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Cayenne pepper productivity in Bali Province tend to decline predicted caused by the traditionally cayenne pepper cultivation applied by farmers related. One of effort to optimize the cayenne pepper productivity is implementation of Integrated Crop Management (ICM) technology in cayenne pepper cultivation. ICM technology can be introduced to the farmers related by technical guidance method at early stage. The goal of its technical guidance method was to find out the changes of farmer’s knowledge and attitude to the ICM technology of cayenne pepper cultivation. Study was conducted in Klungkung Regency used primary data obtained by directly interview using questionnaire to the 30 farmers before and after participate in the ICM technical guidance for cayenne pepper crop cultivation. Collected data was analysed by non-parametric test using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Result indicated that the farmer’s knowledge significant changes to the ICM technology of cayenne pepper cultivation from not know to recognize through this technical guidance method. It was on the same line with the changes of farmer’s attitude namely from hesitate became agree to the ICM component technology of cayenne pepper cultivation. This significance changes of knowledge and attitude were found out in almost all of ICM component technology.

Klungkung Regency is one of Cayenne Pepper centre producers in Bali which was declared as a horticulture commodities development area, particularly Cayenne Pepper. Most farmers are still applied traditional technologies on Cayenne Pepper production; hence farmers have limittied knowledge about efficiency of Cayenne Pepper production. This research is aimed to understand the efficiency and inefficiency production factors of Cayenne Pepper farming system in Klungkung Regency, Bali Province. Data were collected using questioners on survey techniques. Number of respondents were 40 farmers, consists of 22 farmers from Getakan Village, Banjarangkan District, and 18 farmers from Gelgel Village, Klungkung District. Collected data were analysed by stochastic frontier approach with front 4.1 analysis tools. Results of this research showed that input factors have positive effect to improve Cayenne Pepper production are land area, potassium (K) and manure fertilizer applications. Whereas input factor have negative effect to Cayenne Pepper production are phosphate (P) fertilizer and ZA application. Meanwhile, social factors have negative effect to inefficiency Cayenne Pepper production is education level of farmers.

West Bandung District is one of the government areas that grow rapidly in West Java. Here several infrastructures such as Highspeed Rail Development, Modern Residences, Tourist Attractions Area, and International Retail Company supply major contributions to economic development. Rapid construction in Bandung Basin caused the government to pay attention to risk factors, especially building structures. One of the natural hazards that must be considered is the presence of an active Lembang fault. Therefore, there is a need for a study that takes into account how the earthquake waves damaged the buildings. In this study, an analysis of the soil dynamics due to earthquake ground motion from bedrock was carried out. The analysis is carried out using the wave propagation method, which is a non-linear analysis of the soil response. The research was conducted at 12 points locations in West Bandung District. As the result, the location with the highest PGA surface value is in the Mekar Jaya area, while the lowest risk is found in the Cililin area. Furthermore, this study provides scientific information on seismic hazards to support government disaster risk reduction programs.

An important key to determining the disaster risk is exposure. It is truly dynamic in space and time due to the expansion and change of the settlements. A seismic hazard is an earthquake disaster that can deliver damage to the physical environment. Hence, it is required to analyse the objects exposed by an active earthquake source in the Bandung Basin. The exposed objects that experience the most impact due to the shock of the earthquake are residential buildings. The West Bandung Regency was opted as our study area due to the high-risk zone for earthquake waves based on seismic hazard calculation. This paper tried to analyse the seismic exposure as the impact of earthquake waves around the Bandung Basin on physical buildings in the West Bandung Regency using a geospatial analytics approach. The result shows that the location area with many damaged buildings correlates with the spatial distribution of surface peak ground acceleration.

