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The research objectives were to study the introduction process of different aromatic and spice plants in the Batumi Botanical Garden and the content of bioactive compounds in aromatic plants introduced and grown in the soil and climatic conditions of the garden.; Among the aromatic plants introduced to the BBG by the authors, the following species are having full vegetative and generative development in the open ground:Cuminum cyminum L.; Polianthes tuberosa L.; Iris pallida Lam.;Geranium macrorrhizum L., Piper suaveolens Ham., Piper piperita L., Thymus citriodorus Schreb., Satureja Montana L., Mentha piperita L., Origanum vulgare L., Mentha longifolia L., Hyssopus officinalis L.; Phyla scaberrima Moldenke, Ruta graveolens L.; Vegetative organs reach the full development, but without blooming:Curcuma longa L..; Zingiber officinale Roscoe.; Elettaria cardamomum Maton.; Coffea arabica L.; Coffea conephera L..; Vanilla planifolia Jacks.; Cassia acutifolia Delile.; For the purpose of studying the content of bioactive compounds in plants introduced to the soil and climatic conditions of the BBG with the help of green technologies, the following species were taken for analysis:Cassia acutifolia Delile. - seed, flower, leaf; Cuminum cyminum L. - seed; Coffea conefera L. andCoffea Arabica L., leaves and seeds; Vanilla planifolia Jacks. - leaves; Elletaria cardamomum Maton. -Cardamom leaves.With the help of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry GC-MS method, there were identified bioactive compounds of various classes. The content of essential oils is identified in all research objects.

Winter Savory (Satureja montana L.) has been used in traditional medicine and as a spice or natural food preservative in the Mediterranean region for centuries. In this paper, some technological and analytical aspects of the S. montana tinctures development and an evaluation of the essential oil composition are provided. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents and phenolic compounds profile analyzed spectrophotometrically and by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), respectively, were evaluated in the developed tinctures. The results showed that the tinctures prepared from the S. montana herb by maceration or remaceration are rich in polyphenols, and there is an influence of the technological factors (particle size and extraction mode) on the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Caffeic, rosmarinic, and chlorogenic acids, (–)-catechin and rutin were identified in the tinctures using the HPTLC method. p-Thymol (81.79%) revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was the predominant compound of the essential oil of this plant. Thus, the high contents of polyphenols and flavonoids in the developed tinctures and p-thymol among the volatile components of the S. montana essential oil could indicate the promising antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of these herbal preparations. The obtained results are a ground for the organization of the manufacture of the S. montana tincture and essential oil with the purpose of performing preclinical studies.

Essential oil (EO) and hydrosol (HL) isolated from an indigenous plant species Satureja hellenica were evaluated against Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Particularly, the activity of extracts on a second stage juvenile&rsquo, s (J2s) motility, the hatching of J2s from eggs, egg differentiation and the effect on J2s in soil were tested. A paralysis of 100% of the J2s of both species was recorded after 96 h of immersion in the essential oil, at a dose of 2000 &mu, L/L. At the same dose, the percentage of paralyzed J2s after 48 h of immersion was more than 80%, for both Meloidogyne species. The use of hydrosol has shown encouraging results only in the dilution of 50%, where for both Meloidogyne species tested, the percentage of paralyzed J2s was more than 70% after 48 h of immersion, while the percentage was increased to 90% after 96 h of immersion. Egg differentiation was ceased after immersion, either in EO or HL. However, this decrease in egg differentiation was evident only at higher concentrations of EO and at the highest HL dilution (0.5 v/v). The hatching of M. incognita J2s was decreasing as the dose was increasing. The lowest numbers of hatched J2s were recorded at the doses of 2000 and 4000 &mu, L/L. A clear reduction in M. javanica J2s hatching was observed as the dose was increased to 250 &mu, L/L, a fact constantly observed as the dose was increasing up to 4000 &mu, L/L. Lower numbers of nematodes were recorded in roots grown in infested soil after the application of EO or HL at the highest doses. The EO of S. hellenica is characterized by the presence of p-cymene (27.46%) and carvacrol (23.25%), and in a lesser extent of other constituents, such as borneol (6.79%), carvacrol methylether (6.77%), &gamma, terpinene (4.63%) and 4-terpineol (3.65%). Carvacrol was the major constituent found in the HL (50.12%), followed by borneol and 4-terpineol (20.42 and 6.72%, respectively).

The present study was carried out to assess the effects of bio-organic and inorganic fertilizers on plant nutrients, essential oil composition and antioxidant capacity of Satureja macrantha L. The experiment included nine treatments viz., NPK (50:25:25 kg ha−1), Vermicompost (VC) (5 t ha–1), NPK +VC, Thiobacillus (T), T+VC, T+sulfur (S) (250 kg ha−1), T+S 500 kg ha−1, Glomus mosseae, and control (untreated plants). The results showed the highest Essential Oil (EO) content and yield were respectively observed in plants treated with the combination of VC and NPK. Total Phenol Content (TPC) in first-year plants treated with VC and second-year plants under NPK+VC were higher than other experimental plants. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) in second-year plants under the combination of NPK was greater than other plants. N content in first year plants treated with NPK fertilizer / combination of NPK and VC was higher compared to other experimental plants. The highest P content was observed in the NPK application in first year. Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses revealed that the main constitutes of S. macrantha EO were p- Cymene (16.30-34.64%), γ-terpinene (15.46-33.6%), and Thymol (14.82-43.09%), which had different responses to sampling time and fertilizer treatments.

The present study determined some biological compounds, radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial capacity in seeds of Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3) has been found to be the major polyunsaturated fatty acid of Satureja hortensis L. (66.24 ± 1.24%) and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata (48.17 ± 1.01%). Linoleic acid (C18:2 n6) is identified as the second major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the present study and oleic acid (C18:1 n9) is determined as the major monounsaturated fatty acid. Current study showed that Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata have low levels of saturated fatty acids. It has been demonstrated that ergosterol (263.1 ± 2.14 µg/g), stigmasterol (39.07 ± 0.91 µg/g) and beta-sitosterol (14.64 ± 0.49 µg/g) have been found in Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata, while ergosterol (69.41 ± 1.75 µg/g) and beta-sitosterol (19.81 ± 1.14 µg/g) have been determined in Satureja hortensis L. Also, this study determined that Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata have low lipide-soluble vitamin content. Furthermore, it has been found that Satureja hortensis L. contains naringenin (612.57 ± 2.57 µg/g), morin (86.97 ± 1.12 µg/g), quercetin (22.87 ± 0.75 µg/g), and kaempferol (20.11 ± 0.94 µg/g) while naringenin (135.91 ± 1.91 µg/g), naringin (61.23 ± 2.15 µg/g) and quercetin (47.51 ± 1.17 µg/g) have been detected as major flavonoids in the seeds of Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. The results of the present study suggest that methanol extracts of Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata have significant free radical scavenging activity. The present results revealed that Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata showed major activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, fungi and yeast. Resumo O presente estudo determinou alguns compostos biológicos, atividade de eliminação de radicais e capacidade antimicrobiana em sementes de Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. O ácido alfa-linolênico (C18: 3 n3) foi o principal ácido graxo poliinsaturado de Satureja hortensis L. (66,24 ± 1,24%) e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata (48,17 ± 1,01%). O ácido linoléico (C18: 2 n6) é identificado como o segundo principal ácido graxo poliinsaturado no presente estudo e o ácido oleico (C18: 1 n9) é determinado como o principal ácido graxo monoinsaturado. O estudo atual mostrou que Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata tem baixos níveis de ácidos graxos saturados. Foi demonstrado que ergosterol (263,1 ± 2,14 µg/g), estigmasterol (39,07 ± 0,91 µg/g) e beta-sitosterol (14,64 ± 0,49 µg/g) foram encontrados em Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata, enquanto o ergosterol (69,41 ± 1,75 µg/g) e beta-sitosterol (19,81 ± 1,14 µg/g) também foram determinados em Satureja hortensis L., este estudo determinou que Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata tem baixo teor de vitaminas lipossolúveis. Além disso, verificou-se que S. hortensis L. contém naringenina (612,57 ± 2,57 µg/g), morina (86,97 ± 1,12 µg/g), quercetina (22,87 ± 0,75 µg/g) e kaempferol (20,11 ± 0,94 µg/g) enquanto a naringenina (135,91 ± 1,91 µg/g), a naringina (61,23 ± 2,15 µg/g) e a quercetina (47,51 ± 1,17 µg/g) foram detectadas como flavonóides importantes nas sementes de Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que os extratos metanólicos de S. hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata tem significativa atividade de eliminação de radicais livres. Os presentes resultados revelaram que Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata mostrou atividade importante contra microrganismos gram-positivos e gram-negativos, fungos e leveduras.

