano-technology ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,lcsh:Physics - Abstract
The potential use of steel slag from treated steel slag in belite-sulfoaluminate cements was investigated in this study. Cement clinkers with two phase compositions were synthesized, allowing the incorporation of different amounts of steel slag. The phase composition and microstructure of cement clinkers at three different sintering temperatures were studied by X-ray powder diffraction and the Rietveld method, as well as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry. The results showed that the targeted phase composition of clinkers was achieved at a sintering temperature of 1250 °C. However, a higher amount of perovskite instead of ferrite was detected in the clinker with a higher content of Ti-bearing bauxite. Apart from the main phases, such as belite, calcium sulfoaluminate, and ferrite, several minor phases were identified, including mayenite, perovskite, periclase, and alkali sulfates. In both clinker mixtures, a higher content of MgO in the steel slags resulted in the formation of periclase. Furthermore, the hydration kinetics and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days were studied in two cements prepared from clinkers sintered at 1250 °C. As evidenced by the results of isothermal calorimetry, the hydration kinetics were also influenced by the minor clinker phases. Cement with a higher content of calcium sulfoaluminate phase developed a higher compressive strength.
- Published
- 2021
233. Incorporation of sulphidic mining waste material in ceramic roof tiles and blocks
- Author
-
Hilde Chambart, Francisco Veiga Simão, Valérie Cappuyns, and Laure Vandemeulebroeke
- Subjects
Roof tile ,Ceramic roof tiles ,Lab scale ,Waste material ,010501 environmental sciences ,Raw material ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,12. Responsible consumption ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Mining waste ,11. Sustainability ,Ceramic ,Roof ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Ceramic blocks ,Waste management ,Environmental compliance ,Grinding ,Sustainability ,13. Climate action ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Environmental science ,Economic Geology ,Secondary raw materials - Abstract
The demand for building and construction materials increases as the world population keeps growing, thus increasing the need of shelter, as a basic human need. This increasing demand for building and construction materials not only leads to higher demand for primary raw materials, such as clay or sand, but also to higher emissions of carbon dioxide which contribute to the greenhouse effect leading us to the biggest and ongoing threat to life on earth: global warming. The potential use of secondary raw material sources, such as mining waste, in building and construction products not only minimises the ecological footprint of this sector but also minimises the pressure on the primary raw material sector, hence fostering the transition towards a more resource efficient and sustainable world. The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential use of uncleaned sulphidic mining tailing material from two inactive Zn-Pb (Plombières, Belgium) and Cu-Zn-Pb (Freiberg, Germany) mines, and uncleaned sulphidic mining waste rock material from an active Cu-Zn mine (Neves-Corvo, Portugal), in ceramic roof tiles and blocks taking into account production parameters (shaping, drying and firing processes), product quality (technical, aesthetical and chemical properties) and environmental compliance of secondary raw materials for use as building products. After a detailed physical, mineralogical, chemical and thermal characterisation of the materials, blends for ceramic roof tiles and blocks were made by partly or totally replacing some primary raw materials (mainly clay and sand) by 4 different mining waste materials. Roof tile and block blends containing 5 wt% and 10 wt% mining waste materials, respectively, were produced on a lab scale. The required technical, aesthetical and chemical properties for each ceramic product were evaluated. Freiberg tailing and Neves Corvo waste rock materials presented considerable amounts of sulphur and metal(loid)s. Moreover, technical, aesthetical and chemical properties of the blends using these mining waste materials were not satisfying and Neves Corvo waste rock materials have the disadvantage of needing a mechanical treatment (grinding and sieving) before integrating them into the ceramic blends. Therefore, the Freiberg tailing and both Neves Corvo waste rock materials are less suitable to replace primary raw materials in ceramic roof tile and block blends, even in smaller amounts (5 wt% and 10 wt%, respectively). In contrast, Plombières’ fine tailing material was characterised by a low sulphur and metal(loid) content as well as satisfying environmental performance. The roof tile and block blends, in which Plombières tailing material was integrated, showed satisfying technical, aesthetical and chemical properties. Consequently, Plombières’ tailing material can be considered as the best fit to partly or totally replace some primary raw materials in both ceramic roof tile and block blends. The demand for building and construction materials increases as the world population keeps growing, thus increasing the need of shelter, as a basic human need. This increasing demand for building and construction materials not only leads to higher demand for primary raw materials, such as clay or sand, but also to higher emissions of carbon dioxide which contribute to the greenhouse effect leading us to the biggest and ongoing threat to life on earth: global warming. The potential use of secondary raw material sources, such as mining waste, in building and construction products not only minimises the ecological footprint of this sector but also minimises the pressure on the primary raw material sector, hence fostering the transition towards a more resource efficient and sustainable world. The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential use of uncleaned sulphidic mining tailing material from two inactive Zn-Pb (Plombières, Belgium) and Cu-Zn-Pb (Freiberg, Germany) mines, and uncleaned sulphidic mining waste rock material from an active Cu-Zn mine (Neves-Corvo, Portugal), in ceramic roof tiles and blocks taking into account production parameters (shaping, drying and firing processes), product quality (technical, aesthetical and chemical properties) and environmental compliance of secondary raw materials for use as building products. After a detailed physical, mineralogical, chemical and thermal characterisation of the materials, blends for ceramic roof tiles and blocks were made by partly or totally replacing some primary raw materials (mainly clay and sand) by 4 different mining waste materials. Roof tile and block blends containing 5 wt% and 10 wt% mining waste materials, respectively, were produced on a lab scale. The required technical, aesthetical and chemical properties for each ceramic product were evaluated. Freiberg tailing and Neves Corvo waste rock materials presented considerable amounts of sulphur and metal(loid)s. Moreover, technical, aesthetical and chemical properties of the blends using these mining waste materials were not satisfying and Neves Corvo waste rock materials have the disadvantage of needing a mechanical treatment (grinding and sieving) before integrating them into the ceramic blends. Therefore, the Freiberg tailing and both Neves Corvo waste rock materials are less suitable to replace primary raw materials in ceramic roof tile and block blends, even in smaller amounts (5 wt% and 10 wt%, respectively). In contrast, Plombières’ fine tailing material was characterised by a low sulphur and metal(loid) content as well as satisfying environmental performance. The roof tile and block blends, in which Plombières tailing material was integrated, showed satisfying technical, aesthetical and chemical properties. Consequently, Plombières’ tailing material can be considered as the best fit to partly or totally replace some primary raw materials in both ceramic roof tile and block blends. ispartof: Journal of Geochemical Exploration vol:225 pages:1-45 status: published
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
234. БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ПОБОЧНЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ГРАНАТОВОГО СОКА: ОБЗОР
- Subjects
побочные продукты ,плоды граната ,вторичное сырье ,переработка в сок ,биотехнологический потенциал ,secondary raw materials ,processing into juice ,biotechnological potential ,by-products ,pomegranate fruits - Abstract
Гранат, Punica granatum L., древний, мистический, уникальный плод, который растет на небольшом, долгоживущем дереве. Гранат является одной из самых важных плодовых культур в Азербайджане из-за своей адаптивной природы, высокой рентабельности и культивируется в коммерческих масштабах в Азербайджане, а плоды являются хорошим источником питательных веществ и биологически активных соединений, главным образом антоцианов, которые проявляют сильную химиопрофилактическую активность, такую как антимутагенность, антигипертензивный, антиоксидантный потенциал и снижение повреждения печени. В последнее десятилетие были опубликованы многочисленные исследования, касающиеся антиоксидантных, антиканцерогенных и противовоспалительных свойств компонентов граната. Эта обзорная статья посвящена выяснению биотехнологического потенциала побочных продуктов производства гранатового сока как сырья для получения продукции с добавочной стоимостью, The pomegranate, Punica granatum L., is an ancient, mystical, unique fruit that grows on a small, long-lived tree. Pomegranate is one of the most important fruit crops in Azerbaijan because of its adaptable nature, high profitability and being cultivated on a commercial scale in Azerbaijan and the fruits are good source of nutrients and bioactive compounds, mainly anthocyanins which exhibit strong chemo-preventive activities such as antimutagenicity, anti-hypertension, anti-oxidative potential and reduction of liver injury. In the last decade, numerous studies have been published regarding the antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of pomegranate components. This review article is devoted to elucidating the biotechnological potential of byproducts of pomegranate juice production as a raw material for obtaining value-added products.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
235. Організація підприємницької діяльності з урахуванням еколого-економічних аспектів
- Author
-
Kubatko, Oleksandr Vasylovych, Кубатко, Олександрa Вікторівна, Kubatko, Oleksandra Viktorivna, Sachnenko, T.I., and Oluwaseun, O.O.
