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201. The influence of particle size on the flow of initially fluidized powders

Author

Mark A Gilbertson, Olivier Roche, R. S. J. Sparks, Jeremy C. Phillips, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), and Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemistry, General Chemical Engineering, Flow (psychology), Mineralogy, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Volumetric flow rate, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Particle size, Fluidization, Current (fluid), Composite material, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

When particles are allowed to move over a horizontal surface, the effect of gas flow through them is to increase the distance over which they move, termed their mobility. This has already been shown for cases when gas is continuously passed through a current of particles, but this investigation shows that this is also true when the gas flow is only initially present. Experiments were conducted on a column of fluidised particles that were released into an enclosed channel by the removal of a wall, and the distance travelled by the particles was measured. The behaviour of fine particles (group A in the Geldart classification of fluidised particles) was distinct from that of larger particles. The mobility was modified when they were mixtures of different-sized particles. In particular, when there was no gas flow, the mobility was a maximum when the proportion of fine particles was 30% and the magnitude of this effect increased with the size of the coarser component of the mixture. All the different mixtures of particles acted in a similar manner with increasing mobility for a given gas flow rate with proportion of fine particles until roughly half the mixture was composed of fine particles, and there was then no further increase.

Published
2006

202. Submarine pyroclastic deposits formed at the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat (1995–2003): What happens when pyroclastic flows enter the ocean?

Author

Georges Boudon, Lawrence A. Amy, Jean-Christophe Komorowski, E.J. Lock, Nicolas Fournier, Emma E.H. Doyle, Peter J. Talling, R. S. J. Sparks, Malcolm B. Hart, G. Ryan, Jessica Trofimovs, A. Le Friant, Carol J. Pudsey, Christine Deplus, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], and University of Bristol [Bristol]

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Turbidity current, Montserrat, submarine pyroclastic flow, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Dome, Geochemistry, Pyroclastic rock, Geology, Soufrière Hills volcano, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Turbidite, dome collapse, Water column, Volcano, Pyroclastic surge, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, 14. Life underwater, Pyroclastic fall, Geomorphology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, West Indies, has undergone a series of dome growth and collapse events since the eruption began in 1995. Over 90% of the pyroclastic material produced has been deposited into the ocean. Sampling of these submarine deposits reveals that the pyroclastic flows mix rapidly and violently with the water as they enter the sea. The coarse components (pebbles to boulders) are deposited proximally from dense basal slurries to form steep-sided, near-linear ridges that intercalate to form a submarine fan. The finer ash-grade components are mixed into the overlying water column to form turbidity currents that flow over distances >30 km from the source. The total volume of pyroclastic material off the east coast of Montserrat exceeds 280 × 106 m3, with 65% deposited in proximal lobes and 35% deposited as distal turbidites.

Published
2006

203. Climate change threats to plant diversity in europe

Author

Sandra Lavorel, Miguel B. Araújo, Wilfried Thuiller, Martin T. Sykes, Iain Colin Prentice, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Climate Change Research Group, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora [Portugal], Biodiversity Research Group, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Geobiosphere Science Centre, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund]-Lund University [Lund], School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), School of Geography and the Environment [Oxford] (SoGE), and University of Oxford [Oxford]-University of Oxford [Oxford]

Subjects
Greenhouse Effect, 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Rain, Population Dynamics, Species distribution, Biodiversity, Climate change, species turnover, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, IUCN Red List, niche-based model, Greenhouse effect, Plant Physiological Phenomena, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Multidisciplinary, Extinction, Ecology, Temperature, Biological Sciences, 15. Life on land, Europe, Geography, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change storylines, 13. Climate action, species extinction, Threatened species, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Climate change has already triggered species distribution shifts in many parts of the world. Increasing impacts are expected for the future, yet few studies have aimed for a general understanding of the regional basis for species vulnerability. We projected late 21st century distributions for 1,350 European plants species under seven climate change scenarios. Application of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List criteria to our projections shows that many European plant species could become severely threatened. More than half of the species we studied could be vulnerable or threatened by 2080. Expected species loss and turnover per pixel proved to be highly variable across scenarios (27-42% and 45-63% respectively, averaged over Europe) and across regions (2.5-86% and 17-86%, averaged over scenarios). Modeled species loss and turnover were found to depend strongly on the degree of change in just two climate variables describing temperature and moisture conditions. Despite the coarse scale of the analysis, species from mountains could be seen to be disproportionably sensitive to climate change (approximate to 60% species loss). The boreal region was projected to lose few species, although gaining many others from immigration. The greatest changes are expected in the transition between the Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian regions. We found that risks of extinction for European plants may be large, even in moderate scenarios of climate change and despite inter-model variability.

