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ABSTRACT The morphological characteristics of the external genitalia of the bull may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of preputial diseases that trigger the impotence coeundi and losses in farms. The goal of this study was to establish morphometric parameters of the preputial ostium, the internal preputial leaflet (IPL), the free part and glans of the penis; describe the histological characteristics of the IPL; perform a count of the preputial sebaceous glands and compare these variables between 24-month-old Aberdeen Angus and Nellore bulls. At the slaughterhouse, 20 preputial pieces were collected from each breed. A device composed of base, rod, ring, and funnel was designed to hold each suspended and distended part. The IPL, the free part of the penis and the glans were measured. The ostium diameter was measured, and the radius, perimeter, and area of the preputial ostium were calculated. Samples were collected from the dorsal and ventral regions and from the cranial, medial, and caudal portions of the IPL. By electronic and optical microscopy, IPL characterization and sebaceous gland counts were performed. Analysis of variance was performed using the F test at 5%. It was concluded that Nellore bulls have a more extensive IPL and free part of the penis and more preputial sebaceous glands than Aberdeen Angus bulls. In both breeds, there are more glands in the ventral region of the ostium.

Acne is one of the most common skin conditions worldwide, with multifactorial origins it affects areas of the skin with hair follicles and sebaceous glands that become clogged. Bacterial incidence aggravates treatment due to resistance to antimicrobial agents and production of virulence factors such as biofilm formation. Based on these information, this study aims to conduct in vitro evaluations of the antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs), alone and in combination, against Propionibacterium acnes , Staphylococcus aureus , and Staphylococcus epidermidis in planktonic and biofilm forms. This study also assessed the anti-inflammatory potential (TNF-α) and the effects of EOs on the viability of human keratinocytes (HaCaT), murine fibroblasts (3T3-L1), and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Of all EOs tested, 13 had active action against P. acnes , 9 against S. aureus , and 9 against S. epidermidis at concentrations of 0.125–2.0 mg/mL. Among the most active plant species, a blend of essential oil (BEOs) was selected, with Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Will. Watson, Eugenia uniflora L., and Varronia curassavica Jacq., the latter due to its anti-inflammatory action. This BEOs showed higher inhibition rates when compared to chloramphenicol against S. aureus and S. epidermidis , and higher eradication rates when compared to chloramphenicol for the three target species. The BEOs did not affect the cell viability of cell lines evaluated, and the levels of TNF-α decreased. According to these results, the BEOs evaluated showed potential for the development of an alternative natural formulation for the treatment of acne. • EOs were effective against P. acnes, S. aureus , and S. epidermidis. • BEOs outperformed chloramphenicol in biofilms of all three bacteria. • BEOs reduced TNF-α and was not cytotoxic to the evaluated cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidermal stem cells residing in the skin play an essential role in epidermal regeneration. When skin is injured, the stem cells are first activated to proliferate, and subsequently the progeny migrate and differentiate to regenerate the epidermis. Here, we demonstrate that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is essential for these processes to occur. The requirement for VDR on epidermal stem cell function was revealed in conditional VDR knockout mice, in which VDR was deleted from stem cells and progeny, and mice were maintained on a low calcium diet. First, self-renewal and niche formation of epidermal stem cells were impaired. Wound-induced activation of epidermal stem cells was blunted associated with a reduction of β-catenin signaling. Second, wound induced migration of stem cells and progeny was impaired as shown by lineage tracing and delayed migration of VDR silenced cells. Epidermal differentiation of progeny was impaired at the wounding site associated with reduced E-cadherin expression. Deletion of VDR also changed stem cell fate blunting hair development, increasing sebaceous glands, and altering expression and location of epidermal markers. These results suggest that VDR is required for self-renewal, migration, and differentiation of epidermal stem cells and progeny during cutaneous wound healing.

Acne is one of the most common skin diseases worldwide and results in major health care costs and significant morbidity to severely affected individuals. However, the pathophysiology of this disorder is not well understood. Host-microbiome interactions that affect both innate and adaptive immune homeostasis appear to be a central factor in this disease, with recent observations suggesting that the composition and activities of the microbiota in acne is perturbed. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes; formerly Propionibacterium acnes) are two major inhabitants of the skin that are thought to contribute to the disease but are also known to promote health by inhibiting the growth and invasion of pathogens. Because C. acnes is ubiquitous in sebaceous-rich skin, it is typically labeled as the etiological agent of acne yet it fails to fulfill all of Koch's postulates. The outdated model of acne progression proposes that increased sebum production promotes over-proliferation of C. acnes in a plugged hair follicle, thereby driving inflammation. In contrast, growing evidence indicates that C. acnes is equally abundant in both unaffected and acne-affected follicles. Moreover, recent advances in metagenomic sequencing of the acne microbiome have revealed a diverse population structure distinct from healthy individuals, uncovering new lineage-specific virulence determinants. In this article, we review recent developments in the interactions of skin microbes with host immunity, discussing the contribution of dysbiosis to the immunobiology of acne and newly emerging skin microbiome-based therapeutics to treat acne.

In a large scale screen for skin, hair, and nail abnormalities in null mice generated by The Jackson Laboratory's KOMP center, homozygous mutant Far2tm2b(KOMP)Wtsi/2J (hereafter referrred to as Far2-/-) mice were found to develop focal areas of alopecia as they aged. As sebocytes matured in wildtype C57BL/NJ mice they became pale with fine, uniformly sized clear lipid containing vacuoles that were released when sebocytes disintegrated in the duct. By contrast, the Far2-/- null mice had sebocytes that were similar within the gland but become brightly eosinophilic when the cells entered the sebaceous gland duct. As sebocytes disintegrated, their contents did not readily dissipate. Scattered throughout the dermis, and often at the dermal hypodermal fat junction, were dystrophic hair follicles or ruptured follicles with a foreign body granulomatous reaction surrounding free hair shafts (trichogranuloma). The Meibomian and clitoral glands (modified sebaceous glands) of Far2-/- mice showed ducts dilated to various degrees that were associated with mild changes in the sebocytes as seen in the truncal skin. Skin surface lipidomic analysis revealed a lower level of wax esters, cholesterol esters, ceramides, and diacylglycerols compared to wildtype control mice. Similar changes were described in a number of other mouse mutations that affected the sebaceous glands resulting in primary cicatricial alopecia.