- Subjects
ефективність ,рентабельність ,вторинна сировина ,utilization ,підприємництво ,costs ,entrepreneurship ,secondary raw materials ,economic development ,утилізація ,переробка відходів ,економічний розвиток ,garbage processing ,прибуток ,efficiency ,profitability ,сміттєпереробка ,waste processing ,profit ,витрати - Abstract
Однією з найгостріших екологічних проблем сьогодні є забруднення навколишнього середовища не тільки викидами шкідливих речовин, але й промисловими відходами. Негативний вплив на навколишнє середовище та людей набуває все більшого поширення, а методи його утилізації гальмують розвиток економічної системи. В умовах ринкової економіки підприємці не зацікавлені у збільшенні екологічних витрат, що, природно, призводить до зростання собівартості продукції та зменшення прибутку. Вплив на навколишнє середовище з кожним роком стає все більш розповсюдженим, і до цього часу в деяких частинах світу це призвело до екологічної кризи. Питання переробки відходів обговорювалось і постійно обговорюється. Тому що людина «виробляє» понад 250 кг побутових відходів на рік. На підприємстві ці показники сягають 10 000 кг. Також відомо, що за останні роки Україна імпортувала близько 30-50 тис. Тонн грануляту ПЕТ, який поступово накопичується на звалищах у вигляді упаковки, пляшок, плівок. Такі небезпечні забруднювачі впливають на навколишнє середовище через ґрунт та воду. На відміну від цього, Україна ще не має успішного досвіду поводження з відходами. На наш погляд, причинами такої поведінки є незнання населення щодо утилізації відходів та заміни певного товару на більш екологічний. Функціонуючі підприємства та ферми не завжди мають обладнання для утилізації відходів, і немає місця для утилізації непотрібної продукції та сировини. Однак проблема відсутності інноваційного обладнання виникає через відсутність належного фінансування. Тому не можливість комплексного вирішення проблеми створює бар’єр, який не дозволяє вжити ефективних заходів щодо усунення та зменшення кількості сміття. Незважаючи на велику кількість нормативно-правових актів та нормативно-правової бази щодо регулювання поводження з відходами, не існує економічно ефективної політики, а також не існує регіональної програми поводження з відходами та плану їх належного захоронення. В результаті ретельного аналізу ситуації можна зробити висновок, що переробка та утилізація відходів зменшить потребу у спалюванні відходів, створить умови для поліпшення економічної складової регіону та країни в цілому з урахуванням екологічні стандарти якості. У роботі звертається увага на особливості сутності утилізації відходів; визначено способи переробки сміття. One of the most urgent environmental problems today is the pollution of the environment by emissions of harmful substances and industrial waste. The negative impact on the environment and people is becoming more widespread, and its disposal methods inhibit the development of the economic system. In a market economy, entrepreneurs are not interested in increasing environmental costs, which naturally lead to higher production costs and reduce profits. The impact on the environment is becoming more widespread every year and has led to an ecological crisis in some parts of the world. Waste recycling has been constantly discussed since a person “produces” more than 250 kg of household waste per year. At the enterprise, these figures reach 10 000 kg. In recent years, Ukraine has imported about 30-50 thousand tons of PET granulate, which is gradually accumulating in landfills in the form of packaging, bottles, films. Such hazardous pollutants affect the environment through soil and water. In contrast, Ukraine does not yet have successful experience in waste management. In our opinion, such behavior is the ignorance of the population about waste disposal and replacement of a particular product with a more environmentally friendly one. The functioning of enterprises and farms does not always have the equipment to dispose of waste, and there is no room for the disposal of unnecessary products and raw materials. However, the problem of lack of innovative equipment arises due to a lack of adequate funding. Therefore, the lack of possibilities for a comprehensive solution to the situation creates a barrier, which does not allow to take proper measures to eliminate and reduce the amount of garbage. Despite many regulations and legal frameworks for regulating waste management, there is no cost-effective policy, and there is no regional waste management program and plan for their proper disposal. It can be concluded that the recycling and disposal of waste will reduce the need for waste incineration, create conditions for improving the economic component of the region and the country as a whole with an account of environmental quality standards. The paper pays attention to the essence of waste disposal; identified ways to recycle garbage.
- Published
- 2021
236. Secondary Raw Materials from Residual Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites by An Upgraded Pyrolysis Process
- Author
-
Alberto Jiménez-Suárez, Adriana Serras-Malillos, B.M. Caballero, A. Lopez-Urionabarrenechea, Silvia G. Prolongo, N. Gastelu, and E. Acha
- Subjects
Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,Composite number ,Organic chemistry ,Young's modulus ,General Chemistry ,Epoxy ,Fiber-reinforced composite ,secondary raw materials ,recycling ,pyrolysis ,Article ,carbon fiber-reinforced polymers ,carbon fiber ,symbols.namesake ,QD241-441 ,Flexural strength ,visual_art ,hydrogen ,symbols ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Fiber ,Composite material ,Pyrolysis ,Curing (chemistry) - Abstract
This paper presents a process where carbon fibers and hydrogen can be recovered simultaneously through a two-stage thermal treatment of an epoxy-carbon fiber composite. For this purpose, some pieces of epoxy resin reinforced with carbon fiber fabrics have been fabricated and, after curing, have been pyrolyzed in an installation consisting of two reactors. In the first one, the thermal decomposition of the resin takes place, and in the second one, the gases and vapors coming from the first reactor are thermally treated. Once this process is completed, the solid generated is oxidized with air to eliminate the resin residues and carbonaceous products from the fibers surface. The recovered carbon fiber fabrics have been reused to make new cured parts and their electrical and mechanical properties have been measured. The results show that it is possible to obtain carbon fiber fabrics that can be processed as they leave the recycling process and that retain 80% of the tensile modulus, 70% of the flexural strength, and 50% of the interlaminar shear strength. At the same time, a gaseous stream with more than 66% by volume of hydrogen can be obtained, reaching a maximum of 81.7%. This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Spanish Government through the project with reference PID2019-110770RB-I00 and by the Basque Government through the project with reference KK-2020/00107 (ELKARTEK program). Besides, the Basque Government also contributed to this work by means of the regular funding granted to consolidated research teams (IT993-16) and the researcher training grant awarded to Naia Gastelu.
