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When cyanophage infect Prochlorococcus, they kill some host bacteria but remodel others in ways that makes the survivors hardier, according to Sallie Chisholm of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Mass., Debbie Lindell of the Technion Israel Institute of Technology (TIIT) in Technion City, Haifa, Israel, and their collaborators. Their analysis of the seesaw genetic relationship between this phage and its ocean-dwelling photosynthetic bacterial host, which lies at the base of the sea food chain and produces much of the oxygen we breathe, appears in the September 6 issue of Nature.

Humans are frequently exposed to Listeria monocytogenes, and high numbers may be ingested during consumption of certain types of food. However, epidemiological investigations show that listeriosis is a rare disease. Risk assessment studies using an animal mouse model indicate that almost all L. monocytogenes serovars present in food have clear virulent properties. The intravenous dose causing infection in 50% (IV ID50) of mice not previously exposed to L. monocytogenes (nonprotected mice) was 1.8 log10 units. For mice previously exposed to L, monocytogenes (immunologically protected mice), the IV ID50 was 5.6 log10 units. The ID50 of orally exposed nonprotected mice amounted to 6.5 log10 units, and no significant effects of type of food (water/milk) and storage time at 5°C (milk) were observed. The oral ID50 of immunologically protected mice was >9.0 log10 units. Furthermore, there was approximately 1-2 log10 difference between the ID10 and the lethal dose causing death in 50% (LD50). The results show that both the intestinal barrier and the specific immune defense mechanism are highly effective in preventing infection of mice orally exposed to L. monocytogenes. Delaying the immune defense had no effect on the protective activity of the intestinal barrier, indicating that these protective mechanisms operate independently. The risk assessment results obtained in the mouse model support the epidemiological finding that listeriosis is a rare disease in humans, despite frequent exposure to the organism.

We have proposed a novel method for complexing of the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, with cyclodextrin as dry powders by a twin-screw kneader. The effect of various oxidation conditions on powdery PUFA were investigated. Further, the powdery PUFA developed was employed in the preparation of fish meal as a functional sea food paste.

For answering the question, “Is taurine a preventive nutritional factor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or just a biological marker of nutrition?” our experimental and world-wide cooperative studies on nutrition and CVD are reviewed. The data so far obtained indicates taurine is not only a good biological marker of sea food intakes but also an important nutrient for preventing hypertension and atherosclerosis.

The western stretches of the Norfolk coast, seemingly rather flat and exposed to chill winds from the North Sea, have many devotees. They attract ornithologists who come to view migrant terns and waders; gourmets and gluttons who come to taste excellent sea food; yachtsmen who explore the winding creeks; botanists who value the rich flora of the marshes, and walkers who brave the mudflats to distance themselves from their fellow citizens. The most intriguing and yet little visited portion of this coast is Scolt Head Island, situated between Brancaster in the west and Burnham Overy Staithe in the east.

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As an index for evaluation of marine environmental pollution by spilled C heavy oil from the sunken vessel Nakhodka, we carried out mutagenic activity tests of several fishes. Some gave positive results in direct and indirect mutagenicity tests. The strength of the mutagenicity was not high compared with that of authentic mutagenic compounds, such as AF-2. Though fishes caught in the polluted sea area were not dangerous from the viewpoint of mutagenicity, continuous observation is required to guarantee the safety of sea food resources.

The amount of direct and indirect energy input in the manufacture of fish meat paste product was estimated. The direct energy input was estimated to be 3390 kcal per kilogram of product (64%), and indirect 1882 kcal per kilogram of product (36%); namely, the total energy input was estimated to be 5272 kcal per kilogram of product. This figure is equal to or less than that for various other meat products. It has been said that sea food products are more energy intensive compared to other food products. However, the present results showed that this is not the case as far as the processing of finished product is concerned.

In order to investigate the changes in diet of the Japanese accompanying sudden changes in the dietary environment ocassioned by a move to a foreign country, a questionnaire survey was conducted between January and March, 1980 on 32 Japanese households having stayed in New York City or its vicinity for more than three months but less than three years.Consumption of the following foods increased in US: beef, dairy products, fruits such as oranges and melons, fruit juice and staples such as bread and pasta. These foods are obtainable more easily and at lower prices in US than in Japan, and the respondents had tasted them even while living in Japan. Foods such as lamb, turkey and duck which they had not consumed in Japan did not increase in consumption in US, even though they were more readily available.The respondents consumed less pork, processed soybean foods such as bean curd, fish paste products, sea food and steamed rice; these foods are not as readily available in US as in Japan. Although their consumption of steamed rice, noodles and processed soybean foods decreased while in US, the respondents ate these foods 9, 2.5 and 3.2 times per week respectively.Radical changes in the dietary environment caused by the move affected the kinds of food and frequency of their intake because of the ready availability and individual dietary experiences. However, they retained some of uniquely Japanese dietary habits such as eating steamed rice as staples.