Published
2005

204. First Clarkforkian Equivalent Land Mammal Age in the Latest Paleocene Basal Sparnacian Facies of Europe: Fauna, Flora, Paleoenvironment and (Bio)stratigraphy

Author

Emile Roche, Eric De Bast, Anaïs Boura, Cyril Gagnaison, François Maubert, Romain Thomas, Dario De Franceschi, Johan Yans, Gaël De Ploëg, Floréal Solé, Judicaël Prieur, Thierry Smith, Haiyan Tong, Annelise Folie, Julien Claude, Grégoire Métais, Eric Buffetaut, Alina I. Iakovleva, Florence Quesnel, Christian Dupuis, Jeremy E. Martin, Jean-Yves Storme, Direction Ope'rationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (IRSNB), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Permanent d'Initiatives pour l'Environnement des Pays de l'Oise, Centre de recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ge'ologie GFA, Faculté polytechnique de Mons, Université de Mons (UMons)-Université de Mons (UMons), Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais, Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lafarge Granulats Seine Nord, Lafarge France [Groupe Holcim], Département de Géologie, Université de Liège, Palaeontological Research and Education Centre, Mahasarakham University, Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lafarge, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)

Subjects
Geologic Sediments, Anatomy and Physiology, Marine and Aquatic Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Comparative Anatomy, Phylogeny, Mammals, Carbon Isotopes, Multidisciplinary, biology, Fossils, Ecology, Fishes, Biostratigraphy, Plants, Biological Evolution, Europe, Mammalogy, Biogeography, Taphonomy, Plesiadapis, Medicine, Marine Geology, Research Article, Champsosaurus, 010506 paleontology, Science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, North American land mammal age, Vertebrate Paleontology, Amphibians, Birds, Paleontology, Macroflora, Animals, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Biology, Paleozoology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Palynology, Arctocyon, Reptiles, biology.organism_classification, Earth Sciences, Sediment, Mammal, Paleoecology, Paleobiology, Zoology
Abstract

International audience; The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is correlated with the first occurrences of earliest modern mammals in the Northern Hemisphere. The latest Paleocene Clarkforkian North American Land Mammal Age, that has yielded rodents and carnivorans, is the only exception to this rule. However, until now no pre-PETM localities have yielded modern mammals in Europe or Asia. We report the first Clarkforkian equivalent Land Mammal Age in the latest Paleocene deposits of the basal Sparnacian facies at Rivecourt, in the north-central part of the Paris Basin. The new terrestrial vertebrate and macroflora assemblages are analyzed through a multidisciplinary study including sedimentologic, stratigraphic, isotopic, and palynological aspects in order to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and to evaluate biochronologic and paleogeographic implications. The mammals are moderately diverse and not abundant, contrary to turtles and champsosaurs. The macroflora is exceptional in preservation and diversity with numerous angiosperms represented by flowers, fruits, seeds and wood preserved as lignite material, revealing an abundance of Arecaceae, Betulaceae, Icacinaceae, Menispermaceae, Vitaceae and probably Cornaceae. Results indicate a Late Paleocene age based on carbon isotope data, palynology and vertebrate occurrences such as the choristoderan Champsosaurus, the arctocyonid Arctocyon, and the plesiadapid Plesiadapis tricuspidens. However, several mammal species compare better with the earliest Eocene. Among these, the particular louisinid Teilhardimys musculus, also recorded from the latest Paleocene of the Spanish Pyrenees, suggests a younger age than the typical MP6 reference level. Nevertheless, the most important aspect of the Rivecourt fauna is the presence of dental remains of a rodent and a ''miacid'' carnivoran, attesting to the presence of two modern mammalian orders in the latest Paleocene of Europe. Interestingly, these two groups are also the only modern groups recorded from the latest Paleocene of North America, making Rivecourt the first direct equivalent to the Clarkforkian Land Mammal Age outside of North America.

Published
2014

205. Rapid Evolution of microRNA Loci in the Brown Algae

Author

Cock, J. Mark, Liu, Fuli, Duan, Delin, Bourdareau, Simon, Lipinska, Agnieszka P., Coelho, Susana M., Tarver, James E., Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins (LBI2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Genome, microRNA, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Genomics, Ectocarpus, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, Phaeophyta, brown algae, heterokonts, Evolution, Molecular, MicroRNAs, Chlorophyta, Saccharina japonica, stramenopiles, Research Article
Abstract

International audience; Stringent searches for microRNAs (miRNAs) have so far only identified these molecules in animals, land plants, chlorophyte green algae, slime molds and brown algae. The identification of miRNAs in brown algae was based on the analysis of a single species, the filamentous brown alga Ectocarpus sp. Here, we have used deep sequencing of small RNAs and a recently published genome sequence to identify miRNAs in a second brown alga, the kelp Saccharina japonica. S. japonica possesses a large number of miRNAs (117) and these miRNAs are highly diverse, falling into 98 different families. Surprisingly, none of the S. japonica miRNAs share significant sequence similarity with the Ectocarpus sp. miRNAs. However, the miRNA repertoires of the two species share a number of structural and genomic features indicating that they were generated by similar evolutionary processes and therefore probably evolved within the context of a common, ancestral miRNA system. This lack of sequence similarity suggests that miRNAs evolve rapidly in the brown algae (the two species are separated by ~95 Myr of evolution). The sets of predicted targets of miRNAs in the two species were also very different suggesting that the divergence of the miRNAs may have had significant consequences for miRNA function.