- Published
- 2021
237. Technology of components of motor and boiler fuels obtained from secondary polymer raw materials
- Subjects
polyethylene ,вторинна сировина ,фракції ,physicochemical parameters ,633.8 [662.7] ,компаундування ,secondary raw materials ,фізико-хімічні показники ,поліпропілен ,thermal destruction ,термічна деструкція ,compounding ,дисертація ,поліетилен ,fractions ,економічний ефект ,harmful emissions ,паливо ,processing ,переробка ,fuel ,economic effect ,шкідливі викиди ,polypropylene - Abstract
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора філософії за спеціальністю 161 – Хімічні технології та інженерія (16 – Хімічна та біоінженерія). – Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», Міністерство освіти і науки України, Харків, 2021. Дисертаційна робота направлена на розробку технології отримання компонентів моторних та котельних палив. Об'єкт дослідження – процес отримання компонентів моторних та котельних палив, шляхом термічної деструкції поліетиленової і поліпропіленової вторинної сировини. Предмет дослідження – вплив хімічного складу та температурних меж википання, отриманих компонентів на властивості компаундованого товарного палива. У дисертаційній роботі вирішена важлива науково-практична проблема, що пов'язана з розширенням сировинної бази та удосконаленням процесу виробництва моторного і котельного палива, що відповідає стандартам екологічної безпеки, прийнятого у країнах Європейського Союзу. Під час виконання дисертаційної роботи при вивченні стану питання щодо сировини, технологій та якості товарного палива, використовувався критичний аналіз. При проведені теоретичних дослідженнях використовувались системний аналіз та гіпотезотворчий метод. Експериментальні дослідження базувалися на використанні стандартизованих (визначення фізико-хімічних показників і корозійного впливу на мідну пластинку) та не стандартизованих (визначення корозійного впливу на мідну пластинку в динамічних умовах, групового та індивідуального хімічного складу з використанням (ГХ/МС) та ІЧ-спектроскопії) методах дослідження. Статистичну обробку результатів експерименту проводили з використанням програмного пакету статистичного аналізу STATISTICA 10, розробленого компанією StatSoft. У вступі обґрунтована актуальність обраної теми, наведено зв’язок роботи з науковими програмами, планами, темами, сформульована мета та основні завдання дослідження, наведено характеристику методів дослідження, представлено наукову новизну та практичне значення отриманих результатів, визначено особистий внесок здобувача, представлена апробація результатів роботи, публікації, структура і обсяг дисертації. В першому розділі роботи здійснено критичний аналіз існуючої інформації, що присвячена даній проблемі. А саме, проаналізовано попит, що склався в Україні на моторні і котельні палива, розглянуто сировинну базу та сучасні технології їх виробництва. Визначені основні властивості палив, що характеризуються значеннями фізико-хімічних показників, перелік яких, наведено у існуючих стандартах на паливо. Досліджено перспективи використання вторинної, зокрема полімерної сировини у виробництві палив, що дозволило обрати напрям дисертаційного дослідження і сформулювати основні його завдання. В другому розділі наведено характеристика обраної полімерної сировини (поліетилену низького тиску і поліпропілену) і товарних палив, які використовувались для отримання зразків компаундованого палива. Розглянуті конструкція лабораторної установки та параметри при яких, проводилася термічна деструкція, обраної сировини. Представлена конструкція лабораторної установки та методика за якої були отримані зразки компаундованого палива та досліджена їх хімічна стабільність. Для визначення фізико-хімічних показників якості, отриманих компонентів як власно і зразків компаундованого палива використовувалися стандартні методи. Але для більш розширеного та поглибленого дослідження у доповнення к стандартним методам додатково використовувалися методи визначення групового та індивідуального хімічного складу (ГХ/МС) та ІЧ-спектроскопії), метод визначення показників пожежонебезпеки, методи визначення корозійного впливу на мідну пластинку власне палив у динамічних умовах, а також продуктів їх згоряння. Статистичну обробку отриманих експериментальних даних проводили за допомогою програмного пакету статистичного аналізу STATISTICA 10, розробленого компанією StatSoft. У третьому розділі сформульовано основні вимоги та алгоритм підбору сировини для виробництва палива, який враховую виробничі витрати на кожній стадії виробництва та дозволяє розрахувати собівартість кінцевого продукту – міру його конкурентоспроможності. За цим алгоритмом найбільш перспективною сировиною для отримання компаундованих палив, які відповідають існуючим стандартам екологічної безпеки є поліетилен та поліпропілен. Висунуто гіпотезу про більшу хімічну стабільність паливних фракцій, отриманих з полімерної сировини, ніж їх аналогів, отриманих з нафтової сировини. Це пояснюється відсутністю у складі паливних фракцій полімерного походження ароматичних, азото- та сірковмісних сполук, що здатні інтенсифікувати процес окиснення олефінів. Теоретично обґрунтовано вплив швидкості термічної деструкції на вихід та властивості паливних фракцій, які можуть бути використані у компаундованому паливі. На підставі запропонованих схем обмеження вмісту компоненту у паливі, запропоновано, що найбільш раціональним для компаундування ДП-З-Євро5-В7є вузька паливна фракція 200-300°С, для мазутів марки 100 – фракція 300-360°С. В четвертому розділі були проведені експериментальні дослідження щодо впливу середньої швидкості термічної деструкції (k, г/с) різної сировини на масовий вихід та фізико-хімічні показники, отриманих продуктів. Так, при збільшенні k від 0,021 г/с до 0,095 г/с, в продуктах деструкції на 8,0-9,8 % мас. збільшується кількість мастильних фракцій, які википають понад >360°C. Встановлено, що для отримання більшого виходу паливних фракцій з вторинної полімерної сировини необхідно використовувати ПП при мінімальній швидкості деструкції, і навпаки, для отримання більшого виходу мастильних фракцій, доцільно використовувати ПЕНТ при максимальній швидкості деструкції. Також, збільшення величини k від 0,021 г/с до 0,095 г/с призводить до збільшення величини ρ20 (на 43-46 кг/м3) , ν20 (на 2,96-3,95 мм2/с ), tпом (на 8-9 °С), tзаст (на 9-10 °С) та зменшення величини tс.з. (на 92-95 °С) ШПФ. Корозійні дослідження ШПФ показали, що вона витримує дослідження на мідній пластинці, навіть у присутності 1%. (потьмяніння мідної пластинки, відповідає класу 1.а). Продукти згоряння ШПФ викликають помірне потьмяніння мідної пластинки, яке в залежності від їх температури відповідає класу 2.b (180-230°С) або класу 2.d (230-290°С). Збільшення температури початку кипіння tпк ВПФ від 160°С до240°С, відбувається збільшення їх tсп (на 71 °С (75 °С)) та ν20 (на 3,89 мм2/с ( 6,91 мм2/с)) з одночасним збільшенням величини tзаст (на 10 °С (15 °С)) та загальне зниження масового виходу фракцій. Незалежно від типу полімерної сировини зі збільшенням величини tп.