The mercury content of several brands of different commercial canned sea food products was determined. Results of the study showed that of the sea foods tested, tuna contained the highest concentration of mercury residues. The mercury content of each sample was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). A comparison of total mercury content by flameless AAS and methyl mercury by GLC showed that 89% or more of the mercury in canned tuna is methyl mercury. Levels of mercury were lower in salmon, shrimp, oysters, clams, sardines, anchovies, cat food, and kippered herring. Results indicate that the GLC method could be used as an effective screening method for tuna samples where flameless AAS is not available.

The Dutch phosphogypsum, 2 Tg.y-1, is disposed of into the Rhine. This leads to an increase of the U-238 chain radionuclides along the Dutch coast off Rotterdam, decreasing in northerly direction into the German Bight. The calculated increase of activity concentrations in sea food causes an increase of the individual radiation dose of maximal 150 muSv.y-1 and of the collective dose of the Dutch of 170 manSv.y-1. Increase of the radiation dose from stacking phosphogypsum is one order of magnitude lower.

In order to aim the prevention of the radiation hazard to human beings through sea food, the accumulation and excretion of 65Zn by octopus Octopus vulgaris was examined by the radioisotope tracer experiment. The concentration factor of 65Zn for whole body of the octopus that take up the nuclide from sea water and food was estimated as 9, 900, by assuming that the octopus feeds on clams alone. In that case the contribution of food was about twenty times greater than that of sea water on the accumulation of the nuclide. The biological half-life of 65Zn accumulated through sea water was 74 days. High accumulation of 65Zn in the branchial heart of the octopus, as in the case of Co, was not observed. In the liver, 65Zn combined with three constituents which have a molecular weight of more than 80, 000, 7, 000-8, 000 and less than 5, 000. In the kidney, 65Zn combined with three constituents of a molecular weight of more than 80, 000, 10, 000-20, 000 and less than 5, 000.

Studies have been made on whether, to man's palate and nostril, taste and odour of sea food had been affected when harvested in a Danish marine strait receiving mixed black cooking liquor and spent bleaching liquors discharged by a bleached neutral sulphite straw pulping mill. Mussels and eels were kept in cages and pots placed at positions at varying intervals from the effluent discharge point. After 7 weeks, they were subjected to olfactory sense testing—eels, additionally, to gustatory sense testing—all in discriminative triangle tests against samples of blank material. Testing of eels revealed no effects, whereas testing of mussels revealed that their odour differed depending on where they had been harvested, although an off‐odour of mussels was not incontestably proved to have been contributed by the pulp mill effluent.

The way of certification of trace element contents in a sample of single cell protein (SCP) is presented together with the results of the homogeneity and stability studies, carried out on this sample (BCR 274). The elements As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, Se and Zn are certified using different spectrometric, electrochemical or activation techniques after a thorough sample treatment. The material is not only useful in SCP-analysis, but can also be applied for analytical background measurements and control or for the analysis of similar materials (e.g. sea food).

The purpose of the present study was to estimate a biological half-life of iodine in normal Japanese thyroid for the calculation of the thyroid dose from iodine-129 with a long physical half-life. The Japanese takes stable iodine through sea food in a more considerable amount than the Caucasian who is assumed to be the Reference Man recommended by ICRP. It can be shown by medical research in thyroidology that the iodine metabolism between the Japanese and the Caucasian is different owing to the amount of the ingested stable iodine. Furthermore, in the Japanese the thyroid releases inorganic iodine since it takes up iodine more than physiologically required to produce thyroid hormone.We calculated the biological half-life of iodine for both the Japanese and the Caucasian by using a five compartment model. The following results were delivered. The biological half-life in the Japanese was approximately 40 days, which was in agreement with the values reported before. On the other hand, that of the Caucasian was 130 days nearly equal to the Reference Man.

