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Induction of flowering is one of the efforts that can extend the production period of Chokun oranges. This study aims to determine the effect of the dose of paclobutrazol (PBZ), duration of drought stress and the combination of treatments that gives the best results on the Chokun orange (Citrus sp.). The research design used was randomized complete block design (RCBD), consisting of 3 replications. The treatment in this study was a combination of the dose of PBZ (control, active ingredient 0.75 g plant-1 and active ingredient 1.5 g plant-1) and duration of drought stress (control, 1, 2 and 3 weeks). The results show that the application of PBZ and duration of drought stress can induce the flowering of citrus plants as seen from the generative shoot variables with a quadratic model on the equation y = -17.778x2 + 31.556x + 26.667 at the optimum dose of 0.89 g plant-1 of active ingredient and 1 week of drought. The dry period of 3 weeks gives the best results seen from variables of the number of flowers and number of fruits. In general, the results suggest that the application of PBZ and duration of drought stress can transfer from the vegetative phase to the generative phase which in turn could induce the flowering of citrus plants.

The United States counts South Korea as one of its most significant allies. Relations between the two countries began when the US and South Korea became military allies in the early 1950s, with the US promising to assist South Korea in defending itself against any North Korean assault. Since 2014, the US has attempted to include South Korea in the East Asia region's anti-missile defense system, but it has always been refused. There are several causes for this, including disagreements among South Koreans, relations with China, and complaints from neighboring countries such as China, North Korea, and Russia. South Korea, on the other hand, stated on July 8, 2016, that the United States would be placed in a special category. However, on July 8, 2016, South Korea stated that the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) anti-missile defense system from the United States would be stationed in the country. This oddity piqued the writer's interest, prompting him to investigate the reasons behind South Korea's approval of THAAD placement in 2016. This research is expected to have an impact on decision-makers in choosing a defense strategy that reduces the risk of security dilemmas as has happened in South Korea.

Black Band Disease (BBD) causing tissue loss and mortality has come out as a serious threat to coral reefs. This disease has been reported from several coastal regions in the world, however little is known the procedures for controlling infectious diseases of this corals. The purposes of this study were to screen and characterize of coral-associated bacteria having antipathogenic potency against BBD coral disease. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty three healthy coral derived bacterial isolates were screened. Thirty four strains were selected for their ability to inhibit BBD pathogenic isolates. The disc-diffusion method were used to rescreen for their antipathogenic property against BBD pathogenic isolates. Then, the 16S rDNA approach and microbiological characteristics were used to identify bacterial selected. Results: Thirty four (18.58%) strains showed their ability to inhibit the growth of BBD pathogenic isolates. The NM1.2, NM1.8 and NM1.9 isolates were selected according to their consistency of BBD inhibition. The DNA sequences analyses showed these isolates belonged to only one major groups of γ-proteobacteria. The NM1.2, NM1.8 and NM1.9 isolates were all closely related to genus Pseudoalteromonas. Conclusion: Even though the low diversity of bacterial phylotypes were present within the coral family Acroporidae, however, this study provides the first evidence of acroporid coral bacteria possessing antipathogenic activity against BBD coral disease that can be recovered from corals. The sequence data of these antipathogenic strains, Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra strain NM1.2, Pseudoalteromonas maricaloris strain NM1.8 and Pseudoalteromonas piscicida strain NM1.9, in this study have been deposited to the GenBank data library under the accession number LC184593,LC184594 and LC184595.

Desrina, Prayitno S B, Haditomo A H C, Latritiani R, Sarjito S. 2020. Detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) DNA in the polychaetes from shrimp ponds suffering white feces syndrome outbreaks. Biodiversitas 21: 369-374. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is the newly emerging pathogen of farmed shrimp in Asia. EHP was associated with white feces syndrome (WFS) in shrimp because the spores existed in the feces of shrimp with WFS. Polychaetes are benthic invertebrates and potential to contribute to EHP outbreaks in a pond by acquiring the pathogen and transfer it to shrimp upon feeding. The objective of this study was to determine (1) the occurrence of EHP in polychaetes with Giemsa staining of the coelomic fluid, 1-step PCR and histopathology and (2) to determine pathological changes of EHP infected tissues. Polychaetes were obtained from 20 shrimp ponds located in 9 districts along the North Coast of Java Island, Indonesia. There were no EHP spores detected in the stained coelomic fluid. The 1-step PCR analysis was able to detect the EHP DNA (prevalence was 10%). The Alignment of EHP DNA sequence found in polychaetes showed 100% identity with a published sequence. Histopathological examination showed hypertrophy cells and nuclei, however, no EHP mature spores were found in the epithelial cells on the mucosal layer of the stomach and intestines. Although methods used did not give the convergence results, however, a result of PCR and sequence analysis showed that EHP occurred in the polychaetes in the WFS infected ponds at low point prevalence.