к у всіх досліджуваних пробах відбувається зменшення величини tс.з. та збільшення величини ЦЧ (діапазон досліджуваних зразків, складає 33,1-52,6 одиниць). ВПФ чинять корозійний вплив на мідну пластинку на рівні 1клас, що не змінюється навіть при вмісті у ВПФ води на рівні 1,0 %. Використання ГХ/МС дозволило встановити хімічний склад ВПФ та підтвердити гіпотезу, що не зважаючи на вміст олефінів у ВПФ, за відсутністю азот-, сірковмісних та ароматичних сполук, навіть при примусовому окисненні 5 дм3/год. повітря при 50°С протягом 12 годин, вони характеризуються високою хімічною стабільністю. На підставі проведених досліджень, було зроблено висновок, що шляхом підбору температурних меж википання, з ШПФ можна отримати ВПФ, які за значенням фізико-хімічних показників будуть відповідати вимогам до дизельних та котельних палив, і можуть бути з ними компаундовані. Раціональний вміст ВПФ (200-300°С) у ДП-З-Євро5-В7, складає 20% мас.(для ПЕНТ) і 30% мас. (для ПП). А ВПФ (300-360 °С) у кількості до 30% мас., можна використовувати для компаундування з мазутом марки 100, для поліпшеними його в’язкістно-температурних властивостей. В п’ятому розділі розглянуті технологічні принципи виробництва палива з вторинної полімерної сировини і техніко-економічні показники виробництва. Встановлено, що вторинна полімерна сировина як і продукти, що утворюються під час її переробки у компоненти моторних та котельних палив відносяться до малонебезпечних речовин (клас небезпеки III-IV; ГДК 100-300 мг/м3). При штатному режимі експлуатації установки основними шкідливими викидами є стічні води з стадії підготовки полімерної сировини, та біля 1,0% твердого залишку. Запропоновано раціональну технологічну схему переробки полімерної сировини в компоненти моторних та котельних палив, яка складається з реактора термічної деструкції (t=280 ÷ 400°С; Р=0,1÷ 0,25 МПа) поєднаного з колонною (tверх=250÷280°С; Р=0,05÷0,35), складної колони фракціювання отриманих продуктів (tниз=250÷280°С, tверх= 300÷350°С; Р=0,05 ÷ 0,20) та резервуарного парку (4 резервуари типу РГС) для прийому та зберігання отриманих продуктів. Цільовими продуктами установки є 35-45% ВПФ (200-300°С) і 10-15% ВПФ (300-360°С) – компоненти моторних та котельних палив, відповідно. Побічними продуктами є 3-5% вуглеводневих газів, 10-20% ВПФ (п.к.-200°С) та 20-30% фракції, що википає понад 360°C. Наведено розрахунок складної ректифікаційної колони насадкового типу з використанням системи HYSYS, що дозволило побудувати енергоефективну схему переробки полімерної сировини в компоненти моторних та котельних палив використовуючи рекуперацію надлишкового тепла матеріальних потоків. Очікуваний економічний ефект при отриманні ШПФ з вторинної полімерної сировини, у порівнянні з газоконденсатною сировиною, складає 11550,98 грн./т. основного продукту. Відвернений екологічний збиток від забруднення навколишнього природного середовища при заміні поховання на полігонах, полімерних ТПВ на їх технологічну переробку в компоненти моторних та котельних палив, складає 96,679 млн. грн. The PhD dissertation on a specialty 161 - Chemical technologies and engineering (Field 16 - Chemical and bioengineering). - National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2021. The dissertation is aimed at developing the technology of obtaining components of motor and boiler fuels. The object of research is the producing components of motor and boiler fuels by thermal destruction of polyethylene and polypropylene feedstock. The subject of the research is the influence of the chemical composition and temperature limits of boiling, the obtained components on the properties of the compound commercial fuel. The dissertation solves an important scientific and practical problem related to the expansion of the raw material base and improvement of the production process of motor and boiler fuel that meets the standards of environmental safety adopted in the European Union. As a part of research, a critical analysis was used to study the state of the issue of raw materials, technologies and quality of commercial fuel. Systematic analysis and hypothetical method were used in the theoretical research. Experimental studies were based on the use of standardized (determination of physicochemical parameters and corrosion effects on the copper plate) and non-standardized (determination of corrosion effects on the copper plate under dynamic conditions, group and individual chemical composition using (GC / MS) and IR spectroscopy) research methods. Statistical processing of the experimental results was performed using the statistical analysis software package STATISTICA 10, developed by StatSoft. In the introduction the relevance of the chosen topic was justified, the connection of work with scientific programs, plans, projects was given, the purpose and main tasks of research are formulated, the characteristic of research methods was given, scientific novelty and practical value of the received results is presented. , publications, structure and volume of the dissertation. The first chapter of the work provides a critical analysis of existing information about the process chosen for research. Current demand of Ukraine in motor and boiler fuels is analyzed, the origin of feedstock and modern technologies of their production are considered. The main properties of fuels, characterized by the values of physicochemical parameters, the list of which is given in the existing fuel standards, are determined. Prospects for the use of secondary, in particular polymeric raw materials in the production of fuels, which allowed to choose the direction of the dissertation research and to formulate its main tasks. The second chapter describes the selected polymer feedstock (low pressure polyethylene and polypropylene) and commercial fuels that were used to obtain samples of compounded fuel. The design of the laboratory equilpment and the parameters at which the thermal destruction of the selected raw material was carried out are considered. The design of the laboratory installation and the method by which the samples of compounded fuel were obtained and their chemical stability were studied. Standard methods were used to determine the physicochemical quality indicators, the obtained components as well as the samples of compounded fuel. But for a more extensive and in-depth study in addition to standard methods additionally used methods for determining group and individual chemical composition (GC/MS) and IR spectroscopy), the method of determining fire hazards, methods for determining the corrosive effect on the copper plate actually fuels in dynamic conditions, as well as the products of their combustion. Statistical processing of the obtained experimental data was performed