A mid-century net zero target creates a challenge for reducing the emissions of emissions-intensive, trade-exposed sectors with high cost mitigation options. These sectors include aluminium, cement, chemicals, iron and steel, lime, pulp and paper and petroleum refining. Available studies agree that decarbonization of these sectors is possible by mid-century if more ambitious policies are implemented soon. Existing carbon pricing policies have had limited impact on the emissions of these sectors because their marginal abatement costs almost always exceed the tax rate or allowance price. But emissions trading systems with free allowance allocations to emissions-intensive, trade-exposed sectors have minimized the adverse economic impacts and associated leakage. Internationally coordinated policies are unlikely, so implementing more ambitious policies creates a risk of leakage. This paper presents policy packages a country can implement to accelerate emission reduction by these sectors with minimal risk of leakage. To comply with international trade law the policy packages differ for producers whose goods compete with imports in the domestic market and producers whose goods are exported. Carbon pricing is a critical component of each package due its ability to minimize the risk of adverse economic impacts on domestic industry, support innovation and generate revenue. The revenue can be used to assist groups adversely impacted by the domestic price and production changes due to carbon pricing and to build public support for the policies.

Understanding the function of rare non-coding variants represents a significant challenge. Using MapUTR, a screening method, we studied the function of rare 3' UTR variants affecting mRNA abundance post-transcriptionally. Among 17,301 rare gnomAD variants, an average of 24.5% were functional, with 70% in cancer-related genes, many in critical cancer pathways. This observation motivated an interrogation of 11,929 somatic mutations, uncovering 3928 (33%) functional mutations in 155 cancer driver genes. Functional MapUTR variants were enriched in microRNA- or protein-binding sites and may underlie outlier gene expression in tumors. Further, we introduce untranslated tumor mutational burden (uTMB), a metric reflecting the amount of somatic functional MapUTR variants of a tumor and show its potential in predicting patient survival. Through prime editing, we characterized three variants in cancer-relevant genes (MFN2, FOSL2, and IRAK1), demonstrating their cancer-driving potential. Our study elucidates the function of tens of thousands of non-coding variants, nominates non-coding cancer driver mutations, and demonstrates their potential contributions to cancer.

PurposeInflamed, prone-to-rupture coronary plaques are an important cause of myocardial infarction and their early identification is crucial. Atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by overexpression of the type-2 somatostatin receptor (SST2) in activated macrophages. SST2 ligand imaging (e.g. with [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC) has shown promise in detecting and quantifying the inflammatory activity within atherosclerotic plaques. However, the sensitivity of standard axial field of view (SAFOV) PET scanners may be suboptimal for imaging coronary arteries. Long-axial field of view (LAFOV) PET/CT scanners may help overcome this limitation. We aim to assess the ability of [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC LAFOV-PET/CT in detecting calcified, SST2 overexpressing coronary artery plaques.MethodsIn this retrospective study, 108 oncological patients underwent [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC PET/CT on a LAFOV system. [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC uptake and calcifications in the coronary arteries were evaluated visually and semi-quantitatively. Data on patients' cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium score were also collected. Patients were followed up for 21.5 ± 3.4 months.ResultsA total of 66 patients (61.1%) presented with calcified coronary artery plaques. Of these, 32 patients had increased [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC uptake in at least one coronary vessel (TBR: 1.65 ± 0.53). Patients with single-vessel calcifications showed statistically significantly lower uptake (SUVmax 1.10 ± 0.28) compared to patients with two- (SUVmax 1.31 ± 0.29, p