The culinary herb Satureja montana, known as winter savory, is an ingredient of traditional dishes known in different parts of the world. As an ingredient of foods it has the potential to improve their safety. In this study, the herb&rsquo, s activity was investigated against Campylobacter jejuni, the leading cause of the most prevalent bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. The ethanolic extract and essential oil of the herb were chemically characterized and six pure compounds&mdash, carvacrol, thymol, thymoquinone, p-cymene, &gamma, terpinene, and rosmarinic acid&mdash, were chosen for further analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract (MIC 250 mg/L) was 4-fold higher compared to the essential oil. Carvacrol, thymol and thymoquinone had the strongest antimicrobial effect (MIC 31.25 mg/L) and a strong synergistic activity between carvacrol and thymol was determined (FICi 0.2). Strong inhibitory effect on C. jejuni efflux pumps (2-fold inhibition) and disruption of membrane integrity (&gt, 80% disruption) of the herb were determined as modes of action. For resistance against the herb, C. jejuni need efflux pumps, although increased resistance against this herb does not co-occur with increased efflux pump activity, as for antibiotics. This study shows the potential of a common culinary herb for the reduction of the food pathogen C. jejuni without increasing resistance.

Context: The use of herbal medications can improve the quality of life and prevent the side effects of chemical drugs. The present narrative review study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of Zataria multiflora, Satureja, oak fruit husk, and Jaftex herbal mouthwash for the treatment of minor oral aphthous stomatitis. Evidence Acquisition: A literature review was conducted in electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, as well as Persian databases such as SID, Magiran, and IranMedex from 2000 to 2019, particularly in the last 10 years. The appropriate keywords were searched including “recurrent aphthous stomatitis”, “oak tree”, “Satureja”, “Zataria multiflora”, and “Jaftex mouthwash”. Results: Six clinical trials were analyzed in the present study. The results showed that Zataria multiflora, Satureja, oak fruit husk, and Jaftex mouthwash have beneficial effects on the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The main outcome measures assessed in this study were the duration of the complete healing process, ulcer size, and the level of pain. No side effects were reported in Zataria multiflora, oak fruit husk, and Jaftex mouthwash, but Satureja khuzestanica essential oil revealed a trivial burning at the initial time of application. Conclusions: Reviewing these studies indicated that Zataria multiflora, Satureja, oak fruit husk, and Jaftex mouthwash greatly improved the patients’ symptoms by shortening the duration of the complete healing process, reducing ulcer size, and relieving pain. Therefore, these herbal medicines can be used as alternative treatment agents for recurrent aphthous stomatitis. More investigations are required to elucidate the probable mechanism(s) and mode(s) of action of these plants and standardization.

Failure of apoptosis contributes to leukemia progression. We investigated extracts of a native Iranian plant

On the basis of the side effects of detrimental synthetic chemicals, introducing healthy, available, and effective bioagents for pest management is critical. Due to this circumstance, several studies have been conducted that evaluate the pesticidal potency of plant-derived essential oils. This review presents the pesticidal efficiency of essential oils isolated from different genera of the Lamiaceae family including Agastache Gronovius, Hyptis Jacquin, Lavandula L., Lepechinia Willdenow, Mentha L., Melissa L., Ocimum L., Origanum L., Perilla L., Perovskia Kar., Phlomis L., Rosmarinus L., Salvia L., Satureja L., Teucrium L., Thymus L., Zataria Boissier, and Zhumeria Rech. Along with acute toxicity, the sublethal effects were illustrated such as repellency, antifeedant activity, and adverse effects on the protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents, and on the esterase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes. Chemical profiles of the introduced essential oils and the pesticidal effects of their main components have also been documented including terpenes (hydrocarbon monoterpene, monoterpenoid, hydrocarbon sesquiterpene, and sesquiterpenoid) and aliphatic phenylpropanoid. Consequently, the essential oils of the Lamiaceae plant family and their main components, especially monoterpenoid ones with several bioeffects and multiple modes of action against different groups of damaging insects and mites, are considered to be safe, available, and efficient alternatives to the harmful synthetic pesticides.

Staphylococcus spp. bacteria are the most frequently involved agents in canine cutaneous infections. Treatment of these infections is based on antibiotic therapy, that often is not effective because of the antibiotic-resistance of the bacterial strains. Cutaneous staphylococcal infections are often complicated by Malassezia yeasts, that may be resistant to the conventional antifungal drugs. The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of some essential oils (EOs) in view of a potential cutaneous application. In detail, EOs obtained from lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla L&rsquo, H&egrave, r. Britton), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum J. Presl), myrrh (Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. var. molmol), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf), litsea (Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), savory (Satureja montana L.), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) were assayed against Staphylococcus spp. and Malassezia pachydermatis strains previously isolated from dogs with dermatitis. All EOs were tested by agar disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods to verify the antistaphylococcal activity, and by a microdilution method to evaluate the activity against M. pachydermatis. O. vulgare, T. vulgaris, and S. montana showed the best antibacterial activity against all the selected strains, with MICs ranging from 0.29 to 0.58 mg/mL, from 0.58 to 1.16 mg/mL, and from 0.56 to 1.12 mg/mL, respectively, whereas A. triphylla (1.03 mg/mL) and S. montana (1.8 mg/mL) were the most active against M. pachydermatis. After a proper in vivo evaluation, O. vulgare, T. vulgaris, and S. montana EOs could be a promising treatment to combat canine cutaneous mixed infections.