using the statistical analysis software package STATISTICA 10, developed by StatSoft. The third chapter formulates the basic requirements and algorithm for the selection of feedstock for fuel production, which takes into account production costs at each stage of production and allows you to calculate the cost of the final product - a measure of its competitiveness. According to this algorithm, the most promising raw materials for the production of compound fuels that meet existing environmental safety standards are polyethylene and polypropylene. The hypothesis of greater chemical stability of fuel fractions obtained from polymeric raw materials than their analogues obtained from petroleum raw materials. This is explained by the absence of aromatic, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds in the fuel fractions of polymeric origin, which are able to intensify the oxidation process of olefins. The influence of the rate of thermal destruction on the yield and properties of fuel fractions that can be used in compound fuel is theoretically substantiated. Based on the proposed schemes for limiting the content of the component in the fuel, it is proposed that the most rational for compounding DP-C-Euro5-B7 is a narrow fuel fraction of 200-300 °C, for fuel oil brand 100 - fraction of 300-360 °C. In the fourth chapter, experimental studies were conducted on the effect of the average rate of thermal destruction (k, g / s) of different raw materials on the mass yield and physicochemical parameters of the obtained products. Thus, with increasing k from 0.021 g / s to 0.095 g / s, in the products of destruction by 8.0-9.8% of the mass. the number of lubricating fractions that boil over> 360 ° C increases. It is established that to obtain a higher yield of fuel fractions from secondary polymer raw materials it is necessary to use PP at the minimum rate of destruction, and vice versa, to obtain a higher yield of lubricating fractions, it is advisable to use PENT at the maximum rate of destruction. Also, an increase in the value of k from 0.021 g/s to 0.095 g/s leads to an increase in the value of ρ20 (by 43-46 kg/m3), ν20 (by 2.96-3.95 mm2/s), tsoft (by 8- 9 oС), thard (by 9-10 °С) and decrease in the value of t (at 92-95 °C) FFT. Corrosion research of FFT showed that it can withstand tests on a copper plate, even in the presence of 1%. (darkening of the copper plate, corresponds to class 1.a). Fuel combustion products cause moderate darkening of the copper plate, which, depending on their temperature, corresponds to class 2.b (180-230 °C) or class 2.d (230-290 °C). Increasing the temperature of the onset of boiling tpk VPF from 160 °C to 240 °C, there is an increase in their tsp (71 °C (75 °C)) and ν20 (3.89 mm2 / s (6.91 mm2/s)) with simultaneous an increase in the value of thard (10 °C (15 °C)) and a general decrease in the mass yield of fractions. Regardless of the type of polymeric raw material with an increase in the value of tp.k in all tested samples there is a decrease in the value of ts.z. and an increase in the value of the CC (range of test samples is 33.1-52.6 units). VPF have a corrosive effect on the copper plate at the level of 1st class, which does not change even when the content of VPF water at 1.0%. The use of GC / MS allowed to establish the chemical composition of OPF and to confirm the hypothesis that despite the content of olefins in OPF, in the absence of nitrogen, sulfur and aromatic compounds, even with forced oxidation of 5 dm3 / h. air at 50 ° C for 12 hours, they are characterized by high chemical stability. Based on the research, it was concluded that by selecting the temperature limits of boiling, FFT can be obtained VPF, which in terms of physical and chemical parameters will meet the requirements for diesel and boiler fuels, and can be combined with them. The rational content of VPF (200-300 °C) in DP-C-Euro5-B7, is 20% wt. (For PENT) and 30% wt. (for PP). And VPF (300-360 °C) in the amount of up to 30% by weight, can be used for compounding with fuel oil grade 100, for improved viscosity-temperature properties. The fifth chapter discusses the technological principles of production of fuel from secondary polymer raw materials and technical and economic indicators of production. It is established that secondary polymer raw materials as well as products formed during its processing into components of motor and boiler fuels belong to low-hazard substances (hazard class III-IV; MPC 100-300 mg/m3). In the normal mode of operation of the installation, the main harmful emissions are wastewater from the stage of preparation of polymer raw materials, and about 1.0% of solid residue. A rational technological scheme for processing polymeric raw materials into components of motor and boiler fuels is proposed, which consists of a thermal destruction reactor (t = 280 ÷ 400 °С; Р = 0,1 ÷ 0,25 MPa) combined with a column (t top = 250 ÷ 280 °С; Р = 0,05 ÷ 0,35), complex column of fractionation of the obtained products (tdown = 250 ÷ 280 °С, ttop = 300 ÷ 350 °С; Р = 0,05 ÷ 0,20) and tank farm (4 RGS type tanks) for receiving and storing the obtained products. The target products of the installation are 35-45% VPF (200-300 °C) and 10-15% VPF (300-360 °C) - components of motor and boiler fuels, respectively. By-products are 3-5% of hydrocarbon gases, 10-20% of VPF (PK-200 °C) and 20-30% of the fraction boiling above 360 °C. The calculation of a complex nozzle-type distillation column using the HYSYS system, which allowed to build an energy-efficient scheme for processing polymer raw materials into components of motor and boiler fuels using the recovery of excess heat of material flows. The expected economic effect in obtaining FFT from secondary polymer raw materials, in comparison with gas condensate raw materials, is 11550.98 UAH / t of main product. The averted ecological damage from environmental pollution during the replacement of burials at landfills, polymer solid waste for their technological processing into components of motor and boiler fuels, amounts to UAH 96.679 million.
- Published
- 2021
238. A Smart and Innovative Panel for the Circular Economy
- Author
-
Rotilio, M, Cucchiella, F, Stornelli, V, Mastrodicasa, L, and Gabriele, T
- Subjects
Rfid ,Corrugated Cardboard ,Product Innovation, Industry 4.0, Secondary Raw Materials, Corrugated Cardboard, Rfid ,Industry 4.0 ,Secondary Raw Materials ,Product Innovation - Published
- 2021
239. Innovazione di prodotto tra economia circolare e Industria 4.0 Product innovation between circular economy and Industry 4.0
- Author
-
Rotilio, M.
- Subjects
Rfid ,Product innovation ,Corrugated cardboard ,Industry 4.0 ,Secondary raw materials - Published
- 2021
240. Prospects for the Use of Secondary Green Tea Processing Products to Create Enriching Food Ingredients
- Author
-
Popova, N.V., Kalinina, I.V., and Pavlova, S.V.