In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on 2D nongraphene materials that range from insulators to semiconductors to metals. As a single-elemental van der Waals semiconductor, tellurium (Te) has captivating anisotropic physical properties. Recent work demonstrated growth of ultrathin Te on WSe2 with the atomic chains of Te aligned with the armchair directions of the substrate using physical vapor deposition (PVD). In this system, a moiré superlattice is formed where micrometer-scale Te flakes sit on top of the continuous WSe2 film. Here, we determined the precise orientation of the Te flakes with respect to the substrate and detailed structure of the resulting moiré lattice by combining electron microscopy with image simulations. We directly visualized the moiré lattice using center of mass-differential phase contrast (CoM-DPC). We also investigated the local strain within the Te/WSe2 layered materials using scanning nanodiffraction techniques. There is a significant tensile strain at the edges of flakes along the direction perpendicular to the Te chain direction, which is an indication of the preferred orientation for the growth of Te on WSe2. In addition, we observed local strain relaxation regions within the Te film, specifically attributed to misfit dislocations, which we characterize as having a screw-like nature. The detailed structural analysis gives insight into the growth mechanisms and strain relaxation in this moiré heterostructure.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of a long-axial field-of-view (LAFOV) on stage migration using a large single-centre retrospective cohort in lymphoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: A retrospective study is performed for patients undergoing PET/computed tomography (CT) on either a short-axial field-of-view (SAFOV) or LAFOV PET/CT system for the staging of known or suspected NSCLC or for therapeutic response in lymphoma. The primary endpoint was the Deauville therapy response score for patients with lymphoma for the two systems. Secondary endpoints were the American Joint Committee on Cancer stage for NSCLC, the frequency of cN3 and cM1 findings, the probability for a positive nodal staging (cN1-3) for NSCLC and the diagnostic accuracy for nodal staging in NSCLC. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred eighteen records were screened and 597 patients were included for analysis ( N  = 367 for lymphoma and N  = 291 for NSCLC). For lymphoma, no significant differences were found in the proportion of patients with complete metabolic response versus non-complete metabolic response Deauville response scores ( P  = 0.66). For NSCLC no significant differences were observed between the two scanners for the frequency of cN3 and cM1 findings, for positive nodal staging, neither the sensitivity nor the specificity. CONCLUSIONS: In this study use of a LAFOV system was neither associated with upstaging in lymphoma nor NSCLC compared to a digital SAFOV system. Diagnostic accuracy was comparable between the two systems in NSCLC despite shorter acquisition times for LAFOV.

The assessment of the level of severity in patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is very important to determine the next steps in the disease management. Antithrombin III (AT-III) is known as one of the coagulation biomarkers that may be useful for predicting the severity of CAP at early admission in hospital. The AT-III is known to be used in diagnosis to help clinicians decide the antibiotic treatment to be given and to make prognosis. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the correlation between confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure, age >65 years (CURB-65) score and AT-III in CAP patients at early admission in hospital. The method of study . The data were collected in Adam Malik Hospital from February to March 2013. CAP subjects were examined with CURB-65 score, AT-III, other laboratory assessments, sputum, and blood cultures at the early admission in the emergency room and outpatient clinic. The CURB-65 score was correlated with AT-III to determine the prognostic use of AT-III. A total of CAP 55 subjects were assessed with 23 subjects (42%) with severe CURB-65 scores (3–5), 17 subjects (31%) with moderate scores (2) , and15 subjects (27%) with mild scores (0–1). A significant correlation between CURB-65 and AT-III was found through the use of Spearman correlation test (p=0.0001). In conclusion, AT-III is a coagulation biomarker that correlates with the CURB-65 clinical scoring system. AT-III can be used to determine the prognosis in CAP at early admission in hospital.

Science capital consists of science-related cultural and social capital and science-related behaviours and practices. This study aims to clarify the core dimensions of science capital among Finnish parents through consideration of how parents' educational degree, profession, age and residential area are associated with their science capital. To test this, a survey was conducted with a sample of 740 parents in Finland aged 26 to 69 years. Exploratory factor analysis was used to explore the science capital dimensions and confirmatory factor analysis supported the final seven-factor model. Differences in parents' responses, including by sociodemographic background, were measured using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The core dimension of cultural capital focuses on the valuing of science in society. Behaviour and practices consist of everyday and informal learning in community spaces, and social capital is strongly linked to future affinity and science identity. Parents' residential areas and educational degrees seem to have the largest effects on different dimensions. However, a parent's level of education, profession or residential area do not seem to affect their engagement in everyday science activities with their children. These results provide support to discuss inequalities among families, and ways to increase family science capital.