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206. Development of chemical and topological structure in aluminosilicate liquids and glasses at high pressure

Author

Charlotte J.L. de Grouchy, Chrystèle Sanloup, Gaston Garbarino, Louis Hennet, Sandro Jahn, James W E Drewitt, SUPA, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (iSTeP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Aluminate, Thermodynamics, Mineralogy, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Hard spheres, engineering.material, Condensed Matter Physics, Anorthite, Ion, chemistry.chemical_compound, Molecular dynamics, chemistry, Aluminosilicate, Polarizability, engineering, Topological order, General Materials Science
Abstract

International audience; The high pressure structure of liquid and glassy anorthite (CaAl(2)Si(2)O(8)) and calcium aluminate (CaAl(2)O(4)) glass was measured by using in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell up to 32.4(2) GPa. The results, combined with ab initio molecular dynamics and classical molecular dynamics simulations using a polarizable ion model, reveal a continuous increase in Al coordination by oxygen, with 5-fold coordinated Al dominating at 15 GPa and a preponderance of 6-fold coordinated Al at higher pressures. The development of a peak in the measured total structure factors at 3.1 Å(-1) is interpreted as a signature of changes in topological order. During compression, cation-centred polyhedra develop edge- and face- sharing networks. Above 10 GPa, following the pressure-induced breakdown of the network structure, the anions adopt a structure similar to a random close packing of hard spheres.

207. Atmospheric Science with InSight

Author

Mark T. Lemmon, Sébastien Le Maistre, Matthew P. Golombek, Tanguy Bertrand, Yasuhiro Nishikawa, L. Martire, Antoine Mocquet, Naomi Murdoch, Özgür Karatekin, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, Philippe Lognonné, David Mimoun, Véronique Dehant, Bart Van Hove, Don Banfield, Balthasar Kenda, José Antonio Rodríguez Manfredi, William B. Banerdt, Nicholas A Teanby, Aymeric Spiga, Raphaël F. Garcia, Sebastien Rodriguez, Roland Martin, John Clinton, Ralph D. Lorenz, Quentin Brissaud, François Forget, Suzanne E. Smrekar, Eléonore Stutzmann, Ehouarn Millour, Taichi Kawamura, Eric Beucler, Lucie Rolland, Ingrid Daubar, Tilman Spohn, Nils Mueller, Antoine Lucas, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Cornell University [New York], University of Bristol [Bristol], Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Texas A&M University [College Station], Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Ames Research Center Cooperative for Research in Earth Science in Technology (ARC-CREST), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Cornell University, School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [College Station], Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR6112 (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Advanced CERamics Deposition (ACERDE), Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-ACERDE, Swiss Seismological Service, DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate

Subjects
[SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planetary boundary layer, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mars, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Autre, Saltation (geology), 0103 physical sciences, Atmospheric science, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Dust devil, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, InSight, Radiometer, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Atmosphere of Mars, Mars Exploration Program, Pressure sensor, Planetary science, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Atmosphäre, Geology, Planetary atmospheres
Abstract

International audience; In November 2018, for the first time a dedicated geophysical station, the InSight lander, will be deployed on the surface of Mars. Along with the two main geophysical packages, the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) and the Heat-Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3), the InSight lander holds a highly sensitive pressure sensor (PS) and the Temperature and Winds for InSight (TWINS) instrument, both of which (along with the InSight FluxGate (IFG) Magnetometer) form the Auxiliary Sensor Payload Suite (APSS). Associated with the RADiometer (RAD) instrument which will measure the surface brightness temperature, and the Instrument Deployment Camera (IDC) which will be used to quantify atmospheric opacity, this will make InSight capable to act as a meteorological station at the surface of Mars. While probing the internal structure of Mars is the primary scientific goal of the mission, atmospheric science remains a key science objective for InSight. InSight has the potential to provide a more continuous and higher-frequency record of pressure, air temperature and winds at the surface of Mars than previous in situ missions. In the paper, key results from multiscale meteorological modeling, from Global Climate Models to Large-Eddy Simulations, are described as a reference for future studies based on the InSight measurements during operations. We summarize the capabilities of InSight for atmospheric observations, from profiling during Entry, Descent and Landing to surface measurements (pressure, temperature, winds, angular momentum), and the plans for how InSight’s sensors will be used during operations, as well as possible synergies with orbital observations. In a dedicated section, we describe the seismic impact of atmospheric phenomena (from the point of view of both “noise” to be decorrelated from the seismic signal and “signal” to provide information on atmospheric processes). We discuss in this framework Planetary Boundary Layer turbulence, with a focus on convective vortices and dust devils, gravity waves (with idealized modeling), and large-scale circulations. Our paper also presents possible new, exploratory, studies with the InSight instrumentation: surface layer scaling and exploration of the Monin-Obukhov model, aeolian surface changes and saltation / lifing studies, and monitoring of secular pressure changes. The InSight mission will be instrumental in broadening the knowledge of the Martian atmosphere, with a unique set of measurements from the surface of Mars.