- Subjects
functional products ,enriched food systems ,вторичные сырьевые ресурсы ,green tea ,УДК 663.95 ,функциональные продукты ,обогащённые пищевые системы ,antioxidant activity ,антиоксидантная активность ,secondary raw materials ,УДК 664 ,зеленый чай - Abstract
Попова Наталия Викторовна, кандидат технических наук, доцент, Южно-Уральский государственный университет (г. Челябинск), nvpopova@susu.ru Калинина Ирина Валерьевна, доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры «Пищевые и биотехнологии», Южно-Уральский государственный университет (г. Челябинск), kalininaiv@ susu.ru Павлова Софья Владимировна, магистрант кафедры «Пищевые и биотехнологии», Южно-Уральский государственный университет (г. Челябинск) Natalia V. Popova, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Associate Professor, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, nvpopova@susu.ru Irina V. Kalinina, doctor of technical sciences, professor of the Department of Food and Biotechnology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, kalininaiv@susu.ru Sofya V. Pavlova, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), head of the laboratory at the Department of Food and Biotechnology, Higher School of Medicine and Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk. Питание населения является одним из важных факторов, определяющих здоровье и сохранение генофонда нации. В последние годы состояние здоровья населения характеризуется негативными тенденциями в части избыточного поступления жира при недостаточном поступлении полиненасыщенных жирных кислот, дефицита полноценного белка, большинства витаминов, минеральных веществ. В связи с этим, все более очевидна необходимость внесения корректив в технологии производства и рецептуры продуктов питания. В основу наших исследований легло изучение потенциала вторичных сырьевых ресурсов зеленого чая как функционального пищевого ингредиента, и оценка возможности их применения в технологии обогащения пищевых продуктов. Объектами исследования явились измельченный порошок предварительно заваренного и впоследствии высушенного чайного листа и экстракт из предварительно заваренного и впоследствии высушенного чайного листа. Результаты исследований показали, что в экстракте из вторичного чайного сырья содержание экстрактивных веществ в 2,5 раза, а дубильных веществ в 1,5 раза выше, чем в измельченном порошке вторичного чайного сырья, что, вероятно, связано с различными подходами к пробоподготовке исследуемых образцов. Содержание полифенолов в экстракте выше на 2,4 %, чем в сухом порошке, а содержание флавоноидов в измельченном порошке вторичного чайного сырья выше на 6,2 %, чем в экстракте из него. Антиоксидантная активность (АОА) вторичных сырьевых ресурсов чая представлена очень высокими значениями, сопоставляя которые можно отме-тить, что АОА экстракта на 21,5 % выше в сравнении с образцом 1 – порошком чая. Это указывает на тот факт, что АОА вторичных сырьевых ресурсов чая в большей степени обусловлено именно полифенолами. Таким образом, результаты проведенных исследований показали, что вторичные ресурсы чайного сырья содержат значительное количество биологически активных веществ и могут рассматриваться в качестве перспективного пищевого ингредиента функциональной направленности. Nutrition of the population is one of the important factors determining the health and preservation of the gene pool of the nation. In recent years, the health status of the population has been characterized by negative trends in terms of excess fat intake with insufficient intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, deficiency of high-grade protein, most vitamins, minerals. In this regard, the need to make adjustments to the production technology and recipes of food is becoming more and more obvious. The basis of our research was the study of the potential of secondary raw materials of green tea as a functional food ingredient, and the assessment of the possibility of their use in food fortification technology. The objects of the study were ground powder of pre-brewed and subsequently dried tea leaves and extract from pre-brewed and subsequently dried tea leaves. The results of the research showed that the extract from the secondary tea raw materials contains extractive substances 2.5 times, and tannins 1.5 times higher than in the crushed powder of the secondary tea raw materials, which is probably due to different approaches to sample preparation of the studied samples. The content of polyphenols in the extract is 2.4 % higher than in the dry powder, and the content of flavonoids in the crushed powder of secondary tea raw materials is 6.2 % higher than in the extract from it. The antioxidant activity of the secondary raw materials of tea is represented by very high values, comparing which it can be noted that the AOA of the extract is 21.5 % higher in comparison with sample 1 – tea powder. This indicates the fact that the AOA of secondary raw materials of tea is largely due to polyphenols. Thus, the results of the conducted studies have shown that the secondary resources of tea raw materials contain a significant amount of biologically active substances and can be considered as a promising food ingredient of functional orientation.
- Published
- 2021
241. Examining the feasibility of the urban mining of hard disk drives
- Author
-
Laura Talens Peiró, Alejandra Castro Girón, and Xavier Gabarrell Durany
- Subjects
Critical raw materials ,Circular economy ,020209 energy ,Strategy and Management ,02 engineering and technology ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Electronic equipment ,Printed circuit board ,Economic cost ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Potential source ,Electronics ,Process engineering ,0505 law ,General Environmental Science ,Industrial ecology ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,E-waste management ,Economic feasibility ,050501 criminology ,Environmental science ,business ,Secondary raw materials - Abstract
Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 Altres ajuts: Beatriu de Pinós 2016 BP 00132 Cities are becoming one of the greatest generators of waste and thus a potential source of secondary materials. One of the most attractive waste streams in cities is waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) as they contain many valuable metals, mainly in the printed circuit board (PCB), with a high risk of a disruption in their supply. Many of the PCBs contained in small WEEE are separated by destructive operations, as the economic feasibility of their separation using non-destructive operations remains unclear. This paper examines the feasibility of separating the PCB and the permanent magnets (PMs) contained in hard disk drives (HDD) using non-destructive operations. The economic cost of separating these parts is evaluated by the disassembly sequences, the disassembly schemes, and using the 'ease of Disassembly Metric' (eDiM). In HDD, the economic cost for the non-destructive separation of the PCB is €0.05 while the cost to harvest the PCB as well as the PMs is €0.39. In both cases, such cost is well below the estimated economic value of the gold, silver, and palladium contained in the PCB (€0.85). As a result, the paper concludes that the separation of the PCB and the PMs of HDDs is economically profitable. Measures for promoting the non-destructive separation of the PCBs and the PM of HDDs should be further promoted, as they could help improve the supply of secondary raw materials.
- Published
- 2021
242. DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL NUTRIENT-BALANCED FOOD PRODUCTS FROM SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN ACCORDING TO THE TECHNICAL STANDARD OF THE ORGANIZATION
- Author
-
Fatkhullaev, A., Yakubov, N.E., Abdumalikov, I.R., Khalmukhamedova, S.A., and Yusupov, B.B.
- Subjects
blood ,leukocytes ,platelets ,erythrocytes ,secondary raw materials ,hemoglobin ,protein ,plasma ,albumin - Abstract
In recent years, the research carried out has been aimed at developing technologies that ensure the conditions for a more complete use of food blood and its fractions in the development of products of new assortment groups according to the technical standards of organizations. Therefore, the goal of research is to create products with a high content of easily digestible iron based on little-used raw materials, which are currently the blood and liver of farm animals.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
243. Multidisciplinary Strategy for Optimised Management and Sustainable Recovery of Secondary and Critical Raw Materials from Mining Residues
- Author
-
Milia S., Cappai G., Silvani V., Scotti A., Salvatori R., Passeri D., Trapasso F., Colombo R., Godeas A., Ubaldini S., and Guglietta D.
- Subjects
recovery ,mining residues ,circular economy ,critical raw materials ,secondary raw materials - Abstract
New strategies implementing a resource-efficient and competitive economy, which transforms environmental problems into opportunities, are encouraged at global scale (UN Sustainable Development Goals, SDG). In recent years, mine residues are attracting scientific interest, since they can turn into viable sources of secondary and critical raw materials (SRMs and CRMs). Planning the sustainable supply and circular use of resources, integrating incomplete information, providing environmentally sound technologies for the simultaneous reduction of environmental risks and recovery of SRMs and CRMs are the key steps for overcoming such ambitious challenges. In this study, a multidisciplinary and eco-sustainable strategy is presented for the characterization, mapping, classification and valorization of mine residues.