Satureja pilosa Velen. senso lato is a Balkan endemic plant that is not well characterized and is found on rocky outcrops of limestone base in Stara Planina (the Balkan Mountains) and the Rhodope Mountains. The objective of this study was to assess the variability of essential oil (EO) content and composition of S. pilosa collected at 33 locations across the Balkan and Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria using advanced statistical methods including cluster analysis. The EO content in dried aboveground biomass varied from 0.52% to 2.03%. More than 21 EO constituents were identified, belonging to the groups of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The monoterpenes were the predominant class, comprising 84.8% to 96.1% of the total EO. Thymol and carvacrol were the major constituents of the phenolic monoterpenoids. Thymol varied from 36.6% to 67.1% and carvacrol varied from 52.4% to 93.0% of the total oil. p-Cymene also varied widely, from 9.6%–34.0%. There were significant variations between locations and within a location in the EO content and composition. This study identified several chemotypes: (1) thymol and p-cymene; (2) thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene; (3) carvacrol and p-cymene; (4) carvacrol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene; and (5) carvacrol. This is the first comprehensive study on the endemic plant S. pilosa that identified several chemotypes based on the EO composition. The S. pilosa EO from the five different chemotypes exhibited larvicidal and mosquito repellent activity against Aedes aegypti. The identified chemotypes can be utilized for the development of new varieties with desirable compositions to meet specific industry needs and new mosquito management control products.

Background and Purpose: Despite the various applications of Satureja species, there are limited data in this domain. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to investigate the essential oil (EO) biological activity of S. macrosiphon species in Iran. Materials and Methods: The EO of S. macrosiphon flowers was obtained by hydrodistillation. Chemical compositions of the EO were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were measured by means of the broth microdilution method. The estimation of antibiofilm and cytotoxic activities was also accomplished using the tetrazolium salt and MTT assays, respectively. Results: A total of 26 components were identified in the EO with linalool as the main constituent (28.46%). A MIC range value of 0.25-8 μL/mL was obtained against all of the tested fungi. The EO inhibited the biofilm development of the Candida tested strains at a concentration of 4-8 μL/mL. Cytotoxicity (IC50) of EO against the HeLa cell was greater than the MIC concentration (6.49 μL/mL). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it was concluded that the EO of S. macrosiphon has the potential for further use as an antifungal agent.

Satureja montana L. was used in the current research as the plant exhibits numerous health-promoting benefits due to its specific chemical composition. The extraction method based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was used for the extraction of rutin and rosmarinic acid from this plant. Five different choline chloride-based DESs with different volumes of water (10%, 30%, and 50% (v/v)) were used for the extraction at different temperatures (30, 50, and 70 &deg, C) to investigate the influence on rosmarinic acid and rutin content obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detector (HPLC-DAD) in the obtained extracts. A principal component analysis was employed to explore and visualize the influence of applied parameters on the efficiency of the extraction procedure of rutin and rosmarinic acid. Among the tested DESs, choline chloride:lactic acid (mole ratio 1:2) and choline chloride:levulinic acid (mole ratio 1:2) were the most suitable for the extraction of rutin, while for rosmarinic acid choline chloride:urea (mole ratio 1:2) was the most effective solvent. The extract showing the best antiradical activity was obtained with choline chloride:urea (mole ratio 1:1) at 30 &deg, C and 50% H2O (v/v).

Dirmenci, Tuncay (Balikesir Author), The aerial parts of Satureja metastasiantha were hydrodistilled for 3 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, simultaneously, the main compounds of which were characterized as p-cymene (22.3%), thymol (21.0%), carvacrol (18.45%), and gamma-terpinene (12.1%). Antioxidant capacity, acetylcholinesterase and butyryl-cholinesterase inhibition effects, and antimicrobial and antifungal properties of the species were evaluated. The anticholinesterase activity of the essential oil of S. metastasiantha was observed with 30% inhibition at 200 mu g/mL. The essential oil of the species showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus with 128 mu g/mL minimum inhibitory concentration value.

Essential oils as a feed additive in animal and poultry nutrition should preserve the bactericidal properties of blood and suppress the formation of bacterial biofilms. The study of bacterial biofilms and bacterial activity of blood serum in broiler chickens against the background of the addition of essential oil of Satureja montana to a diet was discussed in the article. Blood serum of broilers that received essential oil with feed suppressed the growth of the bacterial biofilms at S. aureus test culture by 60-72%. It serum had a weaker effect on the bacterial biofilms at E. coli test culture; it reduced the density by 23.5%. This effect began only after the 10th day of inclusions of essential oil. The blood serum of chickens that received essential oil in the form of aqueous solutions had a weak antimicrobial effect against growing the bacterial biofilms at S. aureus test culture; the density was 10% lower than that of the control. The growth of the bacterial biofilms of E. coli test culture was not inhibited.

A prediction model of retention indices of compounds from the aboveground parts of Satureja kitaibelii essential oil, obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), was the aim of this study. The quantitative structure–retention relationship was employed to predict the retention time using five molecular descriptors selected by a genetic algorithm. The selected descriptors were used as inputs of an artificial neural network. Total of 53 experimentally obtained retention indices (log RI) were used to build a prediction model. The selected descriptors were used as inputs of an artificial neural network model, to build a prediction time predictive quantitative structure-retention relationship model. The coefficient of determination for the training cycle was 0.962, indicating that this model could be used for prediction of retention indices for S. kitaibelii essential oil compounds. Supplementary material: [https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4210]

The genera Oliveria (Apiaceae), Thymus and Satureja (Lamiaceae) encompass important medicinal and aromatic plants of Iran, which contains noteworthy amounts of essential oils (EOs) that are worthy of exploitation on an industrial level, including pesticide formulation development. In this study, the efficacy of five EOs obtained from O. decumbens, T. daenensis, S. sahendica, S. khuzistanica and S. rechingeri , was evaluated against three insects of economic relevance, the mosquito Culex quiquefasciatus , the housefly Musca domestica, and the moth Spodoptera littoralis . Potential non-target effects of these EOs were assessed on earthworms, Eisenia fetida . The chemical composition of the five EOs was determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). EOs from O. decumbens, T. daenensis, S. khuzistanica and S. rechingeri were characterized by oxygenated monoterpenes (70.3, 91.6, 89.7 and 89.4%, respectively), whereas the EO from S. sahendica was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (63.3%) followed by oxygenated monoterpenes (35.3%). In all cases, the biogenetically related thymol (0.3–36.7%), carvacrol (1.3–89.6%), p -cymene (2.1–13.7%) and γ-terpinene (1.5–41.3%) were found as the characteristic volatile compounds of the five EOs, with high quantitative variation according to the species considered. The five EOs exhibited high toxicity on the three target insects, with LC 50 /LD 50 values in the range of 16.2–29.3 µg mL -1 , 18.1–48.1 µg adult -1 and 7.4–23.1 µg larva -1 on C. quinquefasciatus, M. domestica and S. littoralis , respectively. Toxicity of the five EOs on non-target soil invertebrates was minimal, leading to no or very low (5.0–7.5%) mortality on E. fetida when tested at the concentration of 200 mg kg -1 , at variance with the positive control α-cypermetrin, which caused 100% mortality at 0.1 mg kg -1 of soil. Overall, our study discloses new opportunities to farmers growing these Iranian endemic plants, shedding light on the potential of these EOs to formulate effective and eco-friendly insecticides.