Tigriopus sp. merupakan salah satu copepoda harpaticoida yang digunakan sebagai pakan alami zooplankton untuk pakan ikan air laut dan udang. Tigriopus sp. lebih toleran terhadap perubahan kondisi lingkungan seperti suhu dan salinitas, yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas dan kepadatan individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh salinitas media kultur yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi telur Tigriopus sp. dan mengetahui salinitas terbaik serta salinitas optimal bagi pertumbuhan dan produksi telur Tigriopus sp. Rancangan yang digunakan ialah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 6 perlakuan dan 5 kali ulangan. Tigriopus sp. dengan kepadatan awal 1 ind/ml pada masing-masing perlakuan, dikultur pada media dengan salinitas yang berbeda selama 20 hari pemeliharaan. Salinitas media tersebut diantaranya 14 ppt (perlakuan A), 18 ppt (perlakuan B), 22 ppt (perlakuan C), 26 ppt (perlakuan D), 30 ppt (perlakuan E) dan 34 ppt (perlakuan F). Diet mikroalga yang diberikan ialah dari jenis Chaetoceros calcitrans dan Isochrysis galbana dengan kebutuhan 511.349:231.129 sel/ind/hari. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa salinitas berpengaruh sangat nyata (P0,05) terhadap produksi telur Tigriopus sp. Hasil terbaik ditunjukkan pada perlakuan B (salinitas media 18 ppt) yang menghasilkan pertumbuhan dengan jumlah individu diakhir pemeliharaan sebanyak 47,8±0,31 ind/10 ml dan produksi telur Tigriopus sp. sebanyak 17,67±0,58 ind/10 ml. Jumlah individu terdiri dari stadia nauplii sebanyak 39,4±2,3 ind/10 ml, stadia copepodit sebanyak 3,8±1,1 ind/10 ml dan stadia dewasa sebanyak 5,4±2,1 ind/10 ml.

Ikan lele dumbo (C. gariepinus) merupakan salah satu ikan konsumsi air tawar yang banyak digemari oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Jenis ikan lele strain mutiara dan payton, sebagai hasil pemuliaan mulai dikembangkan produksi benihnya guna memenuhi konsumsi pasar. Peningkatan produksi benih ikan lele, baik strain mutiara maupun payton, dapat dilakukan dengan penggunaan jenis pakan alami berupa cacing sutera yang dikultur di media dari limbah pertanian sehingga dapat mengurangi biaya produksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui produksi benih ikan lele dari strain mutiara dan payton dengan pemberian jenis pakan alami berupa cacing sutera yang dikultur menggunakan limbah pertanian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental, rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 2 perlakuan 5 kali ulangan. Ikan uji yang digunakan yaitu induk lele dumbo strain mutiara (rerata bobot betina 2.6±0.3 kg dan bobot jantan 1.5±0.1 kg) dan strain payton (rerata bobot betina 2.4±0.5 kg dan bobot jantan 1.2±0.2 kg). Perlakuan yang digunakan yaitu perlakuan A (strain mutiara) dan perlakuan B (strain payton). Variabel data yang diukur meliputi data produksi benih diantaranya jumlah telur (butir), HR (%) dan jumlah larva (ekor). Data lain yaitu TKP, FCR, RGR dan SR. Kualitas air pada media pemeliharaan tergolong dalam kisaran yang layak untuk pemeliharaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan produksi telur strain mutiara 94510±1423.7 butir dan strain payton 93010±1970.3 butir. Nilai HR strain mutiara 85.35±0.51% dan strain payton 84.02±1.29%. Jumlah larva yang dihasilakn induk strain mutiara 81064.8±1034.3 ekor dan strain payton 78595.6±2400.3 ekor. Hasil TKP strain mutiara sebesar 7.92±0.51 gr/ind dan payton 5.53±0.52gr/ind. Nilai FCR benih lele mutiara sebesar 1.15±0.00 dan lele payton 1.25±0.00. Nilai RGR benih lele mutira sebesar 7.1±0.00% dan strain lele payton sebesar 6.9±0.00% dan nilai SR benih lele mutiara 85.00±0.00% dan benih lele payton sebesar 80.00±0.00%.