Background: Rabbit farming provides a valuable additional source of income in the rural areas of the county. Skin is the largest organ in the body and the hair coat forms the first line of defense against the invading pathogenic organisms as well as the physical environment. So far, no detailed comparative study has been conducted on the skin of various breeds of rabbits. Hence, the present work was undertaken to compare the structure and distribution of hair follicles in different breeds of rabbits commonly reared in Kerala. Methods: The study was conducted on the skin of six breeds of rabbits namely, Soviet Chinchilla, New Zealand White, Grey Giant, White Giant, Angora and crossbred. In total, 36 animals were used for the study. From each animal, skin samples were collected from eight representative areas of the body viz., dorsal nasal region, pinna, dorsal neck, dorsal thorax, dorsal abdomen, ventral abdomen, perineal and carpal regions. Standard procedures were adopted for histological studies. Result: All the six breeds of rabbits showed compound hair follicles with primary and secondary follicles with associated sebaceous glands. Arrangement of hair follicles showed differences among the breeds. There was no difference in the histology of hair/hair follicle among the breeds. This work will form a basis for further breed specific research in the area of fur and leather industry and skin penetration studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissecting cellulitis (DC) is a neutrophilic scarring alopecia characterized by papules, pustules, nodules, and abscesses mainly in the vertex and occipital areas of the scalp.[[1]] In some cases of scalp DC, folds and furrows may co-occur or be misdiagnosed with Cutis Verticis Gyrata (CVG). The patient had CVG and developed DC overtime. gl Cutis Verticis Gyrata is a progressive scalp thickening deformity characterized by the presence of skin folds and deep furrows, resembling the convoluted appearance of the brain. We aim to describe four distinct presentations of scalp DC that present with furrows and gyri: cicatricial areas of late-stage DC mimicking CVG, an association of primary CVG and DC, Jacquet's sign, and scalp hypermobility. [Extracted from the article]

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) and melanoma are among the most common cancer types. Correct diagnosis based on histological evaluation after biopsy or excision is paramount for adequate therapy stratification. Deep learning on histological slides has been suggested to complement and improve routine diagnostics, but publicly available curated and annotated data and usable models trained to distinguish common skin tumors are rare and often lack heterogeneous nontumor categories. A total of 16 classes from 386 cases were manually annotated on scanned histological slides, 129,364 100 x 100 µm (~395 x 395 px) image tiles were extracted and split into a training, validation and test set. An EfficientV2 neuronal network was trained and optimized to classify image categories. Cross entropy loss, balanced accuracy and Matthews correlation coefficient were used for model evaluation. Image and patient data were assessed with confusion matrices. Application of the model to an external set of whole slides facilitated localization of melanoma and non-tumor tissue. Automated differentiation of BCC, SqCC, melanoma, naevi and non-tumor tissue structures was possible, and a high diagnostic accuracy was achieved in the validation (98%) and test (97%) set. In summary, we provide a curated dataset including the most common neoplasms of the skin and various anatomical compartments to enable researchers to train, validate and improve deep learning models. Automated classification of skin tumors by deep learning techniques is possible with high accuracy, facilitates tumor localization and has the potential to support and improve routine diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate the correlation between the clinical and pathological characteristics and outcomes in patients with eyelid malignant tumors underwent wide local excision.Methods: This retrospective study included 141 cases of eyelid malignant neoplasms from January 2010 to December 2015 in Shanxi eye hospital. Demographic and clinical information were collected. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival curves, and the log-rank test method was used to compare survival between groups. Cox proportional regression models were used to calculate the hazard ratios (HR) of total recurrence rate and metastasis rate.Results: Overall, there were 141 eyelid malignant neoplasms cases aged 65.34 ± 9.69 (range, 41-88) years old. The duration time range was from 1 to 828 (61.09 ± 122.21) months. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common of all eyelid malignancies, accounting for 84 (59.5%), followed by Sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC, 41, 29%), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC, 11, 7.8%), Malignant Melanoma (MM, 3, 2.1%)。On cox-regression analysis, pathological classification (HR 1.959; 95% CI 1.012-3.790; p = 0.046) and eyelid tumor surgery history (HR 17.168; 95% CI 1.889-156.011; p = 0.012) were independently associated with recurrence in patients with eyelid malignant neoplasm. Pathological classification (HR 2.177; 95% CI 1.423 -3.331; p < 0.001) was independently associated with metastasis in patients with eyelid malignant neoplasm. Recurrence and metastasis were most likely to occur in 3 years after surgery.Conclusion: Wide local excision is an effective and economical treatment for eyelid malignant neoplasms. The prognosis is mainly related to pathological types, eyelid tumor surgical history and TNM stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Androgenic alopecia is caused due to genetic disorders associated with the excess level of androgens. The progressive miniaturization of the hair follicles leads the terminal hair to vellus transformation. Dihydrotestosterone, an endogenous sex-linked hormone responsible for the growth of facial hair in males is derived from testosterone circulating in the blood by the action of 5α-reductase isoenzymes. The 5α-reductase1 is found in secretory regions of skin encompassing sebaceous glands and hair follicles. In silico screening of phytochemical inhibitors of 5α-reductase1 identified potential candidates for androgenic alopecia treatment. Further, the molecular docking simulation-based virtual screening of 110 phytochemicals was performed against human 5α-reductase1 to identify the potential lead molecules. The ADMET studies for the lead compounds were undertaken and the results showed that β-sitosterol, brassicasterol, and campesterol could be potential inhibitors of 5α-reductase1. Molecular dynamics simulations of protein-lead molecule complex revealed that, β-sitosterol and brassicasterol complex showed better stability with RMSD similar to raw protein. These compounds could be used as lead molecules in drug development for androgenic alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review presents several aspects of the innovative concept of sebaceous immunobiology, which summarizes the numerous activities of the sebaceous gland including its classical physiological and pathophysiological tasks, namely sebum production and the development of seborrhea and acne. Sebaceous lipids, which represent 90% of the skin surface lipids in adolescents and adults, are markedly involved in the skin barrier function and perifollicular and dermal innate immune processes, leading to inflammatory skin diseases. Innovative experimental techniques using stem cell and sebocyte models have clarified the roles of distinct stem cells in sebaceous gland physiology and sebocyte function control mechanisms. The sebaceous gland represents an integral part of the pilosebaceous unit and its status is connected to hair follicle morphogenesis. Interestingly, professional inflammatory cells contribute to sebocyte differentiation and homeostasis, whereas the regulation of sebaceous gland function by immune cells is antigen-independent. Inflammation is involved in the very earliest differentiation changes