Aflatoxin contamination of foodstuffs poses a serious risk to food security, and it is essential to search for new control methods to prevent these toxins entering the food chain. Several essential oils are able to reduce the growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis of toxigenic species, although their efficiency is strongly influenced by the environmental conditions. In this work, the effectiveness of Satureja montana and Origanum virens essential oils to control Aspergillus flavus growth was evaluated under three water activity levels (0.94, 0.96 and 0.98 aw) using a Bioscreen C, a rapid in vitro spectrophotometric technique. The aflatoxin concentrations at all conditions tested were determined by HPLC-FLD. Aspergillus flavus growth was delayed by both essential oil treatments. However, only S. montana essential oil was able to significantly affect aflatoxin production, although the inhibition percentages widely differed among water activities. The most significant reduction was observed at 0.96 aw, which is coincident with the conditions in which A. flavus reached the highest levels of aflatoxin production. On the contrary, the treatment with S. montana essential oil was not effective in significantly reducing aflatoxin production at 0.94 aw. Therefore, it is important to study the interaction of the new control compounds with environmental factors before their application in food matrices, and in vitro ecophysiological studies are a good option since they provide accurate and rapid results.

To study the effect of Satureja montana essential oil on the performance of broiler chicken was the primary aim of this research. In the course of the studies, the highly reliable effectiveness of the mountain savory essential oil was noted. Broiler chickens weight increase before slaughter was 9.7 (p≤ 0.01) –11.0% (p≤ 0.001). Red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts showed a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the erythrocyte content by 18.2 % (to 3.47±0.09 cells per liter) in chickens of the experimental group that received Satureja montana essential oil without dilution.

Cadmium is a heavy metal that pollutes the environment and affects plants physiologically and morphologically. Selenium is considered as a beneficial element, with effective roles in increasing plant tolerance to environmental stresses. A greenhouse factorial pot experiment was conducted to study the impact of selenium on traits of Savory plants under Cd stress. Experimental factors included soil contamination with cadmium (0, 75, 100, and 150 μM) and foliar spraying of selenium (0, 10, 20, and 40 μM of Sodium Selenate). Biomass, photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline, total soluble solids, cell membrane leakage, relative water content of leaves antioxidant enzymes, and Cd and Zn concentration in shoot and root were recorded. Results revealed that Cd stress decreased vegetative growth criteria, photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid almost, 55%, 57%, 57%, and 68%, respectively, while poline, cell membrane leakage, peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) antioxidant enzymes were increased with increasing Cd concentrations. Foliar spray of selenium reduced the toxic effects of Cd stress on savory plants via enhancing of proline content and stimulation of CAT and POD enzymes and limitation of cell membrane leakage. Also, selenium foliar spray improved chlorophyll content under Cd stress condition and decreased cadmium accumulation 29% in root, respectively. In general, these results suggest that foliar application of selenium could mitigate Cd toxicity and improve growth and antioxidant capacity of savory under different level of cadmium heavy metal stress., Savory seedlings.

Synonyms: Satureja brownei (Sw.) Briq., Thymus brownei Sw., Micromeria brownei (Sw.) Benth. (Adams, 1972)

Bu çalışma, Diyarbakır ili ekolojik koşullarında Thymbraspicata var. spicata, Satureja hortensis L. ve Origanumsp. kekik türlerinin agronomik ve uçucu yağ değerlerininbelirlenmesi amacı ile yapılmıştır. Deneme 2017-2020yılları arasında Dicle Üniversitesi Tıbbi ve Aromatik bitkilerAraştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Müdürlüğü uygulamaalanında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada bitki boyu (cm), bitkiçapı (cm), yeşil herba verimi (kg da-1), drog herba verimi(kg da-1), drog yaprak verimi (kg da-1), drog yaprak/saporanı (%), uçucu yağ oranı (%) ve uçucu yağ miktarı (l da1) özellikleri incelenmiştir. Diyarbakır ekolojik koşullarındaSatureja hortensis L. türünün, Origanum sp. türüne göredaha küçük habitusa sahip olmasına rağmen daha yüksekdrog, yaprak verimleri, yağ oranı ve yağ verimlerinesahip olması, bu türün Diyarbakır ekolojik koşullarındayetiştirilmesinin önemli olduğunu göstermiştir. Uçucu yağverim ve agronomik özellikler arasındaki korelasyonlarınönemli olduğu ancak korelasyon sonuçları ile doğrudan vedolaylı etkiler arasında farklılıklar olmadığı bulunmuştur.Bu durumda, korelasyon çalışmalarında doğrudan ve dolaylıetkilerin dikkate alınmaması gerektiği önerilmektedir. This study was carried out to determine the agronomic and essential oil values of Thymbra spicata var. spicata, Satureja hortensis L. and Origanum sp. species in Diyarbakır ecological conditions. The experiment was carried out in the field of application area Dicle University Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research and Application Center between 2017-2020. The plant height (cm), plant diameter (cm), green herbal yield (kg da-1), drug herbal yield (kg da-1), drug leaf yield (kg da-1), drug leaf / stem ratio (%), essential oil ratio (%) and essential oil yield (l da-1) properties were examined in the study. Although Satureja hortensis L. has smaller habitus than Origanum sp., it has higher drug, leaf yields, essential oil ratio, and essential oil yields in Diyarbakır ecological conditions. This showed that it is important to grow this species in Diyarbakır ecological conditions. Correlations between essential oil yield and agronomic properties are important, but there were no differences between correlation results and direct and indirect effects. For this reason, it is suggested that direct and indirect effects should be taken into consideration in correlation studies.

BACKGROUND The consumption of vegetable juices has increased due to their characteristics such as freshness/naturalness, high nutritional value, low in calories, and for being a convenient way of consuming bioactive compounds. High hydrostatic pressure (HPP), which has been mainly used to replace thermal processing, is now also being successfully applied as extraction technology to recover bioactive compounds from herbs. The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of carrot juice with winter savory leaf aqueous extract on the final juice characteristics. RESULTS The extract was added to raw carrot juice (1.0 mg mL-1 ), which was then submitted to HPP and stored for 15 days under refrigeration. Microbial analyses were performed during storage time, as also were analyzed the physicochemical properties such as pH, colour, bioactive compound concentration and antioxidant activity. Supplemented juices presented lower microbial counts than the non-supplemented ones, and, generally, did not present significant changes (P > 0.05) in pH or colour. Concerning the total phenolics and total flavonoids, as well as antioxidant activity, the values were generally higher (P