Bahan bakar fosil saat ini keberadaannya semakin langka, dan diperlukan langkah-langkah pencarian bahan bakar alternatif yang layak untuk menggantikan bahan bakar minyak, terutama bensin, yang kebutuhannya sangat banyak untuk kendaraan bermotor. Salah satu bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bensin adalah bioetanol (BE). Penelitian ini membahas tentang bagaimana pembuatan bioetanol dari bahan baku singkong, kemudian diuji performa mesin untuk mengetahui daya, torsi yang paling optimal dari variasi jenis busi standar dan busi platinum dengan memakai bahan bakar pertalite murni, lalu di uji kembali performa mesin untuk mengetahui daya, torsi, konsumsi bahan bakar dan kadar emisi gas buang yang dihasilkan dari penggunaan variasi campuran bahan bakar bioetanol dengan variasi BE 10%, BE 20% dan BE 30% dengan memakai jenis busi yang paling optimal. Dari hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan bioetanol, daya yang dihasilkan dari mesin semakin meningkat seiring meningkatnya kadar bioetanol dalam campuran bahan bakar, namun pada torsi yang dihasilkan oleh mesin cenderung menurun pada penggunaan bahan bakar bioetanol. Lalu pada konsumsi bahan bakar semakin hemat dengan menggunakan bahan bakar BE 30%, hal ini didasarkan jarak tempuh dengan memakai bahan bakar BE 30% lebih jauh dari pada memakai bahan bakar pertalite 100%. Sedangkan hasil emisi gas buang pada kendaraan menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan bahan bakar bioetanol emisi gas buang yang dihasilkan semakin menurun seiring meningkatnya kadar bioetanol dalam campuran bahan bakar dari pada emisi gas buang yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan bahan bakar pertalite 100%. Dan dibuktikan melalui metode analisa data statistik dengan Varian ANOVA satu jalan (Uji F) untuk daya, torsi dan kadar emisi HC, didapat nilai F hitung F tabel, maka Ho ditolak, sehingga hasil dari setiap variasi bahan bakar ada perbedaan yang signifikan.

Bamboo can be used as an alternative material because of inexpensive and good mechanical properties. The study aims to obtain the maximum tensile strength and compressive strength of laminated bamboo and Wood Class category according to BKI, using horizontal and brick blade arrangement. Tensile strength test was based on SNI 03-3399-1994 standard and compressive strength test was based on SNI 03 – 3958 – 1995 standard. It can be concluded that the tensile strength and compressive strength of petung bamboo lamination are better than Apus bamboo laminates with an average of 2412.72 kg / cm2 and 639.15 kg / cm2 respectively. As a result, laminated petung bamboo can be categorized in 2nd class of BKI Regulations.