This study describes Indonesian secondary school EFL teachers' and students' profiles of reading engagement, which comprises behavioral, affective, cognitive, and social dimensions. The researchers employed a survey design involving 70 teachers and 828 students of secondary schools in 50 regions in Java, Sumatra, and the Borneo Islands. The instrument used was a teacher questionnaire and a student questionnaire which contained 16 close-ended questions and 7 open-ended questions. The data from close-ended responses were tabulated and presented in percentages, while the data from open-ended responses were analyzed based on themes, then shown in excerpts. The key findings reveal that four dimensions of reading engagement have been implemented by EFL teachers. Both students and teachers show positive reading behavior and attitude toward reading materials and activities. These findings map the reading engagement practiced in EFL classes in secondary schools in Indonesia, which add knowledge about RE strategies improving EFL teachers' strategies to engage students in reading English texts, which is expected to enhance students' English reading comprehension and literacy.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of a multifaceted public health approach. Promoting health literacy and safe behaviour to reduce disease spread can be an effective social vaccine. However, the role of science teachers as part of a social vaccine is unclear. Similarly, their responses to health crises and the factors affecting such responses are poorly understood. We investigated the relationship between the COVID-19 vaccination status and the reliance on different sources of information among pre-service science teachers from South African and Indonesian universities as a preliminary effort to understand the role that teachers could play in promoting health literacy and safe behavioural practices. We conducted a survey using a comparative quantitative approach to gather data from 87 South African and 93 Indonesian pre-service science teachers through a closed-ended questionnaire. Different statistical tests were performed using SPSS to analyse the data, including the Mann-Whitney U test, Levene's test for equality of variance, t-test, regression analysis and analysis of variance. The results show that South African pre-service science teachers reported a lower COVID-19 vaccine uptake than Indonesians. Both sets of participants rely on social media, research articles, textbooks and friends and family to learn about COVID-19. However, reliance on these sources is not significantly associated with vaccination status. We conclude that contextual factors may affect vaccination status. We recommend further research into science teachers' role in promoting health literacy and safe behavioural practices to reduce the spread of diseases. We also recommend using social media to share scientific information for health education.

Understanding how student teacher professional agency (STPA) develops during teacher education is crucial for educators and curriculum developers interested in strengthening it. To explore this process comprehensively, environmental factors (i.e., curriculum coherence between theory and practice and the learning environment) and individual factors (i.e., professional identity) were considered. This study utilized quantitative cross-sectional data of 362 students who were in different stages of their teacher education in a Finnish university. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and network analysis were applied over the data to better understand the interactive processes of the factors being investigated. The results indicated that different aspects of curriculum coherence, learning environment and professional identity dynamically influence STPA during teacher education by changing their relationship with it over time.

Background: It has been widely accepted that Sports-based Youth Development (SBYD) programs are potentially ideal contexts to develop children socially and emotionally. However, there is a limited empirical examination on how validated models-based practices could be harnessed in SBYD programs to promote children's social and emotional development. This study was conducted in an SBYD program collaborated by a local soccer foundation and a church within a city in the mid-south of the US. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the children's experiences of social and emotional learning (SEL) in an SBYD program grounded in the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) model. Methods: The study adopted a case study design (Stake, R. E. 2006. "Multiple case study analysis." New York, NY: Guilford.). Data were collected over 30 weeks, including individual interviews, focus group interviews, and field notes. Seventeen middle school boys (n = 17) from low-income families participated in this study. Inductive analysis and constant comparison were utilized for data analysis (Miles, M. B., A. M. Huberman, and J. Saldana. 2014. "Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook." London: Sage.). Findings: Four main themes were drawn from the interviews with the children regarding their experiences of SEL in the current program: "love this program," "support and teamwork," "helps me understand," "when I go back to school." Conclusion: Findings from this study provided additional evidence that TPSR is an effective pedagogical practice that promotes children's SEL in SBYD programs. This study recommends more SBYD programs grounded in TPSR should be organized and provided for children during this uncertain and challenging time. This study calls for joint efforts between programs, schools, and families to create a consistent environment for children to practice and experience SEL.

Alongside the growing demand for doctoral degrees, there has been an increasing number of online doctoral programmes and online doctoral students enrolled across the globe. While the importance of mediating roles that communication technology plays in online doctoral education has been extensively documented, a comprehensive account of how and for what purpose online doctoral students use different technological tools has been lacking in the literature. To address the gap, the present authors have conducted a systematic literature review on doctoral students' use of technology in distance programmes. The review results suggest that the range of technology used by online doctoral students is limited -- asynchronous and synchronous communication technology for discussing and community building being predominantly top. Arguably more advanced technology was rarely discussed in the reviewed literature. How online doctoral students learn and use other information technology to support their research activities was largely unknown. Based on the results, the directions of future research efforts have been suggested.