The objective of this study was the fabrication of encapsulated Satureja hortensis essential oil (S.EO) in chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (CS/TPP-NPs) via ionic gelation technique and investigation of its acaricidal effect. A high encapsulation efficiency of 96.17% was obtained, which shows successful encapsulation of EOs in CS-TPP nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis proved the formation of spherical S. hortensis EO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (S.EO@NPs). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis demonstrated the presence of encapsulated S.EO in CS/TPP nanoparticles. The average size of nanoparticles was found to be 192.1 ± 11 nm using dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Moreover, durability and fumigant acaricide activity of S.EO@NPs against Tetranychus urticae Koch were investigated. The obtained results demonstrated that there were considerable differences between pure S. hortensis EO and S.EO@NPs in their ovicidal, adulticidal, and persistence activities against T. urticae. The LC50 values of pure EO and as-prepared S.EO@NPs against adult mite were 4.95, 46.98 µL/L after 24 h exposure and 2.02, 31.30 µL/L after 72 h exposure, respectively. Fumigation exposure for 24 and 72 h showed that the sensitivity of adults T. urticae were more than the eggs of T. urticae. The LC50 values of fumigant toxicity of pure S.EO and S.EO@NPs against eggs of T. urticae were measured after 24 and 72 h. The experimental results for 24 h treatment showed 6.71 and 211.66 µL/L air LC50 values for pure S.EO and S.EO@NPs, respectively. In the case of 72 h exposure, The LC50 values of pure S.EO and S.EO@NPs were 4.15 and 107.38 µL/L air, respectively. A sustained release of S.EO from S.EO@NPs was observed during 25 days of the study, indicating the persistence acaricide activity for a long time. The as-prepared S.EO@NPs and pure S.EO illustrated 67% and 2% mortality at 18th day exposure, respectively. The notable increasing of the residual fumigant toxicity may be related to the slow and sustainable release of the active ingredient of EO. Based on this study, the S.EO@NPs showed significantly residual adulticidal activity against adults of T. urticae. S.EO@NPs would be recommended as an alternative for pure EOs and other common acaricides.

Objective: To determine the antimicrobial activity and entity of several local herbal plants against Acintobacters isolated from trauma patients admitted to a Level-I trauma center. Methods: The antibacterial activities of the Satureja bachtiarica oil and some selected Iranian medicinal plants ( Artemisia sieberi and Tanacetum dumosum belonging to the Asteraceae/Compositae; Salvia mirzayanii and Mentha mozaffarianii belonging to the Lamiaceae/Labiatae) were assayed on A. baumannii by microdilution and agar disc diffusion methods. Having obtained the acceptable antibacterial data, the shade-dried aerial parts of the plants were extracted by hydrodistillation method using Clevenger apparatus according to European pharmacopeia for 3 h. The analysis of S. bachtiarica essential oil accompanied by other herbal drug oils were performed by using GC/FID and GC/MS methods. Results: Outcomes revealed that the S. bachtiarica essential oil exhibited the potent antibacterial capability against Acinetobacter strains in comparison with Colistin, as a positive control. For S. bachtiarica , the growth inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 21 mm and 0.5 mg/ml, while, for Colistin, the data were in order: 8 mm and 0.016 mg/ml. Consequently, GC/MS outcomes demonstrated that the major components of the essence were carvacrol (48.6%), followed by p -Cymene (16.6%), γ -terpinene (6.9%) and linalool (5.3%). Conclusion: Based on the considerable inhibitory activity against nosocomial infections by essential oil of S. bachtiarica , it could be considered as the suitable candidate in the food industry and pharmaceutical uses.

Infections resulting from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are important due to their highest resistance against all clinically used antibiotics. To date, 11 different efflux pumps of the RND family in P. aeruginosa that enable the efflux of antibiotics/anti-microbial production have been detected. Carvacrol of Satureja khuzestanica is one of the most effective compounds with the ability to affect bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate herbal compounds with inhibitory activities. These pumps include MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ, MexEF-OprN, MexGHI-OpmD, MexJK-OprM/OpmH, MexMN, MexPQ-OpmE, MexVW-OprM, MexXY-OprM, TriABC-OpmH, and MuxABC-OpmB (1). Unfortunately, among bacteria, P. aeruginosa are highly resistant to drug compounds (3). Because of this high resistance, its importance in nosocomial infections and burns, and that it often causes diseases in immunocompromised patients, finding a therapeutic supplement is essential. In this study, drug compounds against efflux pump genes were sought.

Summary Introduction: The antimicrobial, antibacterial, antioxidant, antihyperlipidaemic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Satureja khuzestanica (Lamiaceae) have been investigated in numerous studies. Objective: The antifungal effects of S. khuzestanica essential oil (SKJO) in immunosuppressed rats suffering from oral candidiasis were investigated. Methods: A fungal suspension with a density of 3×108 CFU/ml was taken from the isolate of a case with acute vaginitis. In order to achieve a medicinal formulation, accurate twice the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SKJO and 10 times MIC of nystatin was used with 0.8% agar as a base material. In this study, 35 rats divided into 5 groups each of 7 were used. The assessment of level of infection and specification of the effects of treatment were performed using microbiological and histopathological methods as well as clinical examinations. Results: Our results show that carvacrol is the main compound of SKJ essential oil. Lesions completely disappeared in both treatment groups (SKJO and nystatin) after 8 days of treatment. Furthermore, in groups treated with SKJO and nystatin, the quantities of mean logarithm of colony forming unit (CFU) were 85.62% and 90.62%, respectively, in comparison with placebo group. Also, histopathological properties suggested no infection in groups who had clean and normal dorsal tongue mucosa. Conclusions: Using SKJO with twice accuracy it was concluded that MIC in immunosuppressed rats was quite successful in a time of a week and equal with that of a nystatin treatment with an accuracy of 10 times the MIC.

There is a growing demand for bio-based and active packaging as one of the preferred emerging technologies to improve food quality and extend shelf-life. The objectives of this study were to formulate a novel biodegradable coating embedded with nano-encapsulated Satureja khuzestanica essential oils (SKEO) and to compare effect of chitosan coatings containing free or nano-encapsulated SKEO on chemical, microbial, and sensory properties of lamb meat samples over a 20 day period at 4 °C. Nanoliposomes with the average sizes of 93–96 nm were prepared using different concentrations of soy-lecithin ratios (60:0, 50:10, 40:20, and 30:30) by thin-film hydration-sonication method. Size distribution and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of nanoliposomes were calculated 0.83–0.88 and 46–69%, respectively. Nanoliposomes with the lower droplet size and maximum EE were selected for coating of meat samples. The results indicated that the coating treatments could effectively retard microbial growth and chemical spoilage, which reflected itself in lower pH and 2-thiobarbituric acid values (P

Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad is a species native to Iran and is highly important in Southwestern regions. It belongs to the Lamiaceae family and grows in different climates. A number of pharmacological properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-thyroid, antioxidant, and diuretic have been attributed to this plant. : In recent years, a wide range of biological properties, extract, and essential oil of Satureja khuzestanica has been studied by researchers. In the present study, Scopus, SID, ISI, Google Scholar, and PubMed indices were used to extract research articles. No publication time constraint was considered, and the keyword “Satureja khuzestanica” was used to search articles. All extracted articles were examined by two expert researchers and those on the biologic and fundamental science properties of this plan entered the study. Results showed that S. khuzestanica has extensive research and medicinal applications. Considering the economic and medical importance of S. khuzestanica, it is hoped that more extensive studies can be conducted in the future on the use of compounds and derivatives of this plant in order to obtain herbal medications to treat pathogens in human and animal.