208. Light particle probes of expansion and temperature evolution: Coalescence model analyses of heavy ion collisions at 47A MeV

Author

Z. Majka, R. Alfaro, P. Staszel, WQ（沈文庆） Shen, J. Cibor, B. Xiao, M. Lunardon, R. Wada, J. B. Natowitz, K. Hagel, N. Marie, M. Murray, T. Keutgen, Aldo Bonasera, Y. Zhao, J. Li, B. A. Li, Cyclotron institute, Cyclotron Institute, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], and Guesnon, Sandrine

Subjects
Coalescence (physics), Nuclear reaction, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Projectile, [PHYS.NEXP] Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Nuclear Theory, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Charged particle, 25.70.Mn, 24.10.Lx, Excited state, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Nucleon, Nuclear Experiment, Excitation
Abstract

The reactions C-12 + Sn-116, Ne-22 + Ag, Ar-40 + Mo-100, and Zn-64 + Y-89 have been studied at 47A MeV projectile energy. For these reactions the most violent collisions lend to increasing amounts of fragment and light particle emission as the projectile mass increases. This is consistent with quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) model simulations of the collisions. Moving source fits to the light charged particle data have been used to gain a global view of the evolution of the particle emission,Comparisons of the multiplicities and spectra of light charged particles emitted in the reactions with the four different projectiles indicate a common emission mechanism for early emitted ejectiles even though the deposited excitation energies differ greatly. The spectra for such ejectiles can be characterized as emission in the nucleon-nucleon frame. Evidence that the He-3 yield is dominated by this type of emission and the role of the collision dynamics in determining the H-3/He-3 yield ratio are discussed. Self-consistent coalescence model analyses are applied to the light cluster yields, in an attempt to probe emitter source sizes and to follow the evolution of the temperatures and densities from the time of first particle emission to equilibration. These analyses exploit correlations between ejectile energy and emission time, suggested by the QMD calculations. In this analysis the degree of expansion of the emitting system is found to increase with increasing projectile mass. The double isotope yield ratio temperature drops as the system expands. Average densities as low as 0.36 rho(0) are reached at a time near 100 fm/c after contact. Calorimetric methods were used to derive the mass and excitation energy of the excited nuclei which are present after preequilibrium emission. The derived masses range from 102 to 116 u and the derived excitation energies increase from 2.6 to 6.9 MeV/nucleon with increasing projectile mass. A caloric curve is derived for these expanded A similar to 110 nuclei. This caloric curve exhibits a plateau at temperatures near 7 MeV. The plateau extends from similar to 3.5 to 6.9 MeV/nucleon excitation energy.

209. Predictability of biomass burning in response to climate changes

Author

T I Harrison-Prentice, Janelle Stevenson, Sandy P. Harrison, Colin J. Long, Jennifer R. Marlon, Hermann Behling, Lydie M Dupont, Scott Mooney, Douglas J. Hallett, Elin Norström, Christopher Carcaillet, Fumitaka Katamura, Natasha L. Williams, K. J. Brown, Frank H. Neumann, Hikaru Takahara, John Dodson, Sergey K. Krivonogov, Patrick J. Bartlein, Willy Tinner, C. Paitre, Florian Thevenon, G.M. Mckenzie, Donna D'Costa, M.P. Black, Aurélie Genries, Patricio I. Moreno, Iain Colin Prentice, Mitchell J. Power, Zewdu Eshetu, Geoffrey Hope, Patrick Moss, Lisa M. Kennedy, Elena Marinova, Simon Haberle, Megan K. Walsh, T.G. Kassa, Verushka Valsecchi, Sally P. Horn, Pierre Friedlingstein, Neil Roberts, Louis Scott, Valery T. Terwilliger, Daniel G. Gavin, Eric A. Colhoun, Rebecca Turner, Kenji Izumi, Peter Kershaw, Juliana Atanassova, Guy Robinson, Basil A. S. Davis, Maja Andrič, Yunlin Zhang, Donatella Magri, Naoko Sasaki, Anne-Laure Daniau, Olivier Blarquez, Scott Brewer, Damien Rius, Jun Inoue, Boris Vannière, Daniele Colombaroli, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol [Bristol], Department of Geography, University of Oregon [Eugene], School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], Grantham Institute for Climate Change and Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Botany Department, University of Wyoming ( UW ), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] ( EMPS ), University of Exeter, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Newton St. Cyres, Osaka University [Osaka], University of Wisconsin-Madison [Madison], School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences ( UNSW - BEES ), University of New South Wales [Sydney] ( UNSW ), Utah Museum of Natural History, Department of Geography, University of Utah, University of Utah, Department of Archaeology and Natural History, Australian National University ( ANU ), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research ( OCCR ), University of Bern, Institute of Archaeology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Department of Botany, Sofia University 'Sv. Kliment Ohridski', Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Inst. for Plant Sciences, Centre de Bio-Archéologie et d'Ecologie ( CBAE ), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques ( UM2 ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, British Columbia, Paléoenvironnement et chronoécologie UMR 5059-CNRS/Montpellier II/EPHE ( PALECO ), École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ), School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Institute of Environment, Science and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University [Clayton], Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, MARUM, Universität Bremen Postfach, Department of Paleoanthropology and Paleoenvironment, University of Addis Ababa, Department of Archaeology and Natural History ( RSPS ), Biogeoscience Institute, University of Calgary, The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Seminar of Geography and Education, University of Cologne, Tokushu Kosho Gijutsu Inc, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, United Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineralogy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences ( SB RAS ), Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity and Department of Ecological Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Department of Planning and Environmental Management, School of Geography, The University of Queensland, Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontology, University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] ( WITS ), Forschungsstelle für Paläobotanik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster ( WWU ), Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Département de Géographie et Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Geography, University of Plymouth, Department of Natural Sciences, Fordham College at Lincoln Center, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State [South Africa], Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 ( ISTO ), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) ( BRGM ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Kansas [Lawrence] ( KU ), Forel Institute, University of Geneva [Switzerland], Pedagogic Research Institute and Observatory, University of Plymouth, Central Washington University, Natural Resources Policy Section, NSW Department of Premier and Cabinet, Institute of Botany, State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] ( CAS ), School of Geographical Sciences [Bristol], University of Wyoming (UW), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Sydney] (BEES), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Australian National University (ANU), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski', Centre de Bio-Archéologie et d'Ecologie (CBAE), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paléoenvironnement et chronoécologie UMR 5059-CNRS/Montpellier II/EPHE (PALECO), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARUM), Universität Bremen, Addis Ababa University (AAU), Department of Archaeology and Natural History (RSPS), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster = University of Münster (WWU), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Plymouth] (SoGEES), Plymouth University, Fordham University [New York], Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), University of the Free State [South Africa] (UFS), Kyoto Prefectural University (KPU), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Kansas [Lawrence] (KU), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)