of the pilosebaceous unit in acne. Sebocytes behave as potent immune regulators, integrating into the innate immune responses of the skin. Expressing inflammatory mediators, sebocytes also contribute to the polarization of cutaneous T cells towards the Th17 phenotype. In addition, the immune response of the perifollicular infiltrate depends on factors produced by the sebaceous glands, mostly sebaceous lipids. Human sebocytes in vitro express functional pattern recognition receptors, which are likely to interact with bacteria in acne pathogenesis. Sex steroids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, neuropeptides, endocannabinoids and a selective apoptotic process contribute to a complex regulation of sebocyte-induced immunological reaction in numerous acquired and congenital skin diseases, including hair diseases and atopic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a serious emerging infectious disease in cattle caused by a virus of the family Poxviridae. According to the Department of Animal Health, LSD first occurred in Vietnam at the end of October 2020 in Cao Bang and Lang Son provinces. So far, the disease has infected over 63,000 animals, resulting in 9170 deaths occurring in 32 different provinces in northern and central Vietnam. In this study, skin samples from lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)-infected cattle from the northern provinces of Vietnam displaying clinical symptoms including fever (> 40 °C), runny nose, drooling, and skin lesions were used for genetic characterization and histopathology. Genetic analysis of the partial P32 (LSDV074), partial F (LSDV117), complete RPO30 (LSDV035), and complete G-protein-coupled-chemokine-like receptor (GPCR) (LSDV011) genes showed that all Vietnamese LSDV strains belonged to the genus Capripoxvirus and were closely related to LSDV strains isolated in China. Microscopic examination of the skin lesions showed thickening of the epidermal layer of the skin and hair follicles, hyperplasia of sebaceous glands, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and hemorrhages in the mesoderm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin and hair coat play important functions in maintaining homeostasis and thermoregulation for cattle, which can affect all modes of heat loss. Our objective was to investigate the effect of hyperthermia experienced in utero during late gestation on postnatal hair length, skin properties, and thermoregulation. Pregnant dams were heat stressed (n = 41) or actively cooled (n = 41) for the last ∼56 d of gestation and gave birth to heifers that were in utero heat stressed (IUHT) or in utero cooled (IUCL), respectively. Hair samples and skin tissue biopsies were collected from neck and rump locations at birth (d 0), 1 wk after weaning (d 63), and at 12 mo. Hair samples were also obtained at 4 and 8 mo. Skin tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin to visualize morphology. Hair length (short and long hairs, undercoat and topcoat, respectively), stratum corneum (SC) area, SC thickness, epidermis thickness, sweat gland (SWT) number, SWT cross-sectional area, SWT average size, sebaceous gland (SEB) number, SEB cross-sectional area, SEB average size, and sweat gland depth were assessed. Respiration rate, skin temperature, sweating rate, and rectal temperature was measured weekly from d 7 to 63. Additionally, thermoregulatory patterns were measured every 4 h over a 36-h interval beginning 4 d after weaning. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS with a main effect of in utero treatment with location and time points analyzed separately. No difference in hair parameters were detected at d 0 or 12 mo. At d 63, IUHT heifers had longer average hair length (14.8 vs. 13.8 ± 0.2 mm, standard error), shorter undercoats (9.3 vs. 10.4 ± 0.3 mm), longer topcoats (19.6 vs. 17.1 ± 0.3 mm), and a greater difference between topcoat and undercoat (10.1 vs. 7.0 ± 0.4 mm). At 4 mo, IUHT heifers had longer average hair lengths (26.1 vs. 22.2 ± 1.0 mm) and longer topcoats (36.9 vs. 33.9 ± 1.1 mm), and at 8 mo, IUHT had longer average hair lengths (17.9 vs. 16.2 ± 0.6 mm), relative to IUCL. At d 0, IUHT heifers had more (13 vs. 9 ± 2 glands) but smaller average sized SEB (neck: 1,636 vs. 2,238 ± 243 µm2; rump: 2,100 vs. 3,352 ± 379 µm2) and reduced SC area (79,243 vs. 169,419 ± 13,071 µm2). At d 63, IUHT had fewer SEB (11 vs. 15 ± 2 glands), smaller SWT (0.16 vs. 0.23 ± 0.02 mm2), fewer SWT (16 vs. 23 ± 4 glands), and deeper SWT (0.5 vs. 0.4 ± 0.03 mm). At 12 mo, IUHT had greater distance from the skin surface to the most superficial SWT (0.016 vs. 0.015 ± 0.0004 mm), shorter distance to the deepest SWT (0.031 vs. 0.033 ± 0.001 mm), and smaller SWT (81.1 vs. 108.9 ± 10.8 µm2), relative to IUCL. When measured both weekly and hourly, IUHT heifers had higher rectal temperature and sweating rate. Overall, in utero hyperthermia triggers long-lasting hair and skin adaptations, possibly leading to differences in postnatal thermoregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sebaceous gland (SG) atrophy is well‐documented in scalp lesions of psoriasis and has been considered as an important clue to psoriatic alopecia. However, its specificity for psoriasis has been questioned over the years. We hypothesize that SG atrophy is not specific for psoriasis and looked for its presence in biopsies of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of biopsy specimens of clinically suspected and histopathologically proven seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp for changes in SGs between January 1, 2014 and August 6, 2021. Results: SGs lobules were smaller and narrower in five of the six cases of seborrheic dermatitis, and SG atrophy was present in four out of six cases. Conclusions: SG atrophy is observed in seborrheic dermatitis and is not specific for psoriasis or psoriatic alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne vulgaris is a widespread chronic disease of the hair follicles associated with the sebaceous glands. Disease factors include occlusion of follicles, hyperkeratinizations, keratin plug formation, enlargement of the sebum gland and increased sebum production. The selection of drugs to be applied in acne treatment is made according to criteria such as the degree of acne lesions, the preferred route of administration, and the patient's medical condition. With its large surface area, the skin is a high potential route for drug release, so topical agents have a wide range of uses. However, these agents often have disadvantages such as dry skin, peeling and skin irritation or bacterial resistance. In order to minimize these disadvantages, new drug delivery systems have been developed. Drug delivery systems are biocompatible systems that enable the transport of molecules for pharmaceutical applications. These systems are usually designed at nanometric and micrometric levels for purposes such as increasing site specificity and penetration. Topical drug delivery systems are preferred due to eliminating the need for systemic drug treatments, minimizing the total dose required to reach the targeted layers in the skin, and reducing side effects. Nanotechnological approaches such as particulate, vesicular, colloidal drug delivery systems and various other systems have an important place in the treatment of acne. These approaches offer significant opportunities for designing novel, low-dose and effective treatment systems to control acne. In this review, recent approaches to topical acne treatments and drug delivery have been overviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin (IL)‐38 is a member of the IL‐1 cytokine family with reported anti‐inflammatory activity. The highest constitutive IL‐38 expression is detected in the skin, where it is mainly produced by differentiating keratinocytes. However, little data are available regarding its biological functions. In this study, we investigated the role of IL‐38 in skin physiology. We demonstrate here that dermal fibroblasts and epithelial cells of skin appendages, such as eccrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands, also express IL‐38. Next, using two‐ and