Since 1960's studies of the distribution and the spatial structure of retail establishments in metropolises have been carrledi on in Japan, but the classification of retail locations and the spatial structure of retail trade have scarcely been examined. Particularly, there have been few studies on the locational classification of retail shops and the components of spatial retail structure. The aim of the present article, therefore, is to examine the classification of the retail locations and the spatial retail structure in the metropolises, making a comparison of Fukuoka City with Sapporo City. Data used in this article are the number of shops which are classi fied into thirty retail groups derived from the Census of Commerce for 1976 (Table 1), and the areal units (statistic units) are based on the census tracts as of 1975. The results are follows. 1. The results of the calculation of localization coefficients for each retail group in bothh cities reveal that every retail group in Sapporo City is a little more localized than in Fukuoka City, but the distributions of the retail groups in both cities show generally similar patterns. and retails groups are roughly classified into four types (Table 2) . The calculation of the specialization coefficient of each retail group by zones (city core area, built-up area, suburbs, and outer zone) in each city (Table 1) suggests that the locational types of retail shops can be classified into three groups and general food retail. As a result of above two analyses in ref erence to the distribution of retail establishments, it has come to be clear that the locational types of the retail groups in both cities are composed of “centripetal retail groups”, “dispersedd retail groups”, “street-oriented retail groups” and “centrifugal retail groups”. The distributionn of “centripetal retail groups” decreases with the distance from the city core area, while “dispersed retail groups” are found uniformly throughout the city. The distribution of “streetoriented retail groups” is concentrated in the area along the main streets in the suburbs and outer zone, and the distribution of “centrifugal retail groups” (supermarkets) increases with. the distance from the city core area. 2. As a result of grouping the retail stores by the R-mode cluster analysis (Figs. 1 and 2) the linkage tree of the retail groups in Fukuoka City is similar to that in Sapporo City, though the termination of clustering in Sapporo City is earlier than in Fukuoka City, and the similarity in distribution between retail groups is more remarkable in Sapporo City than in Fuku oka City. The grouping of the retail stores in both cities is composed of two main groups (sub-cluster) and five isolated groups (motor vehicle retail, bicycle retail including motorcycle and agricultural articles retail, etc.). The two main groups are follows : “centripetal retail groups” (i.e. department store, ladies' and children's dress retail, and glass and ceramics, retail, etc.), and “dispersed retail groups” (i.e. sea food retail, vegetable and fruit retail and hard and kitchen-ware retail, excluding agricultural equipments, etc.). 3. The spatial retail structures in both cities were examined by the use of the factor analysis (principal axis method). As a result, four dominant factors with eigenvalue greater than 1.00 were extracted in Fukuoka City and two in Sapporo City (Table 3). The first and second factors in Fukuoka City are similar to those in Sapporo City, and these two factors which are labelled as “higher central function” and “ubiquitously located function”, respectively are main components which yield the locational differentiation of retail establishments in both cities. On the other hand, however, there are some other retail groups which don't correspond to this factor structure.

Knowledge of the distributional patterns, reproduction, early life history, recruitment, growth, stock-size fluctuations and ecology of the main gadoids of the Barents Sea and neighbouring coastal areas is reviewed. Today, approximately one-third of the annual fish catch of ∼ 3 million tonnes in these waters is gadoid fish, primarily Atlantic cod, haddock and saithe. A comparative analysis of the still limited information on the biology of the large gadoids indicates that differences in life histories and ecological strategies have evolved which tend to minimize inter-gadoid interactions. Intra-specific interactions may be more significant, although the available data do not allow assessment of their regulatory power. The understanding of the gadoids as elements of the Barents Sea food web is also highly limited. Accordingly, it is suggested that future research on gadoids should primarily focus on their relationships with other co-occurring species and on intra-specific regulatory mechanisms. Since selective exploitation by man affects important characteristics of the ecosystem (e.g., diversity and age/size structure of populations), such research may prove essential for a sound management of the resources.

The relationships between the local population of Kawa-Guchi and his natural environment through the subsistence activities, are studied from the ecological point of view with special reference to the age and sex division of labour. In the field researches based on a direct observation method, the activity groups, which are formed with the differentiation of the patterns of activities, are revealed. The age and sex composition of the each activity groups are explained, and time and space exploited by the groups are described. Then, as a total relationships between local population and his natural surroundings, temporal and spatial structure of human ecological system is cleared up. Lastly, it is pointed out that age and sex as the most basic physical and intellectual background of man is one of the factors constructing human ecological system through the distribution of activities on that system.

The results of measurements of medium-lived 103Ru and 106Ru in air-borne particles, fall-out, surface soil, river water, sea-water, foodstuffs, complete diet and human muscle and lungs during 1961-1965 are summarized. Main passage route of 103Ru was found through the fresh leafy vegetables, while 106Ru was supplied by different way, i. e., 77% by plant materials raised on land, 6% by foodstuffs of animal origin and the remainder by seaweed ; the concentration was the highest in the last item. Estimation of lung and body burdens was performed on the basis of observed data for inhalation and ingestion and compared with the result of measurements on human materials obtained from cadavers. The mobility of fall-out ruthenium in the sequence between precipitation and run-off from rivers seemed a little larger than strontium and much larger than cesium, reaching 14% of fresh fall-out to be delivered to the sea. Average concentration factor from sea-water to sea food as a whole was found to be 70 or equivalent daily intake of sea-water to be 7 kg. On this basis, the maximum permissible concentration of 106Ru in sea-water was suggested as 3 × 10-6μCi/ml.