Purpose: This study aims to describe and examine the effectiveness of the mathematics-based learning method, called Accountamatics (Accounting from Mathematics perspective). The Accountamatics method is rooted in the principles of double-entry bookkeeping and the rules of debits and credits, which were initially documented by Luca Pacioli, a Mathematics Professor, in a mathematics book. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses a quasi-experimental design, spanning a duration of one semester, to examine its research objectives. The participants included 230 students from the Faculty of Economics and Business in Indonesia, who were accredited by AACSB. Control variables, including gender, majors and study backgrounds, were taken into consideration. The data was analyzed using a linear regression test, followed by a comparative t-test. Findings: The study findings show a significant positive impact of the Accountamatics method on student performance when compared to traditional learning approaches. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the control variables examined in the study did not have a significant effect on student performance. Thus, it can be inferred that the implementation of the Accountamatics method has a beneficial effect on the academic performance of college students. Practical implications: The study findings provide valuable insights for faculty members in higher education institutions, highlighting the potential benefits of incorporating mathematics-based teaching in accounting as an alternative approach for business students. These findings contribute to the existing knowledge on innovative teaching methods that can enhance the study of accounting within the business curriculum. Originality/value: Over the span of around 25 years, extensive research has been conducted to compare traditional teaching methods with innovative approaches. However, the results have not consistently shown that the innovative methods outperform their traditional counterparts. In response to this, the Accountamatics method has been developed, building upon the fundamental knowledge in accounting that has been used since 1494. Despite its historical significance, this method is sometimes regarded as limited to technical knowledge in the modern era.

The designs of gamification platforms are diverse and constantly evolving. Excessive use of various game mechanisms in learning platforms can distract from the learning process. However, the fit of game mechanisms is still uncertain. Thus, this study investigates the effect of achieving fit when implementing game mechanisms on learning outcomes by applying the well-known task-technology fit theory (TTF). TTF is frequently employed to improve fit between tasks to be completed and the technology applied. The findings indicate that achieving gamification fit can reduce the cognitive load of students and result in enhanced learning performance in terms of learning outcomes. Data collected from 266 participants were analyzed using the technique of the partial least squares to validate the developed research model. The findings of this study can aid educators and educational technology designers in identifying the design mechanisms and characteristics that can be used to ensure design fit on gamification platforms.

Purpose: This research aimed to examine the impact of input, process, output, productivity and outcome variables on university research performance and the indicators that represent them in order to improve academic quality and contribute to government policy. Design/methodology/approach: The quantitative approach was used through a survey method that obtained samples using questionnaires from 150 leaders of research institutions and continued analysis using the structural equation modeling-partial least square (SEM-PLS) to test the developed model. Findings: Except for the relationship between process and productivity variables, all variable relationships had a positive and significant effect. Furthermore, the input, process, output, productivity and outcome variables each include seven, twelve, four and ten indicators. Research limitations/implications: This study has several ramifications because it provides a clear policy input and advances science. As a prelude to developing research performance assessment tools that take into account variances in a tertiary institution, this research aids in the implementation of national policies for assessing research performance in postsecondary institutions. Originality/value: To improve the accuracy of the information acquired, we conducted a survey among the heads of research units at various higher-ranking Indonesian universities, taking into consideration their skill and experience in leading research organizations and conducting research. Other than that, our belief in the originality of our manuscript is strengthened by the way we applied systems theory to construct a performance evaluation model that examines each contribution made by each system aspect.

Purpose: The implementation of income-generating still faces problems, such as the lack of well-established internal control and differences in implementation in each unit. This study aims to analyze internal controls, financial viability (FV) and leadership qualities (LQ) in the implementation of income-generating in Indonesian higher education. Design/methodology/approach: This study is quantitative and uses a causal approach. The population of this research is the unit leader and the person in charge of the activity that generates income, with a total sample of 111 people. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using moderation regression analysis (MRA) with the WrapPLS (partial least square) analysis tool. Findings: The results indicate that internal control and FV significantly affect the management of income-generating. The existence of LQ as a moderating variable can moderate and weaken the influence of internal controls and FV on the management of income-generating. In this finding, the unit leader and the person in charge of activities that generate income in higher education need to improve managerial skills, including ethics, uphold integrity, clear vision, quick adaption, honestly and trust so that the management of income-generating can achieve higher education goals more effectively and efficiently. Research limitations/implications: This research shows that universities need to create a good environment to build an ecosystem that can improve the management. The university encourages the good management by strengthening the leadership. However, the research has a limitation: the study was only conducted in one state university. Originality/value: The implementation of income generation in the public financial management system of legal entity universities requires accountability for sources of income so that internal controls and the role of finance are needed to ensure the continuity of universities.