Sejarah panjang perjuangan indonesia tidak terlepas dari pembentukan Tentara Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) pada masa pendudukan jepang di indonesia (1942-1945). PETA merupakan perwujudan rasa nasionalisme dan patriotisme berupa pembelaan kepada negara yang menginginkan kemerdekaan dan keadilan sosial. Dari sejarah tersebut tergambar nilai dan semangat PETA dalam membangun budaya strategis bangsa Indonesia saat ini. Budaya strategis ini berperan pada pembangunan karakter dalam kerangka bela negara saat ini. Artikel ini menjelaskan mengenai pentingnya fungsi nilai dan semangat kepejuangan PETA dalam membela tanah air yang pada prinsipnya merupakan dasar pembangunan budaya strategis dan penguatan bela negara yang direlevansikan dengan ilmu pertahanan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan Teknik pengumpulan data literatur seperti merekam, membaca, dan mengolah bahan penelitian. Dari hasil studi ini diperoleh bahwa dalam sejarahnya, PETA merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dalam usaha memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Budaya strategis yang berada di tengah persilangan antara hibridasi dan sejarah masa lalu juga direfleksikan sebagai wajah politik luar negeri Indonesia yang mengambil jalan tengah, poros tengah, moderatisme dengan sebutan politik bebas aktif. Nilai dan semangat yang ada pada sejarah PETA berkontribusi dalam pembangunan budaya strategis sehingga dapat memperkuat bela negara. Relevansi PETA dan budaya strategis terhadap ilmu pertahanan diasumsikan sebagai kekuatan bangsa dan negara Indonesia demi tercapainya tujuan dan menjaga kepentingan Indonesia baik dalam lingkup regional maupun global.

The effort to increase public health level can be obtained with clean and healthy live behaviors.Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is arisen from lack of knowledge and awareness about environmental health. Many ways can be done to improve controlling behavior of DHF vectors. Forelementary school children, one of them is by playing games. The purpose of this study was toknow the effectiveness of hopscotch and monopoly games as the information media to improvethe control behavior of DHF vectors among elementary school students, by conducting a quasiexperiment with non-equivalent control group design. The study was carried out on May 2018.The study subject was 45 third grade students of the State Elementary School in Karangjati,Bantul. The data was analyzed to test the score differences between pre-test and post test. Paired t-test was used for normally distributed data and Wilcoxon test for the not-normal ones. Theanalysis for testing the mean differences among study groups was one way Anova for normallydistributed data and Kruskal Wallis test for the not-normal ones. All statistic tests were at 95 %significance level. The results shows significant difference between pre-test and post test ofknowledge and attitude measurement of the hopscotch and monopoly groups (p

The double hull of the oil tanker is more critical on the fender load because the wing tank was void at the full load condition. The strength evaluation of the side hull oil tanker based on fender load using two variables. Scenario A shows that the hull structure was safe based on the fender load. Scenario B shows that the side plate and longitudinal structure were damaged. PIANC needs to review the allowable strength of the pressure of the fender load on the ship with the tank.

Indonesia implements a total defense system where this system involves all components of the nation, which in its implementation is carried out according to their respective capabilities and capacities. one manifestation of the universal defense system is the existence of TNI Operational Service activities. As the implementation of the strategic vision, it is one of the regional development activities to create space, equipment, and harsh combat conditions to ward off threats, challenges, obstacles, and disturbances that may arise in the current strategic environmental conditions. This study aims to analyze the vision and mission of national defense and how the National Defense Strategy Policy in the Framework of Creating Tough Space, Tools and Conditions (RAK Juang) to Support National Defense. This type of research is a literature study approach where the data sources used are journals, articles, books, and other relevant sources. The results of the research are that the achievement of goals in the national defense policy, namely creating a vital fighting space, tools and conditions to support national defense, can be realized through TNI Service Operations activities which are carried out in stages, gradually and integrated with local government development programs so that they can reflect the unity of the TNI. The implementation of military operations to create a formidable battle space with physical activities has contributed to the interests of development in the context of prosperity.

This paper examines the effect of different mesh types on a numerical study of evaporative cooling in the chimney. This research is a follow-up study from previous research. The test specimen used is an evaporative chimney design with the addition of a nozzle arrangement in it. The main focus of this research is the study of mesh refinement, namely by applying structured mesh during the simulation process. Three types of mesh with different levels of fineness were used for the specimens. They are coarse ( mesh A), medium (mesh B), and fine (mesh C). In addition to differences in mesh, research was also carried out with variations in the level of relative humidity (RH). The RH levels used are 5, 10, and 15%. Two main parameters of evaporative cooling performance are airflow distribution and temperature drop in the chimney. Method for measuring the distribution of airflow and temperature drop in the chimney by making five planes with different heights. The results showed that the simulation with mesh B produced a good agreement data with previous studies than mesh A and C. The RH level that generated the most optimal cooling is found at 5% RH.