Irradiating the sardine Sardinella melanura (Cuvier) with 15,000 or 23,000 rad from a cobalt source increased the storage life at 1 C in thermoregulated cabinets. During storage the rates of increase in pH, total volatile nitrogen (TVN), tyrosine value (TV), and bacteriological count (BC) were diminished by raising the radiation dose and those for TVN, TV, and BC a so by treatment with chlortetracycline (CTC). The edibility periods, as judged organoleptically, were 4 days for untreated samples, 8 and 11 days for samples irradiated at 13,000 and 23,000 rad, and 12 days for samples treated with CTC. After 8 days' storage the TVN and TV values for samples treated with CTC were lower in relation to the values just after treatment than were those for samples irradiated at either dose. At 8 days, the BC values for samples treated with CTC were 136 times those just after treatment, in comparison with 11 times for the irradiated samples; however, the counts at 8 days were less than half as high for samples treated with CTC as for those irradiated at 23,000 rad.

Tropic jungle life has an influence that decreases stature, and so has Arctic cold and waste. In each there is difficulty in procuring proper food, and discomfort in the extreme. The active life of the temperate zone with its comforts and abundant food supply produces the tallest statures. The greatest extremes of small stature are found among the Negrillos of Central Africa and the Aymaras of Central South America, in the jungles of excessive heat and poor food supply. Next to these come the Eskimos, Lapps and Siberians, with ice and excessive cold and poor food supply. On the other hand, the littoral and southern Baltic regions in Europe, the western part of Asia, eastern Africa, and the plains and pampas of the Americas with their active life, abundant food supply and temperate climate produce the tallest statures. Certain stocks may move into areas for which they are not fitted and remain for a time, and such conditions exist throughout the world to-day where recent movements of peoples have taken place, but ultimately there is a survival of the stock best fitted for the environment, and the unfitted stocks disappear by amalgamation, eradication or dispersal. Sea areas and probably sea food have an influence in reducing stature. The present Mediterranean peoples and the primordial British have small statures and so does Japan, yet they came from taller continental stocks. The Central Americans and Fuegians are smaller than the continental peoples near-by. The Malays and southern Asiaties are smaller than the peoples of the interior of the continent. Other instances might be cited. There is some evidence that the seaboard statures of the United States are less than those of the interior, but other factors enter here. Looked at in its broadest sense, environment molds the individual, selection retains the fittest under different environments, and heredity carries on the results.

The horse conch, Pleuroploca trapezium is a marine gastropod that is landed in huge amount as by-catch along Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India. To make use of this underutilized gastropod meat, ready- to- serve instant soup powder was prepared using this meat with an objective to popularize the meat among local people. This study was intended to find out the best packing material for the long time storage of this soup powder. Instant soup powder was first prepared using non-deodourized meat and packed in LDPE pouches. Since the shell life was poor, another batch of soup powder was prepared using deodourized meat and packed in pouches made of HMHD, PP, 12μ PET laminated with 50μ LDPE, 12μ PET laminated with BOPP, 12μ PET laminated with metallised BOPP. During storage, studies such as relative humidity moisture relationship, wettability were also carried out in addition to shelf life studies. The soup powder stored in laminated pouches had a shelf life of 6 months at room temperature.

Some radioisotopes introduced into the Columbia River via effluent water from reactors at Hanford, Wash., are found in crops irrigated with this water and in sea food harvested near the mouth of the river. Measurements of zinc-65 and chromium-Si in foods and in individuals consuming these foods are reported and are compared with zinc-65 concentrations resulting from fallout.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on pollution. The pollutants of greatest concern in the marine environment are those which are toxic, which persist for long periods of time in the environment, and which reach the environment in large enough quantities to damage the marine ecosystem, challenge public health through exposure or ingestion of sea food or jeopardize amenities. Soluble persistent pollutants are called conservative since their distribution is governed by the same physical processes that control the circulation of the water. Modeling the distribution of such pollutants is within the present state of the art, wherever physical circulation models are available. Other types of pollutants are degradable and change with time as a result of biological, chemical or geological processes. For these, it is necessary to know both the characteristics of the circulation of water and the rate at which the processes that modify the pollutant character are taking place. The costs associated with water pollution control procedures, standards and facilities usually run in millions of dollars. It is vital that the facility meets the water quality objective established in the estuary or coastal receiving waters, since the costs associated with under and over design can be quite large.