- Published
- 2021
244. Towards Sustainable Soil Stabilization in Peatlands : Secondary Raw Materials as an Alternative
- Author
-
Juris Burlakovs, Vita Rudovica, Inga Grinfelde, Tõnis Teppand, Roy Hendroko Setyobudi, Merrit Shanskiy, Egle Saaremäe, Yahya Jani, Toomas Tamm, Maris Krievans, Mait Kriipsalu, Zane Vincevica-Gaile, Ivar Zekker, and Maris Klavins
- Subjects
Municipal solid waste ,material cycling ,020209 energy ,Geography, Planning and Development ,TJ807-830 ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Raw material ,engineering.material ,TD194-195 ,01 natural sciences ,Renewable energy sources ,Soil stabilization ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,GE1-350 ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Lime ,Sustainable development ,Environmental effects of industries and plants ,Waste management ,soil stabilization ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Circular economy ,Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap ,Building and Construction ,secondary raw materials ,Environmentally friendly ,circular economy approach ,road construction materials ,waste valorization ,weak soil ,Environmental sciences ,Greenhouse gas ,engineering ,Environmental science ,Earth and Related Environmental Sciences - Abstract
Implementation of construction works on weak (e.g., compressible, collapsible, expansive) soils such as peatlands often is limited by logistics of equipment and shortage of available and applicable materials. If preloading or floating roads on geogrid reinforcement or piled embankments cannot be implemented, then soil stabilization is needed. Sustainable soil stabilization in an environmentally friendly way is recommended instead of applying known conventional methods such as pure cementing or excavation and a single replacement of soils. Substitution of conventional material (cement) and primary raw material (lime) with secondary raw material (waste and byproducts from industries) corresponds to the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations, preserves resources, saves energy, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Besides traditional material usage, soil stabilization is achievable through various secondary raw materials (listed according to their groups and subgroups): 1. thermally treated waste products: 1.1. ashes from agriculture production; 1.2. ashes from energy production; 1.3. ashes from various manufacturing; 1.4. ashes from waste processing; 1.5. high carbon content pyrolysis products; 2. untreated waste and new products made from secondary raw materials: 2.1. waste from municipal waste biological treatment and landfills; 2.2. waste from industries; 3. new products made from secondary raw materials: 3.1. composite materials. Efficient solutions in environmental engineering may eliminate excessive amounts of waste and support innovation in the circular economy for sustainable future.
- Published
- 2021
245. Platinum Group Metals Recovery Using Secondary Raw Materials (PLATIRUS): Project Overview with a Focus on Processing Spent Autocatalyst
- Author
-
Amal Siriwardana, Viet Tu Nguyen, Thomas Abo Atia, Sofía Riaño, Emma Goosey, Deniz Şanlı Yıldız, Iakovos Yakoumis, Xochitl Dominguez-Benetton, Jeroen Spooren, Ana Maria Martinez, Giovanna Nicol, Ainhoa Unzurrunzaga, Bart Michielsen, Elaine Loving, and Olga Lanaridi
- Subjects
Focus (computing) ,Horizon (archaeology) ,010405 organic chemistry ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Metals and Alloys ,Environmental economics ,Raw material ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,0104 chemical sciences ,12. Responsible consumption ,Electrochemistry ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,Business ,European union ,Metals Recovery ,Secondary raw materials ,media_common ,Platinum - Abstract
PLATInum group metals Recovery Using Secondary raw materials (PLATIRUS), a European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 project, aims to address the platinum group metal (pgm) supply security within Europe by developing novel and greener pgm recycling processes for autocatalysts, mining and electronic wastes. The initial focus was on laboratory-scale research into ionometallurgical leaching, microwave assisted leaching, solvometallurgical leaching, liquid separation, solid phase separation, electrodeposition, electrochemical process: gas-diffusion electrocrystallisation and selective chlorination. These technologies were evaluated against key performance indicators (KPIs) including recovery, environmental impact and process compatibility; with the highest scoring technologies combining to give the selected PLATIRUS flowsheet comprising microwave assisted leaching, non-conventional liquid-liquid extraction and gas-diffusion electrocrystallisation. Operating in cascade, the PLATIRUS flowsheet processed ~1.3 kg of spent milled autocatalyst and produced 1.2 g palladium, 0.8 g platinum and 0.1 g rhodium in nitrate form with a 92‐99% purity. The overall recoveries from feedstock to product were calculated as 46 ± 10%, 32 ± 8% and 27 ± 3% for palladium, platinum and rhodium respectively. The recycled pgm has been manufactured into autocatalysts for validation by end users. This paper aims to be a project overview, an in‐depth technical analysis into each technology is not included. It summarises the most promising technologies explored, the technology evaluation, operation of the selected technologies in cascade, the planned recycled pgm end user validation and the next steps required to ready the technologies for implementation and to further validate their potential. PLATIRUS project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement n° 730224.
- Published
- 2021
246. Sulfate-bearing clay and Pietra Serena sludge: Raw materials for the development of alkali activated binders
- Author
-
Occhipinti R.[1], Fernandez-Jimenez A.M.[2], Palomo A.[2], Tarantino S.C.[3, Zema M.[1, and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
- Subjects
Thenardite ,Chemistry ,Building and Construction ,Raw material ,Hybrid cement ,Alkali metal ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemical engineering ,secondary raw materials ,sulfate immobilization ,hybrid cement ,zeolites ,Zeolites ,General Materials Science ,Reactivity (chemistry) ,Leaching (metallurgy) ,Sulfate immobilization ,Sulfate ,Solubility ,Gibbsite ,Secondary raw materials ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
The feasibility of transforming the residues of cultivation of two rocks into secondary raw materials through the alkali activation process has been assessed. Mixtures of a sulfate-bearing kaolinitic clay (L02-K) and a sludge derived by the sewing of Pietra Serena stone (sPS) have been investigated. These materials were preliminarily treated at high temperature to improve their reactivity (heat-treated samples are hereafter labelled as L02-MK and sPS-800). Pastes were prepared with mixtures of L02-MK and sPS-800 in different weight proportions by using 8 M NaOH solutions as alkaline activator and cured at 85 °C for 24 h. Mechanical strength was determined after 1, 7 and 28 days and the reaction products were characterized by XPRD, SEM/EDX and MAS-NMR. Sulfate solubility was quantified by leaching tests. The alkali activation of the sole sulfate-bearing clay gives a material with developed mechanical strength of 4(1) MPa. Some N-A-S-H gel forms together with gibbsite and thenardite, which can be easily leached. Better results are obtained by the activation of mixtures of the two precursors, and mixed alkali cements or hybrid cements are obtained. The presence of CaO from heat-treated Pietra Serena sludge improves the mechanical strength of the resulting pastes up to 11.8(9) MPa. In this case, a mixture of gels forms, specifically, a calcium-rich gel (C-A-S-H-type) co-exists with (N,C)-A-S-H-type gel. U-phase and CAN-type zeolites also form. They trap sulfate from the clay and considerably reduce sulfate solubility. In conclusion, L02-MK and sPS-800 are promising raw materials for alkaline cements, whose properties may suggest application in soil stabilization or in waste confinement., The authors wish to thank the suppliers of the materials utilized for the present work: Eurit s.r.l. (L02 clay) and Pietra Serena Group s.r.l. (Pietra Serena). Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Universit` a e della Ricerca is thanked for the scholarship “Fondo per il sostegno dei giovani”. This research was also funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under research project PID2019-111464RB-I00, and by the Italian Ministry of Economic Development (D.M. 5 March 2018—CHAPTER II—Call for Research and Development Projects within the application areas consistent with the National Strategy of Intelligent Specialization [SNSI]—Smart Factory), under the Project I.E.S.MAN. (Internet of Enterprise Sustainable Manufacturing) n. 211.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
247. THE USE OF HYDROMETALLURGY IN TREATMENT OF SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS AND LOW – GRADE ORES
- Author
-
Olof Forsén and Jari Aromaa
- Subjects
processing ,minerals ,secondary raw materials ,hydrometallurgy ,thermodynamics ,electrochemistry ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
The available raw material types for metals production are primary high-grade ores, primary low – grade ores and secondary raw materials. Treatment of primary raw materials is often easier than treatment of secondary materials as the latter ones can have metals in combinations never found in nature. The basic phenomena in treating primary and secondary materials are the same. Thermodynamics and reaction kinetics are the same when applied to pure metals or compounds. The differences are in the complexity of the raw material that has strong influence on selectivity. Leaching of complex low – grade materials and secondary materials can result in higher chemical and energy consumption. The solution purification after leaching complex low – grade and secondary materials can also be technically more difficult than when operating with primary high – grade materials. This is due to higher number of metals in the solution. The origin of raw materials has no influence on production of metals from purified solutions.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