Chemical fingerprints of four different Satureja montana L. essential oils (SEOs) were assayed by an untargeted metabolomics approach based on Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with either electrospray ionization or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion sources. Analysis and relative quantification of the non-polar volatile fraction were conducted by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to MS. FT-ICR MS confirmed significant differences in the polar metabolite composition, while GC-MS analyses confirmed slight fluctuations in the relative amount of major terpenes and terpenoids, known to play a key role in antimicrobial mechanisms. Oil in eater (O/W) nanoemulsions (NEs) composed by SEOs and Tween 20 or Tween 80 were prepared and analyzed in terms of hydrodynamic diameter, &zeta, potential and polydispersity index. The results confirm the formation of stable NEs homogeneous in size. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of SEOs were determined towards Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus) and Gram-negative clinical isolates (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens). Commercial SEO showed strongest antibacterial activity, while SEO 3 was found to be the most active among the lab made extractions. MIC and MBC values ranged from 0.39 to 6.25 mg&middot, mL&minus, 1. Furthermore, a SEO structured in NEs formulation was able to preserve and improve antimicrobial activity.

Nectarines (Prunus persica L. Bath) are very sensitive fruit to fungal infection. Today, the control of postharvest fruit diseases with essential oils (EOs) has been significantly noticed as a novel trend in biological preservation. In this study, volatile compounds of Cinnamon zeylanicum (CEO), Zataria multiflora (ZEO), and Satureja khuzestanica (SEO) were analyzed by Gas Chromatography–Mass spectroscopy. Also, the in vitro antifungal activities of EOs against Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer were evaluated at different concentrations. The in vivo antifungal activity of these EOs on artificially infected nectarine fruits was also considered. The major components were Thymol (32.68%) and Carvacrol (30.57%) for ZEO, cinnamaldehyde (80.82%) for CEO, and carvacrol (38.43%) for SEO. The application of different concentrations showed a decreasing trend in the fungus radial growth in all EOs. In the in vitro experiments, ZEO and CEO exhibited more significant mycelial inhibition results and reduction of the IC(50), MIC and MFC values against Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer, respectively. However, in the in vitro experiments, none of the treatments were capable of completely inhibiting the growth of the fungi. According to the results of this study, ZEO and CEO could reduce the damage caused by these fungi.

The aim of our study was to examine the potential ameliorating effect of the methanolic extract of Satureja hortensis L. (summer savory) aerial parts against cisplatin-induced oxidative damage in renal, hepatic, and testicular tissues. S. hortensis methanol extract at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight were orally administered to Wistar rats once daily for 10 days. Toxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg of body weight) on the 5th day of the experiment. Applied treatment with S. hortensis extract restored tissue morphology, ameliorated levels of serum parameters for liver, renal and testes function, tissue oxidative stress parameters, and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio as an indicator of apoptosis in experimental animals caused by application of cisplatin. UHPLC/DAD/HESI-MS/MS analysis revealed that S. hortensis extract was rich in phenolic compounds with rosmarinic acid (24.9 mg/g) as the main compound, followed by caffeic acid (1.28 mg/g) and naringenin (1.06 mg/g). Our findings suggest that S. hortensis may be a valuable source of dietary and pharmacologically important phenolic compounds, especially rosmarinic acid, in pharmaceutical and functional food formulations in order to maintain normal health conditions or as a remedy in various diseases caused by oxidative damage.

Antiradicalactivity of essential oils of korean mint (Agastacherugosa (Fisch. et Mey)), blue giant hyssop (Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze),hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.),lavander (Lavandula angustifolia L.),peppermint (Mentha piperita L.),lemon mint (Mentha piperita var. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq), monarda (Monarda fistulosa L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), common sage (Salvia officinalis L.), clary (Salvia sclarea L.), and winter savory (Satureja montana L.) cultivated in theCentral Botanical Garden of NAS of Belarus was investigated in the reactionwith the cation-radicals of 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonicacid) (ABTS+·).The most pronounced antiradical activity was observed for the essential oilswith a high content of phenolic compounds: winter savory and monarda.Antiradical properties of the essential oils and individual phenolic andterpene compounds (eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, citral, (+)-pulegone) in thereaction with ABTS+·significantly differ in aqueous solutions and ethanol-water mixtures.Нigh antibacterial activity of selected components of essential oils fromthe Lamiaceae plants, carvacrol,citral, and linalool, towards test organisms Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus,Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas putida was shown.The antibacterial activity of enantiomers of pinene and limonene wasdetermined. The dextrorotary isomer of α-pinene possesses a significantlyhigher level of activity as compared with the levorotary one. S-(-)-limoneneproves itself as a more active antimicrobial component towards Sarcina lutea and Staphylococcus saprophyticus than R-(+)-limonene. Both enantiomersshow comparable activity towards Esherichiacoli. Due to the high antibacterial activity the essential oils from Satureja montana and Monarda fistulosa can be considered aseffective antibacterial agents., Antiradical activity of essential oils of korean mint (Agastache rugosa (Fisch. et Mey)), blue giant hyssop (Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), lavander (Lavandula angustifolia L.), peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), lemon mint (Mentha piperita var. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq), monarda (Monarda fistulosa L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), common sage (Salvia officinalis L.), clary (Salvia sclarea L.), and winter savory (Satureja montana L.) cultivated in the Central Botanical Garden of NAS of Belarus was investigated in the reaction with the cation-radicals of 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS+·). The most pronounced antiradical activity was observed for the essential oils with a high content of phenolic compounds: winter savory and monarda. Antiradical properties of the essential oils and individual phenolic and terpene compounds (eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, citral, (+)-pulegone) in the reaction with ABTS+· significantly differ in aqueous solutions and ethanol-water mixtures.Нigh antibacterial activity of selected components of essential oils from the Lamiaceae plants, carvacrol, citral, and linalool, towards test organisms Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas putida was shown. The antibacterial activity of enantiomers of pinene and limonene was determined. The dextrorotary isomer of α-pinene possesses a significantly higher level of activity as compared with the levorotary one. S-(-)-limonene proves itself as a more active antimicrobial component towards Sarcina lutea and Staphylococcus saprophyticus than R-(+)-limonene. Both enantiomers show comparable activity towards Esherichia coli. Due to the high antibacterial activity the essential oils from Satureja montana and Monarda fistulosa can be considered as effective antibacterial agents.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fungicidal effect of eleven essential oils against six isolates of the genus Rhizopus. Isolates were obtained from various moldy foods (chestnut, bread, strawberry, nectarine, blackberry and cherry tomatoes). The essential oils used in this study were extracts of basil (Oscimum basilicum L.), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia MILLER.), marjoram (Origanum majorana L.), mint (Mentha piperita L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.). Semi-quantitative composition of the essential oil samples was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analyses of the essential oils led to identification of 139 compounds, of which 49 were presented in ≥1% amount in at least one essential oil. The antifungal activity of essential oils against the Rhizopus spp. was determined, using micro-atmosphere method (0.625 μL.ml-1 of air), during 7 days. Seven essential oils: thyme, mint, summer savory, lavender, marjoram, oregano and wild thyme completely inhibited the growth of all isolates. Other essential oils have different effects on the growth of isolates. Basil essential oil stimulated growth of two isolates on the second day of cultivation. The growth of other isolates was, by contrast, inhibited by this essential oil in the same time of cultivation. Hyssop essential oil completely inhibited growth of two isolates, other 4 isolates were inhibited to fourth day of cultivation. In conclusion, certain essential oils are highly effective in vapour phase and can be used in another test of their antifungal activity and could be used in control of Rhizopus spp. or other fungal pathogens.&nbsp