Subjects
biomass burning, 010506 paleontology, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, temperature changes, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, deglaciation, 01 natural sciences, sedimentary charcoal records, ddc:550, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Environmental Chemistry, Predictability, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Biomass burning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Fire regime, Moisture, Holocene, Global warming, 15. Life on land, Sedimentary charcoal, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, [ SDU.STU.CL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, climate controls on fire, holocene
Abstract

Climate is an important control on biomass burning, but the sensitivity of fire to changes in temperature and moisture balance has not been quantified. We analyze sedimentary charcoal records to show that the changes in fire regime over the past 21,000 yrs are predictable from changes in regional climates. Analyses of paleo- fire data show that fire increases monotonically with changes in temperature and peaks at intermediate moisture levels, and that temperature is quantitatively the most important driver of changes in biomass burning over the past 21,000 yrs. Given that a similar relationship between climate drivers and fire emerges from analyses of the interannual variability in biomass burning shown by remote-sensing observations of month-by-month burnt area between 1996 and 2008, our results signal a serious cause for concern in the face of continuing global warming. ispartof: Global Biogeochemical Cycles vol:26 issue:4 status: published

210. A Late Devonian coelacanth reconfigures actinistian phylogeny, disparity, and evolutionary dynamics.

Author

Clement AM, Cloutier R, Lee MSY, King B, Vanhaesebroucke O, Bradshaw CJA, Dutel H, Trinajstic K, and Long JA

Subjects
Animals, Western Australia, Phylogeny, Fossils, Biological Evolution, Fishes anatomy & histology, Fishes classification, Fishes genetics
Abstract

The living coelacanth Latimeria (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) is an iconic, so-called 'living fossil' within one of the most apparently morphologically conservative vertebrate groups. We describe a new, 3-D preserved coelacanth from the Late Devonian Gogo Formation in Western Australia. We assemble a comprehensive analysis of the group to assess the phylogeny, evolutionary rates, and morphological disparity of all coelacanths. We reveal a major shift in morphological disparity between Devonian and post-Devonian coelacanths. The newly described fossil fish fills a critical transitional stage in coelacanth disparity and evolution. Since the mid-Cretaceous, discrete character changes (representing major morphological innovations) have essentially ceased, while meristic and continuous characters have continued to evolve within coelacanths. Considering a range of putative environmental drivers, tectonic activity best explains variation in the rates of coelacanth evolution., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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212. Author Correction: Evidence for a Fe 3+ -rich pyrolitic lower mantle from (Al,Fe)-bearing bridgmanite elasticity data.

Author

Kurnosov A, Marquardt H, Frost DJ, Ballaran TB, and Ziberna L

Abstract

In Extended Data Table 1 of this Letter, some of the elastic constants were reported incorrectly. This occurred as a result of an error in the script used to generate the numbers. The values of the elastic constants at room pressure cited in the manuscript on page 544 were derived using the same erroneous script, and the correct values and 1σ-uncertainties in the last given digit are C11 = 461.3(17) GPa instead of 462.7(17) GPa; C22 = 509.7(26) GPa instead of 504.9(26) GPa; C33 = 425.7(5) GPa instead of 426.6(5) GPa; C44 = 188.8(6) GPa instead of 188.4(6) GPa; C55 = 166.5(4) GPa instead of 166.6(4) GPa; C66 = 127.2(17) GPa instead of 129.7(17) GPa; C12 = 141.7(14) GPa instead of 140.2(14) GPa; C13 = 130.0(11) GPa instead of 132.2(11) GPa; and C23 = 161.0(12) GPa instead of 159.3(12) GPa. These errors do not affect any of the conclusions and we apologize for any confusion this may have caused. Extended Data Table 1 and the room-pressure values in the text have been corrected online. The Supplementary Information of this Author Correction contains the original, incorrect Extended Data Table 1, for transparency.

Published
2018
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213. Mixed evidence for early bursts of morphological evolution in extant clades.