248. Waste from flotation enrichment of rocks -- as a complex raw material for the cement industry.
- Author
-
Bakhtiyarovich, Atabaev Farrukh
- Subjects
- *
RAW materials , *CEMENT industries , *FLOTATION , *ROCKS , *ORE-dressing - Abstract
Provides information about the possibility of obtaining an extension of the portlandcement with the use as additives-fillers secondary raw materials: recycled steel slags, waste, flotation of tungsten, and fluorite ores of Uzbekistan, "dry" and "wet" wastes of production of chrysotile-cement products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
249. Environmental assessment of thermal insulation composite material.
- Author
-
Struhala, Karel, Stránská, Zuzana, Pěnčík, Jan, and Matějka, Libor
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis ,THERMAL insulation ,HEAT transfer in composite materials ,WASTE recycling ,MASS production ,SENSITIVITY analysis - Abstract
Purpose: This paper presents life cycle assessment of planned mass production of the thermal insulation blocks (TIB) made of thermal insulation composite material (TICM) from secondary raw materials-glass and plastic. This material is being developed at Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering for use in structural details of (especially low energy or passive) buildings subjected to higher compressive loads. Two production modes depending on the quality of the input materials are compared. Methods: The assessment is conducted using GaBi 4 software tool with inbuilt Ecoinvent database. The results of the assessment are presented in individual impact categories according to used characterization model (CML 2001-Dec. 07). All the necessary energy and material flows are specified in detail for the purpose of the assessment. Cut-off allocation method is used for allocating the environmental impacts of recycled materials. Part of the assessment is sensitivity analysis of one variable parameter-amount of TIB produced per year. Results and discussion: The results of the assessment show decisive impact of used electricity source on the overall results-86.2 and 94.3 %, respectively, for both production modes. This is closely connected with quality of used secondary raw materials and design of the production line. Use of higher-quality materials, as well as changes of the designed production line can reduce the overall environmental impacts by almost 30 %. Conclusions: The results show possible improvements in the planned mass production of the TIB. They also find that further investigation will be required before the start of mass production, especially in connection with improving the environmental impacts of used electricity sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
250. INVESTIGATION OF CORROSIVE EFFECT ON METAL OF A BROAD FUEL FRACTION OBTAINED FROM SECONDARY POLYMER RAW MATERIAL
- Author
-
Grigorov, Andriy Borysovych, Shevchenko, Kyryl Volodymyrovych, and Sinkevich, Irina Valeriivna
- Subjects
широка паливна фракція ,корозія ,вторинна сировина ,полімери ,деструкція ,мідна пластина ,продукти згоряння ,корозійно-активні елементи ,оксидування ,broad fuel fraction ,corrosion ,secondary raw materials ,polymers ,destruction ,copper plate ,combustion products ,corrosion-active elements ,oxidation - Abstract
A research of the corrosion effect on the metal (copper plate) of a broad fuel fraction (FPF) - a liquid product of thermal destruction of secondary raw materials made of low pressure polyethylene (LDPE) at temperatures up to 380 ° C and a pressure of 0,12-0,15 MPa. is conducted. Determination of the corrosion effect on the copper FFT plate was carried out in accordance with the standard ASTM D 130-10 at a temperature of 50 ° C for 120 minutes for both the dehydrated FFT sample and in the presence of 1% water. It was found that the copper plates, which were in the FFT and FFT + 1% water in the visual evaluation, had a light orange color, close to the color of the original plate. This, in turn, indicates that the investigated FFT samples have withstood the test, and the corrosive effect on the copper plate can be attributed to a slight fading, class 1.a. Also, together with the study under standard conditions, the corrosion effect on the copper plate of the products of combustion of FFT at different temperatures at which it was found that in the temperature range 180-230 ° C the surface of the copper plate becomes pale purple, and the corrosion effect on the copper plate can be attributed to moderate dimming, class 2.b; at temperatures of 230-290 ° the surface of the copper plate already has a silver color, and the corrosive effect on the copper plate corresponds to a moderate blackout, class 2.d. Therefore, when the combustion products of the FFT on the copper plate only oxygen corrosion occurs, which is due to the presence of oxygen in the area of the copper plate and the temperature of the combustion products. Thus, it was concluded that there is no corrosive elements in the FFT, which makes it suitable for use as a cheap component of motor, furnace and boiler fuels, improving their performance (e.g., reducing sulfur content)., Наведено дослідження корозійного впливу на метал (мідну пластину) широкої паливної фракції (ШПФ) - рідкого продукту термічної деструкції вторинної сировини, виготовленої з поліетилену низького тиску (ПЄНТ) при температурах до 380°С та тиску 0,12-0,15 МПа. Визначення корозійного впливу на мідну пластину ШПФ здійснювалося у відповідності до стандарту ASTM D 130-10 при температурі 50°С впродовж 120 хвилин як для зневодненої проби ШПФ, так і у присутності 1% води. Встановлено, що мідні пластини, які перебували у ШПФ та ШПФ + 1% води при візуальній оцінці мали світло-оранжевий колір, близький до кольору вихідної пластини. Це, у свою чергу, свідчить про те, що досліджувані проби ШПФ витримали випробування, а корозійний вплив на мідну пластину можна віднести до легкого потьмяніння, клас 1.а. Також, разом з дослідженням у стандартних умовах визначався корозійний вплив на мідну пластину продуктів згоряння ШПФ при різних температурах при яких було встановлено, що в інтервалі температур 180-230°С поверхня мідної пластини набуває блідно-ліловий колір, а корозійний вплив на мідну пластину можна віднести до помірного потьмяніння, клас 2.b; при температурах 230-290° поверхня мідної пластини вже має сріблястий колір, а корозійний вплив на мідну пластину відповідає помірному потьмянінню, клас 2.d. Отже, при впливі продуктів згоряння ШПФ на мідну пластину відбувається лише киснева корозія, що зумовлена присутністю кисню у зоні розташування мідної пластини та температурою продуктів згоряння. Таким чином, було зроблено висновок про відсутність корозійно-активних елементів у ШПФ, що робить її придатною для застосування як дешевого компонента моторних, пічних та котельних палив, поліпшуючого їх експлуатаційні властивості (наприклад, зниження вмісту сірки).
- Published
- 2020
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.