Purpose: A lot of plants are available which can produce nanoparticles used in medicine, life sciences, and the pharmaceutical industry. The present study aims to introduce safe biological and eco-friendly methods for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using Saturaja rechengri Jamzad extract, which can replace traditional chemical methods. In addition, the chemical nature and antimicrobial activities were identified and accordingly the anticancer effects of AgNPs was successfully reported on colon cancer cells (HT-29). Methods: Light and ultrasound, as two green chemistry techniques were first used for AgNPs synthesis. Then, morphological and crystalline structure of AgNPs was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, respectively. In addition, functional groups were determined by using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum. Further, a maximum adsorption of AgNPs was observed in UV-visible spectrum. In the next stage, antibacterial activity of green synthesized AgNPs was evaluated against two pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, the cytotoxicity of AgNPs on HT-29 at different concentrations and times of AgNPs was determined by MTT assay. Results: The findings indicated that the synthesis of AgNPs by ultrasonic technique leads to smaller particle size and more distribution. Based on the results of MTT test for calculating the IC50%, the anti-proliferative effects of the light and ultrasound AgNPs were observed on HT-29 cell lines depending on the dose and time. Finally, the AgNPs had the most cytotoxicity HT-29 cell lines at 100 μg/ml concentration although the lowest toxicity effect was reported on HEK-293 cell lines at the same conditions. Conclusion: The change in the concentration, physical and chemical properties of AgNPs including the form and size of particles, and their type of covering and fields can influence the induction of cytotoxicity and morphological change in the treated cells. The present research opens a new horizon on the development of new biological and cytotoxicity agents.

Hydro-distilled essential oils from the aerial parts of Satureja briquetti, S. atlantica and S. alpina, which are growing wild in the middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco, were analyzed by GC-MS. Different compounds were identified in the three plant oils, representing 96.25%, 98.19% and 98.18% of the total oil respectively. The major constituents of essential oil obtained from the plant material of S. briquetti, were borneol (27.64%), β-bisabolene (9.58%), α-pinene (6.97%) and linalool (6.77%).The most abundant compounds in essential oil of S. atlantica were piperitenone oxide (24.27%), limonene (20.57%), pulegone (16.88%) and cis-piperitone oxide (15.55%). Pulegone (87.74%) was identified as the main component in the essential oil of S. alpina. The screening of antibacterial activity of essential oil samples was individually evaluated against twelve bacteria species using a disc diffusion method. In addition, the Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The results showed that the essential oil of S. alpina has stronger and broader spectrum of antibacterial activity as compared to S. briquetti and S. atlantica.

In this study, chemical compositions of the essential oil and antioxidant activities of four Satureja species, namely S. hortensis (SH), S. bachtiarica (SB), S. laxiflora (SL), and S. intermedia (SI) were evaluated. GC and GC/MS were employed to analyze the essential oil samples extracted via hydrodistillation. DPPH and FRAP assays were used to evaluate the radical scavenging and antioxidant properties as well as antimicrobial activities. The GC and GC/MS analysis revealed and identified a total of 25 compounds. The most abundant chemical constituents were ρ-cymene (13.07 – 17.50%) in all four species, γ-terpinene in SL, SH, and SI (11.35 – 37.60%), thymol in SL, SB, and SI (24.54 – 38.75%), and carvacrol in SB and SH (32.07 – 42.51%). The FRAP assay showed that none of the methanol and dichloromethane extracts possessed significant antioxidant activity as compared to quercetin. In addition, the radical scavenging activity of SB and SI methanol extracts were higher than that of SL and SH (DPPH assay). However, all extracts did not show potent radical scavenging activities. It should be noted that this study was the first to evaluate the possible antioxidant or radical scavenging properties of SI and SL. The antimicrobial assay demonstrated a potent activity of all samples against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Epidermophyton floccosum (minimum inhibitory concentrations, MIC = 0.06 – 8 μg/mL). Due to rich content of thymol and carvacrol isomers in Satureja species, they can be suggested for use in various pharmacological applications.

AIMS The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Thymus daenensis and Satureja hortensis essential oils (EOs) on the planktonic growth, biofilm formation and quorum sensing (QS) of some Staphylococcus aureus isolates (strong biofilm producers). METHODS AND RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the EOs, inhibition of biofilm formation as well as disruption of preformed Staph. aureus biofilms were assessed. The antibiofilm activity of the EOs was determined using microtitre plate test (MtP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The QS inhibitory activity was also examined on the pregrown biofilms by gene expression analysis using quantitative real-time RT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of hld gene (RNAIII transcript). Moreover, tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT) was performed to detect cytotoxic effects of these EOs on the Vero cell line. Finally, the major components of the tested EOs were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The MICs of T. daenensis and S. hortensis EOs against planktonic cells of the isolates were 0·0625 and 0·125 μl ml-1 respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentrations for both of the EOs was 0·125 μl ml-1 . The MtP test showed a significant inhibitory effect of the EOs on the biofilm formation and disruption at sub-MIC concentrations. These results were confirmed by SEM. Real-time PCR revealed a significant down-regulation of hld gene following treatment with MIC/2 concentration of S. hortensis EO. GC-MS analysis showed that carvacrol, terpinene and thymol were the major components of the applied EOs. CONCLUSIONS As selected EOs did not show significant cytotoxic effects even up to tenfold of MIC concentration, the applied EOs seem to be good candidates for preventing of biofilm formation of Staph. aureus cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present study introduced T. daenensis and S. hortensis EOs as new antibiofilm, and S. hortensis EO as anti-QS herbal agents with natural origin against Staph. aureus.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the essential oils (EOs) of three Lamiaceae species (Satureja montana (winter savory), Ocimum basilicum (basil) and Origanum vulgare (oregano)) isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MWHD). The total EO yields of all three plants obtained by MWHD were nearly twofold lower than those obtained by HD. However, the microwave treatment was found to be significantly shorter. The chemical profile of the EOs obtained was determined using GC-MS. Carvacrol was the most abundant compound in the winter savory and oregano EOs (92.20 and 93.42 %, respectively), whereas linalool was the predominant compound in the basil EO (67.71 %). The results obtained indicate that certain chemical alterations occur during microwave treatments. The MWHD of winter savory led to a decrease in the carvacrol content (84.11 %), accompanied by a significant increase in the antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH assay, compared to the winter savory EO obtained by HD. Although a decrease in major compound contents of both the basil and oregano EOs obtained by MWHD was observed, no significant difference was found in their antioxidant activity.

Etiological investigations showed that vibrio is a Gram-negative, comma-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium, which is naturally found in marine environment. Vibrio causes many human diseases and often comes with foodborn gastroenteritis or diarrhea. Most of these foodborne infections are caused by V. Cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus and to a lesser extent create by V. vulnificus. Infection with these species is mostly due to the consumption of raw, improperly handled, under-processed and contaminated seafood like fish, shellfish and oyster. One of the biggest threats to public health is antibiotic resistance, such as resistance of vibrio species to a large number of antibiotics. This review focused on antibacterial activity of the world’s medicinal plants against vibrio species. Published articles were obtained from scientific databases including PubMed, Google scholar, Springer, Science Direct and scientific information database (SID) using following key words: vibrio, medicinal plant, essential oil and extract. Results of this literature have introduced some of the most important plants effective on vibrio spp., such as Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Syzygium aromaticum (Clove), Zataria multiflora (Avishan shirazi), Zingiber officinale (Ginger), Punica granatum (Pomegranate), Satureja bachtiarica Bunge (Bakhtiari Savory), Mentha spicata (Spearmint), Cuminum cyminum (Cumin), Eucalyptus globulus (Blue gum), Camellia sinensis (Green tea), Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) and Allium sativum (Garlic). Hence, phyto-therapy could be a suitable way to overcome the problem of development of the bacterial resistance to antibiotics.