Author

Puttick MN

Subjects
Animals, Computer Simulation, Biological Evolution, Models, Genetic
Abstract

Macroevolutionary theory predicts high rates of evolution should occur early in a clade's history as species exploit ecological opportunity. Evidence from the fossil record has shown a high prevalence of early bursts in morphological evolution, but recent work has provided little evidence for early high rates in the evolution of extant clades. Here, I test the prevalence of early bursts in extant data using phylogenetic comparative methods. Existing models are extended to allow a shift from a background Brownian motion (BM) process to an early burst process within subclades of phylogenies, rather than an early burst being applied to an entire phylogenetic tree. This nested early burst model is compared to other modes of evolution that can occur within subclades, such as evolution with a constraint (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model) and nested BM rate shift models. These relaxed models are validated using simulations and then are applied to body size evolution of three major clades of amniotes (mammals, squamates and aves) at different levels of taxonomic organization (order, family). Applying these unconstrained models greatly increases the support for early bursts within nested subclades, and so early bursts are the most common model of evolution when only one shift is analysed. However, the relative fit of early burst models is worse than models that allow for multiple shifts of the BM or OU process. No single-shift or homogenous model is superior to models of multiple shifts in BM or OU evolution, but the patterns shown by these multirate models are generally congruent with patterns expected from early bursts., (© 2017 The Author. Journal of Evolutionary Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society for Evolutionary Biology.)

Published
2018
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214. Species replacement dominates megabenthos beta diversity in a remote seamount setting.

Author

Victorero L, Robert K, Robinson LF, Taylor ML, and Huvenne VAI

Subjects
Oceans and Seas, Biodiversity, Biomass, Models, Biological
Abstract

Seamounts are proposed to be hotspots of deep-sea biodiversity, a pattern potentially arising from increased productivity in a heterogeneous landscape leading to either high species co-existence or species turnover (beta diversity). However, studies on individual seamounts remain rare, hindering our understanding of the underlying causes of local changes in beta diversity. Here, we investigated processes behind beta diversity using ROV video, coupled with oceanographic and quantitative terrain parameters, over a depth gradient in Annan Seamount, Equatorial Atlantic. By applying recently developed beta diversity analyses, we identified ecologically unique sites and distinguished between two beta diversity processes: species replacement and changes in species richness. The total beta diversity was high with an index of 0.92 out of 1 and was dominated by species replacement (68%). Species replacement was affected by depth-related variables, including temperature and water mass in addition to the aspect and local elevation of the seabed. In contrast, changes in species richness component were affected only by the water mass. Water mass, along with substrate also affected differences in species abundance. This study identified, for the first time on seamount megabenthos, the different beta diversity components and drivers, which can contribute towards understanding and protecting regional deep-sea biodiversity.

Published
2018
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215. A baseline survey of dissolved methane in aquifers of Great Britain.

Author

Bell RA, Darling WG, Ward RS, Basava-Reddi L, Halwa L, Manamsa K, and Ó Dochartaigh BE

Abstract

Interest in dissolved methane (CH 4 ) concentrations in aquifers in England, Scotland and Wales ('Great Britain' or GB) has grown concurrently with interest in the exploitation of unconventional gas sources (UGS). Experience, mainly from North America, has shown the importance of a pre-production baseline against which changes possibly due to UGS extraction can be compared. The British Geological Survey, aided by water utilities, private users and regulators, has compiled a unique dataset for CH 4 in groundwaters of GB. This focuses principally on areas where UGS exploration is considered more likely, as indicated by the underlying geology. All the main water supply aquifers (Principal aquifers) were targeted, plus Secondary aquifers where locally important. The average dissolved CH 4 concentration across GB in the aquifers sampled was 45μg/l. Out of a total of 343 sites, 96% showed dissolved CH 4 concentrations <100μg/l, 80% <10μg/l, and 43%<1μg/l. No site had a CH 4 concentration above the US Department of the Interior suggested risk action level of 10,000μg/l. While most sites were sampled only once, a subset was monitored quarterly to determine the magnitude of seasonal or other variations. Generally these variations were minor, with 84% of sites showing variations within the range 0.5-37μg/l, but some aquifers where the porosity was primarily fracture-related showed larger changes (0.5-264μg/l). This may have been due to the nature of sampling at these sites which, unlike the others, did not have installed pumps. Since the regulatory compliance monitoring attending UGS operations will include the measurement of parameters such as dissolved CH 4 , it is essential that sampling methods are tested to ensure that reliable and comparable datasets can be obtained., (Copyright © 2017 BGS ? NERC, British Geological Survey, a component Institute of NERC. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2017
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216. Evidence for a Fe 3+ -rich pyrolitic lower mantle from (Al,Fe)-bearing bridgmanite elasticity data.

Author

Kurnosov A, Marquardt H, Frost DJ, Ballaran TB, and Ziberna L

Abstract

The chemical composition of Earth's lower mantle can be constrained by combining seismological observations with mineral physics elasticity measurements. However, the lack of laboratory data for Earth's most abundant mineral, (Mg,Fe,Al)(Al,Fe,Si)O 3 bridgmanite (also known as silicate perovskite), has hampered any conclusive result. Here we report single-crystal elasticity data on (Al,Fe)-bearing bridgmanite (Mg 0.9 Fe 0.1 Si 0.9 Al 0.1 )O 3 measured using high-pressure Brillouin spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Our measurements show that the elastic behaviour of (Al,Fe)-bearing bridgmanite is markedly different from the behaviour of the MgSiO 3 endmember. We use our data to model seismic wave velocities in the top portion of the lower mantle, assuming a pyrolitic mantle composition and accounting for depth-dependent changes in iron partitioning between bridgmanite and ferropericlase. We find excellent agreement between our mineral physics predictions and the seismic Preliminary Reference Earth Model down to at least 1,200 kilometres depth, indicating chemical homogeneity of the upper and shallow lower mantle. A high Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ ratio of about two in shallow-lower-mantle bridgmanite is required to match seismic data, implying the presence of metallic iron in an isochemical mantle. Our calculated velocities are in increasingly poor agreement with those of the lower mantle at depths greater than 1,200 kilometres, indicating either a change in bridgmanite cation ordering or a decrease in the ferric iron content of the lower mantle.