three‐dimensional cell cultures, we show that endogenous expression of IL‐38 correlates with keratinocyte differentiation and its ectopic overexpression inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and enhances differentiation. Accordingly, immunohistochemical analysis revealed downregulation of IL‐38 in skin pathologies characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, such as psoriasis and basal or squamous cell carcinoma. Finally, intracellular IL‐38 can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and its overexpression modulates the activity of the transcription regulators YAP and ID1. Our results indicate that IL‐38 can act independently from immune system activation and suggest that it may affect the epidermis directly by decreasing proliferation and promoting differentiation of keratinocytes. These data suggest an important role of keratinocyte‐derived IL‐38 in skin homeostasis and pathologies characterized by epidermal alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for 15-20% of the total body weight and acts as a barrier between the external and internal environment and maintain homeostasis. The sweat and sebaceous glands in dermis of skin play vital role in developing the adaptive ability to the heat stress. Besides this, the distribution pattern and number of these glands vary in different animals that may aid in identification of different species. Methods: The study was conducted on abdominal skin of 36 adult cattle, buffalo, horse, goat, pig and dog (six sample of each) collected from abattoir, Veterinary clinics and post-mortem hall of GADVASU, Ludhiana. After collection, the tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for paraffin block preparation. The paraffin sections of 5-6 µm were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. Result: The study revealed that the sebaceous glands were multilobular, alveolar glands comprised of several layers of epithelial cells and were associated with hair follicles in all species studied. The number of sebaceous glands/mm² was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in goat (1.60± 0.11) than in pig (0.44±0.06) whereas sebaceous gland diameter was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in buffalo (109.83±6.14 µm) than in goat (61.16±2.42 µm). The sweat glands were of saccular and simple coiled tubular type and most of them were associated with hair follicles. The number of sweat glands/mm² was the highest in horse (3.10±0.24) and the least in buffalo (0.76 ±0.05). Sweat gland diameter was significantly higher (p≤0.05) maximum in buffalo (123±3.15 µm) and minimum in goat (50.33±2.85 µm) and the difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Fractional microneedling radiofrequency (FMR) has gained popularity for the treatment of acne scars, owing to favorable outcomes and short downtimes. This study aimed to investigate FMR use in reducing facial sebum production and treating acne scars. Materials and Methods: This single‐center, prospective, evaluator‐blinded trial compared sebum production after three sessions of FMR (Fractora® 24‐pin coated tip) performed one‐month apart. Results were evaluated with a sebumeter (Cutometer®), sebaceous gland histology, and subjects' assessment. Acne scars were graded according to the Echelle d'Evaluation clinique des Cicatrices d'acné scale, Goodman and Baron's qualitative grading system, acne scar volume measurement, and subjects' assessments. Results: Sebumeter results revealed a significantly decreased (p < 0.05) sebum production since the first treatment, sustained throughout the study period. Histological assessment showed decreased density and size of sebaceous glands. The mean acne scar volume decreased significantly, without a significant increase in the mean melanin levels. Conclusion: Fractora® 24‐pin coated tip can be used as an alternative for patients with acne scars, who wish to concomitantly reduce their facial oiliness. A significant decrease in facial oiliness and acne scars' volume can be seen after a single treatment session, with up to 15.48% decrease in facial oil production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Abnormalities of eyelid shape, including ptosis, entropion, ectropion, lagophthalmos, and dermatochalasis, can occur at any age and affects the patient's life quality, visual functions, and comfort. These abnormalities can be regarded as illnesses and can be cured medically and surgically. Meibomian glands are large sebaceous glands located in the lower and upper eyelids. Our study aimed to observe changes in anterior cornea segment parameters and meibomian glands of patients undergoing surgery for eyelid shape abnormalities. Methods: Our sample comprised 31 patients, who were operated on at Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University Hospital, were examined with respect to cornea topographic measurements and the drop-out of meibomian glands at the pre-operative and first-month post-operative processes and post-operative third month. In this prospective cohort method study, the surgical eyes of the patients were determined as the study group and the healthy eyes as the control group. Results: Surgical and healthy eyes of 31 patients were included in this study (N=62). The sample comprised 18 male and 13 female patients. The average age and standard deviation values of patients were determined as 66.50 (17.315) in males and 65.92 (13.714) (P = 0.659) in females. In terms of anterior cornea segment parameters (K1, K2, ACA, ACD, ACV, and CCT), no prominent differences were found in pre-operative and post-operative results (K1, K2, ACA, ACD, ACV, and CCT) in both the study and control groups. Meibography revealed that the increased meibomian gland drop-out of surgical eye measurements of pre- and post-operative was statistically significant (P < 0.001), whereas the change seen in healthy eyes was not statistically significant (P = 0.051). Furthermore, although the change through meibomian glands of entropion patients was not significant (P = 0.066), the drop-out of the meibomian gland of the other surgery cases (ptosis, ectropion, lagophthalmos, blepharoplasty, and dermatochalasis surgery) was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.038). Conclusion: Surgeries to correct abnormalities in eyelid shape can lead patients to meibomian gland dropout. Pre-operative assessment of patients whose surgeries are planned, and post-operative monitoring, must be done meticulously in order to minimize the likelihood of symptoms and avoid meibomian gland dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seborrhea dermatitis is a skin disorder that usually appears on parts of the body that have high density of sebaceous glands, such as the face, chest, and scalp. Clinical manifestations that generally appear as scaly skin and erythema. Seborrhea dermatitis is also known as one of the causes of alopecia. Treatments that can be used for seborrhea dermatitis are antifungal, anti-inflammatory, keratolytic, and coal tar. There are concerns about poor adherence, resistance, and some side effects of drugs that have been used in the treatment of seborrhea dermatitis. Concerns regarding these issues increase the urgency for the development of new therapeutic agents in the treatment of seborrhea dermatitis. Research on medicinal plants has enormous potential to produce compounds with new structures and bioactivity. This review discusses clinical and in vitro studies related to the activity of several medicinal plants that have potential as a treatment for seborrhea dermatitis, as well as the compounds that play a role in these activities. Literature searches were carried out on the PubMed, Taylor & Francis, and SpringerLink databases using Boolean Operators to get 25 articles that match the keywords used. Of the 25 articles, six were clinical trials, while 19 were in vitro studies of Malassezia. Several plants have potential as promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of seborrhea dermatitis by inhibiting the growth of Malassezia, decreasing sebum secretion, and decreasing symptoms associated with seborrhea dermatitis such as itching, pain or burning