Plants which belong to Lamiaceae family are good potential sources of natural antioxidants useful for preventing oxidative stress-related diseases. The food industry is becoming increasingly interested in aromatic herbs, including plants from Lamiaceae family, because of their anti-inflammatory properties and antioxidant activities, due to growing consumer demands for healthy foods of natural origin. In the present investigation, the comparative antioxidant potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of three Lamiaceae species are described: Clinopodium menthifolium (Host), Satureja montana L., and Salvia sclarea L., using three methods: 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS) scavenging, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and their correlations with total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Antioxidant capacity showed a positive relationship comparing three above mentioned tests. Antioxidant capacity detected by antioxidant ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays was positively correlated with total phenolics content. Aqueous extract of C. menthifolium showed greater antioxidant potential.

Aerial parts of Satureja kitaibelii are traditionally used as carminative, for treatment of respiratory and urinary complaints, or as anti-inflammatory agent for skin and mucous membranes. The aim of the present study was to formulate immediate-release capsules and tablets with high content (≥95%) of S. kitaibelii optimized dry extract by direct compression. The influence of ethanol concentration (40–96%, v/v), temperature (25–80 ◦C) and time (2–8 h) on the extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), as well as on the contents of rosmarinic acid (RA) and clinopodic acid O (CAO) in the S. kitaibelii dry extract was investigated using the response surface meth-odology (RSM). The estimated optimal conditions for the extraction were: ethanol 46.4%, 61.6 ◦C, 2 h. Dry extract of S. kitaibelii obtained under the optimal conditions (characterized by: yield 24.2%, TPC 170.4 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, RA 10.7 mg/g and CAO 17.1 mg/g) was used to manufacture solid dosage forms. Three formulations (F) were prepared: F1, hard capsules (99% dry extract, 1% magnesium stearate); F2, uncoated tablets (99% dry extract, 1% magnesium stearate) and F3, uncoated tablets (95% dry extract, 4% sodium starch glycolate, 1% magnesium stearate). Hard capsules (F1) with the uniform weight, adequate disintegration time and dissolution rate were obtained. Regarding tablet formulations, F3 exhibited satisfactory tableting properties, disintegration time and dissolution profile. Therefore, immediate-release capsules and tablets with a high content of S.kitaibelii extract were formulated to accomplish the unmet need for convenient solid dosage forms that contains high doses of herbal extracts.

As an emerging packaging material, hydrogels have been attracting attention to inhibit foodborne pathogens by encapsulating antimicrobial substances. Herein, an antibacterial packaging material was prepared via incorporation of methyl-β-cyclodextrin/Satureja montana L. essential oil inclusion complexes (MCD/SEO-ICs) into soy soluble polysaccharide (MCD/SEO-SSPS) hydrogel. During, the addition of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) facilitated the formation of amido linkage between -NH2 and –COOH. Compared with SSPS hydrogel, the MCD/SEO-SSPS hydrogel exhibited a more compact structure. What's more, physical characterization indicated that combining MCD/SEO-ICs with SSPS could improve the hardness, adhesiveness and springiness of hydrogel. More importantly, a good antibacterial activity of SPSS hydrogel was obtained with the addition of MCD/SEO-ICs. On this basis, the application test demonstrated that the prepared MCD/SEO-SSPS hydrogel could reduce the visible count of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in meat samples by 3.5 Log CFU/g during 7-days storage, which retained the freshness of chilled pork and extended the shelf life. The above results indicated that MCD/SEO-SSPS hydrogel can be used as a safe and effective active packaging material for chilled meat preservation.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most invasive cancers and is the third cause cancer death. Due to side effects and high cost of chemotherapeutic drugs as well as increased drug resistance, plant products and natural compounds have attracted the interest of studies as an appropriate anticancer agent. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the anti-cancer activity of Satureja khuzestanica phenol-chloroform extraction in combination layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets as a combination therapy strategy on HCC cell line HepG2. The phenol-chloroform extraction was prepared from fresh leaves of S. khuzestanica. The anti-cancer activity of S. khuzestanica phenol-chloroform extraction alone and by co-administration of LDH nanosheets were investigated on HCC cell line and normal human fibroblast cells using tetrazolium-based MTT assay. Moreover, apoptosis rate and mRNA expression of the anti-apoptotic (BCL2) and pro-apoptotic (BAX) genes in the treated cancer cells using Flowcytometry and Real-Time PCR method, respectively. Our study revealed that the phenol-chloroform extraction of S. khuzestanica decreased viability and proliferation of the cancer cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. However, use of LDH nanosheets cause to decrease the anticancer activity of S. khuzestanica against the cancer cells. Moreover, treatment of cancer cells by S. khuzestanica extraction cause to increase apoptosis rate and expression of BAX gene mRNA as well as decrease BCL2 gene mRNA expression. Generally, we demonstrated a significant anti-cancer effects of S. khuzestanica phenol-chloroform extraction against HCC cell line HepG2 through regulation of apoptosis-related genes expression and direct cells to apoptosis. However, the LDH nanosheets decrease anticancer potential of S. khuzestanica in the cancer cells.

Introduction: Tea bags or infuses of Salvia species from Lamiaceae family are traditionally used for the treatment of cough, and throat inflammations. They are known for antioxidant properties mainly related to the presence of rosmarinic acid (RA). Therefore it is necessary to develop a reliable analytical method for RA assay for standardization of Salvia species and also other plants containing RA like Melissa, Origanum, Lavandula, Rosmarinus, Thymus, Zataria, Mentha, Perovskia, Zhumeria, and Satureja species. In this study using a suitable extraction method by removing unwanted components present in crude methanol extract, phenolic content containing RA was extracted from dry powders of six Salvia species. Then, a suitable high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was optimized for quantification of RA in Salvia species. Methods: HPLC analysis was done on a Waters system, equipped with 515 HPLC pump and waters 2487 dual wavelength absorbance detector. The column was a Nova-Pak C18 (3.9 × 150 mm), and Millenium software was used for the determination of the compounds and processing the data. The method was validated according to USP 32 requirements. Results: Among the investigated 6 species, S. virgata was the richest in RA level, demonstrating 3.50 ± 0.12 mg/g, followed by S. sclarea and S. chloroleuca showing 1.65 ± 0.08 and 1.65 ± 0.21 mg/g. S. ceratophylla with 0.10 ± 0.01 mg/g of RA in dried plant powder was the poorest. Conclusion: The validated HPLC method allows determination of amounts as low as 2.5 µg/ mL of RA and linearity in the ranges of 2.5-25 µg/mL and 100–600 µg/mL, which is suitable for standardization of Salvia species in traditional and pharmaceutical formulations