Published
2017
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217. Changing atmospheric CO2 concentration was the primary driver of early Cenozoic climate.

Author

Anagnostou E, John EH, Edgar KM, Foster GL, Ridgwell A, Inglis GN, Pancost RD, Lunt DJ, and Pearson PN

Subjects
Boron analysis, Boron chemistry, Foraminifera chemistry, Geologic Sediments chemistry, History, Ancient, Ice Cover chemistry, Indian Ocean, Isotopes analysis, Isotopes chemistry, Plankton chemistry, Tanzania, Temperature, Atmosphere chemistry, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Climate
Abstract

The Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO, which occurred about 51 to 53 million years ago), was the warmest interval of the past 65 million years, with mean annual surface air temperature over ten degrees Celsius warmer than during the pre-industrial period. Subsequent global cooling in the middle and late Eocene epoch, especially at high latitudes, eventually led to continental ice sheet development in Antarctica in the early Oligocene epoch (about 33.6 million years ago). However, existing estimates place atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels during the Eocene at 500-3,000 parts per million, and in the absence of tighter constraints carbon-climate interactions over this interval remain uncertain. Here we use recent analytical and methodological developments to generate a new high-fidelity record of CO2 concentrations using the boron isotope (δ(11)B) composition of well preserved planktonic foraminifera from the Tanzania Drilling Project, revising previous estimates. Although species-level uncertainties make absolute values difficult to constrain, CO2 concentrations during the EECO were around 1,400 parts per million. The relative decline in CO2 concentration through the Eocene is more robustly constrained at about fifty per cent, with a further decline into the Oligocene. Provided the latitudinal dependency of sea surface temperature change for a given climate forcing in the Eocene was similar to that of the late Quaternary period, this CO2 decline was sufficient to drive the well documented high- and low-latitude cooling that occurred through the Eocene. Once the change in global temperature between the pre-industrial period and the Eocene caused by the action of all known slow feedbacks (apart from those associated with the carbon cycle) is removed, both the EECO and the late Eocene exhibit an equilibrium climate sensitivity relative to the pre-industrial period of 2.1 to 4.6 degrees Celsius per CO2 doubling (66 per cent confidence), which is similar to the canonical range (1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius), indicating that a large fraction of the warmth of the early Eocene greenhouse was driven by increased CO2 concentrations, and that climate sensitivity was relatively constant throughout this period.

Published
2016
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218. Selenium isotope evidence for progressive oxidation of the Neoproterozoic biosphere.

Author

Pogge von Strandmann PA, Stüeken EE, Elliott T, Poulton SW, Dehler CM, Canfield DE, and Catling DC

Subjects
Earth, Planet, Geologic Sediments analysis, Isotopes, Oxidation-Reduction, Selenium analysis, Atmosphere, Geologic Sediments chemistry, Oxygen, Seawater, Selenium chemistry
Abstract

Neoproterozoic (1,000-542 Myr ago) Earth experienced profound environmental change, including 'snowball' glaciations, oxygenation and the appearance of animals. However, an integrated understanding of these events remains elusive, partly because proxies that track subtle oceanic or atmospheric redox trends are lacking. Here we utilize selenium (Se) isotopes as a tracer of Earth redox conditions. We find temporal trends towards lower δ(82/76)Se values in shales before and after all Neoproterozoic glaciations, which we interpret as incomplete reduction of Se oxyanions. Trends suggest that deep-ocean Se oxyanion concentrations increased because of progressive atmospheric and deep-ocean oxidation. Immediately after the Marinoan glaciation, higher δ(82/76)Se values superpose the general decline. This may indicate less oxic conditions with lower availability of oxyanions or increased bioproductivity along continental margins that captured heavy seawater δ(82/76)Se into buried organics. Overall, increased ocean oxidation and atmospheric O2 extended over at least 100 million years, setting the stage for early animal evolution.

Published
2015
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219. The contribution of trees to ecosystem methane emissions in a temperate forested wetland.

Author

Pangala SR, Hornibrook ERC, Gowing DJ, and Gauci V

Abstract

Wetland-adapted trees are known to transport soil-produced methane (CH 4 ), an important greenhouse gas to the atmosphere, yet seasonal variations and controls on the magnitude of tree-mediated CH 4 emissions remain unknown for mature forests. We examined the spatial and temporal variability in stem CH 4 emissions in situ and their controls in two wetland-adapted tree species (Alnus glutinosa and Betula pubescens) located in a temperate forested wetland. Soil and herbaceous plant-mediated CH 4 emissions from hollows and hummocks also were measured, thus enabling an estimate of contributions from each pathway to total ecosystem flux. Stem CH 4 emissions varied significantly between the two tree species, with Alnus glutinosa displaying minimal seasonal variations, while substantial seasonal variations were observed in Betula pubescens. Trees from each species emitted similar quantities of CH 4 from their stems regardless of whether they were situated in hollows or hummocks. Soil temperature and pore-water CH 4 concentrations best explained annual variability in stem emissions, while wood-specific density and pore-water CH 4 concentrations best accounted for between-species variations in stem CH 4 emission. Our study demonstrates that tree-mediated CH 4 emissions contribute up to 27% of seasonal ecosystem CH 4 flux in temperate forested wetland, with the largest relative contributions occurring in spring and winter. Tree-mediated CH 4 emissions currently are not included in trace gas budgets of forested wetland. Further work is required to quantify and integrate this transport pathway into CH 4 inventories and process-based models., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2015
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220. Controls on methane emissions from Alnus glutinosa saplings.