sensation, and redness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Sebaceous gland ectopia (SGE) defines the presence of normal sebaceous tissue in an unusual location. This condition is rare and was first described in ectodermal-derived organs, such as the oral cavities and palms, and later in endodermal-derived tissues including the esophagus. SGE of the esophagus is believed to represent a form of acquired metaplasia. SGE is asymptomatic and usually discovered during routine endoscopic examinations for other gastrointestinal complaints and symptoms. It is a benign entity and to date no cases of malignant transformation have been reported. Once diagnosed, SGE requires no further work up or follow up, and does not require treatment. Case Report: We present two cases of SGE arising in the esophagi of two female patients who presented with complaints of gastro-esophageal reflux and underwent endoscopy. These lesions presented as patchy yellow-white nodules in the mid and upper esophagus and were endoscopically interpreted as suggestive of candidiasis or glycogen acanthosis. Biopsies showed foci of non-keratinizing squamous mucosa overlying the sebaceous glands. These glands exhibited a characteristic lobulated structure with germinative cells at the periphery and vacuolated, well-differentiated cells in the center of the lobules. After histologic examination, the endoscopic impressions of candidiasis and acanthosis were ruled out and the final diagnosis of SGE was made. There was no evidence of dysplasia or malignancy in our cases. Conclusion: Histopathology examination is important to differentiate SGE from malignant and infectious conditions that are more common, and which can be clinically and endoscopically similar to SGE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aesthetic and aesthetic results. and occasionally feeds particular illnesses. Greasy hair has a matted appearance, lies in thick, flat masses, and is challenging to comb. Sebum coats and weighs down hair, making it adhesive and flattening it against the scalp. People with oily hair observe that, after wiping or even washing, the sebum layer is quickly restored, giving rise to the name "seborrhea" for this disease (from the Greek rhinos, river). The term "seborrhea" refers solely to the lipid synthesis and excretion that results from sebaceous gland activity. Although there may be some variation across both areas, the majority of seborrheic people have both a greasy scalp and a greasy forehead. Dermatosis neglecta is a condition that results from poor hygiene and is defined by the occurrence of hyperkeratotic plaques in a particular body part, frequently as a result of a handicap. This illness can mimic other conditions, making diagnosis challenging. We describe the case of an 18-year-old woman who has a progressing brown verrucous plaque on her face that has been present for two months. She had seborrheic dermatitis, which is how we initially diagnosed her, and we treated her with 1% topical hydrocortisone and facial washing soap. She returned a month later with fresh lesions. As a result, we were diagnosed with Darier's disease rather than seborrheic or foliaceus pemphigus. Studies on immunofluorescence and histopathology supported seborrheic dermatitis. The patient refused to wash her face and complained of social seclusion and despair. The diagnosis of dermatosis neglecta was verified when facial washing was done during the appointment while the lesions were showing signs of remission. Dermatosis neglecta is a disorder that is frequently misdiagnosed because of the vast variety of differential diagnoses it has, including hyperkeratotic syndromes. Early detection is crucial, and aggressive approaches to diagnosis and therapy should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a geographically expanding, fatal neurodegenerative disease in cervids. The disease can be transmitted directly (animal-animal) or indirectly via infectious prions shed into the environment. The precise mechanisms of indirect CWD transmission are unclear but known sources of the infectious prions that contaminate the environment include saliva, urine and feces. We have previously identified PrPC expression in deer interdigital glands, sac-like exocrine structures located between the digits of the hooves. In this study, we assayed for CWD prions within the interdigital glands of CWD infected deer to determine if they could serve as a source of prion shedding and potentially contribute to CWD transmission. Immunohistochemical analysis of interdigital glands from a CWD-infected female mule deer identified disease-associated PrPCWD within clusters of infiltrating leukocytes adjacent to sudoriferous and sebaceous glands, and within the acrosyringeal epidermis of a sudoriferous gland tubule. Proteinase K-resistant PrPCWD material was amplified by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) from soil retrieved from between the hoof digits of a clinically affected mule deer. Blinded testing of interdigital glands from 11 mule deer by real-time quake-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) accurately identified CWD-infected animals. The data described suggests that interdigital glands may play a role in the dissemination of CWD prions into the environment, warranting future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pH of skin is very decisive in the life of humans because it helps in enhancing infections that are related to antimicrobials. So far, the skin of humans considered is the main outdoor for several bacterial infections. The acidic Nature (pH) of the skin performs an integral physiologically part in the body and it has been identified as a regulatory component in the stratum corneum's homeostasis and skin barrier permeability. Surveys were done later illustrated that aggregation, skin barrier function& lipid production, epidermal differentiation& desquamation are basically impacted by the pH itself. Multiple epidermal pH figures have also been observed and tested in this study, all within the acidic condition however varying from pH 4.0 to 7.0, and depending on this pH, the 'natural' skin surface pH is expected to be 4.7 to 5.75 or 6. In addition, various studies are available in the latest days that focused primarily on alterations inside the pH of the stratum corneum's deeper layers including the effect of various physiological and pathological variables. Whenever the skin barrier is compromised, pH rises, resulting in a variety of ailments, including dermatitis, irritating contact dermatitis, ichthyosis, acne, and dry and ageing skin. In the current review, we will summarise many autogenous factors and exogenic factors such as skin moisture, sweat, sebum (produced by sebaceous glands), anatomic site, genetic susceptibility, age, detergents, so-called skin health maintenance products, wounds occlusive dressing could bother the pH of the skin. With that, we collected several publications in this review and explored the importance of pH surface and the key factors that influence skin's pH-related skin illness. We'll also go over how to determine the pH of the surface of the skin and also how it would affect skin and wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long‐duration in vivo simultaneous imaging of multiple anatomical structures is useful for understanding physiological aspects of diseases, informative for molecular optimization in preclinical models, and has potential applications in surgical settings to improve clinical outcomes. Previous studies involving simultaneous imaging of multiple anatomical structures, for example, blood and lymphatic vessels as well as peripheral nerves and sebaceous glands, have used genetically engineered mice, which require expensive and time‐consuming methods. Here, an IgG4 isotype control antibody is labeled with a near‐infrared dye and injected into a mouse ear to enable simultaneous visualization of blood and lymphatic vessels, peripheral nerves, and sebaceous glands for up to 3 h using photoacoustic microscopy. For multiple anatomical structure imaging, peripheral nerves and sebaceous glands are imaged inside the injected dye‐labeled antibody