Referring to failures in policy-driven public governance research this paper looks at strategising in higher education. It expands horizons for understanding university strategies in a more nuanced way than hitherto has been done. Deploying systems theory, it shows how different temporalities co-exist in strategies and how their change reflects the university's capacity to meet future contingencies. Extending the current research on strategising, the paper uses the present's past, the present's future, the future's present and the future's future as temporal categories to understand strategies. It shows how strategies evolve from traditional linear planning orientation to a novel potentiality-seeking mode with unique meanings attached to unknown futures. It claims that universities develop such responsive contingency awareness to construct a leeway for their self-governance in the face of unexpected future conditions. This change is characterised by the emergence of a potentialising organisation seeking to turn indeterminant futures into its developmental resources.

The aim of this research is to examine the effect of STEAM (STEM + Arts) education, which is an interdisciplinary approach that has been frequently used in developed countries in recent years, on the science course learning outcomes of students with specific learning disabilities. The model of the research was structured as a mixed design and was realized with an explanatory sequential design. In this context, the research took place in two separate interactive stages. In the first stage, a quantitative method was applied. In this section, a one-group pretest--posttest pre-experimental model was used. The research was carried out with 4 students who were studying in a state primary school in a province in the Southern Region of Anatolia and who were diagnosed with specific learning disabilities. As data collection tools, an academic achievement test and STEAM process rubric were used. Means and standard deviations were used in the analysis of the data collected from the pretest, posttest, persistence test and rubrics. In the qualitative section of the study, interviews were conducted with the participants in order to evaluate STEAM education in the light of the quantitative stage, and diaries were kept for the participants in the context of a more in-depth and objective examination of the process. The data collected by qualitative data tools were subjected to content analysis and direct quotations were made from the opinions and diaries of the participants. As a result of the research, it was determined that the quantitative findings overlapped with the qualitative findings. It was observed that the STEAM activities increased the academic success of the participants, that their motivation was high, and that they were curious and eager for the activities. In addition, it was revealed that they made an effort to use the knowledge and experience they had gained from the STEAM activities in other courses.

Education for sustainable development aims at strengthening levels of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours beneficial for sustainable development which are crucial to tackle urgent sustainability-related global challenges. In this study, we present the results of a one-year panel study measuring levels of sustainable development knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours in primary and secondary schools in Flanders (Belgium). During this year, a large-scale project on sustainable development was implemented in these schools. We test whether this intervention increased pupils' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours on sustainable development. Furthermore, we look for heterogeneous effects depending on pupils' gender and age. The results show that there is indeed an increase in levels of sustainable knowledge, attitudes and behaviours after the ESD intervention, and that there are significant differences between boys and girls on the one hand, and primary and secondary school pupils on the other. However, we find no evidence that the intervention mitigated these differences.

Teaching practice in remote areas is beneficial for pre-service teachers' professional development. The geographical structure and society in remote areas provide unique experiences. This study focuses on how teaching practice in remote areas opens up opportunities for transformative learning. Forty-one pre-service primary teachers from three universities participated in semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted in retrospect after participants had finished their teaching practice. Results show that PSTs encountered nine types of challenges during teaching practice; parents' low awareness of the importance of their children's education, local teachers' low motivation, limited teaching resources at school, pupils' absenteeism, pupils' poor numeracy and literacy skills, the principal's low responsibility, natural hazard factors, pupils' low ability to understand Indonesian, and local conflicts between different communities. Encountering these nine types of challenges fosters PSTs' disorientation, which might lead to transformative learning. In conclusion, remote areas have potential for transformative learning.