Author

Pangala SR, Gowing DJ, Hornibrook ERC, and Gauci V

Subjects
Groundwater, Plant Stems chemistry, Volatilization, Wetlands, Alnus chemistry, Methane analysis, Trees chemistry
Abstract

Recent studies have confirmed significant tree-mediated methane emissions in wetlands; however, conditions and processes controlling such emissions are unclear. Here we identify factors that control the emission of methane from Alnus glutinosa. Methane fluxes from the soil surface, tree stem surfaces, leaf surfaces and whole mesocosms, pore water methane concentrations and physiological factors (assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration) were measured from 4-yr old A. glutinosa trees grown under two artificially controlled water-table positions. Up to 64% of methane emitted from the high water-table mesocosms was transported to the atmosphere through A. glutinosa. Stem emissions from 2 to 22 cm above the soil surface accounted for up to 42% of total tree-mediated methane emissions. Methane emissions were not detected from leaves and no relationship existed between leaf surface area and rates of tree-mediated methane emissions. Tree stem methane flux strength was controlled by the amount of methane dissolved in pore water and the density of stem lenticels. Our data show that stem surfaces dominate methane egress from A. glutinosa, suggesting that leaf area index is not a suitable approach for scaling tree-mediated methane emissions from all types of forested wetland., (© 2013 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2013 New Phytologist Trust.)

Published
2014
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221. Trees are major conduits for methane egress from tropical forested wetlands.

Author

Pangala SR, Moore S, Hornibrook ERC, and Gauci V

Subjects
Indonesia, Plant Stems anatomy & histology, Plant Stems metabolism, Regression Analysis, Soil, Trees anatomy & histology, Wood metabolism, Methane analysis, Trees metabolism, Tropical Climate, Wetlands
Abstract

Wetlands are the largest source of methane to the atmosphere, with tropical wetlands comprising the most significant global wetland source component. The stems of some wetland-adapted tree species are known to facilitate egress of methane from anoxic soil, but current ground-based flux chamber methods for determining methane inventories in forested wetlands neglect this emission pathway, and consequently, the contribution of tree-mediated emissions to total ecosystem methane flux remains unknown. In this study, we quantify in situ methane emissions from tree stems, peatland surfaces (ponded hollows and hummocks) and root-aerating pneumatophores in a tropical forested peatland in Southeast Asia. We show that tree stems emit substantially more methane than peat surfaces, accounting for 62-87% of total ecosystem methane flux. Tree stem flux strength was controlled by the stem diameter, wood specific density and the amount of methane dissolved in pore water. Our findings highlight the need to integrate this emission pathway in both field studies and models if wetland methane fluxes are to be characterized accurately in global methane budgets, and the discrepancies that exist between field-based flux inventories and top-down estimates of methane emissions from tropical areas are to be reconciled., (© 2012 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2012 New Phytologist Trust.)

Published
2013
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222. Spatial and temporal distribution of Pu in the Northwest Pacific Ocean using modern coral archives.

Author

Lindahl P, Andersen MB, Keith-Roach M, Worsfold P, Hyeong K, Choi MS, and Lee SH

Subjects
Animals, Micronesia, Northwestern United States, Nuclear Weapons, Pacific Ocean, Radiation Monitoring, Water Pollution, Radioactive statistics & numerical data, Anthozoa chemistry, Plutonium analysis, Radioactive Fallout, Water Pollutants, Radioactive analysis
Abstract

Historical (239)Pu activity concentrations and (240)Pu/(239)Pu atom ratios were determined in skeletons of dated modern corals collected from three locations (Chuuk Lagoon, Ishigaki Island and Iki Island) to identify spatial and temporal variations in Pu inputs to the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The main Pu source in the Northwest Pacific is fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing which consists of global fallout and close-in fallout from the former US Pacific Proving Grounds (PPG) in the Marshall Islands. PPG close-in fallout dominated the Pu input in the 1950s, as was observed with higher (240)Pu/(239)Pu atom ratios (>0.30) at the Ishigaki site. Specific fallout Pu contamination from the Nagasaki atomic bomb and the Ivy Mike thermonuclear detonation at the PPG were identified at Ishigaki Island from the (240)Pu/(239)Pu atom ratios of 0.07 and 0.46, respectively. During the 1960s and 1970s, global fallout was the major Pu source to the Northwest Pacific with over 60% contribution to the total Pu. After the cessation of the atmospheric nuclear tests, the PPG again dominated the Pu input due to the continuous transport of remobilised Pu from the Marshall Islands along the North Equatorial Current and the subsequent Kuroshio Current. The Pu contributions from the PPG in recent coral bands (1984 onwards) varied over time with average estimated PPG contributions between 54% and 72% depending on location., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2012
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