mass while the lymphatic vessels are visualized outside the mass. The efficacy of the contrast agent to label and localize deep medial lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes using photoacoustic computed tomography is demonstrated. The capability of a single injectable contrast agent to image multiple structures for several hours will potentially improve preclinical therapeutic optimization, shorten discovery timelines, and enable clinical treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Systemic isotretinoin is the most effective treatment for acne vulgaris (AV). However, numerous side effects are associated with isotretinoin. Oral zinc has a better safety profile and has been used to treat AV with variable results.Objective: We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combining oral zinc to low-dose systemic isotretinoin in AV patients.Methods: Sixty AV patients were divided into two groups. Group A received oral zinc sulfate plus low-dose isotretinoin and Group B received the standard isotretinoin dosage. At each visit acne severity, photos, side effects, and patient-reported satisfaction were recorded.Results: In the two groups, no significant difference in reduction of lesion count and Global Acne Grading System scores. The frequency of treatment-related side effects was (20%) in Group A and (76.7%) in Group B. Furthermore, there was no difference regarding the relapse rates between both groups (p>0.05). Finally, the patients' satisfaction rates did not differ between the two groups.Conclusion: Oral zinc plus low-dose isotretinoin resulted in satisfactory improvement in AV patients with fewer side effects. Further studies are recommended to compare the efficacy of other zinc preparations if combined with systemic isotretinoin at different concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the presence of motilin receptors (MR) in adnexal tissue including the human main lacrimal gland. 17 adnexal human specimens comprising of 11 isolated human main lacrimal gland specimens, four full-thickness human eyelid excisions and two exenterations containing full-thickness eyelid and portions of the main lacrimal gland were immunolabelled with a rabbit polyclonal human MR antibody. Our results demonstrated that all main lacrimal gland specimens (13/13, 100%) were positive for MR expression with a predominance (10/13 (77%) of grade 1+ punctate distribution. Motilin receptors were not found in eccrine glands, cutaneous sebaceous glands, glands of Zeis or glands of Moll (0/6, 0%). We also confirmed MR expression in the accessory lacrimal gland tissue. In summary, we discovered the MR receptor in the lacrimal and accessory lacrimal gland - the significance of which, in the lacrimal gland, remains unclear - but motilin may play a role in the muscarinic control of aqueous tear secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study examines the effect of Mangifera indica on sebum production in different ethnic groups. It has been found that the application of Mangifera indica leads to a significant reduction in sebum production, with the efficiency varying depending on ethnic background. Gene expression analysis shows that Mangifera indica reduces the expression of certain genes involved in sebum production. Furthermore, it has been shown that Mangifera indica affects sebaceous gland volume without altering the structure of the glands. On a clinical level, a significant reduction in sebum production has been observed in different ethnic groups. [Extracted from the article]

Folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma (FSCH) is an uncommon hamartoma that usually presents on the central face area of adults as an asymptomatic, solitary dome-shaped or pedunculated papule. We report a case of a 35-year-old female who presented with six-months history of skin lesions on her labia majora. Histological findings included cystically dilated hair follicles with branching epithelial strands and interconnecting sebaceous gland consistent with the diagnosis of FSCH. The genital variant of FSCH was first described in 1998 and since then only six cases have been reported in the literature. We aim to increase awareness of this rare presentation due to the significant psychological implications and the risk of misdiagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cartilage differentiates in rat limb buds cultivated in a chemically defined protein‐free medium in the same manner as in the richer serum‐supplemented medium. We aimed to investigate the remaining differentiation potential of pre‐cultivated limb buds by subsequent transplantation in vivo. Rat front (FLBs) and hind‐limb buds (HLBs) were isolated from Fischer rat dams at the 14th gestation day (GD 14) and cultivated at the air‐liquid interface in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) alone; with 5 μM of 5‐azacytidine (5azaC) or with rat serum (1:1). Overall growth was measured seven times during the culture by an ocular micrometre. After 14 days, explants were transplanted under the kidney capsule of adult males. Growth of limb buds was significantly lower in all limb buds cultivated in MEM than in those cultivated with serum. In MEM with 5azaC, growth of LBs was significantly lower only on day 3 of culture. Afterwards, it was higher throughout the culture period, although a statistically significant difference was assessed only for HLBs. In transplants, mixed structures developed with the differentiated transmembranous bone, cartilage with enchondral ossification, bone‐marrow, sebaceous gland, and hair that have never been found in vitro. Nerves differentiated only in transplants precultivated in the serum‐supplemented medium. We conclude that pre‐cultivation of LBs in a chemically defined protein‐free medium does not restrict osteogenesis and formation of epidermal appendages but is restrictive for neural tissue. These results are important for understanding limb development and regenerative medicine strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin acts as an essential barrier, protecting organisms from their environment. For skin trauma caused by accidental injuries, rapid healing, personalization, and functionality are vital requirements in clinical, which are the bottlenecks hindering the translation of skin repair from benchside to bedside. Herein, we described a novel design and a proof‐of‐concept demonstration of an adaptive bioprinting robot to proceed rapid in situ bioprinting on a full‐thickness excisional wound in mice. The three‐dimensional (3D) scanning and closed‐loop visual system integrated in the robot and the multi‐degree‐of‐freedom mechanism provide immediate, precise, and complete wound coverage through stereotactic bioprinting, which hits the key requirements of rapid‐healing and personalization in skin repair. Combined with the robot, epidermal stem cells and skin‐derived precursors isolated from neonatal mice mixed with Matrigel were directly printed into the injured area to replicate the skin structure. Excisional wounds after bioprinting showed complete wound healing and functional skin tissue regeneration that closely resembling native skin, including epidermis, dermis, blood vessels, hair follicles and sebaceous glands etc. This study provides an effective strategy for skin repair through the combination of the novel robot and a bioactive bioink, and has a promising clinical translational potential for further applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sebaceous hyperplasia is a benign condition characterized by an overgrowth of sebaceous glands, often presenting as small, soft, yellowish papules on areas rich in sebaceous glands, such as the face. While the condition is harmless, it can mimic other dermatological conditions, such as basal cell carcinoma. This case report describes a 71-year-old female with sebaceous hyperplasia presenting as wart-like lesions and whiteheads on the forehead and cheek regions. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis, revealing lobules of sebaceous glands arranged around a central duct in a fibrous stroma., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Prabhu Venkatesh et al.)