Feedback is generally regarded as an integral part of EFL writing instruction. Giving individual feedback on students' written products can lead to a demanding, if not insurmountable, task for EFL writing teachers, especially in classes with a large number of students. Several Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE) systems which can provide automated feedback on written texts have been developed to reduce the time and effort teachers need to give individual feedback on students' writings. Employing a quasi-experimental research design, this study aimed to examine how automated feedback impacted students' writing scores and writing accuracy. The data were collected from 75 Turkish EFL university students. The experimental group students were exposed to combined automated-teacher feedback while the control group students received full teacher feedback. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through pre-test/post-test writing tasks, Criterion error analysis reports, and student reflections. The results of the study revealed that the students who received combined automated-teacher feedback improved their analytic writing scores as much as the students who received full teacher feedback. However, combined automated-teacher feedback was more effective than full teacher feedback in reducing the students' grammar and mechanics errors. The qualitative findings obtained from the student reflections about the Criterion feedback helped to understand its impact on writing improvement. The study provided implications for effective use of AWE in EFL writing classrooms.

This study aimed to extend our current knowledge of Sunda porcupine reproductive biology with emphasis on environmental enrichment and the reproductive season. Tomato and bean sprout feeding able to increase sperm quantity, sperm motility, and viability, as well as increase FSH and estrogen hormone levels. Four pairs of captive Sunda porcupine were used. Two pairs (fed with fresh tomato and bean sprout, enrichment group) and two pairs as control. The birth rate of enrichment group higher (with twin litter per year) than that in control (only one litter per year). It indicated that tomato and bean sprout feeding affect the birth rate in Sunda porcupine. The recent study showed that captive Sunda porcupine births occurred throughout the year, with no more than 1-2 litter per year and are have no interbirth-interval. The birth peak of captive Sunda porcupine occurs between April to August. Biparental activities during birth occurred. However, the female spent 50% of the time with the newborn. There was no courtship behaviour throughout the first two or three months of life of the cub.

Nutrition is an important aspect of the successful breeding of wild birds in captivity. This research aims to find out nestling growth of Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus, Müller 1776) by parent-reared and nutrient requirement during rearing season. This research used a pair of Eclectus parrot with a male chick at first and fifth clutch, and female chick at the second, third, and fourth clutch. This research was conducted from July 2016 to June 2018. The bodyweight of chick was measured every week and feed intake was observed since the age of one week until the chick can eat independently. Feed was provided ad libitum and cafeteria. The chick was the altricial type. Feathers began to cover all bodies at weeks 9. Fledging time was approximately at weeks 10-11. Chick could be separated from its parents at 20 weeks of age. Feed intake tends to be increased along with the increasing age of chick. Eclectus favorites feed is sunflower seed. Nutrient consumption when rearing male chick is more than rearing the female chick.

The growth of migrant communities continues to rise globally, creating unique and complex health challenges. Literature on immigrant health in New Zealand (NZ) remains scant. This integrative literature review was conducted drawing on peer-reviewed research articles on immigrant health in NZ published between 2012 and 2018. The objectives were to: (i) provide a critical overview of immigrant health in NZ; (ii) identify general trends in health research conducted in NZ on immigrants; (iii) compare, contrast, and evaluate the quality of the information; (iv) develop a summary of research results and; (v) identify priorities and recommendations for future research. A search yielded more than 130 articles with 28 articles constituting the foundation of the review. This review is timely following the rapid increase in the scale, speed, and spread of immigration and its potential for changing NZ’s national health patterns and priorities. This integrative review led to the four primary conclusions. Firstly, migration in NZ is a gendered phenomenon, as there has been more women and girls arriving as migrants in NZ and being at risk of poor health in comparison with their male counterparts. Secondly, studies on infectious diseases take precedence over other health problems. Thirdly, research methodologies used to collect data may not be relevant to the cultural and traditional customs of the migrant populations. Furthermore, a number of research findings implemented have failed to meet the needs of NZ migrants. Lastly, policy initiatives are inclined more towards supporting health practitioners and lack a migrant centred approach. What is already known about this topic? Despite NZ becoming more ethnically and linguistically diverse, there is limited literature on the health of migrants living in NZ. What this paper adds? This integrative literature review provides a critical overview of refugee and migrant health in NZ through reviewing and critiquing the current literature available. This paper identifies research trends, the general health of migrants in NZ, recommendations that could inform future migrant and refugee health research and health policies and initiatives to ensure effective and relevant health service provision to migrants.