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What are the psychological roots of support for populist parties or outfits such as the Tea Party, the Dutch Freedom Party or Germany’s Die Linke? Populist parties have as common denominator that they employ an anti-establishment message, which they combine with some ‘host’ ideology. Building on the congruency model of political preference we expect that a voter’s personality should match with the message and position of her party. We theorize that a low score on the personality trait Agreeableness matches with the anti-establishment message and should predict voting for populist parties. We find evidence for this hypothesis in the United States, the Netherlands and Germany. The relationship between low Agreeableness and voting for populist parties is robust controlling for other personality traits, authoritarianism, socio-demographic characteristics and ideology. Thus, explanations of the success of populism should take personality traits into account.

Following Hirschman, voters who are discontent with the party they voted for have two options: exit the party and vote for another or stay loyal. The inclination to exit or stay loyal is rooted in the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. We test our argument in two panel studies in Denmark and the United Kingdom. We find that citizens open to experience are more likely to switch parties since they are more likely to think about alternatives and take risks. Extroverts identify and commit themselves to organizations and stay loyal in Denmark, but we do not confirm this pattern in the United Kingdom. Our findings demonstrate that electoral volatility is, at least partly, rooted in personality.

The behaviour of protective oxide layers on P122 and its welds and of ODS steel is examined under conditions of fluctuating temperatures and oxygen concentrations to simulate hot spot and loss of oxygen control. P122 steel (12Cr) and its welded joints are exposed to LBE at 550circC for 4000h with oxygen concentrations changing between 10-6 and 10-8wt% every 800h. It is found that like in case of constant oxygen concentration of 10-6wt% a protective spinel layer was maintained on P122 and also on its welded joint. Experiments with fluctuating temperatures from 550circC to 650circC and back every 800h yield satisfying corrosion protection up to 4800h only for the GESA treated ODS steel in LBE with 10-6wt%. Original ODS steel in LBE with 10-6 and 10-8wt% oxygen showed local strong dissolution attack after 4800h in agreement with the behaviour of ODS in LBE with a constant temperature of 650circC. GESA treated ODS steel does not form stable protective alumina layers under condition of fluctuating temperatures in LBE with 10-8wt% oxygen., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA)

This is the fourth report on the compatibility of structural and fuel cladding materials that has to be investigated for a possible advanced heavy metal cooled reactor system. The first three reports considered the behavior of 316FR, P122 and ODS steels during 800, 2,000, 5,000 and 10,000 h in stagnant LBE between 500 and 650 degrees centigrade containing 10 sup-6 wt% of oxygen. This report describes experiments of 800, 2,000 and 5,000 h duration in liquid Pb-Bi containing 10 sup-4 and 10 sup-8 wt% of oxygen for 316FR, P122 and ODS steels at 550 and 650 degrees centigrade. 1. No significant dissolution attack occurred on 316FR and P122 steels at 550 degrees centigrade with 10 sup-4 wt% oxygen in LBE. They have Protective oxide layers at the surface, like in the experiments with 10 sup-6 wt% oxygen. At the high oxygen concentration (10 sup-4 wt%) thick oxide multilayers develop on 316FR instead of thin spinel layers at 10 sup-6 wt%, in both experiments LBE is enclosed in the oxide layer. With 10 sup-8 at% oxygen in LBE, however, there is no protective scale formation but strong dissolution attack (up to 120 um) occurs at the 316FR specimen.At the P122 only very little dissolution attack (, 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA)

This is the third report on the compatibility of structural and fuel cladding materials that has to be investigated for a possible advanced heavy metal cooled reactor system.The first two reports considered the behavior of 316 FR, P122 and ODS steels during 800, 2,000 and 5,000 h in stagnant LBE at 500 - 650circC containing 10-6 wt% of oxygen. This report describes the results of all experiments including that of 10,000 h duration. Martensitic steels perform well at 500 and 550circC up to the maximal exposure time of 10,000 h, while austenites fail after 5,000 h. At temperatures of 600circC and 650circC all of the steels fail the earlier the higher the temperature is. Steels with Al - alloying at the surface by the GESA process withstand corrosion up to the maximal exposure time at all of the applied temperatures if it is ensured that the Al - concentration at the surface is in between 8 - 15 wt%., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA)

This chapter examines the impact of intra-party institutions, electoral and office performance on party leader survival. On the performance side, we find that losing elections and losing government office significantly diminish a leader’s chances to remain in his or her job. Interestingly, there is evidence that suggests that, for both performance indicators, the negative impact of losing is larger than the positive impact of winning. In addition, we demonstrate that inclusive mechanisms of leadership selection and de-selection (i.e. membership votes) reduce the average tenure of party leaders. We also test whether the impact of electoral and office performance varies across selection and de-selection mechanisms, yet we find no evidence that this is the case.

Does changing the leader improve a party’s electoral performance? And does it matter who for electoral performance who selects the leader? We hypothesize that in parties with inclusive selectorates leadership change is beneficial because the competition for the leadership is more open, receives more media attention and provides the means for the new leader to demonstrate her qualities. At the same time, a contest for the leadership position highlights party disunity which may reduce electoral support for the party. Also the effect of leadership change may disappear over time because media attention fades away after the election or because it takes time for the leader to make her mark. Our results demonstrate that after parties changed their leader they enjoy a short-term bump in support measured by opinion polls, especially in parties with an inclusive selectorate. However, parties that changed leader do not do better at the next election.

Capabilities of the KMC-2 beamline at BESSY for spatially resolved X-ray measurements with micro- and nanometer resolution have been reviewed. A combination of experimental methods of X-ray fluorescence analysis and extended X-ray absorption fine spectroscopy with X-ray standing waves technique was applied for the depth profiling ofSi/W/Si layers with sub-nanometer resolution. The investigated layers were placed into the waveguide structure formed by two Au films to increase sensitivity and accuracy of the measurements. In-depth resolution on the order of I nm for the structure measurements has been obtained. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

The Time Differential Perturbed Angular (TDPAC) measurements of nuclear quadrupole interactions (NQIs) at Ta-181 ion probe in the polycrystalline intermetallic alloy gamma-Ni3Al doped with 0.2 at. % Hf were performed in the temperature range 78-1230K, in order to determine the lattice location of Hf atoms in the ordered gamma-Ni3Al structure. The two NQIs obtained are discussed within the present L1(2) cubic structure and a tetragonal distortion of L1(2) to another two DO22 and L6(0) type structures. The first low frequency NQI at the site of the Ta-181 ion-probe after substitution of aluminum for hafnium in DO22 at ambient temperature, is v(Q1)(300 K) = 39(1) MHz with eta(1) = 0. The corresponding high frequency value on the second crystallographic site in L6(0), is v(Q2)(300 K) = 204(14) MHz with eta(2) = 0.47(11). These two NQIs have different temperature behavior. The presence of both DO22 and L6(0) tetragonal distortions of the parent cubic L1(2) lattice, detected after adding 0.2 at. % Hf, are with modulations to the lattice constant (a) with a ratio (c/a), 2.04 and 0.87, respectively. Ab initio calculations of electronic and structural properties and hyperfine parameters at the Ta-181 ion probe of the gamma-Ni3Al-0.2 at. % Hf alloy were performed using the full potential augmented plane wave plus local-orbital (APW+lo) method as implemented in the WIEN2k code. The accuracy of the calculations and comparison with the experimental results enabled us to identify the observed hyperfine interactions and to infer the EFG sign that cannot be measured in conventional TDPAC measurements. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.