Sebaceous glands (SG) are essential for maintaining skin integrity, as their lipid-rich secretion (sebum) lubricates and protects the epidermis and hairs. In addition, these glands have an emerging role in immunomodulation and may affect whole-body energy metabolism, besides being an appealing model for research in topics as lipogenesis, stem cell biology and tumorigenesis. In spite of the increasing interest in studying SGs pathophysiology, sebocyte cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion processes have been only superficially examined, and never in a systematic way. This is regrettable considering the key role of cellular adhesion in general, the specific expression pattern of indivdual junctional complexes, and the reports of structural changes in SGs after altered expression of adhesion-relevant proteins. Here, we review the available information on structural and functional aspects of cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions in sebocytes, and how these processes change under pathological conditions. This information will contribute for better understanding sebocyte differentiation and sebum secretion, and may provide hints for novel therapeutic strategies for skin diseases., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Acne vulgaris is a complex condition involving factors that affect the pilosebaceous unit. A primary manifestation of acne pathology is the development of comedones, often linked to the overproduction of sebum resulting from 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) and insulin activity. Ozenoxacin is a topical quinolone that exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes). It is commonly used to treat acne associated with this bacterium; however, its effect on sebum production within the sebaceous glands remains unclear. In this study, the effects of ozenoxacin on sebum production were examined using insulin- and 5α-DHT-differentiated hamster sebocytes. Ozenoxacin showed a dose-dependent inhibition of lipid droplet formation and triacylglycerol (TG) production, which is a major component of sebum. In addition, it suppressed the expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, and perilipin-1 mRNA, all important factors involved in sebum synthesis, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, ozenoxacin decreased phosphorylated 40S ribosomal protein S6 levels downstream of the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), without altering the phosphorylation of Akt, an upstream regulator of mTORC1, in both insulin- and 5α-DHT-treated hamster sebocytes. Interestingly, nadifloxacin, but not clindamycin, exhibited a similar suppression of sebum production, albeit with lesser potency compared with ozenoxacin. Furthermore, a topical application of a 2% ozenoxacin-containing lotion to the auricle skin of hamsters did not affect the size of the sebaceous glands or epidermal thickness. Notably, it decreased the amount of TG on the skin surface. The results provide novel insights into the sebum-inhibitory properties of ozenoxacin, indicating its potential efficacy in controlling microbial growth and regulating sebum production for acne management., (© 2024 The Author(s). The Journal of Dermatology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Dermatological Association.)

Acne-prone skin is associated with dysbiosis involving Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) causing increased seborrhea in sebaceous glands (SG) and inflammation. Human primary sebocytes were cultivated using 1.106 UFC/mL C. acnes Type IA (facial acne, ATCC6919) and/or 1.105 UFC/mL S. epidermidis (unknown origin, ATCC12228) for 48 h in our SEB4GLN-optimized media without antibiotics. Bacteria and sebocytes were enumerated and assessed to determine their viability. Lipid production was imaged and quantified via Nile Red staining. SG with hair follicles were microdissected from healthy skin and cultured using 1.105 UFC/mL C. acnes Type 1A and/or 1.104 UFC/mL S. epidermidis (wild-type facial skin strain) through prior fixation and immunostaining for MC5R, C. acnes and nuclei (DAPI) via Z-stack confocal microscopy bioimaging (Leica SP5X & FIJI software, Version 2.9.0). C. acnes growth was not impacted when co-cultivated with sebocytes (2D) or SG (3D) models. Phylotype IA stimulated sebocyte lipid production, which had no impact on viability. The S. epidermidis reference strain overproliferated, inducing sebocyte mortality. For 3D SG model, culture conditions were optimized using a wild-type facial skin strain at a lower concentration, 1:10 ratio to C. acnes, reduced contact time, sequential inoculation and rinsing step. Bioimaging revealed strong C. acnes labeling in the active areas of the pilosebaceous unit. S. epidermidis formed biofilm, which was distributed across the SG via non-specific fluorescence imaging. We developed an innovative model of a sebaceous gland that mimics acne-prone skin with lipid overproduction and virulent phylotype IA C. acnes inoculation.

This article discusses two cases of corneal melt in patients with eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) who underwent systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The patients received three cycles of chemotherapy and showed a remarkable response, but corneal melt was observed after the second and third cycles. The authors hypothesize that the combination of the chemotherapeutic agent 5-FU and the release of biomolecules from the regressing tumor may have contributed to the corneal complications. They suggest that the use of lubricants and topical steroids during chemotherapy may help prevent this side effect. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a summary of the answers to an image challenge in Veterinary Pathology regarding dermatopathology. The first image shows hyperadrenocorticism in dogs, specifically calcinosis cutis, which is a cutaneous manifestation of Cushing's disease. The second image depicts photosensitivity in horses, caused by chronic liver damage due to hepatotoxic plant ingestion. The third image shows scaly skin disease in mice caused by Staphylococcus xylosus, which incites epidermal ulceration and inflammation. The fourth image displays dermatitis in horses caused by Dermatophilus congolensis, which forms long branching filaments within the skin crusts or hair follicles. These images and their corresponding explanations provide valuable insights into various dermatopathological conditions in animals. [Extracted from the article]

Steatocystoma multiplex (SM) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder, seen in adolescence and characterized by hamartomatous malformation of the pilosebaceous units. However, sporadic occurrence has been reported in literature. Histopathologic features are characteristic and should be known to the pathologist, to differentiate from other common causes of skin nodules. We report a case of sporadic SM and highlight the characteristic histopathologic features required for diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant adnexal tumors of the skin are rare. Sebaceous carcinoma (SC) is an aggressive malignant tumor of the sebaceous glands. It is traditionally classified into periocular and extraocular types. We present a rare case of extraocular SC of a 38-year-old female who presented with nontender swelling over the right flank for 1 year. Clinically, it was diagnosed with a sebaceous cyst. The tumor was excised and sent for histopathological examination. Sections showed sheets and lobules of tumor cells separated by fibrovascular stroma. Individual tumor cells were atypical basaloid to clear cells with prominent pleomorphism. Mitosis was brisk with areas of necrosis. On immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells were focally positive for epithelial membrane antigen and negative for S100 and PAX8 with a high Ki-67 index of 80%. Her postoperative period and follow-up for 1 year have been uneventful. This case is being reported for its rarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the in vitro and clinical effects of topical acetylhexapeptide‐8 (AH8) on the appearance of oily skin. Method: In vitro SEB‐1 human sebocyte cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of AH8, then the lipid content of the sebocytes was measured. For the randomized, controlled, split‐face clinical study, participants received AH8 10% lotion formulated in Cetaphil Moisturizing Facial Lotion on one side of their face and the control vehicle lotion on the other side of their face. Facial oiliness was assessed by a trained physician using a three‐point grading system, high‐resolution digital photographs, and a sebumeter (SM815). Participants also filled out self‐assessments of their skin oiliness. Results: The in vitro experiments showed that sebocyte lipid content significantly decreased after AH8 treatment (p < 0.05 at 0.00005% AH8, p = 0.09 at 0.0005% AH8, p < 0.05 at 0.005% AH8, and p < 0.001 at 0.025% AH8). In the clinical study, participants trended towards a 10% reduction (p = 0.16) in sebum production after AH8 treatment in comparison to the vehicle treatment. Conclusion: AH8 inhibits the accumulation of lipids in sebocytes in vitro without altering cell proliferation or SREBP‐1 expression. Topical AH8 trended towards decreased sebum production in human participants. The use of AH8 may serve as a promising agent to reduce sebocyte lipid production and the appearance of oily skin. Résumé: Objectif: Cette étude vise à évaluer les effets in vitro et cliniques de l'acétylhexapeptide‐8 (AH8) topique sur l'aspect de la peau grasse. Méthode: Des lignées cellulaires de sébocytes humains SEB‐1 in vitro ont été exposées à différentes concentrations d'AH8, à la suite de quoi la teneur en lipides des sébocytes a été mesurée. Pour l'étude clinique randomisée, contrôlée, en hémi‐visage, les participants ont reçu une lotion AH8 10 % formulée dans la lotion hydratante pour le visage Cetaphil d'un côté de leur visage et la lotion témoin de l'autre côté de leur visage. Le sébum du visage a été évalué par un médecin formé à l'aide d'un système de classification à trois points, de photographies numériques à haute résolution et d'un sébumètre (SM815). Les participants ont également rempli des auto‐évaluations du sébum de leur peau. Résultats Les expériences in vitro ont montré que la teneur en lipides des sébocytes diminuait significativement après le traitement par AH8 (p < 0.05 à 0.00005 % AH8, p = 0.09 à 0.0005 % AH8, p < 0.001 à 0.025 % AH8). Dans l'étude clinique, les participants avaient tendance à voir leur production de sébum diminuer de 10 % (p = 0.16) après le traitement par AH8, par rapport au traitement par excipient. Conclusion: L'AH8 inhibe l'accumulation de lipides dans les sébocytes in vitro sans altérer la prolifération cellulaire ou l'expression de SREBP‐1. L'AH8 topique tendait à diminuer la production de sébum chez les participants humains. L'utilisation d'AH8 peut servir d'agent prometteur pour réduire la production de lipides sébocytaires et l'apparence de peau grasse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Plasma metabolomics can help us provide information on acne pathogenesis. • The plasma metabolites and pathways were significantly changed in moderate-to-severe acne patients. • ABC transporters and the sphingolipid signaling pathway were significantly perturbed. Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous units and sebaceous glands. This study aimed to find out metabolites and metabolite pathways abnormal in moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris patients. The plasma metabolites LC-MS/MS analysis was conducted on 30 moderate-to-severe acne patients and 32 healthy controls. Multivariate data analyses were applied to identify the distinguishing metabolites. Totally, 63 significant differential metabolites and 40 metabolic pathways were significantly changed. The top 3 metabolites on the basis of their VIP scores obtained from the PLS-DA were 2-Oxoadipic acid, Myo-inositol and Citrate. In addition, four sphingolipid metabolites include sphinganine, sphingosine, O-Phosphoethanolamine, and sphingomyelin (d18:1/18:0) were identified. The most closely related metabolic pathways included ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and sphingolipid signaling pathway in moderate-to-severe acne patients. The observed difference in metabolic profiles between acne patients and healthy controls provides a new insight into the link between plasma metabolic changes and acne vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Preclinical studies report that the ethanolic fraction from Mangifera indica leaves is a potential anti-acne agent. Nevertheless, the biological activity of Mangifera indica leaves has scarcely been investigated, and additional data are needed, especially in a clinical setting, for establishing the actual effectiveness of Mangifera indica extract as an active component of anti-acne therapy. (2) Methods: The evaluation of the biological activity of Mangifera indica extract was carried out through different experimental phases, which comprised in silico, in vitro, ex vivo and clinical evaluations. (3) Results: In silico and in vitro studies allowed us to identify the phytomarkers carrying the activity of seboregulation and acne management. Results showed that Mangifera indica extract reduced lipid production by 40% in sebocytes, and an improvement of the sebum quality was reported after the treatment in analyses performed on sebaceous glands from skin explants. The evaluation of the sebum quantity and quality using triglyceride/free fatty acid analysis conducted on Caucasian volunteers evidenced a strong improvement and a reduction of porphyrins expression. The C. acnes lipase activity from a severe acne phylotype was evaluated in the presence of Mangifera indica, and a reduction by 29% was reported. In addition, the analysis of the skin microbiota documented that Mangifera indica protected the microbiota equilibrium while the placebo induced dysbiosis. (4) Conclusions: Our results showed that Mangifera indica is microbiota friendly and efficient against lipase activity of C. acnes and supports a role for Mangifera indica in the therapeutic strategy for prevention and treatment of acne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among intracranial cystic lesions, dermoid cysts and epidermoid cysts are relatively common benign tumors. In a small number of these tumors, it is known that squamous cell carcinomas arise in the lining epithelium of the cysts. Among tumors derived from the appendage, only one case of hidradenoma within a dermoid cyst and no cases of sebaceous tumor have been reported previously. In the present case, a protruding lesion was present in the cystic wall, and it was composed of two cell types: sebaceous cells (sebocytes) and basaloid/germinated cells, being characteristic of this tumor. It is essential to distinguish it from other sebaceous lesions such as hyperplasia, sebaceoma, sebaceous carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma with sebaceous differentiation derived from the epidermis. The critical distinguishing points in making a differential diagnosis among these lesions are the ratio of the two cell types and the presence or absence of other components such as hair sacs, invasion or cellular atypia. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the tumor cells were positive for the epithelial markers, such as cytokeratin (CK)14, p63, p40, high‐molecular CK, and adipophilin; these findings are peculiar to sebaceous adenoma. Although there have been several similar case reports of sebaceous tumors associated with dermmoid cysts in the ovaries, most of the intracranial lesions were squamous cell carcinomas that developed within the cysts, and there has been no precedent showing an association with a sebaceous tumor. The present report describes the first case of sebaceous adenoma that occurred in an intracranial dermoid cyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]